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Tese PGBF Josiane Santana Monteiro JOSIANE SANTANA MONTEIRO FUNGOS CONIDIAIS ASSOCIADOS A SUBSTRATOS VEGETAIS SUBMERSOS EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DO BIOMA AMAZÔNIA, PARÁ, BRASIL RECIFE FEVEREIRO/2014 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE MICOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BIOLOGIA DE FUNGOS FUNGOS CONIDIAIS ASSOCIADOS A SUBSTRATOS VEGETAIS SUBMERSOS EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DO BIOMA AMAZÔNIA, PARÁ, BRASIL JOSIANE SANTANA MONTEIRO Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Fungos do Departamento de Micologia do Centro de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como parte dos requisitos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Biologia de Fungos. Área de Concentração: Taxonomia e Ecologia de Fungos Orientador: Dr. Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmão RECIFE FEVEREIRO/2014 Monteiro, Josiane Santana Fungos conidiais associados a substratos vegetais submersos em fragmentos florestais do bioma Amazônia, Pará, Brasil / Josiane Santana Monteiro. – Recife: O Autor, 2013. 193 f.: il., fig., tab. Orientador: Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmão Teses (doutorado) – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Centro deCiências Biológicas. Pós- graduação em Biologia de Fungos, 2014. Inclui bibliografia e anexos 1. Fungos 2. Biologia – Classificação I. Gusmão, Luis Fernando Pascholati (orient.) II. Título. 579.5 CDD (22.ed.) UFPE/CCB-2014-047 FUNGOS CONIDIAIS ASSOCIADOS A SUBSTRATOS VEGETAIS SUBMERSOS EM FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DO BIOMA AMAZÔNIA, PARÁ, BRASIL JOSIANE SANTANA MONTEIRO Data da defesa: 24/02/2014 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA MEMBROS TITULARES _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmão – (Orientador) Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana _____________________________________________________________________ Dr. Antonio Hernández Gutiérrez – Universidade Federal do Pará _____________________________________________________________________ Drª. Cristina Maria de Souza Motta – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _____________________________________________________________________ Drª. Laise de Holanda Cavalcanti Andrade – Universidade Federal de Pernambuco _____________________________________________________________________ Drª. Rosely Ana Piccolo Grandi – Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo A minha mãe, Maria Santana Monteiro, e ao meu pai, José Maria dos Santos Monteiro, por todo amor e apoio incondicional ao longo desta caminhada, dedico. Agradecimentos A Deus pela graça alcançada de chegar ao fim deste trabalho cercada de paz, saúde e muita felicidade; Aos meus pais, Maria Santana Monteiro e José Maria dos Santos Monteiro, pelo amor incondicional e confiança nas minhas escolhas, e ao meu irmão, Joelson William, por sempre estar ao meu lado quando preciso; A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de doutorado concedida; Á Coordenação da Pós-graduação em Biologia de Fungos por todo apoio e suporte oferecido ao longo do curso; Ao meu orientador Dr. Luís Fernando Pascholati Gusmão por ter aceitado orientar este doutorado e me dado a oportunidade de me tornar uma profissional melhor capacitada. Levarei seus ensinamentos, amor pelos fungos e exemplo de liderança por toda minha vida profissional. Muito obrigada pela confiança e amizade ao longo destes quatro anos, serei sempre grata; À Dra. Helen Sotão por sua amizade e por ter sempre me incentivado a fazer o doutorado. Seu estímulo e confiança no meu trabalho foram muito importantes ao longo desta caminhada; Ao Dr. Antonio Hernández Gutiérrez por ter me apresentado e incentivado a trabalhar com os fungos conidiais, ao qual encontrei muita afinidade e encanto para me dedicar por toda vida. Graças a sua influência encontrei este grupo de fungos que apresenta uma beleza prazerosa de se descobrir todos os dias. Aos amigos do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi: Fabiano Brito, Priscila Sanjuan, Adriene Maíra e Fernanda pela amizade e torcida para o bom andamento deste trabalho. E ao Sr. Mário Rosa, que me ajudou nas primeiras coletas; À Lúcia Raquel e Silvana Santos pela oportunidade que me deram de compartilhar bons momentos e ter um “lar” tanto em Recife quanto em Feira de Santana, respectivamente. A amizade de vocês tornou a ausência da minha família muito mais suportável; Aos amigos com quem dividi momentos inesquecíveis e de aprendizado durante minha estadia em Recife: Fabiana Félix, Marilúcia de Jesus, Márcio Sobral e Marisa dos Santos. Obrigada por terem me acolhido tão bem; Aos amigos que encontrei na Pós-graduação em Biologia de Fungos: Ana Cristina, Alexandre Libânio, Francyneide Alves, Martival dos Santos e Mayra Silva, que me receberam com muito carinho; À doutoranda Taís Feijó que sempre esteve pronta para me ajudar em momentos importantes como a qualificação, tirando minhas dúvidas e por sua amizade muito querida; Aos amigos do Laboratório de Micologia (LAMIC) da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS): Loise Costa, Patrícia Fiúza, Tiago Andrade, Carolina Azevedo, Jorge Dias, Carolina Ribeiro, Sheila Leão, Alisson Cruz, Tasciano Santa-Izabel, Davi Almeida, Taiana Araújo e Ítala, pela amizade oferecida e pelo apoio e ajuda durante a realização do meu doutorado. Muito obrigada por terem me recebido na “família Lamic”; Ao Dr. Rafael Felipe Castañeda Ruiz por toda ajuda e ensinamentos aprendidos durante sua curta estadia em Feira de Santana. Sua simplicidade e alegria em estudar os fungos conidiais me contagiaram profundamente. Muito obrigada por sua amizade tão estimada. A todos que contribuíram direta e indiretamente para a realização deste trabalho meus sinceros agradecimentos. RESUMO Os fungos são importantes componentes da cadeia trófica nos ambientes aquáticos, atuando como decompositores da matéria orgânica que é levada para estes sistemas, além de contribuírem para aumentar a palatabilidade do material vegetal utilizado por organismos de outros níveis tróficos. Diversos representantes do reino Fungi estão presentes nos ambientes aquáticos e, dentre esses, os fungos conidias são os mais comuns e bem adaptados a estes ambientes. Ecologicamente, são classificados em três grupos distintos de acordo com seus ciclos de vida: fungos aeroaquáticos, fungos aquático- facultativos e fungos ingoldianos. Para o Bioma Amazônia os estudos sobre fungos presentes no ambiente aquático ainda são escassos. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo taxonômico das espécies de fungos conidiais associadas a substratos vegetais em decomposição submersos em corpos d’água de três fragmentos florestais na região metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará. Expedições de coleta foram realizadas na Área de Proteção Ambiental Ilha do Combu, Parque Ecológico de Gunma e Parque Estadual do Utinga, entre abril de 2011 a janeiro de 2013. As amostras de substratos vegetais (folhas e galhos) coletadas foram levadas ao Laboratório de Micologia da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, e submetidas à técnica de lavagem em água corrente. Os substratos foram colocados em câmaras-úmidas e incubados à temperatura ambiente por um período de 30 dias e, diariamente, foram analisados em estereomicroscópio. Lâminas permanentes foram confeccionadas com as estruturas reprodutivas e a identificação dos espécimes baseou-se em estudos morfológicos. As lâminas foram incorporadas ao Herbário da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (HUEFS) e Herbário Padre Camille Torrend (URM). Os resultados deste estudo incluem o registro de 235 espécies fúngicas com a descrição de dois novos gêneros ( Helicodochium e Atrogeniculata ) e dez novas espécies incluídas em Arachnophora , Ceratosporella , Dictyochaeta , Fusichalara , Fusticeps , Nigrolentilocus e Thozetella . Vários novos registros foram encontrados e, dentre estes, 22 para o Brasil; 23 para América do Sul; três para o Neotrópico e 21 para o Continente Americano. Este estudo contribui para ampliar o conhecimento da diversidade de fungos conidiais presentes em ambientes aquáticos no Brasil, particularmente na Amazônia brasileira, ressaltando a importância de se explorar novos habitats em pesquisas micológicas. Palavras-chave : Diversidade, fungos anamórficos, fungos aquáticos, taxonomia ABSTRACT The fungi are important components of trophic web in the aquatic environments and act as decomposers of organic matter, that falls or is carried into these systems; additionally, they improve the palatability of vegetal matter for organisms of others trophics levels. Several representative of kingdom Fungi are presents in the aquatic environments, including conidial fungi which are more comon and adapted to this environment. Ecologically, they are classified in three distinct groups, based on their life cycle: aero-aquatic fungi, aquatic- facultative fungi and Ingoldian fungi. In the Amazon Biome, studies addressing fungi in aquatic environment are still scanty; even with advances in the studies of this group in others Brazilian regions. This study aimed to make a taxonomic study of species of conidial fungi associated to the submerged decaying litter in streams of three forests near Belém County, Pará State. Expeditions were conducted in the Área de Proteção Ambiental Ilha do Combu, Parque Ecológico de Gunma and Parque Estadual do Utinga, between april 2011 and january 2013. Samples of substrates (leaves and wood) collected were taken to the Mycology Laboratory of State University of Feira de Santana, and submitted to the washing method in tap water. The substrates were placed in moist chambers and incubated at room temperature for
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