Biochemical Composition of Sardinella Gibbosa, Clupeonella Engrauliformis and Stolephorus Indicus Bones from the Oman Sea and Caspian Sea
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Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(4) 1312-1324 2017 Biochemical composition of Sardinella gibbosa, Clupeonella engrauliformis and Stolephorus indicus bones from the Oman Sea and Caspian Sea Taheri A.1*; Sarhaddi N.2; Bakhshizadeh G.A.3; Sharifian S.1 Received: December 2015 Accepted: September 2016 Abstract The present work was conducted to investigate the chemical composition (amino acid, mineral content, and lipid profile) of bones from three different Iranian pelagic fish species. The biochemical composition of Sardinella gibbosa, Clupeonella engrauliformis and Stolephorus indicus bones captured from the Iranian Ocean (the Oman Sea and Caspian Sea) were determined. The analysis of amino acids and fatty acid profiles was done by HPLC and GC and also analysis of minerals was done by means of flame atomic emission spectrophotometry. The least amount of mono unsaturated fatty acids was observed in C. engrauliformis (p<0.05). The highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and n3/n6 ratio were observed in bones of C. engrauliformis. High levels of Ca, Fe, P, Zn and Cu minerals were measured in S. gibbosa and C. engrauliformis, respectively. The highest values of basic amino acid and sulfur containing amino acids were measured in S. gibbosa and C. engrauliformis, respectively. The chemical index did not reveal lack of any essential amino acids in three studied fish varieties compared to reference protein. On the basis of result, the best bone composition was observed in S. gibbosa. Therefore, the use of bone powders varieties of these fish could be useful in food industries. Keywords: Biochemical composition, Bone, Sardinella gibbosa, Clupeonella engrauliformis, Stolephorus indicus 1-Faculty of Marine Sciences, Chabahar Maritime University, Iran, P.O.BOX. 99717- 56499. 2-Department of Fisheries, Islamic Azad University, Qeshm Branch, Iran 3-Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Iran *Corresponding author's Email: [email protected] 1313 Taheri et al., Biochemical composition of Sardinella gibbosa, Clupeonella engrauliformis and … Introduction comprise considerable amounts of Fishes are among the chief sources of protein rich compounds that could be animal protein, minerals, vitamins, further processed and used as fish polyunsaturated fatty acids and meals, supplements and other valuable required nutrients for human products. Fish bones accounting for 10- consumption (Zuraini et al., 2006). 15% of fish body weight is the major Fish and fish products including fish waste generated in food processing meal and fish sauces comprise (Toppe et al., 2006). Earlier published important sources of income papers confirm the presence of worldwide (Sathivel et al., 2002). minerals, carbohydrate, lipids and There are significant amounts of micro proteins in fish bones, but information and macro-elements in fish such as regarding fish bone composition is calcium, phosphorous, selenium and limited (Jones et al., 1999). Hence, fish manganese. Fish lipids are rich in long- bones and cut offs could be used as chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids alternative raw materials for many (LC n-3 PUFA), especially supplementary products and as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and aquaculture food (Toppe et al., 2006). docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (Zhao et Kilka (Clupeonella sp.) and al., 2010; Ayas, 2012). It should be Anchovy (Stolephorus sp.) fishing is notified that the fatty acids, cholesterol one of the major sources of income of and mineral composition of fish species fishermen in Iran and anchovy sprat vary based on the region of fishery, sex constitutes about 80–90% of the total and age of the fish (Miniadis- kilka catches in the Caspian Sea. Meimaroglou et al., 2007). Moreover, kilka and anchovy are There has been an increase in processed for fish oil, fish sauce and production of fish, crustaceans, fishmeal production or they are directly molluscs and other aquatic animals, used as food. Despite the demands for giving rise to 97.168 million tonnes in high quality fish meals, the quality of 2013 (FAO, 2015). Over 50% of total meals is often altered by poor handling. worldwide fish production comes from The recent collapse of kilka fisheries marine sources, but approximately 70% has affected the economy and nutrition of this amount is used for processing of local people near the Caspian Sea purposes prior to their final sale (FAO, adversely. Thus, finding an alternative 2011). A total of 20-80% of fish body, way instead of fish meal production, in including fins, bones, heads, skin and order to produce value added and viscera are discarded at different levels higher quality products fulfilling of processing that accounts for 20 market demand would be profitable. million tonnes of waste, equivalent to The aim of the present work was to 25% of total marine capture worldwide investigate the chemical composition (AMEC, 2003). The fish wastes (amino acid, mineral content, and lipid Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 16(4) 2017 1314 profile) of bones from three different least 300 fish specimens. Data are pelagic fish species, including gold given as mean±standard deviation. stripe sardine (Sardinella gibbosa), The proximate analysis of bone Anchovy kilka (Clupeonella contents of three fish species was engrauliformis) and Indian anchovy carried out according to AOAC (Stolephorus indicus) caught from the procedures. Crude protein (N×6. 25) Oman Sea and the Caspian Sea. was estimated by the Kjeldahl method (Foss, Germany). The moisture content Materials and methods was measured after drying for 4 h at A total of 150 gold stripe sardine 105°C, and after combustion of (Sardinella gibbosa), and 300 Indian specimens for 16 h at 550°C the ash Anchovy (Stolephorus indicus), was determined (AOAC, 2012). The collected from the fishing area of the total crude fat was also extracted and Jask port (north coast of the Oman sea) measured by Bligh and Dyer (1959) and 150 Anchovy kilka (Clupeonella method. engrauliformis), collected from The Fe, Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Na, P, Cr, Babolsar fishing port (south coast of I, Cl, F and K contents of fish bones the Caspian Sea) in 2009 were used in were determined after the destruction the present study. The mentioned ports of organic contents of the samples by are famous commercial fish catching dry-ashing in a furnace oven, sites in the north and south of Iran. (Lilienthal L3/P, Bremen, Germany). Fishing was carried out randomly in To prevent mineral loss, the samples September 2012 with the support of were kept at 90 – 250°C (ramp time 2 professional local fishermen. The h, hold time 2 h), 525°C (ramp time 5 samples were stored at – 20ºC for h, hold time 7 h) and 525 – 100°C further use. (ramp time 2 h). After cooling, the The frozen specimens were samples were digested using 20 ml defrosted by overnight incubation at 65% nitric acid and dried in an oven. 4°C. All the fish specimens were The digested samples were again gutted, filleted and their gills were placed in a furnace at 525 °C for 1 hour removed. After removing of the and the resulting white ash was again remaining meat and connective tissues, digested with 2 mL 65% nitric acid the bones were dipped in 1% trypsin with 0.5 mL 30% H2O2 solution (Supra solution (pH=6.9) for 3 hours at room pure, Merck). The final volume was temperature (Malde et al., 2010). The made up to 50 ml using distilled clean bones were stored at -20°C until deionized water. Na and K use. All chemicals used were of measurements were demonstrated by analytical grade and analyses were flame atomic emission carried out in triplicates each having at spectrophotometry while P analysis was carried out by visible-ultraviolet 1315 Taheri et al., Biochemical composition of Sardinella gibbosa, Clupeonella engrauliformis and … spectrophotometry using the N NaOH digestions at 110°C for 24h. ammonium vanadate molybdate The tryptophan content was determined colorimetric (AOAC, 2012). The P by the colorimetric method of (Witte et absorbance values were read in a al., 2002). All determinations were Hitachi-2000 double beam molecular performed in triplicate. spectrophotometer (Tokyo, Japan). All Essential amino acid scores (AS) other Minerals were determined using a were calculated according to reference flame atomic absorption amino acid requirements for adults spectrophotometer (Perkin-Elmer AA (Witte et al., 2002) and given by the spectrophotometer 3100, USA) with an Eq. (1). air acetylene flame e -Valverde AS = (Sample amino acid/ reference et al., 2000). amino acid) × 100 (Eq. 1) Total lipids were extracted with The total essential amino acid (Ʃ methanol: chloroform (2:1) method EAA) to the total amino acid (Ʃ AA) while fatty acids were obtained with ratio, i.e. (Ʃ EAA/ Ʃ AA); total sulfur 12% boron trifluoride (BF3) in amino acid (Ʃ SAA) and total aromatic methanol and fatty acid methyl esters amino acid (Ʃ ArAA) were determined. (FAMEs) were prepared by n-hexane The Leu/Ile ratios were calculated (Moss et al., 1974). FAMEs were while the predicted protein efficiency subsequently analysed by capillary gas ratio (P-PER) was determined using chromatography SGE BPX70 (Philips, one of the equations developed by Netherland). The conditions were as Alsmeyer et al. (1974), i.e. P-PER= follows; detector temperature at 280ºC, -0.468 + 0.454 (Leu) - 0.105 (Tyr). injector temperature at 240ºC, helium Differences between mean values speed at 1.0 mL/min, and oven were computed using one way analysis temperature ranged from 180 to 250ºC. of v i ce ANOVA). Du c ’s Thrombogenisity Index (TI) was multiple range tests was also carried calculated according to (Ulbricht and out to conduct post hoc comparisons Southgate, 1991). between pairs of treatments. To extract total amino acids, 20 mg Statistically significant differences of sample was hydrolyzed by 6 N were demonstrated at p<0.05. All chloric acid at 110°C for 20 hours.