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Chapter 15: Natural Resources A. INTRODUCTION AND

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Chapter 15: Natural Resources A. INTRODUCTION AND Chapter 15: Natural Resources A. INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY This chapter discusses natural resources1 (aquatic and terrestrial) along or near the proposed Second Avenue Subway alignment, including sites and resources that could be used temporarily during the subway’s construction. Potential effects of construction are evaluated and mitigation is also discussed. Data was collected from field surveys, literature searches, review of published data and inquiries to federal and state agencies that regulate natural resources. Meetings have also been held with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE), the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). For more detailed information, please also see Appendix L, Natural Resources. B. REGULATIONS AND PERMITS A number of federal and state agencies have jurisdiction over elements of the aquatic and terrestrial environment and are charged with protecting and regulating the use of natural resources. These include, but are not limited to, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ACOE, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), NMFS, NYSDEC, and the New York State Department of State (NYSDOS). The proposed project will comply with all applicable regulations and executive orders concerning protection of natural resources. Regulations pertaining to the natural resources analyses for the Second Avenue Subway include those covering discharges into surface water, floodplains, wetlands, groundwater, ecologically sensitive areas (including designated Essential Fish Habitat areas), and endangered species. In addition, permits for the construction of the proposed barge sites and potential Coney Island Yard expansion site would be obtained from the appropriate agencies, after completion of the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) and issuance of the Record of Decision. C. EXISTING CONDITIONS The vast majority of the area that could be directly or indirectly affected by the Second Avenue Subway consists of paved property where natural resources would not be affected. Consequently, the text below concentrates on those sites where impacts to natural resources could potentially occur—chiefly, unpaved areas (parklands) and sites along the water’s edge at the Harlem and East Rivers, and at Coney Island Creek. (See Figures 15-1 through 15-3.) 1 Plant and animal species and any area capable of providing habitat for plant and animal species or capable of functioning to support ecological systems and maintain the City’s environmental balance (City Environmental Quality Review Manual, City of New York, 2001). 15-1 Second Avenue Subway SDEIS GEOLOGICAL AND TERRESTRIAL CONDITIONS The substrate underlying Manhattan consists of three prominent geologic formations: Manhattan Schist, Inwood Marble, and Fordham gneiss, all of which are highly folded, faulted, and metamorphosed rocks. From a natural resources perspective, the entire Second Avenue Subway corridor is located within disturbed, urban areas where either no vegetation or highly invasive species exist. Similarly, the parkland sites that could be affected by subway construction are largely paved spaces where vegetation is generally limited to perimeter trees and ornamental plants. The existing rail yards and maintenance facilities that are proposed for possible reconfiguration as part of the Second Avenue Subway project are industrial sites, where natural conditions have been disturbed and/or altered over many years. Terrestrial and avian wildlife along the corridor, in the parks, and at existing rail yards is generally limited to urban species tolerant of urban conditions. The potential Coney Island Yard expansion site borders Coney Island Creek, whose shoreline has been disturbed by surrounding industrial development. The upland portion is a fenced area dominated by an open field with remains of a former power facility. The contaminated industrial property is dominated by invasive plants abundant in urban areas that provide habitat for birds such as common egret, kingfisher, and various gulls. The NYSDEC Natural Heritage Program Database has no record of endangered, threatened or special concern species at the project sites, though the endangered peregrine falcon and its nests have been observed near the Pier 6 site. NYSDEC has determined that the four protected plant species once found in Queens and Brooklyn are no longer found in these areas. Therefore, no further surveys for these species are required. FLOODPLAINS AND WETLANDS The following portions of the project are located in the 100-year floodplain: the proposed subway alignment in East Harlem and Lower Manhattan; the potential staging and barge site at 129th Street and Pier 6; the shaft and staging areas in Lower Manhattan; about half of the proposed Coney Island Yard expansion site; and the southern and eastern portions of the 207th Street Yard. The Second Avenue Subway has the potential to affect wetlands at 129th Street, Pier 6, and Coney Island Creek. At 129th Street, this portion of the Harlem River is designated as littoral zone (areas shallower than 6 ft at mean low water (MLW) that are not intertidal) under NYSDEC’s tidal wetland mapping system. A continuous functional bulkhead along the entire potential construction site limits the potential for tidal marsh plants or submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). The same conditions exist at the Pier 6 site. However, even though the East River is designated as littoral zone, NYSDEC regulations state that actual water depths determine whether or not an area is a littoral zone. Thus, since the area was recently dredged to depths greater than 6 feet at MLW, there is likely no littoral zone remaining at this location. NYSDEC Tidal Wetland Mapping designates the eastern portions of the project site within Coney Island Creek as coastal shoals, bars and mudflats, and the western portions as littoral zone. GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER Groundwater along the project alignment in Manhattan is typically found at approximately 10 to 60 feet below grade. Groundwater at the proposed train storage yard in Coney Island is 15-2 Chapter 15: Natural Resources shallower, approximately 2 feet to 4 feet below grade. Manhattan’s groundwater is not used for potable supply, and non-potable use is limited. The Coney Island site is located above EPA- designated sole source aquifers that supply the drinking water for Long Island. The Harlem River is a tidal strait that connects the Hudson and East Rivers. Sediments on the bottom of the Harlem River most likely consist of sand with traces of gravel and silt. Sediment samples collected in July 2002 at the 129th Street barge site as part of the natural resource assessment for this project were mostly silt and clay with some sand.1 Water quality conditions have improved considerably over the past two decades. Concentrations of fecal coliform and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen have declined. The river has a best use classification of Class I, making it suitable for secondary contact recreation and other usage except for primary contact recreation and shell fishing for market purposes. In 2001, fecal coliform concentrations for the upper East River complied with specified best use classifications for bathing and fishing. Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations occasionally fail to meet the standard. Chlorophyll a concentrations are occasionally greater than the standard and suggest eutrophic conditions. Measures currently being undertaken to reduce nitrogen discharges to the East River and Long Island Sound are expected to reduce enrichment to Harlem River waters. Sampling at the 129th Street barge site indicates that sediment concentrations of contaminants exceed NYSDEC guidance levels (TAGM #4046 Determination of Soil Cleanup Objectives and Cleanup Levels) for some semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and heavy metals. The proposed project site at 129th Street is a former industrial site historically used for barging with an abandoned cement plant, sediment and gravel piles, and gravel roadways along the upland area. A concrete bulkhead with docking ties separates the land from the water, and a relieving platform extending landward of the water’s edge likely supports the bulkhead. Surveys indicate that the channel in this area is approximately 400 feet wide, and that water depth is only approximately 6.9 feet at MLW due sedimentation over the years. Current velocity is 2.0 knots or more. The East River is a tidal strait connecting New York Harbor with the western end of Long Island Sound. The lower East River primarily has a hard, rock bottom consisting of gravel, cobble, rocks, and boulders covered with a shallow layer of sediment. Sediment samples collected at the Pier 6 site were primarily silt and clay with some sand. In 2001, fecal coliform concentrations for the lower East River complied with specified best-use classifications for fishing for each month, with periodic increases following rainstorms. The Inner Harbor also shows the least year- to-year chlorophyll a variation and lowest summertime average; although, trends have shown a slight increase in chlorophyll a concentration in the 1990’s. The river has a best use classification of Class I. The area surrounding the project site at Pier 6 on the East River was dredged under emergency conditions in Fall 2001, and approximately 60,000 cubic yards of sediment were removed. The cement bulkhead at the Pier 6 site is generally in good condition. Current velocity is very rapid and
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