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From Woman in the Nineteenth Century Margaret Fuller 1810–1850

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From Woman in the Nineteenth Century Margaret Fuller 1810–1850 The Transcendentalists from Woman in the Nineteenth Century READING 6 Analyze how Nonfiction by Margaret Fuller rhetorical techniques in literary essays influence the reader, evoke emotions, and create Meet the Author meaning. 8 Analyze, make inferences, and draw conclusions about the author’s purpose in cultural and historical Margaret Fuller 1810–1850 contexts. 10B Analyze historical political debates for logical Margaret Fuller spent much of her life 1840, Fuller became the editor of The Dial, fallacies. RC–11(A) Reflect on understanding to monitor fighting to make women equal members a short-lived but highly influential literary comprehension. of society. At a time when a woman’s only magazine. Fuller solicited poems, essays, place was thought to be the small sphere and fiction from leading transcendentalists of the home, Fuller became a respected and wrote much of the content herself. author, a commanding public speaker, a did you know? An Influential Voice In 1844, Fuller started popular journalist, and a key figure in the Margaret Fuller . writing the literary column for the New transcendentalist movement. One literary • learned to read when York Tribune, perhaps the most widely historian observed that Fuller “transcended she was 3 years old. read newspaper of its day. In addition to virtually every stereotype American women • suffered from nightmares reviewing literary works, she addressed social had to endure in the first half of the 19th in which she dreamed issues such as poverty and slavery. In 1845, century.” horses were galloping Fuller published Woman in the Nineteenth across her head. A Demanding Childhood Sarah Margaret Century, a revolutionary feminist work that • inspired Edgar Allan Poe Fuller was born in Cambridgeport, paid tribute to women’s intellectual and to quip, “There are three Massachusetts. Her father, a stern and creative abilities and declared that women species: men, women, formidable man, had high expectations must be accepted as equal to men. The first and Margaret Fuller.” for her. When she was only 10 years edition sold out in two weeks. old, he counseled that excelling “in all Romance and Tragedy In 1846, the New things should be your constant aim.” As a York Tribune sent Fuller to cover civil teenager, Fuller typically started her studies unrest in Europe. She settled in Rome, at five in the morning and sometimes did where she fell in love with and married not finish until eleven at night. Italian aristocrat Giovanni Angelo Ossoli. Coming into Her Own Fuller’s father died When revolution broke out in Rome suddenlyy5 when she was 25,, and she in 1848, Fuller supported the cause bbecameecame a teacteacherher to hhelpelp ssupport by volunteering at a hospital while her hherer ffamily.amily. TThroughhrough a mmutual husband fought for the republic. The aacquaintance,cquaintance, sshehe mmet Ralph revolution failed, and Fuller, Ossoli, and WWaldoaldo Emerson, wwho their young son sailed to the United States wwasas mucmuchh impressedimpre in 1850. With New York City almost in bbyy hherer inteintelligencelligen sight, their ship hit a sandbar and sank. aandnd wit. SShehe bebegan Fuller, Ossoli, and their son drowned. attenattendingding meetimeetingsn of the TTranscendentalranscendental CClub. In Author Online Go to thinkcentral.com. KEYWORD: HML11-402 402 TX_L11PE-u02s34-brWom.indd 402 9/9/09 8:22:23 AM literary analysis: author’s perspective Differences of opinion in politics, art, or any subject are often debated formally and informally in speech and writing. When people engage in a debate, they exchange their opinions on What does society an issue, often approaching the discussion with a unique expect set of ideas and experiences. Author’s perspective refers of us? to the distinct combination of opinions, values, and beliefs In the 19th century, society expected that influence the way a writer looks at a topic. Margaret women to be loving wives, adoring Fuller takes a unique approach to revealing her perspective mothers, and expert housekeepers. in a debate with a fictional character. As you read, play Women were not expected to be close attention to rhetorical techniques—the methods great thinkers; they were to leave an author employs to influence readers and convey ideas. the thinking to men. Some women, These techniques vary from writer to writer, but they always including Margaret Fuller, rejected these provide clues to a writer’s view. To identify Margaret Fuller’s limiting expectations. perspective, examine the following rhetorical elements: SURVEY Does society still have different • the writer’s tone, or attitude toward the subject expectations for men and women? • details the writer chooses to include or emphasize Complete the following survey, marking • rhetorical devices and logical fallacies which jobs you think would most likely be • how the writer portrays specific individuals held by men, which would mostly likely be held by women, and which would have As you read this excerpt, use these elements to help you roughly equal numbers of each. Then analyze the author’s perspective. write a paragraph discussing what your results might indicate about how gender reading strategy: paraphrase main ideas influences societal expectations. When you read challenging texts such as this one, it is important to pay careful attention to the author’s main ideas. One way to make sure that you are understanding these key points is to paraphrase them, or restate the information in your own words. A good paraphrase is about the same length Survey: Gender and Jobs as the original text but is written in simpler language. As you read, paraphrase the annotated passages to achieve a better Occupation Mostly Mostly Equal understanding of Fuller’s main ideas. Record your work in a Male Female chart like the one shown. 1. Kindergarten teacher Fuller’s Main Ideas My Paraphrases 2. Carpenter “I was talking on this subject I spoke about this with Miranda. 3. Hairstylist with Miranda, a woman, who, If any woman can talk about gender if any in the world could, issues calmly and rationally, 4. Surgeon might speak without heat or Miranda can. 5. Firefighter bitterness of the position of 6. College her sex.” professor 7. Personal shopper Complete the activities in your Reader/Writer Notebook. 8. Architect 403 TX_L11PE-u02s34-brWom.indd 403 9/2/09 9:52:15 AM oman in the Nineteenth Century Margaret Fuller background From 1839 to 1844 in the context of the great debate about the equality of men and women, Fuller led a series of seminars for women called “Conversations.” She lectured on topics ranging from ethics to art and then asked her listeners to discuss each topic, thus helping the women to recognize their own intellectual abilities. The sessions led Fuller to write Woman in the Nineteenth Century, in which she insists society accept women and men as equals. Here, Fuller presents her views as a debate between herself and the fictional “Miranda,” a woman who, like Fuller, had from childhood been encouraged to exercise her mind. I was talking on this subject with Miranda, a woman, who, if any in the world Analyze Visuals could, might speak without heat and bitterness of the position of her sex. Her father In your opinion, what was a man who cherished no sentimental reverence for woman, but a firm belief in traits does the subject of this portrait project? After the equality of the sexes. She was his eldest child, and came to him at an age when you’ve read the selection, he needed a companion. From the time she could speak and go alone, he addressed revisit your answer. Tell her not as a plaything, but as a living mind. Among the few verses he ever wrote was whether you think the a copy addressed to this child, when the first locks were cut from her head, and the woman in the portrait reverence expressed on this occasion for that cherished head, he never belied. It was might share any of Miranda’s qualities. to him the temple of immortal intellect. He respected his child, however, too much 10 to be an indulgent parent. He called on her for clear judgment, for courage, for a PARAPHRASE honor and fidelity; in short, for such virtues as he knew. In so far as he possessed the MAIN IDEAS keys to the wonders of this universe, he allowed free use of them to her, and by the Paraphrase lines 2–4. What were Miranda’s incentive of a high expectation, he forbade, as far as possible, that she should let the father’s views on gender privilege lie idle. a equality? Thus this child was early led to feel herself a child of the spirit. She took her place easily, not only in the world of organized being, but in the world of mind. A dignified sense of self-dependence was given as all her portion,1 and she found it a 1. all her portion: something that she had a right to expect. Portrait of Ann Cochrells (1848), David Parr. Oil on canvas, 9˝ × 11˝. 404 unit 2: american romanticism © Christie’s Images Ltd. TX_L11PE-u02s34-Woman.indd 404 9/2/09 9:53:37 AM sure anchor. Herself securely anchored, her relations with others were established b AUTHOR’S with equal security. She was fortunate in a total absence of those charms which PERSPECTIVE Consider Fuller’s tone in 20 might have drawn to her bewildering flatteries, and in a strong electric nature, lines 15–26. What can which repelled those who did not belong to her; and attracted those who did. you infer about the traits With men and women her relations were noble,—affectionate without passion, Fuller found admirable? intellectual without coldness. The world was free to her, and she lived freely in it.
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