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The Evolution of Siphonophore Tentilla for Specialized Prey Capture in the Open Ocean
The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean Alejandro Damian-Serranoa,1, Steven H. D. Haddockb,c, and Casey W. Dunna aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520; bResearch Division, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039; and cEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 Edited by Jeremy B. C. Jackson, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, and approved December 11, 2020 (received for review April 7, 2020) Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary makes them an ideal system to study the relationships between “dead end” due to the constraints associated with the evolution of functional traits and prey specialization. Like a head of coral, a si- morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organ- phonophore is a colony bearing many feeding polyps (Fig. 1). Each ism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in sep- feeding polyp has a single tentacle, which branches into a series of arate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme tentilla. Like other cnidarians, siphonophores capture prey with cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of nematocysts, harpoon-like stinging capsules borne within special- pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches ized cells known as cnidocytes. Unlike the prey-capture apparatus of armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study most other cnidarians, siphonophore tentacles carry their cnidocytes how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what mor- in extremely complex and organized batteries (3), which are located phological changes are associated with these transitions. -
US Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan—Pacific Region
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan Conservation Seabird Pacific Region U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Seabird Conservation Plan—Pacific Region 120 0’0"E 140 0’0"E 160 0’0"E 180 0’0" 160 0’0"W 140 0’0"W 120 0’0"W 100 0’0"W RUSSIA CANADA 0’0"N 0’0"N 50 50 WA CHINA US Fish and Wildlife Service Pacific Region OR ID AN NV JAP CA H A 0’0"N I W 0’0"N 30 S A 30 N L I ort I Main Hawaiian Islands Commonwealth of the hwe A stern A (see inset below) Northern Mariana Islands Haw N aiian Isla D N nds S P a c i f i c Wake Atoll S ND ANA O c e a n LA RI IS Johnston Atoll MA Guam L I 0’0"N 0’0"N N 10 10 Kingman Reef E Palmyra Atoll I S 160 0’0"W 158 0’0"W 156 0’0"W L Howland Island Equator A M a i n H a w a i i a n I s l a n d s Baker Island Jarvis N P H O E N I X D IN D Island Kauai S 0’0"N ONE 0’0"N I S L A N D S 22 SI 22 A PAPUA NEW Niihau Oahu GUINEA Molokai Maui 0’0"S Lanai 0’0"S 10 AMERICAN P a c i f i c 10 Kahoolawe SAMOA O c e a n Hawaii 0’0"N 0’0"N 20 FIJI 20 AUSTRALIA 0 200 Miles 0 2,000 ES - OTS/FR Miles September 2003 160 0’0"W 158 0’0"W 156 0’0"W (800) 244-WILD http://www.fws.gov Information U.S. -
Unifying Research on Social–Ecological Resilience and Collapse Graeme S
TREE 2271 No. of Pages 19 Review Unifying Research on Social–Ecological Resilience and Collapse Graeme S. Cumming1,* and Garry D. Peterson2 Ecosystems influence human societies, leading people to manage ecosystems Trends for human benefit. Poor environmental management can lead to reduced As social–ecological systems enter a ecological resilience and social–ecological collapse. We review research on period of rapid global change, science resilience and collapse across different systems and propose a unifying social– must predict and explain ‘unthinkable’ – ecological framework based on (i) a clear definition of system identity; (ii) the social, ecological, and social ecologi- cal collapses. use of quantitative thresholds to define collapse; (iii) relating collapse pro- cesses to system structure; and (iv) explicit comparison of alternative hypoth- Existing theories of collapse are weakly fi integrated with resilience theory and eses and models of collapse. Analysis of 17 representative cases identi ed 14 ideas about vulnerability and mechanisms, in five classes, that explain social–ecological collapse. System sustainability. structure influences the kind of collapse a system may experience. Mechanistic Mechanisms of collapse are poorly theories of collapse that unite structure and process can make fundamental understood and often heavily con- contributions to solving global environmental problems. tested. Progress in understanding col- lapse requires greater clarity on system identity and alternative causes of Sustainability Science and Collapse collapse. Ecology and human use of ecosystems meet in sustainability science, which seeks to understand the structure and function of social–ecological systems and to build a sustainable Archaeological theories have focused and equitable future [1]. Sustainability science has been built on three main streams of on a limited range of reasons for sys- tem collapse. -
Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio Associate VP for Conservation and Health Research Into the Critical Connections Between Human, Wildlife Health and Ecosystems
Red List of Ecosystems Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio Associate VP for Conservation and Health Research into the critical connections between human, wildlife health and ecosystems. • How human activities (land use change) could lead to disease emergence (Ebola, Zika, …) • Disease regulation as an ecosystem service: Estimate the economic impact of infectious diseases due to land use change Red List of Ecosystems: a quantitative framework to evaluate ecosystem condition Red List of Ecosystems Goal: develop a consistent global framework for monitoring the status of ecosystems and identifying those most at risk of biodiversity loss. • How great are the risks? • How soon are the changes likely to occur? Assessing risks to ecosystems 1989 2008 • Unlike species, ecosystems do not go extinct! • Cannot sustain its defining features: Characteristic native biota and Ecological processes that structure & sustain the system • Ecosystem collapse ~ species extinction - Analogous concepts • Ecosystem collapse affects capacity to deliver ecosystem Aral sea: collapsed ecosystem services Freshwater aquatic ephemeral steppe + hypersaline lakes Keith et al. (2013). Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems. PLoS ONE in press Supplementary material 14 TAPIA FOREST, MADAGASCAR contributed by Justin Moat & Steven Bachman, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew CLASSIFICATION National: Tapia Forest is recognised as a major vegetation type in the Atlas of vegetation of Madagascar (Rabehevitra and Rakotoarisoa 2007). IUCN Habitats Classification Scheme (Version 3.0): 1. Forest / 1.5 Subtropical/Tropical Dry Forest ECOSYSTEM DESCRIPTION Characteristic native biota A forest comprising an evergreen canopy of 10–12 m, with an understorey of ericoid shrubs. Lianas are frequent, but epiphytes are few. The herbaceous layer is dominated by grasses (Rabehevitra & Rakotoarisoa 2007). -
Intra- and Inter-Annual Breeding Season Diet of Leach's Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma Leucorhoa) at a Colony in Southern Oregon
INTRA- AND INTER-ANNUAL BREEDING SEASON DIET OF LEACH'S STORM-PETREL (OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA) AT A COLONY IN SOUTHERN OREGON by MICHELLE ANDRIESE SCHUITEMAN A THESIS Presented to the Department ofBiology and the Graduate School ofthe University ofOregon in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master ofScience December 2006 11 "Intra- and Inter-annual Breeding Season Diet ofLeach's Storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) at a Colony in Southern Oregon" a thesis prepared by Michelle Andriese Schuiteman in partial fulfillment ofthe requirments for the Master ofScience degree in the Department ofBiology. This thesis has been approved and accepted by: Date Committee in Charge: Dr Alan Shanks, Chair Dr. Jan Hodder Dr. William Sydeman Accepted by: Dean ofthe Graduate School 111 © 2006 Michelle Schuiteman lV An Abstract ofthe Thesis of Michelle Andriese Schuiteman for the degree of Master ofScience in the Department ofBiology to be taken December 2006 Title: INTRA- AND INTER-ANNUAL BREEDING SEASON DIET OF LEACH'S STORM-PETREL (OCEANODROMA LEUCORHOA) AT A COLONY IN SOUTHERN OREGON The oceanic habitat varies on multiple spatial and temporal scales. Aspects ofthe ecology oforganisms that utilize this habitat can, in certain cases, be used as indicators of ocean conditions. In this study, diet ofthe Leach's storm-petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa) is examined to determine ifevidence ofchanging ocean conditions can be found in the diet. Regurgitations were collected from the birds in order to describe diet. Euphausiids and fish composed 80 - 90% ofthe diet in both years, with composition of each diametrically different between years. Other items found in samples included . hyperiid and gammariid amphipods, cephalopods, plastic pieces and a new species of Cirolanid isopod. -
Title FEEDING PREFERENCES and RATES of the SNAIL, IANTHINA
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository FEEDING PREFERENCES AND RATES OF THE SNAIL, IANTHINA PROLONGATA, THE BARNACLE, LEPAS Title ANSERIFERA, THE NUDIBRANCHS, GLAUCUS ATLANTICUS AND FIONA PINNATA, AND THE FOOD WEB IN THE MARINE NEUSTON Author(s) Bieri, Robert PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL Citation LABORATORY (1966), 14(2): 161-170 Issue Date 1966-06-30 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175429 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University FEEDING PREFERENCES AND RATES OF THE SNAIL, IANTHINA PROLONGATA, THE BARNACLE, LEPAS ANSERIFERA, THE NUDIBRANCHS, GLAUCUS ATLANTICUS AND FIONA PINNATA, AND THE FOOD WEB IN THE MARINE NEUSTON'l RoBERT BIERI Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio With Plates III-IV and 1 Text-figure On the afternoon of November 5, 1965 during strong north-northwest winds, Porpita, Velella, Physalia, G!aucus, Lepas, Fiona, and three species of Ianthina were blown onto the north beach of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory. In the Laboratory with an ample supply of running sea water, many of these animals lived for several days and I was able to observe their feeding preferences and rates. On the basis of these obervations and the reports of other workers it is possible to construct a preliminary diagram of the neuston food web. Ianthina prolongata Of the three species of Ianthina washed ashore, I. janthina forma balteata, I. umbilicata, and I. prolongata, I. prolongata was most abundant. I was able to collect more than 160 of them in less than an hour. -
Title the FOOD of PORPITA and NICHE SEPARATION IN
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository THE FOOD OF PORPITA AND NICHE SEPARATION IN Title THREE NEUSTON COELENTERATES Author(s) Bieri, Robert PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL Citation LABORATORY (1970), 17(5): 305-307 Issue Date 1970-02-21 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175607 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University THE FOOD OF PORPITA AND NICHE SEPARATION IN THREE 1 NEUSTON COELENTERATES ) RoBERT BIERI Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio 45387 With 1 Table On November 5, 8, and 9, 1965, small numbers of the oceanic chondrophore, Porpita, were blown onto the beaches of Shirahama together with other members of the neuston community. These included the purple snail, Ianthina, the nudibranchs, Glaucus and Fiona, the crab, Planes, the barnacle, Lepas, the siphonophore, Physalia, and the chondrophore Velella. This stranding provided an opportunity to close some of the gaps in our understanding of the neuston food web. The food and feeding habits of the Portuguese man-of-war, Physalia, are well known. In an earlier paper (BIERI, 1961) I reported some studies of the food of Velella, but I could find no reports of the food of Parpita. As with Velella in the 1961 study, individual porpitas were collected alive from the sea surface, divided into four size groups, and preserved in formalin about one half hour after collection. In the laboratory the porpitas were measured and all the digestive appendages ("gonozoids" and the "oral chamber") were removed from each specimen. -
Trophic Interactions Between Two Neustonic Organisms: Insights from Bayesian Stable Isotope Data Analysis Tools
Belg. J. Zool., 146 (2) : 123–133 July 2016 Trophic interactions between two neustonic organisms: insights from Bayesian stable isotope data analysis tools Gilles Lepoint 1,*, Laurent Bernard 1, Sylvie Gobert 1 & Loïc N. Michel 1 1 Laboratory of Oceanology, FOCUS centre, University of Liège. * Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The by-the-wind sailor Velella velella (Linnaeus, 1758) and its predator, the violet snail Janthina globosa (Swainson, 1822) are both floating neustonic organisms. Despite their global oceanic distribution and widespread blooms of V. velella in recent years, many gaps remain in our understanding about prey/predator interactions between these two taxa. Using stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen, we aimed to study the trophic relationship between V. velella and J. globosa and investigate diet variation of V. velella and J. globosa in relation to individuals’ size. Bayesian approaches were used to calculate isotopic niche metrics and the contribution of V. velella to the J. globosa diet. Our data showed that the isotopic niche of V. velella differed markedly from that of J. globosa. It was larger and did not overlap that of the J. globosa, indicating a more variable diet but at a lower trophic level than J. globosa. The isotopic niche of V. velella also varied according to the size class of the individual. Small individuals showed a larger isotopic niche than larger animals and low overlap with those of the larger individuals. J. globosa displayed very low isotopic variability and very small isotopic niches. In contrast, there were no isotopic composition nor isotopic niche differences between J. -
Ecological Consequences of Human Niche Construction: Examining Long-Term Anthropogenic Shaping of Global Species Distributions Nicole L
SPECIAL FEATURE: SPECIAL FEATURE: PERSPECTIVE PERSPECTIVE Ecological consequences of human niche construction: Examining long-term anthropogenic shaping of global species distributions Nicole L. Boivina,b,1, Melinda A. Zederc,d, Dorian Q. Fuller (傅稻镰)e, Alison Crowtherf, Greger Larsong, Jon M. Erlandsonh, Tim Denhami, and Michael D. Petragliaa Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved March 18, 2016 (received for review December 22, 2015) The exhibition of increasingly intensive and complex niche construction behaviors through time is a key feature of human evolution, culminating in the advanced capacity for ecosystem engineering exhibited by Homo sapiens. A crucial outcome of such behaviors has been the dramatic reshaping of the global bio- sphere, a transformation whose early origins are increasingly apparent from cumulative archaeological and paleoecological datasets. Such data suggest that, by the Late Pleistocene, humans had begun to engage in activities that have led to alterations in the distributions of a vast array of species across most, if not all, taxonomic groups. Changes to biodiversity have included extinctions, extirpations, and shifts in species composition, diversity, and community structure. We outline key examples of these changes, highlighting findings from the study of new datasets, like ancient DNA (aDNA), stable isotopes, and microfossils, as well as the application of new statistical and computational methods to datasets that have accumulated significantly in recent decades. We focus on four major phases that witnessed broad anthropogenic alterations to biodiversity—the Late Pleistocene global human expansion, the Neolithic spread of agricul- ture, the era of island colonization, and the emergence of early urbanized societies and commercial net- works. -
Developing a Standardized Definition of Ecosystem Collapse for Risk Assessment
Developing a standardized definition of ecosystem collapse for risk assessment Citation: Bland, Lucie M., Rowland, Jessica A., Regan, Tracey J., Keith, David A., Murray, Nicholas J., Lester, Rebecca E., Linn, Matt., Rodríguez, Jon Paul. and Nicholson, Emily 2018, Developing a standardized definition of ecosystem collapse for risk assessment, Frontiers in ecology and the environment, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 29-36. DOI: http://www.dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.1747 ©2018, The Ecological Society of America Downloaded from DRO: http://hdl.handle.net/10536/DRO/DU:30106000 DRO Deakin Research Online, Deakin University’s Research Repository Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B REVIEWS REVIEWS REVIEWS Developing a standardized definition of 29 ecosystem collapse for risk assessment Lucie M Bland1,2*, Jessica A Rowland1, Tracey J Regan2,3, David A Keith4,5,6, Nicholas J Murray4, Rebecca E Lester7, Matt Linn1, Jon Paul Rodríguez8,9,10, and Emily Nicholson1 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Ecosystems is a powerful tool for classifying threatened ecosystems, informing ecosystem management, and assessing the risk of ecosystem collapse (that is, the endpoint of ecosystem degradation). These risk assessments require explicit definitions of ecosystem collapse, which are currently challenging to implement. To bridge the gap between theory and practice, we systematically review evidence for ecosystem collapses reported in two contrasting biomes – marine pelagic ecosystems and terrestrial forests. Most studies define states of ecosystem collapse quantitatively, but few studies adequately describe initial ecosystem states or ecological transitions leading to collapse. On the basis of our review, we offer four recommendations for defining ecosystem collapse in risk assessments: (1) qualitatively defining initial and collapsed states, (2) describing collapse and recovery transitions, (3) identify- ing and selecting indicators of collapse, and (4) setting quantitative collapse thresholds. -
ECOSYSTEM INSIDER the Ecosystem Insider Brings You News from the IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management
Forward to a friend | View in browser ECOSYSTEM INSIDER The Ecosystem Insider brings you news from the IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management June 2018 - Edition 2 Dear IUCN CEM member, Follow us for more news and updates We are pleased to bring you the Second issue of the IUCN Commission on Ecosystem Management (CEM) Newsletter for 2018 CEM HIGHLIGHT Technical Expert Meeting on Adaptation 2018 The technical examination process on adaptation (TEP-A) was established at COP 21 as part of the enhanced action prior to 2020 in the decision adopting the Paris Agreement. The TEP-A seeks to identify concrete opportunities for strengthening resilience, reducing vulnerabilities, and increasing the understanding and implementation of adaptation actions. During its May meeting in Bonn, Angela Andrade participated in Session #1 Adaptation Planning for Vulnerable Ecosystems where two issues led the discussion: 1) What are the barriers to more widespread adoption of ecosystem-based adaptation at the national level? How can these barriers be overcome? Does ecosystem-based adaptation contribute to increasing the resilience of vulnerable communities and groups? To learn more about the Technical Expert Meeting, visit their page. To learn more about this event, please visit the Earth Negotiation Bulletin. CEM was present in the 3rd EbA Knowledge Day celebrated as a UNFCCC SB48 Side Event. The 3rd EbA Knowledge Day was organized by GIZ and IUCN under the Friends of EbA (FEBA) network in the framework of UNFCCC SBSTA 48 with the aim to enhance knowledge on strategies and partnerships for upscaling EbA at policy and implementation level especially in the context of NDC implementation, public finance and key sector strategies such as agriculture/food security, water, forestry and fisheries. -
Combating Ecosystem Collapse from the Tropics to the Antarctic
Received: 13 October 2020 | Revised: 12 January 2021 | Accepted: 20 January 2021 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15539 OPINION Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic Dana M. Bergstrom1,2 | Barbara C. Wienecke1 | John van den Hoff1 | Lesley Hughes3 | David B. Lindenmayer4 | Tracy D. Ainsworth5 | Christopher M. Baker6,7,8 | Lucie Bland9 | David M. J. S. Bowman10 | Shaun T. Brooks11 | Josep G. Canadell12 | Andrew J. Constable13 | Katherine A. Dafforn3 | Michael H. Depledge14 | Catherine R. Dickson15 | Norman C. Duke16 | Kate J. Helmstedt17 | Andrés Holz18 | Craig R. Johnson11 | Melodie A. McGeoch15 | Jessica Melbourne- Thomas13,19 | Rachel Morgain4 | Emily Nicholson20 | Suzanne M. Prober21 | Ben Raymond1,11 | Euan G. Ritchie20 | Sharon A. Robinson2,22 | Katinka X. Ruthrof23,24 | Samantha A. Setterfield25 | Carla M. Sgrò15 | Jonathan S. Stark1 | Toby Travers11 | Rowan Trebilco13,19 | Delphi F. L. Ward11 | Glenda M. Wardle26 | Kristen J. Williams27 | Phillip J. Zylstra22,28 | Justine D. Shaw29 1Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Kingston, Tas., Australia 2Global Challenges Program, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia 3Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia 4Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia 5School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia 6School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia