Mammals of the Bull Run

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Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses

1976 Mammals of the Bull Run

Edward M. Thatcher Portland State University

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Recommended Citation Thatcher, Edward M., "Mammals of the Bull Run" (1976). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 2186. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.2183

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Edward M. Thatcher for the

Master of Science in Biol~gy presented 20 September 1976.

Title: Mammals of the' Bull Run

APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: , .

Ric~ B. Forbes, Chairman

Robert O.(Tinnin

I J

This study of mammals of.the Bull Run Planni~g Unit ,I has a dual character. First, mammals of special scientific

, , or natural history interest 'such, as threatened or endangered

species were so~ght. This ~as in conjunction with a Mt.

Hood Bull Run Planni~g .. Uni~. ,Sec.ond, a zo~ge~graphical study of mammals' of the Bull Run' was performed. Abundance and distributional data was recorded for each species ob

served. This data was rela~ed to availability of moisture. as indicated by plant assocIations trapped.- Difference in habitat utilization alo~g a moisture, gradient was investi gated as a possible coexistence. mechanism for sympatric , .

smnll nUllnmals in the Bull Run PltLnni~g Unit,

I l'

l, J> I I I I .... \ I ,, \ MA~~LS OF THE BULL RUN

, .

by Edward M. Thatcher

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ~~gree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE in BIOLOGY

'.,...

Portland State University 1976 ' TO THE OFFICE OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH: The members of the Committee approve the thesis of Edward M. Thatcher presented 20 September 1976.

Robert O. Tinnin

I J

APPROVED: -'

Biology

.". Researc i I . \ ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my appreciation and sincere thanks to the followi~g people for their assistance and en cour~gement; my committee members, Dr. Richard B. Forbes, chairman, Dr. Robert O. Tinnin, Dr. John H. Wirtz, and

Dr. Cord Se~gstake; and Mr. Kirk Horn and Miss Nancy Meador of the Mt. Hood National Forest. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS •••••••••••••'. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iii LIST OF FIGURES •••••••' •••••'•••••••••••••••••.••••••••• viii

INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••). 1

.£\iIl..TERIALS A.1\JD METHODS...... 4 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA .••.••.••...••.•..•.•..•...•... 7

SPEC lES ACCOUNTS...... 13

Order Insecti vo ra...•...... •.•...... ,. .. 13 Family Soricidae...... 13

. So~ex vag~ans (v~grant shrew) ...•...... 13

So~ez paZust~is (water shrew) ...... 14

Sorex t~owb~i.dgii (Trowbridge r s shre\v).. 14 Family Talpidae •...... • 16

Neurot~iahus gibbsii (shrew-mole) ...... 16 Order Chitoptera..•...... ' ...... '.... 16 Family Vespertilionidae...... 16

Myotis aaZifo~niaus (California myotis). 16

Order L~gomorpha ..•..•...•...... •.....••...•....•. 19 Family Ochotonidae...... •...... •...... 19 Oohotona prinoeps .....•...... 21 Family Leporidae ..•...... "..." " .....••. 21

\. Lepus ame~ioanus (snowshoe hare) .••....• 21 Order Rodentia.••..••...•••.•...... •..•....• 21 Family Sciuridae...... 21

i I

< I v PAGE Eutamias townsendii (Townsend's

H chipmunk) ...... " ." ...... ~.~. 21 \ . . , ''',J Spe~mophiZus beecheyi (California

ground squirrel) ...... • 23 SpermophiZus ZateraZis (Golden-mantled

. ground squirrel) ...... ~ ...... ~ .. ,25

Tamiasciurus dougZassi (Do~gl~s \~. , ·squirrel)., ...... ~ ...... ~ .. 25 GZaucomys sabrinus (Northern flying

squirrel) ...... 26

Family Geomyidae ...... 26 Thomomys monticoZa (Moutain pocket

. gopher) ...... 26

Family Castoridae ...... '...... 29

Castor canadensis (beaver) ...... 29

Family Cricetidae (Subfamily Cricetinae).i ... 31

Peromyscus manicuZatus (Deer mouse) ..... 31

Neotoma cinerea (Bushy-tailed wood rat). 32

Subfamily Microtinae ...... 32· . CCd,k",'lV'> CZethrionomys oeeiri-entutis (Red-backed

m.ouse) ...... ; .... ~ ...... 32 l' Microtus lo~gicaudus (Lo~g-tailed vole). 35

Microtus oregoni (Creepi~g vole) ...... 35 \ r"\ I ( "1' !tv) i' ~ riahardsoni (Water vole) ...... 38 . ~\" C>U\\dt to Fami 1 y Zapedidae.-•••••••••••••••• '. • • • • • • • • • • •• 41 vi PAGE

Zapus trinotatus (Pacific juropi~g roo use) • • . • • . . . . • • • • . • • • • . . • . . . • • • •• 41

Family Erethizontidae...... 41 Erethizon dorsatum (Porcupine) ...... 41

Order Carnivora...... 43

Family Urs idae •.•.••••..•.•.•..•.•.•..•.•.•••. 43

Ursus americanus (Black bear) ••••••.•.•. ·43

Family Procyonidae ••.•.••••.•.•.•.••••••••••• 43

Procyon Zotor (Raccoon) .•.•.•..'. • . • • • • •• 43

Family Mustelidae •• ~ •••.••.•••..••••••.•••••• 45

MusteZa erminea (Least weasel) ..•.•..••• 45

Lutra canadensis (River otter) ••••.••••• 45

Family Felidae ..•••.•.••.••.•.•••.••••...•••. 45 L'1\'\< 'Ji!-e.U.s. rufus (Bobcat) ..••...•..•.•••••••• 45

Order Artiodactyla•..••..•••.•••..•..•.. ~ ..•...•.• 46

Family Cervidae .•••••••••••...... •. ~ •.•.•.• ~ ·46 Odocoi Zeus hem'ionus coZumbianus (Black-

tailed dee·r)...... 46

DISCUSSION .•••.•.••., ...... ~ ...... ~ •. ~ .•••.•••• 47·

SU~RY ..•...•.•••.•.••..• ! ...... 56

LITERATURE C~r:qI! ...... ~ • .•.••.•.•••••...... •.•...••••• 57

GENERAL REFERENCES ••, •••••.•••••••••••••••. ~ • . • . . . . . • . • • .• 60'

APPENDIX A•••••••••••••••'••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• 62

Species List••••••••.•••••••••••••..•••.•••• ,; ••.••• 62

AP'PENDIX B••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• e •••••••••••••••• 64 vii

PAGE Description of Specific Trap Sites ...••. .' ...... 64 Site 1 .• ...... 64 Site 2...... 65 Site 3. ·...... , ...... 61. Site 4. ·...... 68

Site s. ·...... ~ .. 69 ' Site 6...... 71 Site 7...... 72

f Site 8. ·...... ~ .. 73

Site 9 •• • ••• I •••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • if •• ...... , .. 74 Site 10. ·...... ,,' 76 Site 11. ·...... 77 Site 12. ·...... 79 Site 13...... 80 Site 14 .•• ...... 82 Site'lS...... 83 Site,16. ·...... 85

APPENDIX C...... ~...... 87 APPENDIX 'D...... 90 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Aver~ge monthly temperature for 2 stations

in 1973...... ~ ...... 9

2 Aver~ge monthly preciptiation for 2 stations in 1973...... ; ... · 10

3 Plant associations alo~g moisture gradients in 2 climax zones (Franklin, 1973) .•..... 11

4 Distribution of Sorex vagrans ...... •..•••.•• ~lS

5 Distribution of Sorex trowbridgii.... ~ ..••.•.• · 17 I 6 Distribution of Neurotrichus gibbsii ..•• .•..•• 18 7 Distribution of Oahotona princep8•..••....•••• 20

8 Location of pika ~nd snow-shoe hare found in

1973...... 22 9 Distribution of Eutamias townsendii ...... •.... 24 10 Distribution of Thomomys monticoZa ...... •..... 27·

11 Location of the Do~glas squirrel found in 1973...... 28

12 Location of beaver activity found in 1973..... - 30 13 Distribution of Peromyscus manicuZatus ...... 33

14 Distribution of Neotoma cinerea .••...•...••... 34

15 Distribution of CZethrionomys occidentaZis .••. 36 16 Distribution of'Microtus Zongicaudus ...... 37 17 Distribution of Microtus oregoni ..•••...... • 39 18 Distribution o£'ArvicoZa richardsoni •....•••.. 40 19 Distribution of Zapu8 trinotatus.•. ••....••.•• 42 ix

FIGURE PAGE 20 Location of raccoon and black bear found

in 1973...... 44 . 21 Location of black-tailed deer observed in 1973...... 47 22 Location of 16 trap sites in the Bull Run

PIanni!lg Uni t ..•..•.... ~ . . . • . . • • • . • • . . . • • 49 23 Species composition and abundance in the T. heterophyZZa/P. munitum/O. oregana .. \ P 1ant assoc~at~on •..•.....•.•..••...... •. · 91 24 Species composition and abundance in the T. heterophyZZa/P. munitum plant association...... • . • • . . . . . • . . • • . . . • . . . . • 92

2S Species composition and abundance in the T. heterophyZZa/R. maarophyZZum/B. nervosa plant association...... 93 26 . Species composition and abundance in the P.

menziesii/H. disaoZor plant association•. 94' 27 Species composition and abundance in the T. heterophyZZa talus community•.•••••..•... 95· 28 Species composition and abundance in the T. heterophyZZa wet meadow community •.•.•.•. 96

29 Species compost:iion and abundance in the A. amabitis/O. horridum plant association... 97 30 Species composition and abundance in the A.

amabiZis/S. ~oseus plant association••••. 98 x FIGURE PAGE '31 Species composition and abundance in the A. amabiZis/V. aZaskense plant association.. 99 32 Species composition and abundance in the A. amabiZis/X. tenax (dry-lithosol) plant association....••...... •...... • 100 33 Species composition and abundance in the A. amabiZis/G. shaZZon plant association.••. 101 34 Species composition and abundance in the A. amabiZis dry meadow community .•..\...... 102 35 Species composition and abundance in the A. amabiZis talus community ...... 103

'. INTRODUCTION

The 142,080 acre Bull Run Reserve, located in the western Cascades about 30 miles east of Portland, Oregon, was set aside in 1892 by President Benjamin Harrison as the source of water for the city of Portland. The Reserve was

given further l~gal protection by the Trespass Act of 1904, and by a 1909 Act of Congress to prevent trespass and pro tect the forest.

The production of h~gh'quality water was the main use of the Bull Run Reserve until 1958 when the Mt. Hood

National Forest b~gan man~gi~g la!ge-scale commercial logg

i~g operations within the Reserve. The l~ggi~g has been performed since then on a one-hundred year rotation or cycle in which one percent of the harvestable timber is removed from the Reserve each year. ·In conjunction with

l~ggi~g activity and fire control, approximately 300 miles of roads have been constructed in the Bull Run Reserve. 1

A recent opinion by United States District Court Ju~ge

James M. Burns states that l~ggi~g operations in the Bull Run Reserve are contradictory to the protection of the

forest for production of h~gh quality water.

In·1969 Co~gress passed the National Environmental

Policy Act ~hich neces~itates the formulation of an En vironmental Impact Statement before human activities

1 Portland City Club Bulletin, 1973.' Report on Man~gement of Forest Resources in the Bull Run Division. 2 potentially detrimental to the environment can be undertaken on Federal lands. In addition to the necessity of an Envir onmental Impact Statement, Forest Service activities on pub lic lands of the Mt. Hood National Forest have recently been

admininstered accordi~g to land use planni~g techniques that attempt to determine suitability of such human acti

vities as clear-cut l~ggi~g and hydroelectric dam constru tion for an area. In response to the needs for and E.l.S.

and the advent of land use planni~g, the Mt. Hood National

Forest b~gan a multi-disciplinary land use planni~g study

of the Bull Run Planni~g Unit 'in 1973. 2 The study included

hydrol~gy,. geol~gy, botany,. ge~graphy, vertebrate zool~gy,.

timber man~gement, and an invest~gation of.the mammals of

the Planni~g U~it. The objectives of my study were to as certain whether any threatened mammalian species occur

within the Bull Run Planni~g Unit, and a zo~ge~graphical survey of the mammals there. Occurrence of threatened and

enda~gered mammals within the Bull Run Planni~g Unit is of

importance to the determination of suitable land use owi~g to the possibility of extirpation of species through

further degradation of habitat. Clear cut l~ggi~g, for example, involves the total destruction of vi!gin forest

habitat which could affect populations of some threat~ned

2 Parts of the Bull Run Reserve are included in the Bull R~n, Larch Mountain, Eagle Creek, Mt. Hood, and Lava Planni~g Units. .

• /

3 mammals. For example the fisher (Maptes pennanti) •• lives largely within the Canadian and Upper Transition' life zones in he.avy timber; since many timber areas have been cut, it seems likely that the fishers range is becoming seriously limited (I!lgles, 1965)'. "

I~gram (1973) states Logging and burning of forests in Michigan and Minnesota in the early 1900's had an adverse effect on the fisher population. Logging and fires were also factors in the decline 6f the fisher in New York. Scarcity of fishers in Minnesota was related to over-trappi!lg and l~gg i~g practices. The Bull Run Planni!lg Unit provides a vast array of

natural old, growth coniferous forest habitat, and forest ~f

varyi!lg ~ge r~generati!lg after clear-cut l~ggi!lg. I empha sized study of the distribution of mammals-in old growth f forest •

• MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was initiated in June 1973 an~ extended

thro~gh the middle of October 1973 when field work was ended

because of .heavy rains and imminent snows. D~ri~g this

pe.riod, I identified 28 mammal spec,ies. One hundred e~ghty three small mammals were captured in snap traps and 102 ob servations of la!ge mammals were recorded (Appendix A).

Records were kept on mammals captured ~ithin a, given hnbitnt type in order to study rolative habitat spocificity and preference of each species. Small mammals ,were captured f in Museum Special snap traps in sites containi~g 108 traps per site. Trap sites were o!ganized into 6 trap lines

spac~d approximately 10 yards apart with 18 trap stations (1 trap/station) per line spaced approximately 5 yards apart.

In old, growth forest; often la!ge diamet~r trees, rocks,

sn~gs, streams, etc., precluded placi~g snap traps in exact positions. Each of sixteen trap sites was maintained for 7 con

sective n~ghts thro~gh the course of the study. Traps were baited with peanut butter and rolled oats. Trap success was recorded as number of individuals of each species cap

tured per eveni~g. Study skins and skulls were prepared

for confirmation of identifications. E~ghty-nine small mammal specimens were prepared; 34 were subsequently de posited in the Portland State University collection of vertebrates. Binomial and trinomial nomenclature were

E 5

la!gely taken from Jones et aZ. (1975) and I~gles (1965). Trap site location and elevation were recorded from

Forest Service top~graphic maps, slope a~gle was determined by clinometer readings, and aspect of the slope was read

from a compass. The trap sites were characterized accordi~g to presence or absence of plant species. Plants were

classified as canopy, small trees, seedli~gs, shrub, or herb species (Appendix B). Plant associations defined by Franklin and Dyrness (1973) were used as indicators of a

bi~~ic factors especially the ,availability of moisture. It

was possible to define a habitat. gradient alo~g the lines of availability of moisture from moist to dry sites in the

Bull Run Planni~g Unit (F~gure 3). Hence, different posi

tions alo~g a moisture. gradient "at .low (Tsuga hetepophy1.Z,a

zone) and h~gh elevations (Abies amabiZ,is zone, Franklin, 1973) as determined by plant associations as indicators, were trapped in order to determine the response of small . mammal species to this. gradient. La!ge mammals were obs.erve.d and identified in a variety of ways.' National live traps were set for such

rode~ts as Tamiasaiupus dougZ,assi~ Neotoma ainepea~ and

Ap1.odontia pufa. Liv~ traps approximately 1-1/2 ft. by 3

ft. were set for such mammals as MusteZa vison~ Fpocyon

z,otop~ and VuZ,pes fuZ,va. Observation and identification,

when possible, were made by analyzi~g tracks and scats.

Calls, such as those of Tamiasciurus do~gZ.assi and Ochotona

G 6

ppinaeps~ could be identified, and visual identification

was often possible. Bats f1yi~g over Bull Run Lake were

hunted .with . 410 sho~gun.· Re~ords of tracks) scats, sounds,.

s~ghti~gs, road kills, and notes from informants were re corded.

, •• I t I I

& DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

The Bull Run Reserve includes the Bull Run watershed \ I (approximately 67,000 acres), a buffer zone, parts of the

E~gle Creek Roadless Area,-Old Maid Flats, Z~g Z~g Mountain, and Lolo Pass. The last three areas are now open to the public. The land within the Bull Run Reserve still closed is referred to as the Bull· Run Division (100,000 acres).

The Bull Run ~eserve is characterized by h~gh relief. Elev

ations ra~ge from 750 ft. near the Headworks (the point at

which water enters the conduits leadi~g to Portland and .. chloramination occurs) to 4,600 ft. at Hiyu Mountain. Major

top~graphic features include other mountains such as

Preachers Peak, Sentinel Peak, B~g Bend Mountain, Blazed Alder Butte, Hickman Butte, and Burnt Peak all of which are over 4,000 ft. in elevation. The physical watershed is composed of a series of small streams and rivers that eventu ally flow into the Bull Run River. Two la!ge dams form re servoirs numbers 1 and 2, which'in addition to· Bull Run Lake and the North Fork Reservoir, provide the major water

stor~ge capacity within the drain~ge. The Bull Run Watershed shows evidence of Pleistocene

. glaciation in the form of small U-shaped valleys includi~g

Bull Run Lake~ Blue Lake, and Hickman Creek, and cirque

. glaciers such as Hickma~ Lake and the northwest aspect of Hiyu Mountain.

The Reserve includes three major, geol~gic units.' The

I • I 8 underlying bedrock is approximately 600 ft. of Columbia River Basalt deposited in the middle Miocene. The Rhodo dendron Formation, approximately 500 ft. of volcanic brec.. cias and flows of platy andesite, overlies the basalt and was deposited ro~ghlY 7 million, years ~go., Pliocene vol

canic activity in the Bull Run r~gion produced the next

major, geol~gic unit, the Cascade Andesite Formation. These ,andesite flows were deposited over Rhododendron Formation

approximately 2-7 million years ~go (Beaulieu, 1974).

F~gures 1 and 2 present two, graphical interpretations of climatic conditions in the Bull Run Reserve at different elevations. From these graphs ,- it can be seen that pre cipitation falls mainly in the winter months with increas

i~g amounts at h~gher elevations. Temperature maxima are in the summer months (data obtained from the U. S. Weather Bureau reports for 1973). , The' high relief in the Bull Run Reserve plus winter

precipitation result-in lush, growths of v~getation that

cha~ge radically with elevation and' availability of mois -": .:>:: ture. Two of Merriam's life zones, as defined by Bailey

(1936), occur within the Planni~g Unit. The Humid Transi tion occupies elevations up to approximately 3,000 ft. on northeast slopes and 4,000 ft. on southwest slopes. The

h~gher elevations are included within the Canadian life zones. These two life zones correlate well in elevational

ra~ges with the two climax zones found in the Planni~g 'Unit. .',, -\.f

90 - II > He'a'dworks , 750 ft. 80 ~ •. Government Camp, !:70 1 4,000 ft. ,--.,. "» J:.l.i 0., :6'0 -..:.J

(l) f...c SO :=:$ .jJ. cO· i. • f...c • ,LtO ,(1) p.. . i Fl 30 (1) E-c i . 'Z'o p.o

.. . "'t,,,, !fi.~\ t-:>

Figure 1. Aver~ge monthly temperature .for 2 stations in 191'3. \0 10

l"1 r-..... Q) ...... ;

~ r-i

tJ) !=: 0 or-i 1J . e::>Ga cO .jJ U) e'AON N

f..4 ··:l::>O~-. 0 4-1

I I' !=: ·~dGS rC: 0 .jJ or-i ~ .jJ 0 ro ·~nv .~ .j.J or-i •• ; Pot or-i ATnr u Q.) "; f..4 ."vGUnr Pot ~ ...... ; ..c: AEW· .jJ !=: 0\ .:,- .ldV S ,> (!) b.() •.lEW roo f..4 (J) > 'qGd < ...!U"B r . N o N (J) ::s~ b.() or-i ~ 11

Moist T. hetera.ophy ~ ~a/P.• munitum/O. or~gan.a

T. heterophyZZ~/P. munitum

~ "'I. T. he t ~rop}J.Y.~ Z.alR. maarophyZZum/B. nervosa Mesic • ~ t""t. ,. I :I' • heterephy Z~a/R. maorophy ~ Zum/G. BhaZZon .' "

T. het.ex:ophy'~ t~/Cas tanopi,s .,.ahrYBophy ZZa

,P., menziesii/Ii: dis ao'ior ';" t ..... r•., .t' ..

Var,ian:~s : .Talus Community - A. airainatum/C., ariBpa/A. ., • .' I triahomanes Wet Meadow -:C. bif~oraIC~ quamash/S.' 'dougZassi -"':_,. ' I.

Ts~ga h~terophyZZa Zon~·_

"" .~~.. -. A. amabiZis/O. horridum

1---- . A •.. amabiJis';$. ,'ro'seus

... \~. II; A, amab'f,lis/v:' a~as k~nse,

~ .': :pry 1---__. ·A. 'amabiZ'i·B/X •. tenax (Lithosols)·

__ .Dr:~ __'--__ A. amabi~i~/G. shaZZon

Variants:. Talus Communi ty -1-, 'A. air.ainatum/.C•. ·· (Jr.ispa/A.·· .-:, ...... ': ,... " . ·'triahomanes. ' " . . 'Dry Meadow::::... . - 'S. divergenR ISo ~idago sp. . ~ .. ' - ..' ~ . . ;':- . Abies, amab'i 'lis Zone: • • ~ ~ ~ - ~.. " • '. 0', .., . ' . . Figure 3. Plant·isio~iations·along moisture gradients in ~ c~imax' zon~s (FrC!-nkl.J.n, 1973). . . 12

The Humid Transition correlates well with the Ts~ga hetero phyZZa zone, and the Canadian with the Abies amabiZis zone

(Franklin, 1973).. The ra~ge in elevation and soil chqrac

teristics, plus varyi~g slope a~gles and aspect result in

many moisture r~gimes and, gradients.

Accordi~g to Franklin and Dyrness (1973) "moisture

. ' stresses are sufficient to result in distinctive community

spectra alo~g moisture, gradients.'1 Hence, it is possible to define distinctive communities within the Bull Run P1ann

i~g Unit that correspond to posi~ion on a mOisiure, gradient.' Two line, graphs which indicate typical plant associations characteristic of dry to moist sites in both the Tsuga

heterophyZZa and Abies amabiZis·zones are shown in F~gure 3.

4 ? r SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Order Insectivora

Family Soricidae

Sorex vagrans (v~grant shrew)

s. vagrans is widely distributed thro~ghout western,

northeastern, and eastern Or~gon; most of central Or~gon is

uninhabited by this species (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). s. vagrans is found in moist, forested habitats of

the Humid Transition an~ Canadian life zones (Bailey, 1936).,

It is, generally ~greed that the v~grant shrew \consumes in

sect ~ggs, larvae, and adults', and other invertebrates; occasionally small mammal remains are found in its stomach

contents (Larrison, 1976; Bailey, 1936; I~gles, 1965). s.

v~gpan8 was easily identified in the field by its brown,

summer pel~ge and an indistinctly bicolored tail (I~gles, 1965).

Nineteen v~grant shrews were trapped'between 2,000

ft. in the Ts~ga heterophyZZa climax zone and 4,000 ft. in the Abies amabiZis zone (Franklin and Dyrness, 1973). This

ra~ge in elevation includes both the Humid Transition (3,000 ft. to 4,000 ft. upper limits on cool northeast and warm southwest slopes respectively) and the Canadian life zones (3,000 ft. to 4,000 ft., lower limits in elevation, Bailey, ~ ! I 1936). s. v~gpans was captured in 56.3 percent of all trap

sites thro~ghout the study area.

s. v~gpans seemed to prefer moist' habitats within the 14

coniferous forests of the Bull Run Planni~g Unit. This , trend seems especially evident in the A. amabiZis zone

(F~gure 4). s. v~grans was~not trapped in dr~~talus ~om munities, but one ,specimen was collected in a;wet mea40w , ' at low elevation.'

Sorex paZustris (water shrew) S. paZustris is found in the Canadian and Hudsonian life zones of the Cascade Mountains and northeastern moun

tains in Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). This

shrew occurs near h~gh mountain lakes and rushi~g streams. The water shrew is identified by a white-frosted ventral

pel~ge, a distinctly b~colored tail, and fimbriated feet. Two S. paZustris were captured beside'a small, fast

.movi~g stream flowi~g into the SE corner of Bull Run Lake at 3,175 ft. in the Canadian life zone.

Sorex trowbr~dgii (Tro~bri~ge!s shrew),

S. trowbridgii is limited mainl~ to the western third

of Or~gon in the Humid Transition life zone (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).' Food habits are very similar to those listed for S. vagrans. Indentification of this

species was mainly based on its sooty to dark, gray pel~ge and distinctly bicolored tail. s. trowbridgii was collected in 68.8% of all trap sites from 2,000 ft. in the Tsuga heterophyZZa zone to

4,000 ft. in the Abies amabiZis zone. I~gles (1965) and 15

Dry Meadow Talus Comm. Dry 6

Moist

~ 0 a.n r-I .f.J ~ cd .r-! H Clj > Wet Meadow Talus' Comm •. Dry tj N 6 N Q.) ~ H ~ ;::l ~ 4 .f.J C) ttl N 'r-! ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 2 ~

E-; Moist

0 LIi ., . 1 r-I . . -' .

Abundance/If of sites of. :a,.giv:e.n~plant ,association trapp~d. • ~ "~4,.. •

Figure 4. Distribution of SO};'(3:X; vag;pan8. '16

Larrison (1976) describe s. trowbridgii as occurri~g in the

Humid Transition zone of western Or~gon. However, I col

lected trowbridgii in the Canadian life zone also. 1 .. ' .... -:. ...,,:. • s. .. ...

Trappi~g success was much h~gher at low elevations (F~gure

5), yet Trowbri~ge's shrew was obtained in all'h~gh eleva tion plant communities except dry meadows. s. trowbridgii seems to occupy a much broader ra~ge of habitats than s. vagrans along moisture gradients at both high and low eleva-. \ , ... .

tions. s. trowbridgii~ unlike s. vagrans~ was trapped in talus communities but not in wet meadows.

Family Talpidae Neurotriahus, gibbsii (shrew-mole) N., gibbsii occurs in moist habitats of the coniferous

forest from the coast to the western Cascades in Or~gon

(I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). The shrew-mole feeds mainly on small invertebrates such as insects, annelids,

and isopods; iome plant materials ar~ also consumed (Larri sQn, 1976). The shrew-mole, identified by its short, scaly tail, was 'collected at low elevation (2,000 ft.) in very moist habitats' (F~gure 6).

Order Chiroptera

Family Vespertilionidae Myotis aaZiforniaus (California myotis)

M. ca'Zifornicus occurs thro~ghout Or~gon in all life 17

+J ~ro 'M M Dry Meadow Q) ro f-.t ::> :::s Talus Comm. +J Dry' V) eM 6 0 (f,) ~ .~ N 4-t .~ 0 ~ 4 tj ~ E: +J tj OM rl 2 OM . ,.0 ~ (Ij rl OM Mois't CiJ 0 a.n > rl -<

(Ij .. -...., Wet Meadow H Q) qj f-.t :> ·Talus Comm. :::s I .... ~ V) Dry -M tj 6 0 N ~ N l ~ ~. ~ 0 o..a I"- 4 -<

lAbunda~ce/# of sites·-of a given\plan~ association trapped. r Figure 5. Distribution of Sorex trowbridgii. 18

4J ~ (\j '1""'1 ~ (\j :=> Dry Meadow· Talus Comm. 6 Ci,). Dry

0 LI') r-I

4J ~ (\j '1""'1 "" H (\j I :=> Wet Meadow I Talus Comm. --'~ t3 6 N • .. *. # ",. , :-.:") .... i

Abundance/# of sites of a. given plant association trapped.

Figure 6. Distribution of Neu~ot~iahu8' gibbsii. 19 zones except the h~ghest in elevation (I~gles) 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). The California myotis is solitary dur i~g th~,summer (Bailey, 1936), and eme!ges to hunt over lakes and ponds duri~g the early eveni~g. I collect~d two specimens from the NW corner of Bull Run Lake at dusk with a .410 sho~gun. This small bat was identified by the pre sence of a keeled calcar.' Insects taken duri~g fl~ght ap pear to Qe the main food resource of this species (Bailey, 1936).

Order L~gomorpha

Family Ochotonidae Ochotona princeps (pika)

o. prina~pB is found in talus slopes and rock out crops in the Cascade Mountains, southcentral, and north eastern Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). The, pika is noted for stori~~. grasses and other herbs in hay stacks to dry. Its presence can be determined from this fact (Kawamachi, 1976). The pika, generally occurs at h~gher elevations in the Canadian and Hudsonian life zones (I~gles, 1965) •

The pika was id,~ntified many times, mainly by sound identification duri~g the course of this study. The animal was recorded between 2,800 ft,. in the Tsuga heterophyZZa zone and 4,300 ft. in the Abies amabiZis zone. All s~ght i~gs except one were made in talus fields (F~gure 7) 20

.;..> s:! ro .r-t H ro Dry Meadow > Talus Comm. 6 Dry <1.) ('I,) H .~ N ::s ~ .~ 4 U') ..Q .r-t ~ 0 E: ::E! ~. 2 ""t: Moist

~ Cd .r-t I"" H CiS ~ > Wet 'Meadow Talus Comm.· (j 6 N Dry N,. ~ ~ I" ~ 4 C) ~ I ~ ~ ~ ! 2 ~ . l- E; Moist·· T -. • ...... • . . .

Abundance/# of sites of ,given plant association trapped.

Figure 7. Distribution £ Oahotona prinaeps. 21

indicati~g habitat specificity to talus communities. One individual was trapped in the coniferous forest on the southwest side of Bull Run Lake in an area of lithosol soils· with talus slopes within 20.0 meters·J (F~gure 8) ~ 1

Family Leporidae Lepus ameriaanus (snowshoe hare) L. ameriaanus is found in the Humid Transition and

Canadian life zones in the western third of Or~gon and the

northeas,tern mountains (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).

It occurs in the coniferous forest, eati~g tw~gs and bark of available deciduous and conifer trees, and grasses and

forbs duri~~ the summer months (I~gles, 1965). Six in dividuals were seen at different times in the Bull Run

P1anni~g Unit between approximately 1,000 ft.: and 3,500 ft. Identification was based on habitat, the animal's dark ear

tips, and on its wi~ter pe~~ge duri~g late fall of 1973

(F~gure 8).

Order Rodentia

Family Sciuridae Eutamias townsendii (Townsend's chipmunk) E. townsendii occupies coniferous forest in western

Or~gon from the Cascade Mountains to the coast (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).' This chipmunk eats mainly

plant foods such as seeds~ leaves, fruits, and some animal 22 un

'~fr;;C! *

Maps courtesy of the Mt; Hood National Forest.

Figure 8. Location of pika C6.) and snow~shoe hare CO) found in 197~ •.. 23

materials such as insects (Larrison, 1976). The animal

occurs mainly in the Humid Transition almost exclusively_ (

in the forests (I~gles, 1965). E. townsendii was captured in 56.3% of all trap sites with 20 specimens captured. The chipmunk was observed at 4,400 ft. on Preachers Peak in a dry meadow with much open

, ground and clumps of small, wind fl~gged subalpine conifers r

'(F~gure 9) to 2,000 ft. in the Tsuga hetepophyZZa zone.

The liist~gram for this species (F~gure 9) indicates a broad

ra~ge of plan,t associations and moisture r~gimes occupied. Only the wet meadow community at Deer Meadows failed to

produce a captured individual 9r s~ghti~g. All other habi tats showed evidence of the Townsend's chipmunk. The best

trappi~g success was in a h~gh elevation talus community.

SpermophiZus beeaheyi (California ground squirrel) s. beeaheyi occurs from near the Deschutes River

westward to the coast iruO!~gon occupyi~g most life zones

except the Hudsonian (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).

This rodent occurs mainly in, gra~slands,·oak forests, and

rock outcrops. Green v~getation is the preferred food,

tho~gh animal materials are consumed (Larrison, 1976).

This species was easily identified by its vari~gated coat and the black patch between the shoulders.

Only three individuals were observed duri~g this

study. All three individuals-were seen as I drove alo~g 24

of-) ~ ctI 0"'; H cd :> Dry Meadow Talus Comm. 6 ~ .~ Dry Q.) N 1-4 .~ :i ..Q 4 of-) ~ U) E: ''''; I;j 0 . 2 ~ ~ Moist

a I"""i of-) ~ ctI -rl ~ H ctI Wet Meadow > Talus Comm. Dry I;j 6 N N ~ rt! ! ~ 4 () M ~ ~ I ~ 2 ...t!. lSi Moist • • • • I • I I • • • • ..

Abundance/# of sites'of a given plant association trapped.

Figure' 9. Distribution of Eutamias townsendii. 25

roads in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit. The, squirrels were

, generally scared by the approachi~g car into. grasses lini~g

I , the road, or in one instance, a clear-cu~ adjacent to'the

I road. They were all seen in the Humid Transition in areas disturbed by the activities of man.

Spermophilus lateralis (Golden-mantled, ground, squirrel)

S. lateralis occurs thro~ghout Or~gon east of the foothills of the Western Cascades, in the Humid Transition

and Canadian life zones especially Y~llow-pine ,forests east

of the Cascade crest (I~gles,,1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).

This squirrel is omnivorous, consumi~g seeds, berries, nuts, roots, plus animal materials. One, golden-mantled. ground

squirrel was s~ghted at 3,500 ft. in a r~generati~g cleared

area'in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit. Two were live trapped at the cabins on Bull Run Lake. This species was only 9b served in the Canadian life zone, and was easily identified

by. golden shoulders and 'lack of stripi~g on the head.

Tamiasciurus do~glassi (Do~glas squirrel) I T. dougZassi is found in the Humid Transition through

Hudsonian life zones of western Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall

and Kelson, 1959). The Do~glas squirrel occupies coniferous forest habitats .. Conifer seeds are the staple of its die't:,

and are stored in caches. If seeds are not available, fu~gi are eaten by this arboreal squirrel (Larrison, 1976). T. dougl;a88i was recorded between from 2,000 ft. at Cedar 26 Creek to approximately 3,500 ft. in the'Bull Run Research

Natural Area. This species was easily identified by it~

distinctive call, habits, and l~ght venter (I~g~es, 1965).

The Do~glas' squirrel is widely distributed in the forested

r~gions of the Bull Run Planni~g Unit (F~gure 11).

GZauaomys sab~inu8 (Northern flying squirrel) G. sabrinus occupies the Humid Transition and Canadian life zones in coniferous forests of western and northeastern

Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 19~9). \ The Northern

flyi~g squirrel dens in holes in trees, and consumes seeds,

nuts, fungi, insects, and birds' ~ggs (Larrison, 1976).

One !oad-killed specimen was found in the Bu!'l Run Planni~g Unit south of Reservoir number 1.

Family Geomyidae ThomomY8 montiaoZa (Mountain pocket, gopher) T. montiaoZa occurs mainly in the Cascade and Coast

Ra~ges'in Or~gon (Hall and Kelson, 1959). This fossorial rodent occupies the Lower Sonoran to Canadian life zones, and consumes roots, tubers, and bulbs encountered in its

extensive d~ggi~g activities (I~gles, 1965; Larrison, 1976).

The hist~grams (F~gure 10) ,indicate that this species' habitat is restricted to dry meadow communities in the Bull

Run Planni~g Unit., The 'only place the mountain pocket , gopher was ,trapped, or evidence of its activity £ound, was in a subalpine meadow at' 4,400 ft. on Preachers Peak and -27

I Dry Meadow Talus Coimn. 6 ~ Dry ~ 4

-_ 2

f..oo Moist

~ I • ~ • • • I • • I • T • o LJ') r-t

Wet Meadow Talus Camm; Dry 6

2 Moist

Abundance/# of sites of a given plant association trapped.

Figure 10. Distribution of Thomomys montiaoZa. 28

\ .

.', '\ ......

Maps courtesy of ~he Mt~ Hood National Fore~t.

Figure 11. Location of the'Do~glas squirrel found in 1973. 29

dry open areas on Hickman Butte. No specimen~ were taken or individuals observed at any other place or in any other

habitat type. Hence, it is inferred that these h~gh eleva

tion dry, subalpine meadow situa~ions are preferred by the mountain pocket, gopher, and its distribution in the Bull

Run Planni~g Unit is restricted to those areas.

Family Castoridae

Ca8to~ aanadensie (beaver)

c. aanadensis occurs throughout Or~gon from coastal I ' streams to the Canadian life, zone, where suitable ponds,

streams, or lakes are av~ilable for habitation (I~gles, 1965; Hall and'Kelson, 1959). Its main food is the bark

and cambium of you~g trees, bra~ches, and tw~gs of stream-, side deciduous species.

Evidence of b~aver in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit was

, recorded from e~ght locations up-to 2,700 ft. alo~g river

and stream banks, and' from small drain~ge ditches 'in wet

meadows CF~gure 12). Streamside clippi~gs of v~getation

provided evidence of beaver activity, tho~gh recent acti

vity was· ~ost notable where streams coursed thro~gh wet

meadows. In the Bull Run Planni~g Unit, Columbia River basalt bedrock is exposed in most places where the streams

flow ,rapidly do~n the mountains; ~n th~se areas, beaver

clippi~gs were found, however" the c1ippi~g7 appe~red old.

On t~e other hand, where streams cut thro~gh wet meadows

v 30 un

Maps cou:rte,s'y' of th.e Mt;;· Hood National Forest•

.. :FiS'ute '12. 'Lo'cation ,of be.ayer activity found in 1973.' 31 of small slope a~gle, mud banks were present and provided suitable conditions for burrowi~g. The, greatest area of beaver activity was found on Cedar Creek in just such a situation. Fresh clippi~gs (with that year's deciduous leaves present), scats, dams, and runways into stream side v~getation were found. Small (1-2 ft.) drain~ge ditches in wet meadows, such as Deer Meadows, were dammed by beavers also.

family Cricetidae (Subfamily Cricetinae)

~eromy~ouB maniouZatuB (Deer ~ouse)

~. maniouZatuB occupies almost all habitats and life

zones thro~ghout Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson" 1959). The deer mouse consumes a wide variety of foods'

includi~g insects, seeds,.and fruits; but seldom eats

I grasses, leaves, and bark as do the microtine species

(I~gles, 1965). This species is easily identified by

la!ge ears, eyes, and a relatively lo~g bicolored tail. Twenty-nine specimens were collected from 62.5% of

all trap sites ra~gi~g in elevation from 2,000 ft'. to 4,400 ft. in both life zones and climax zones found in the Bull

Run Planni~g Unit. The deer mouse was the second most commonly collected.small mammal in this study. The range of physical and biotic conditions present within the Bull Run area do not seem to limit this common species' distri bution. The only plant association in,which the deer mouse

4 32 was not captured is the wet meadow community. All other plant associations in both the Tsuga hetepophyZZa and Abi~s amabi,Zis zones contained this mammal. H~gh trap success occurred in talus communities, dry sit~s, and dry meadow communities (F~gure 13).

Neotoma ai~erea (Bushy-tailed wood rat)

N. ainerea is found thro~ghout Or~gon in forested and non-for~sted r~gions" generally around rock outcrops or abandoned buildi~gs (I~g~es, 1965; Larrison, 1976; Hall and

Kelson, 1959). Insects, seeds, bark, and berries are con I 'I i sumed by the bushy-tailed wood rat in the 'Upper Sonoran, i I Transition, and Canadian life, zones. Five N. ainepea were captured in snap traps in the little-used cabins on the s~ore ,of Bull Run Lake." Duri~g my seven-week stay at these cabins, 19 N. ainepea were live trapped and removed from t~e buildi~gs. One N., ,ainerea' was live-trapped 'in a block~ field or ta~us slope in the Bull Run Research Natural Area

(.F~gure 14) ..

Subfamily Microtinae

CZethrionomys oaaidentaZis (Red~backed mouse) C. oaaidentaZis is found in forested habitats in western Or~gon from the ;Cascade Mountains to the coast

(t~gles, 1965; Hall "and Kelson, 1959; Maser, 1970). The red-backed mouse consumes, g,reen v~getation, seeds, ,fu~gi, bark, and some 'inse'cts' (Larrison, 1976). This species was

,.. 33

ro - 'M H ro :> I

(I) .~ N .~ l ..-C:) ~ I ~ ~ . J' . ~

I • • • • • . I • • . . .

'M ~ ~ ro I >

N N ~ ~ ~ l"" e) ~ ~ ~ I~ ~ ~ . E-; I I I • . . . • • • • • Lf)• •

Abundance/# of sites of a given plant association trapped

Figure 13.' Distribution:of Pe~omysaus maniauZatus

I I I I I !. 34

+-> ~ ro 'M H Dry Meadow C'O > Talus Comm. 6 Dry (l) <:J;j H .~ N ::s .~ +-> 4 V) ,.Q OM ~ !:: 0 t:l. 2 ~ ~ Moist

+-> ~ cd 'r-! H cO > Wet Meadow Talus Comm. 6 N (l) N Dry. $-I. ~ ::s ~ +-> ~ 4 V)' C) .,...t ~ o· ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 ~. E-i Moist·

Abundance/# of sites of.a, given plant· association trapped.'

Figure 14. -Distribution of, Neotoma cin~rea. 35 trapped in 50% of all sites; 16 specimens were, collected. 'Identification included the reddish dorsum, and a poster iorly projecting palatine spine on the skull.: C. oaaiden taZis occurs in a wide ra~ge of plant associations and moisture regimes in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit, both in the T. heterophyZZa and A. amabiZis' zones. Specimens were not taken fromropen dry or wet meadows, altho~gh the v~getation around talu~ slopes at h~gher elevations yiel~ed one in dividual (F~gure 15).

I Microtus Zo~gicaudus (Lo~g-tailed vole)

M. Zo~gicaudus occurs thro~ghout Or~gon except for

the Willamette Valley (I~gles, '1965; Hall and Kelson,' 1959;

Maser, 1970). The lo~g~tailed vole is found in willow

clumps alo~g streams and in wet meadows in the Transition and Canadian life zones. Only one specimen was captured

duri~g this study.' It,was taken at Deer Meadows in the willows surroundi~g this wet meadow ·(F~gure 16). With

12,096 total trap n~ghts thro~ghout a variety of plant

~ssociations, a si~gle specimen was taken only fiom a wet meadow.

Microtus oregoni (Creeping vole) M. oregoni occupies approximately the western third

of Or~gon from the Transition to the Hudsonian life zone

I (I~gles, ~965; Hall and Kelson, 1959; Maser, 1970). The'

creepi~g vole is said to inhabit almost all conceivable 36

+Js:: co 'r-i ~ co Dry Meadow, > Talus Comm .. 6

Dry (1) OJ ~ .~ ~ N 4 +J .~ Ul ~ 0"'; ~ 0 E: ;:;e ~. 2 "I:! Moist

0 f""'i

'M - ~ cd .. > Wet Meadow I"'" Talus Comm.'

-'1 6 N N r Dry Cl.) ~ ~ ~ ::$ ~, 4 +J - Ul <:) ~ ''''; ~ o ~ ;:;e ~ 2 ~ . , Moist E-; I I I I , I • • • I I • I •

Abundance/# of sites o~ a given plant association trapped.

"Figure 15. Distribution of CZeth~ionomys oaoidenta~i8. 37

.jJ ,::::. Cd OM M Cd > Dry Meadow Talus Comm.

6 Q) (f) Dry .~ 1-1 N ;:l .jJ .~ .,.Q 4 (/) \:j OM 0 ~ \:j ~ . 2 ~ Moist

.jJ !=: Cd 'ri M Cd Wet ,i :> Meadow <; Talus Comm. I 6 N N Dry (J) $-c ~ I I-S! ;:l tI .jJ : ~ 4 <) (/) OM ~ ~ 0 ~ ::E: \\) 2 ~ Moist

Abundance/# of sites of a given plant association trapped.

Figure 16. Distribution:of Miorotu8 Zongioaudus.

l. ' 38

mouse habitats, and consumes, green v~getation and grasses

(I~gles, 1965). Six M. oregoni were obtained from two trap

lines in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit. These mice were taken

from h~gh elevation, open meadow habitats. One individual was taken from 4,400 ft. on Preachers Peak in a dry meadow ,communitYJ and the others from a moist, meadow, shrub habi

tat with clumps of conifers at approximately 4,000 ft. (F~g

ure 17). Though~. oregoni is purported to occur in most

habitats, this ~ay not be the case in Bull Run. No creep i~g voles were taken in the T.:heterophyZZa zo~e; only open

meadow~like situations in h~gher- elevation habitats yielded this species.

ArviooZa riohard8oni (Water vole) A. riohardsoni occurs in the Cascade Mountains and

extreme eastern portions of Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959; Maser, 1970).' It occurs in the Canadian

~nd Hudsonian life zones' alo~g:streams and in marsh habi

tats. Th~s vole eats, green v~g~tation, and was trapped ,in

only one plant association in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit. Two individuals were taken from the willows and spirea

surroundi~g Deer Meadows at approximately 2,700 ft. Iden

tification was made by t~e ·thi~k non-wettable' fur of the

I water vole (Figure 18).: • I I ' ~ I 39

.f.J ~ cd 'r-! H cd > Dry Meadow Talus Corum. 6 CO Dry .~ N .~ ~ 4 t:f E.: ~ . ~------~ 2 ~ Moist

0 rl

.f.J ~ cd -r-! f..t cd > Wet Meadow Talus Comm. ------~~ 6 N N Dry ~ ~ ~ C) N ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ Moist

Abundance/# of sites of a, given p1an~ association trapped.

Figure 17. Distribution of Microtus oregoni. 40

~ ~ CiS 'r-! ~ CiS Dry Meadow > Talus Comm. 6 Dry (l) (Q ~ .~ ;":j N 4 ~ .~ U') ...Q .~ tl 0 E ~ tl. 2 "'I:! Moist

~ ~ cd -r-! ~ CiS > Wet Meadow Talus Comm. tl 6 N Dry· (l) N ~ ~ ;":j ..s::! ~ f.':l.., 4 U') ~ -r-! ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ,.~ 2 .:~

E-i Moist

Abundance/# of sites of a given plant association trapped.

Figure 18. Distribution of ArvicoZa richardsoni.

--' 41 Family Zapodidae

Zapus trinotatus (Pacific jumpi~g mouse) z. trinotatus occurs in the Iransition and Canadian

zones of the Cascade Mountains and Coast Ra~ge of Or~gon

(I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). It is said to pre

fer ~'grassy wet .places" and consume mainly. grass seeds

tI~gles, 1965). The Pacific jumpi~g mouse is easily re-

'c~gnized by its lo~g hind feet, o~a~gish sides, and white

venter with a ti~ge of o,ra~ge. J

\ Thirty-e~ght Z.' trinotat~s were tak~n in 'Museum Special snap traps, more than any other species of small

.mammal taken. The Pacific jumpi~g mouse was captured in 50% of all. trap sites. Contradictory to its purported . grassy habitat preference, this species was . t.rapped, from 2 , 000 ft. to 4" 40 0 ft. in both fores ted and non- fores ted

r~gions. Z. trinotatus was most prevalent in moist areas

both. at low and h~gh elevations, includi~g one specimen

taken from a wet meadow comm~n~ty (F~gure 19). However, dry sites such as talus communities, dry meadow communi

ties, and the dry Abies amabiZis/XerophyZZum tena~ plant association were occupied.

Family Erethizontidae Erethizo.n dorsatum (Porc'upine)

E. dorsatum is found thro~ghout most of Or~gon east . . of the Coast Ra~ge. It occupies the Transition and 42

I"'" C'd OM Dry Meadow M cd Talus Comm. > 6 Dry

l'J;) .~ N 4 .~ ...Q ~ E: ~. 2. ~ Moist I I • • • I I • . • • .1 • • 0 U'l r-I

-t-l ~ C'd OM H C'd Wet Me~dow :;; Talus Comm, \ 6 ~ N Dry.

Abundance/# of sites of a given plant· ass.ociation trapped.

Figure 19. Distribution\of Zapu8 trinotatus, , 43 .Canadian life zones, and feeds on herbs, shrubs, and pre ferably the bark of coniferous trees (I~gles, 1965; Larri son, 1976; Hall and Kelson, 1959). E. dorsatum was seen only twice duri~g the course of this study while drivi~g alo~g Bull Run, Reservoir #2. Both individuals quickly ran off into the underbrush as the car approached.'

Order Carnivora

Family Ursidae

Ursus amBriaanus (Black bear),'

U. ame~iaanus oecurs ,in the forested r~gions of the

Transition and Canadian life 'zones in western Or~gon and

'parts of northeastern and central Or~gon. Black bears are omnivorous eati~g small rodents, fish, insects, roots, berrie~, nuts, and ~eeds (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959).' The black bear was.seen once on Hickman Butte in a thick stand of Vaaainium sp.' duri~g the Fall. This species was evident thro~ghout the Bull Run Planni~g Unit from scats. S~ats always co~tained la!ge quantities of

Vaccinium'sp., berries" leav~s, and tw~gs (F~gure 20).

Family Procyonidae Procyon Zotor (Raccoon)

I P. Zoto~ is found, thro~ghout Or~gon in all life zones

except the Hudsonian (I~gles, 1965). This plant~grade

creature is omnivorous in habit often fr~quenti~g the banks 44 un

•. ~;. ....')I''\•. ?I,.... , It\. ,A}l .. 1 ~ f~\!/' I:" 'J'/ . r ,':,...1 : I ;' 11

Maps courtesy of the Mt.: Hood National Forest. I

Figure 20. Location of raccoon (.) and black bear (~)' found in 1973. 45 of streams, ponds, and lakes (I~gles, 1965; Larrison, 1976; Hall and Kelson, 1959). P. totor was identified only from tracks alo~g Bull Run River and Bull Run Lake, and scats alo~g banks of some of the major tributaries (F~gure 20).

Family Mustelidae Musteta erminea (Least weasel) M. erminea is found' in the Canadian and Hudsonian life zones of the Coast Ra~ge,.Cascade ,Mountains, and'the Wallowa

Mountains (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959). This small mustelid preys on rodents, birds" and insects at h~gh ele vation. One s~ghti~g was recorded by an informant at the houses on Bull Run Reservoir #1.

Lutra canadensis (River otter) L.' canadensis inhabits rivers, lakes, and marshes of almost the-entire state of Or~gon (I~gles, 1965; Hall and'

Kelson, 1959). The rive! otter co~sumes crayfish, fr~gs,

~ish,. and insects.' On~ s~ghti~g of a river otter was made at the upstream end of Reservoir #1 at dusk duri~g the early fall.

Family Felidae Fetis rufus (Bobcat)

F. rufus occurs thro?ghout Or~gon in almost all life zones. and habitat trpes.. It is a predator on small rodents, rabbits, and' occasionally deer and birds (I~gles" 1965; Hall and Kelson, 1959,;" Larrison, 1976). I was informed of

.ono individual duri~g the early Fall of 1973 in the Bull

Run Planni~g Unit.

Order Artiodactyla

Family Cervidae OdocoiZeuB hemionuB coZumbianuB (Black-tailed deer)

O. hemionus coZumbianuB occurs thro~ghout the western

third of Or~gon from the Transition to Hudsonian life zone'

\ (I~gles, 1965; Hall and Kelson~ 1959). The black-tailed

deer is a browser,- and tho~gh deep forests are occupied,.

populations are more dense in clear cut openi~gs (E~gerton"

1972). The Bull Run Planni~g Unit has been l~gged commer cially for 20 years with resultant enhancement of herb and shrub browse. This has resulted in increases in deer popu lations. Crouch (1974) states ...Clearcutting and slash burning seem to be completely adequate, and certainly the most practical means, for perpetuating deer habitat and at no cost to wildlife managers. No other improvements to promote deer are required in coast range forests as long as present or simi lar timber-management procedures continue, be cause far more' deer will be produced as surplus than could possibly be taken under current hunt i~g r~gulations •. \

The deer are also not subject to as heavy hunti~g pressure . as in r~gions outside the protected Division. Numerous

black-tailed deer were s~ghted and tracks found duri~g

this study from approxim~te1y 1,000 ft. to 3~500 ft. (F~g ure 21). 47 Bull Run

Maps courtesy of the Mt~ Hood'National Forest.

Figure 21. Location of black-tailed deer observed in·1973 •

. . . '.

DISCUSSION

Duri!lg the summer and early fail of 1973:, I found no evidence of threatened or enda!lge~ed mammals in the Bull

Run Planni~g Unit. The Planni~g Unit is included in the distribution of the wolverine (GuZo Zusaus) which is con ( , { sidered a threatened mammal in Or~gon.3 Y~com (1973) stated that the wolverine was never common in Or~gon. How ever, Y~com (1974) listed 8 verified s~ghti!lgs of wolverine in Or~gon with "one seen about 9 miles southeast of Mt.

Hood" being the closest to Bull Run. Two wolverine s~ght- • / I 'i~gs have been reported in the Blazed Alder Creek and B~g

Bend Moutain r~gions of th~ Bull Run Planni!lg Unit (Kirk Horn, personal communum). Lpggi!lg in the Bull Run Planni!lg Unit is harmful to potential or actual wolverine habitat

(I!lgram, 1973). I!lgram states ~tL~gg·i!lg and intensive human activity in the limited habitat of the wolverine is detri- I mental to the population. 1t The Columbian white-tailed deer (OdoaoiZeus virginia nus Zeuaurus) is considered an enda!lgered subspecies in the United States. 3 The distribution is close to Bull Run, but 'the white-tailed deer's habitat is mainly lowland marshes (I!lgles, 1965). The occurrence of this species in the Bull Run has not been reported. i·

3 Task force composed of persons from the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, U. S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon Wildlife Commission and Agricultur:al Experimental Station at Or~gon State Univ. 49 II Run

1.-.; Maps courtesy of the Mt. aood National For~st.

. Figure 22. Location of 16 trap' sites -in 'the Bull Run' Planni~g Unit .. 50 The red fox (VuZpes fuZva aasaadensis) , pine marten

(Ma~tG8 amo~ioana) and fishor (Martss pennanti) are all considered as status undetermined in Or~gon.a Observations of both the red fox and pine marten have been made in the Bull Run Reserve (Kirk Horn, personal communum). The fisher has not been reported for theiBull Run area even tho~gh seemi~gly, good habitat is present (I~gram, 1973).

The co~gar {FeZie ooncoZop), the, gray squirrel

(Saiupus gpiseus) , and" the mountain beave~ (ApZodontia pufa) are considered as "unique" species in Or~gon.3 Ob .. servations of the co~gar, and evidence of the mountain beaver have been reported for the Bull Run Planni~g Unit (Kirk Horn, personal communum). However, evidence of the gray squirrel has not been.recorded' even t~o~gh distribu~ tion maps indicate that it should be present (Hall and

Kelson, 1959).·

The study of mammals of the Bull Run Planni~g Unit

presented here h~s been basically a discussion of mammal populations in old, growth forest or undisturbed habitat. Approximately 20 percent of the forest in the Bull Run

Reserve has been ~lear cut" lea~i~g la~ge tracts of l~gg

i~g refuse and'~ifferent st~ges of r~gen~rati~g forest.

This provides an ideal area for studyi~g effects of habitat , destruction on mammal populations, and the relation of

certain mammals to successional st~ges of forest develop ment •. r 51' Clear cut l~~gi~g results in an extraordinary cha~ge

in physical and biotic parameters in a, given ge~graphical

unit. L~ggi~g effects an increase in l~ght inten$ity on the forest floor, decreased moisture retention capacity of the soils (Fredriksen, 1974), destruction of heavy duff and

litter habitat, a distinct cha~ge in plant species composi tion, and a simplification of plant community structure. , Timber harvesting creates residues of both living and non-living material ••. or more properly stated, it transforms residues that occur naturally by in creasing some and decreasing others ... increased development of invasive plants, defective trees, herbs, shrubs, snags, unmerchantable logs, stand i~g sn~gs, course'limbs, twigs, leaves~ .•. ~

However, the increased availability of l~ght to the forest" floor. gives rise to, greater productivity of pioneer species such as Senecio syZvaticus and EpiZobium angustifoZium (Franklin, 1973) which provide excellent browse for deer

(E~gerton, 1972) and food for many small mammals. Clear

cut l~ggi~g causes' a destruction'of habitat, or increase'

in preferred habitat dependi~g upon the specificity of a

species to old~growth forest. Tevis (1956) studied the relationship between clear

cut l~ggi~g, subsequent successional st~g~s, and small

mammal population dynamics in Do~glas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests of the Trinity Alps of Northern Califor

nia. The response of' small mammal populations to l~ggi~g

~ Environmental Effects of Forest Residues Management in the Pacific Northwest, Pacific Northwest Forest and Ra~ge Experimental Station.

I· .! I 52 varied dependi~g upon the species. The b~g-eared mouse (Peromyscus sp . .) was excluded from forest habitats but in vaded clear cuts with dense shrub and small tree habitats. Seed eaters such as Peromyscus manicuZatus increase popu

. lation densities after an initial l~g compared to vi!gin forests. Immediately after clear cutting Peromyscus popu

~ations were ro~ghly equal to vi!gin forest populations with the invasion ,of weed and brush plant species. Mammal

species such as ~amiasciurus dougZass~~ GZaucomys sabrinuB~

and Phenacomys Zo~gicaudis th~t depend more ow mature forests for food and shelter decreased to zero in clear j

cut r~gions. Much field work has been done on sympatry since the .ideas of Volterra and Gause were formulated into the com petitive exclusiori principle. This research has centered around elucidation of mechanisms by which sympatric species

isolate themselves ecol~gically to reduce'the intensity of competition and allow for coexistence (Brown, 1973; Cody, 1968; Cody, 1974; Kunz, 1973; McCloskey, 1975; Meserve,

1976; Murie, 1971; Rosen~we~g, 1966). Cody (1974) dis

cussed coexistence mechanisms in birds as s~gr~gation on a

. ge~graphic scale, by altitude, between-habitats or differ

ence ,in habitat preference, and within-habitat s~gr~gation

I..' as differences in food or feedi~g behavior. I Examples of non-overlappi~g. ge~graphic ra~ges in con-.

generic mammals are numerous - e.~~ Zapus trinotatus and 53

z. princeps (Hall and Kelson, 1959). O'Farrell (1975) dis cussed altitudinal clines of small mammals in eastern

Washi~gton, where deer mice (Pepomysaus sp.) replace pocket

mice (Perognathus sp.) at h~gher elevations. Murie (1971)

studied behavioral mechanisms in habitat s~gr~gation of two

·microtine species with overlappi~g, ge~graphic ra~ges, in which Microtus pennsyZvanicus occupied "moist to wet, low

land Arons and Mid~otuo montanuB inhabits dry, grasslands. tl

Brown and Lieberman' (1973) invest~gated difference in food

I and "horizontal." for~gi~g act~\Ti ty in.. granivorous rodents

in Californian sand dune habitats, and s~ggested that the

seed resource is divided amo~g, granivores by seed size which correlated directly with rodent body size. Horizon-'

tal for~gi~g ictivity was different in different rodent· species. For example, Perognathus Zongimembris foraged . . '

under shrubs while Dipodomys sp. for~ged for the same re

source in open areas resulti~g in eco~~gical isolation and· reduced competitive interaction. Trap data I collected (Appendix B, C) were presented , graphically in two ways. First,. the distribution of 'small

mammal species'was presented by plotti~g abundance ~gainst position on a moisture, gradient (plant associations as in-' dicators of moisture availability) for each species in the'

T. he~erophyZZa and A. amabiZis climax zones' (Figures 4, 5, 6, '7, ~; 10, 13-19).· Trap data. gr'aphed in'this manner,r

indlcat~s habitat 'preferenc~ with~'~espe~~ to moisture "..;""'" 54 availability, habitat specificity, and possibl~ ecological

isolation owi~g to differences in habitat utilization ~or'

:~ . each mammalian Ispecies. The trap data were then presented I I by plant assoc~ation trapped in, graphs of abundance versus I species captur1d (Appendix D). The species composition and abundance revealed by snap-trap methods in plant associa . I tions indicate~ sympatric small mammal species in the two moisture. gradients studied. These sympatric species in" each plant association are potential or actual competitors,

isolated ecol~gically by a "coexistence mechanism" such as was discussed above, or one not readily apparent to inves

t~gators.

Inspection of graphs plotti~g'abundance versus posi

tion ~n a moisture, gradient (F~gures 4-7, 9, 10, 13-19) re~

veals a·broad ra~ge of ha?itat specificity. Examples of habitat specialization are indicated by bar. graphs for . Thomomys montiooZa which was captured only in dry meadows "

at h~gh e~evations (F~gure 10), Oahotona prinaeps in talus

communities at low and h~gh elevations (plus one capture in

the v~getation close to talus fields, F~gures 7,8), Neuro

triahus,gibbsii in moist ~ites at low elevation (F~gures 6, 14), and ArviaoZa riohardsoni and Miorotus Zongioaudus

(F~gures l6, 18) in wet meadow communities (Appendix C, note that small numbers of specimens were trapped which limits definite conclusions). Habitat, generalism was ap parent in the distributions of Peromyscu8 manicuZatu8 '55

(F~gure 13), ;Zapus tpinotatus (F~gure 19), Eutamias town sendii (F~gure 9), Sopex v~gpans (F~gure 4), Sopex tpow bpi~gii (F~gure 5), and CZethpionomys oooidentaZis (F~gure 15). The distribution of Miopotus opegoni with respect to a moisture. gradient at h~gh elevation is discontinuous

(F~gure 7); hence, d~gree of habitat specialization in this species is unclear.. Narrow habitat utilization curves"such as those of the microtine rodents ApviooZa piohapdsoni (F~gure 16) anft

1 Miapotus Zo~giaaudus (F~gure 18) s~ggest a "coexistence . . mechanism" between closely related microtines, such as Miapotus opegoni and CZethpionomys oaaidentaZis, whose habitat utilization curves do not overlap with wet meadow

communi ties (F~gure 15, 17). The curves -of c. oaoidentaZis and M. opegoni, two. grass-eaters, do overlap with the.

I possible consequence of competition. However, M. opegoni , I was trapped only in h~gh elevation meadows while C. ooai

dentaZis shows broad habitat utilization at both h~gh and low elevations with a preference for moist habitats. Eco logically closely.related species such-as Pepomysous mani ouZatus and Zapus tpinotatus, two seed-eaters, plus Sopex

v~gpans and S~ tpowbpidgii, two insectivores, do not clearly

s~gr~gate ecol~gically ~y differ~rice in habitat utiliza~ I

tion (F~gures 3,. 4, 13,',19). SUMMARY

This study of mammals of the Bull Run Planni~g Unit has a dual character. Mammals of special scientific or natural history interest, and mammals whose populations are

threatened or enda~gered have been so~ght. Mammals of low population numbers are inherently difficult to locate, and

no evidence of these threatened or enda~gered species was found in this study. The distribution and abundance of

mammals in the Bull Run Planni~g Unit was also investi gated. A series of graphs presents the species composition • I and abundance of small mammals in all plant associations trapped,. others revealed habitat utilization of small mam-·"

mals with respect to plant associations alo~g a moisture·

, gradient in the T. heterophyZZa and A. amabiZis climax'

zones. The sympatric species revealed in F~gures 24-36 are potential or actual competitors. Difference in habi tat utilization is a possible coexistence mechanism for small mammal species trapped. Narrow habitat utilization

is evident',in. graphs drawn for T. montiaoZa" o. prinaeps" N. gibbsii" A•.riahardsoni" and M. Zongiaaudus. Habitat· generalism was indicated in utilization curves for P. mani

auZ~tus" z. trinotatus" E. townsendii" s. v~grans" s. trowbridgii" and C. oaaidentaZis. Overlap in habitat utilization is apparentlfor these species, and coexistence

does' not seem to be the ,result of difference in habita.:-ts· occupied.

1- \ . LITERATURE CITED

Bailey, Vernon. 1936. The Mammals 'and L.ife Zones of Oregon.. Issued by the U. S.D.A., Bureau of Biol~gical Survey. Beaulieu, John D. 1974. Geological Haiards of the Bull Run Watershed. State of' Ore. Dept. of Geol~gy and

Mineral Industries l Bull. 82. Brown, J. H. and G. H. Lieberman. 1973. Resource Utili zation and coexistence of seed eating desert rodents in sand dune habitats.' Ecol. 54:788-797. Cody, M. L. 1968. On the methods of resource division in ,gra$s1and bird communities. Amer. Nat. 109:107-147. 1974. Competition and the Structure of Bird Communities. Monogr. Pop. BioI. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton," J. J. 318 pp. Crouch, Glenn L. 1974. Interaction of deer and forest succession on clearcuttings in the Coast Range of Oregon. Wildlife and Forest Management in the Pacific Northwest. .

Edgerton, Paul J. 1972. Big game use and cha~ges in a , recently logged mixed' conifer forest in northeastern Oregon. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi mental Station, Forest Service, U.S.D.A.' Environmental Effects of Forest Residues Management in the Pacific Northwest. Pacific Northwest Forest and ~a~ge Experimental Station, Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Franklin, Jerry F. and C. T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. U.S.D.A., Forest Service, General Technical Report PNW-8. Fredriksen, R. L. and Richard M. Ross. 1974. Timber pro duction and water quality - progress in planning for the Bull Run, Portland, Or~g9n" s municipal watershed. Forest Service, U.S.D.A., U. S. Government Printing Office. ' Hall, E. Raymond and Keith R. Kelson., 1959. The Mammals . of North America,. Vol. 1 and 2. The Ronald Press Co • 1 , 083 pp. Hitchcock, C. and A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of Washi~gton Press, 730 pp. 58

Horn, Kirk. Biol~gist for the Mt. Hood National Forest. . Personal communum. Ingles, Lloyd G. 1965. Mammals of the Pacific States. . Stanford Univ. Press. 506 pp.

Ingram, Rod. 1973. Wolverine, Fisher, and M~rten in Central Oregon. Or~gon State Game Commission qentral R~gion Administrative Report No. 73-2. Jones, J. K., Jr., D.;C. Carter and H. H. Genoways. 1975. Revised checklist of North American Mammals North of Mexico. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech. Univ. Kawamachi, Takeo. 1976. Hay territory and dominance of pikas (Ochotona ppinceps). J. Mam. 57(1):133-148. Kunz, Thomas H. 1973. Resource utilization: Temporal and spatial components of bat activity in central Iowa~ J. Mam.· 54 (1) : 14 ~32. Larrison, Earl J. 1976. Mammals of the Northwest. Seattle Audobon Society, 256 pp. Maser, Chris and Robert M. Storm. 1970. A Key to Micro tinae of the Pacific Northwest. O.S.U. Book Store, Inc. Corvallis., Ore. 163 pp. McCloskey, R. T. and B. Fieldwick. 1975. Ecological . separation of sympatric rodents (Pepomy~pus and Micpotus). J. Mam. 56(1):119-129. Meserve, Peter L. 1976. Food relationships of a rodent fauna in a California coastal sage scrub community. 57 (2) : 300-319. ' . Murie, Jan O. 1971. Behavioral relationships between two. sympatric moles (Micpotus): Relevance to habitat s~gr~gation. J. Mam.' 52(1) :181-186. O'Farrell, Thomas P.' 1975. Seasonal and altitudinal 'variations in populations of small mammals'on Rattlesnake Mountain, Washington. Am. Mid. Nat., 94 (1) : 190- 204. . Portland City Club Bulletin, 1973. Report on Management of Forest Resources in. the Bull Run 'Division. 59

Rosenzweig, Michael L. 1966. Community structure in sympatric carnivora. J. Mam. 47(4):602-612. Soil Survey Report. Bull Run - Sandy Area. Mt. Hood National Forest. Pacific Northwest R~gion. Tevis, Lloyd, Jr. 1956. Responses of small mammal popu lations to l~ggi~g of Do~glas-fir. J. Mam. 37(2): 189-196. Yocum, Charles F. 1973. Wolverine records 'in the Pacific , Coast States and new records for northern California, Calif. Fish and Game. 59(2) :207-2'09.

Yocum, Charles. 1974. Recent Wolverine records in .:.: ',<:•• , Washi~gton and Or~gon. Murre1et 55(2):15-18.

l.: ERAL REFERENCES

L. C. Birch. 1954. The Distribu ce of Animals. Univ. of Chic~go Ill. 782 pp. Civil No. 13-609. Op·nion. Judge James M. Burns in the United States D'strict Court for the District of Oregon. Diamond, Jared M. 19 Ecological Consequences of island coloniza ion by S~W. Pacific birds. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 67(2):529-536. Draft Environmental atement, Bull Run Planning Unit" 1976. Forest rvice - U.S.D.A. Pacific Northwest R~gion. Findley, James S. 19 6. Mammals of Clay County, South Dakota. Univ. f South Dakota Publications in Biol~gy. 45 Pp.i Gilkey, H. M. and L. . Dennis. 1967.;:, Handbook of . Northwestern Pl--rit's-.- ,O.S."U.' 'Press, Corvallis. 505 pp. Harris, A. S. 1968. Small mammals and natural reforesta tion in Southeast Alaska. Pacific Northwest Forest and Ra~ge Exper"ment Station, Research Note, PNW-75. Horn, Kirk. 1974. B 11 Run Wildlife. Report and Comments for land use pI Mt. Hood National Forest. McHarg; I. L. 1969. Design with Nature. Doubleday/ Natural History Press, Garden City, N. Y. 198 ~p. Mohney, Russ. The cl arcut-wildlife relationship. Pacific Search. Dec./Jn.. 1975-1976 issue. p. 15-16.

Murie, Olaus~ 1954. A Field Guide to Animal Tracks. Ho~ghton Miffli Co., Boston, 367 pp. Oliver, Chas. E. 193 The Portland water supply. Pacific E~ginee . 9(4) :3-7.

Otterman, James H. an B. J. Verts. 1972. Enda~gered Plants and Anim Is of Or~gon.· IV. Mammals. Special Report 364. Ag icultural Exprimental Station, O.S.U. O'Toole, Randal L. 1 76. The Citizens Guide to Forestry and the Environ Cascade Holistic Economic Consultants. 61

Peck, Morton E. 196. A Manual of Higher Plants of Or~gon. O.S.U. Press, Corvallis', Ore. pp. a36. Threatened Wildlife 0: the United States, 1973 Editjon. U. S. Dept. of he Interior~ Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Sports "Fisheries· and Wildlife.

Verts, B. J. 1971. eys to the Mammals of Or~gon. O.S:U. Press, Corval1i , Ore .. pp. 82.

i .' . APPENDIX A

Species List

1. Sopex vagrans (v~grant shrew)

2. Sorex pa~ustris (water shrew)

3. Sorex trowbridgii (Trowbri~ge's shrew) 4. NeurotEiahus,gibbsii (shrew-mole) 5. Myotis californicus (California myotis) 6. Ochotona princeps (pika) 7. Lepus americanus (snowshoe hare) \ 8. Eutamias townsendii (Townsend's chipmunk) 9. Spermophilus beeaheyi (California ground squirrel) 10., Spermophi lus lateralis ,(golden-mantled, ground squirrel)

11. Tamiasciurus douglassi (Do~glas squirrel)

12. Glaucomys sabrinus (northern flyi~g squirrel)

13. Thomomys monticola (mountain pocket, gopher) 14. Castor canadensis (beaver)

15. Peromysau~ maniaulatus (deer mouse) 16. Neotoma cinerea (bushy-tailed woodrat) 17. Clethrionomys occidentalis (western red-backed vole)

18. Microtus lo~gicaudus (lo~g-tailed vole)

19. Miarotus or~goni' (creepi!lg' vole)

20. Arviaola riahard~oni (water vOle)

21. ,Zapus trinotatus (Pacific j umpi~g mouse)

22. Erethizon dorsatum (porcupine) ~

23. UPSU8 ameriaanu8 (black bear) 63 24. Procyon Zotor (raccoon) 25. MusteZa erminea (least weasel) 26. Lutra canadensis (river,otter) 27. FeZis rufus (bobcat) ,28 •• OdocoiZeus hemionus coZumbianus (black-tailed deer)

(I~gles, 1965)

Binomial and trinomial nomenclature, and common names used follow Jones (1975) unless stated otherwise.

( APPENDIX B

Description. of Spec~fic TraE Sites

Site 1 1. Location - Off SIll. TlS R7E Sect. 9 NW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 2,000 ft.

S • Slope a!lg I e -. 44% 0 r 240., 4. Aspect - N. 5. Soil type - Gravelly silt loam. 5 6. Plant associations present (Franklin, 1973).

a.' Ts~ga heterophylZa (western hemlock)/PoZy~ \ stiohum munitum (sword fern)/OxaZis or~gana l (woodsorre1) .

b.· T. he~erophylla/P. munitum.

Canopy

~seudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franc. (Do~glas fir).6

Thuja pZiaata Donn. (we~tern red cedar). T. heterophylla (Raf) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedling ,. Aoer aira'inatum Pursh•.(vine maple).' T. pZiaata Donn.; T. heterophy Zla' .(Raf) Sa:rg.

Soil .Survey Report. Bull Run-Sandy Area. Mt. Hood National Forest.' Pacific Northwest R~gion.

6 Bi~omial and trinomial nomenclature of v~getation follow - Hitchcock and Chronquist (1973). 65 Shrubs .

Berberis nervosa Pursh. (dwarf Or~gon. grape) Gaul.theria sha.l.l.on Pursh. (salal)' OpZopanax 'horridum (Smith) Miq. (devilts club) Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. (Little wild rose) Rubus spectabiZis Pursh., (salmonberry) Vaccinium parvifoZium Smith. (red huckleberry)

Herbs indicative of plant associations present AchZys tpiphy ZZa (Smith) D. C. (vanilla leaf), f Asarum caudatum Lindl. (wild. gi~ger)' Athypium fiZix-femina (L) Roth. (lady fern) BZechnum spicant (L) Roth. (deer fern) Linnaea boreaZis L. (twin flower) o. opegana Nutt. P. munitum (Kaulf) Presl. TiareZl.a trifoZiata L. var.·trifoZiata L. (three-leaved coolwort) >.. " Vancouveria hexandra (Hook) Morr. and ,Dec. (inside-out flower)

Site 2

1. L.ocation - TIS R7E Sect. 8 NE 1/4 WM. i 2. Elevation - 2,OOO',ft.

3. S 1 ope~ a!lg Ie 55% or 29 0 4. Aspect - NNE 66 5. Soil type - Gravelly silt loam 6. Plant associations present

a. Pt, hete~ophyZZa/P. munitum/O. o~egana b. T. he.terophy ZZa/P. munitum

Canopy P. menziesii CMirbel) Franco. T. pZiaata Donn. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

\ Small tree and seedling " A. airainatum Pursh.

Ace~ macrophyZZum Pursh. ' (b~g-leaf maple) CoryZus cornuta Marsh. (California hazel) P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs B. nervosa Pursh. o. horridum (Smith) Miq. R. gymnoaarpa Nutt. v. parvifoJium Smith.

I Herbs indicative. of plant associations present A..caudatum Lindl.

A. fiZi~-femina (L) Roth.

O. o~egana Nutt. P. munitum (Kauf) Presl. Site 3

1. Location - TIS R6E Sect. 3 SW 1/4, WM. 2. Elevation - 1,900 ft.

0 3. Slope a~gle - 18 or 32.5% 4. Aspect - SE 5. Soil type - Stony loam 6. Plant associations present a. T. heterophyZZa/P. munitum

b. T. hete~ophytZaIRhododend~on mao~ophyZZum

(rhododendron)/B. nervosa \ I

. Canopy P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco

T. heterophyZZa (Ra£) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedling A. airainatum Pursh.

Shrubs B. nervosa Pursh. G. shaZZon Pursh. R.. gymnocarpa Nutt. Sambuaus raaemosa L. (red elderberry) v. parvifoZium Smith 68

~erbs' indicative of plant associations present

Goodyera oblo~gifolia Raf. (rattlesnake-plantain) P. munitum (Kaulf) Presl.

T. t~ifotiate L. var. trif~liata L.

Site 4 \

1. Location - Off SIO. TIS R7E Sect. 3 SE 1/4 WM.

2. Elevation - 2,800 ft~

3. Slope a~gle - 34.5% or 19 0 4. Aspect - S. \ 5. Soil type - Rubble land (talus slope) '6. Plant associations present a. Talus community. A. airainatum/Cryptogramma arispa (rock brake)/Asplenium triahomanes (maiden hair spleenwort) b. P. menziesii/Holodisaus,disaolor (oceanspray)

Canory A. maarophyllum Pursh., P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. heterophylla (Ra£) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedlings A. airainatum Pursh. A. maarophyZlum Pursh. c. aornuta Marsh • .' P. menzie8ii (Mirbel) ,- Franco 69 Shrubs B. nepvosa Pursh. G. shallon Pursh. H. disco1,or (Pursh) Maxin. o. hopridum (Smith) Miq.

PhiZadeZphus Zewisii Pursh. (mock ora~ge) R. gymnocappa Nutt. s. pacemosa L.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present\ A. trichomanes L. c. cpispa (L) R. Br.

Site 5

1. Location - Bull Run Research Natural Area. TIS R8E Sect. 34 NW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 3,200 ft.

0 3. Slope a~gl~' - 19% or 11 4. Aspect - NW 5. Soil type - Gravelly silt loam 6. Plant associations present a. Abies amabiZis (Pacific silver fir)/O. hoppidum

A~ amabiZis/Stpeptopus roseus (rosy twisted , stalk) . b. A. amabiZis/Vaccinium aZaskense (Alaska blue berry) 70 Canopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes Abies proaera Rehder. (noble fir) Pseudotsuga menaiesii (Mirbel) Franco T. pZiaata Donn.

T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.,

Small tree and seedlings

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.·

Shrubs Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (false huckleberry) o. horridum (Smith) Miq.

R. maarophyZZum G. Don. ..J

'" Herbs indicative of plant associations present

A. triphy.Z Za (Smi th) D., C. A. fiZiz-femina (L) Roth. B. spiaant (L) Roth. SmiZaaina steZZata (L) Desf. (star-flowered Solomon's seal)

Ti.areZZa trifoZiate L. var. unifoZiata (Hook) Kurtz. (one leaved coolwort) v. hezandra (Hook). Morr. and Dec •. Site 6

'I. Location - Bull Run Lake. TIS R8E Sect. 29 NE 1/4 WM. 2. ' Elevation 3,200 ft.

0 3. SloVe a~gle - 57% or 29.5 0 and 10% or 5.5 4. Aspect - NNE 5. Soil 'type -, Stony loam 6. Plant associations present a. A. amabiZis/V. aZaskense

b. A. amabiZis/X~rophyZZum tenax (b~ar~grass)

,Canopy

A. ,amabiZis (Do:ugl) Forbes A. procera Rehder P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco T. pZicata Donn. T. heterophyZZa (Ra£) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedlings A. amabiZis (Do:ugl) Forbes \. \.. A Znus sinuata (R~gl) Ryb., /(5 i tka alder) T. pZicata Donn.

T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa~g.

Shrubs G. shaZZon Pursh. M. ferruginea Smith

R.' mac:eophy,ZZum G. Don. 72 V. alaskense Howell.

Vaccinium membranaceum Do¥gl. (b~g huckleberry). V. parvifoZium Sm,i th

Herbs indicative of plant associations present

CZinton~a unifZora (Schult) Kunth. (queen's cup). Cornus canadensis L. (bunchberry).' L. boreaZis L.

X. ttJHt.lro (Pur:")h) Nutt.

1. Location - Preachers Peak. TIS R8E Sect. 21 NW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 4,400 ft.

3. Slope a~gle 70% or 35°. 4. Aspect - SSW. 5. Soil type - Stony loam. 6. Plant associations present. \. a. Dry meadow community. Sedum dive~gens (stone~

crop)/Solid~go sp. ~goldenrod).

I Canopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes.

J A. procera Rehder. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. pZicata Donn. 73 Small tree and seedlings

A. amab~Zis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. proaera Rehder

A. sinuata (R~gl) Ryhd. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. pZicata Donn.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present .S. divorgona Wnts. SoZidago sp.

Site 8

1. Location - Bull Run Research Natural Area., TIS R8E Sect. 27 SW 1/4 WM. 2. . Elevation - 3,200 ft.

3. Slope a!lgle - .21% or 120. 4. Aspect - WSW. 5. Soil type - Stony loam. 6. Plant associations present. a. A. amabiZis/O. hoppidum. b. A. ·amabiZis/S. poseus. c. A. amabiZis/V. aZaskense.

Canopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. proaera Rehder.

P. menziesii (~Iirb~l). I:railco. 74

T. pZiaata Donn. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedlings

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. airainatum Pursh. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs M. ferruginea Smith. o. horridum (Smith) Miq. R. speatabiZis Pursch.

j v. aZaskense'Howell. < v.. membranaaeum Do~gl .. v. parvifoZium Smith.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present

A. triphy ZZa (Smi th) D., C.

A. fiZix-femina (L) Roth. c. unifZora (Schult) Kunth.· C. aanadensis L.

Gymnoaarpium dryopteris (L) Newm. (oak fern). s. steZZata (L) Desf.· T. trifoZiata·L. var.·unifoZiata (Hook) Kurtz.'

Site\ 9

I.' Location -.Saddle between Hiyu Mountain and Sentinel. 75

Peak. TIS R8E Sect. 34 NE 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 4,000 ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 24% or 13.5°. 4. Aspect - NW. 5. Soil type - .Gravelly s i1t . loam. ; 6. Plant associations present. a. A. amabiZis/O. horridum.

b. A. amabiZis/S. roseus.

c. A. amabiZ~s/V. aZas~ense.

Canopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. procera Rehder. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. pZ,icata Donn.

T. heterophy.Z, z'a (Raf) Sa:rg.

Small tree and seedlings

A. amabiZ,is (Do~gl) Forbes.

A. sinuata (R~gel) Ryos.

T. hete~ophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs. (' M. fe.rr'?'l9'inea Smith.

!.I o. horridum (Smith) Miq. \ R. parvifZorus Nutt. R. speatabiZis Pursch. 76

.v. ataskense Howell.

v. membranaaeum Do~gl.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present. A. triphytZa (Smith) D. C.

A. fiZix-femina (L) Roth.

B. spiaant (L) Roth. C. uniftora (Schult) Kunth. C. aanadensis L. G. dryopteris (L) Newn. s. stettata (L) Desf.

I T. tri.fotiata L. ,var., unifoZiata "(Hook) Kurtz.

Site 10

1. Location - BullCRun Research Natural Area. TIS R8E Sect. 33 NE 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 3,500 ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 55% or 33.8°., 4. Aspect - NE.

5. Soil, ~ype - Rubble land (talus slope). 6. . Plant associations ppesent.

a. Talus co~unity. A. airainatum/C. arispa/A. triahomanes. \ b. A. amabitis/q. shatZon.

Canopy \.

A. amabilis (Do~gl) Forbes.

) I 77 A. procera Rehder. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco., T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedling~

A. amabiZia (Do~gl) Forbes A. cirainatum Pursh.'

A. sinuata (R~gl) Rybd. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco.

T.o pZiaata Donn. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs G. shaZZon Pursh.· M. ferr¥ginea Smith.

Pachystima myrsinites '~Pursh) Raf. (Or~gon boxwood) . R. macrophyZZum G. Don. v. aZaskense Howell .. v. membranaceum Do~g~. v. parvifoZium Smith.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present A. trichomanes L. c. crispa (L) R. Br.

Site 11

1. Location - Deer Meadows. TIS R7E Sect. 36 SW 1/4 WM. 78 2. Elevation - 2,700 ft.

3. Slope a~gle 2% or 1°. 4. Aspect - NNE 5. Soil type - Silt loam. 6. Plant associations present. a. Wet meadow community. Camasia quamash (camas).

Canopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes.

P. montiaoZa Do~gl. T. pZiaata Donn.

T. hete~ophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedlings

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes.

A. sinuata (R~gel) Rybd.

P. montiaoZa Do~gl. P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. pZicata Donn.

T. hete~ophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs G. shaZZon Pursh.

R. maa'PophyZZum G. Don.', R. gymnoaarpa Nutt.

Spirea dougZassi Hook. (Do~glas~ spirea).' v. aZaskense Howell. 79 V., memb:panaaeum 'Do~gl.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present

CaZtha biflora D. C. (white marshmar~gold).

C~ quamash (Pursh) Greene.

Lysiahitum ameriaanum Hulten and St. John. (skunk cabb~ge). Maianthemum diZatatum (Wood) Nels ,and Macbr. (wild lily of-the-valley) ,,"

Site 12

j 'I. Location - Hickman Creek. TIS R7E Sect. 36 NW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation 2,700 ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 2% or 1°.

4. Aspect - ~NE. 5. Soil type - Stony'loam.

6. Plant associations present.

a. T. heterqphyZZa/P. munitum/O. oregana. b. T. heterophyZZa/P. munitum.

c. T. heterophyZZa/R. maa:pophyZZum/B. nervo~a~

Canopy

A. amabilis CDo~gl), Forbes. P. menziesii CMirbel) Franco. T. pZiaata Donn.

T. heterophyZZa (Ra£) SaFg. 80 Small tree and seedling

A. amabiZis (D~~gl) F~rb~s. A. aircinatum Pursh. T. pZicata Donn.

T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sarge

Shrubs

'M. ferr~ginea Smith. o. horridum (Smith) Miq. R. macrophyZZum G. Don.'

R., spectabiZis Pursh. v. aZaskense Howell.

v. membranaaeum Do~gl. v. parvifoZium Smith.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present A. triphyZZa (Smith) D. C.

A. fiZix-femina (L) Roth.

B. spiaant (L) Roth. G. ob Z,ongifo Zia Raf.· L. boreaZis L •. 0.' oPt?gana Nutt. v. hexandpa (Hook) Morr and Dec.

Site 13

1. Location - B~g Bend Mountain. TIS R7E Sect. 21 NW 1/4 WM. 81 2. Elevation - 3,400 ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 25% or 14° 4. Aspect .- SW. 5. Soil type - Silt loam.· 6. Plant associations present. a. A. amabiZis/S. roseus. b. A. amabiZis/V. aZaskense. c. A. amabiZis/X. tenax.

Canopy I I A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. P. menziesii (Mirbe1) Franco. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Small tree and seedlings

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. airainatum Pursh.

,Sorbus sitahensis Roemer .. (Or~gon_mountain ash). T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs B. nervosa Pursh.

M. ferr?A-gi.nea Smi the v. aZaskense Howell.

v. membranaaeum Do~gl. v. parvifoZium Smith•. 82 Herbs indicative of plant associations present A. triphy22a (Smith) D. C. c. uniflora (Schult) Kunth. c. canadensis L~ S. ste22ata(L) Desf. x. tenax (Pursh) Nutt.

Site 14

1. Location .- Hickman ·Butte. T2S R7E Sect. 2 SW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - 4,000 ft. 3. Slope a!lgle 10% or 5.7°. 4.. Aspect - WSW. 5. Soil type - A!lgular cobbly loam. 6. Plant associations present. a. A. amabiZis/S. roseus. b. - A. amabi2is/V. alaskense. cariopy

A. amabiZis (Do~gl) Forbes. A. procera Rehder.

P. monticoZa Do~gl. (Whi te pine). P. menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. T. p2icata Donn. T. heterophy2Za (Ra£) Sa;rg. , T. mertensiana (Bo!lg) Carr. 83' Small tree and seedlings

'A. p~oae~a Rehder.

A. ai~ainatum Pursh.

A. sinuata (R~gel) Rybd.

Pinus montiaoZa Do~gl. s. sitahensis Roemer. T. pZicata Donn.

T. hete~ophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Shrubs \ G. shaZZon Pursh. M. ferr¥ginea Smith.

R. maarophy ZZum G. Don~1. s. dougZassi Hook. v. 'aZaskense Howell.

v. membpanaaeum Do~gl.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present

A. fi,Zix- femina (L) Roth:

B. sp'iaant (L) Roth.· c. unifZora (Schult). Kunth. C. aanadensis L.

Site 15

1. Location - Aschoff Butte. T2S R7E Sect. 6 SE 1/4 WM.

2. Elevation - 3,~OO ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 50% or 26.5°. 84 4. Aspect - SSW.

S. Soi~ type - Very, gravelly loam. 6. Plant associations present. a. A. amabiZis/V. aZaskense. b. A. amabiZis/X. tenax. c. A. amabiZis/G. shaZZon.

Canopy

A. amabiZia (Do~gl) Forbes. P. menziesii CMirbel) Franco. T. heterophyZZa (Raf) Sa!g.

Small trees and seedlings

A. ~mabiZis CDo~gl) Forbes. A.' circinatum Pursh.' T. heterophyZZa CRa£) Sa!g.,

Shrubs B. nervosa Pursh.' G.. shaZZon Pursh.

M. ferruginea Sm~th. R. macrophyZZum G. Don.

R., gymnocarpa Nutt. V. aZaskense Howell.

V. m~mbranaoeum ~o~gl. V. parvifoZium Smith. 85 .

Herbs indicative of plant associations present

C. unifZopa (Schult). Kunth. c. aanadensis L. L. bopeaZis L. x. tenax (Pursh) Nutt.

Site 16

1. Location - Cedar Creek. TIS R7E Sect. 32 NW 1/4 WM. 2. Elevation - '7,000 ft.

3. Slope a~gle - 10% or 5.6°. 4. 'Aspect - WSW. s. Soil type - Silt loam. 6.. Plant associations present

a. T. hetepophylZa/P. munitum/O. opegana. b. T. hetepophyZZa/P. munitum.

Canopy

A. amabi lis ,(Do~gl) Forbes.

Alnus ·pubra Bo~g. (red ;alder). T. pliaata Donn.

T. heterophylZa (Raf), Sa:rg.

Small trees and seedlings

A. amabiZis (Do~gi) F9rbes.' A. oipoinatum Pursh.

A. rubra Bo~g. T. 'pli,aata Donn. 86 T. heterophyZZa (Ra£) Sa!g.

Shrubs o. horridum (Smith) Miq. Rubus parvifZorus Nutt., (thimbleberry). R. speatabi Zis Pursh. .' 8. racemosa L.

v. membranaaeum Do~gl. V. parvifoZium Smith.

Herbs indicative of plant associations present A. fiZix-femina (L) Roth. J • E. spiaant (L) R:oth.. ·

o. or~fJana Nutt. L. boreaZis L. T. trifoZiata L. var. unifoZiata (Hook) Kuntz. APPENDIX C

SMALL MAMMAL TRAP DATA PER PLANT ASSOCIATION

\ TRAP DATA/PLANT ASSOCIATION IN THE Abies amabiZis ZOSE

> ...... f-<' CI) ..... , ...... E I:\) , , ,<\} , 0 , co z;:t Je (I) E co co co (Q U'I co •• J::" 0.. :::>~ tj .~ ;l.t .~ .~ Je .~ 0 .~ Je J!:I:\)U'I N"t$ :e: tj, E NCO N<\} N .c NO O~ ~s;:tjo .~.~ .~ ;l.t '~..:l{ .~ a.., '~N Q1..0 o·~ ~~ .Q1.. .Q<\} oClCO .Q tj'rl .(;IN <<\)~ Ut\CI)() tj 1.. tj tj tjco tjJe ..... tj tj W~I::! 1..'~'~ EO E 0 EN E ~ E~ :t:.~"t$ (J)'~ ~ 1.. tj~ tj 1.. tjtj tj ~ > tj (Q "t$'~ ~ () () ~ Plant 10-< > N ~ •• Q ex: • 0 < ... Mammal . Association ~C> ~~ ~~ ~:..:'-" ~t.:I QCflCfl f-< "t \:.) "'C Species

SOl'e:c vagrans 5 2 13 4 14 5 3 2 1 1

Sore:c trowbridgii 4 2 7 3 10 4 6 3 5 3 2 1 Neurotrichu8 gibbsii

Ochotona princeps 1 1 1 1 1 1

Eutamias townsendii 4 3 5 ~ 6 5 1 1 9 2 8 1 ~homomys monticoZa 3 1

Peromyscus manicuZatus 6 2 6 2 7 3 1 1 4 2 7 1 3 1 N..eotoma cinerea

CZeth. occidentaZis 2 2 9 3 12 5 10 3 3 2 1 1 Microtus Zongicaudu8

Microtus oregoni 5 1 5 1 1 1 ArvicoZa richardsoni

Zapus trinotatus 11 2 11 2 11 2 3 1 3 1 3 1

~U'I,"" ~I/'I"O ~U'I,"" ~I/'I"O Oo-i 4> 04>4> o r-f 4> OIV4> asp. +-Ip. as 0.. +-10.. .:3 p. -..-10.. ':3 P. -..-10.. o"das o U'las 0'"" as OU'las ;z,..-I1o-< z 10-< Z·..-I1o-< z 10-< >+-1 .., >+-1 .., '..-1 •..-1 'ij '"" I=: •..-1= •..-1 00 00 TRAP DATA/PLANT ASSOCIATION IN THE Tsuga heterophyZta ZONE , , , , ~ ~ ~E ~ E ~ ~ >- N N "N;:t "N;:S NN E-<' Cl) N N NN NN NN , HE ~ ;'.l) ;'.l) ;'.l)N ;'.l)N ~;'.l) '.,l z;t ~ '~ ~, ~ ~;'.l) ~~ ~~ '.,l ~ ::>"'-" ~ ,."Cl) o..EO o..E o..~ ~ A.~ ~ A. 0.. Cl) 0 ::g~'E 3::~,.:;.'! Cl) o;t~ (;) ;:f o 0.. Cl) o A. 0 00 ~N ::E~~O o ~ Cl) ~ ~"'-"~ ~"'-" ~ 0 0 ~ON ~Cl) '.,l 0 O'.,l ~~ Q 0 ~N ~'.,l tl) ~'.,l ~~~ ~~N ~~ ~ 0 UOCl)O 00"'-" .Q ~ ...:r E-< Plant < ... ~ ... Mammal Association ~~c) ~~ ~n:Ri ~n:~ ~~ ~~ E-<",<,:t)~ 3:: t) t) tJ:) Species

Sore~ vagran8 4 I .3 I 4 .3 1 1 20 4 8 1 7 1 7 1 Sore~ tro~bridgii 112 I .3 1 I I I I I I I I I II I I I Neurotrichus gibbsii 2 1 2 1 ------I Ochotona princeps 2 1 2 1

Eutamias ~o~n8endii 4 2 4 2 .3 1 2 1 2 1 Thomomys monticota

PeromyscU8 manicuZatu8 7 4 7 4 1 1 5 1 5 1 l. .Neotoma cinerea 5 2 5 2

CZeth. occidentali8 2 1 .3 2 .3 2 Microtu8 Zongicaudus 1 1 Microtu8 oregoni Arvicola richardsoni 2 1 .ZapU8 trinotatu8 19 .3 19 .3 10 1 1 1

4-!U)'1j 4-! wt:l ~~~ OQ) Q) ~~ OQ)Q) alP. ~o.. alp.. ~p.. • :l P. -.-I P. , :lp.. '>.-1 p.. O"dal OU)aI O"dal OU)aI Z·.... M ~ H rz:>.-I M Z M >~ ~ >~ ~ ·ri ..... "d "d s:: s:: .ri ..... 0::> \0

---' ---- APPENDIX D

SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE PER PLANT ASSOCIATION

)

'\ ...... 'Tj .Abundance/# of sites trapped c t-' .; U1 o CD

N t.N s. vagrans' trowbri¢1gii $U~cn s. C/)(\)'1j cn~ct> 0(\)0 '~ N. gibbsii o ~ )-I. )-I.C) .1--3 z. trino ta'tus (D ~

'Tj J-I. Abundance/H of sites trapped 1Q C "'i ~ (\) tn . (:) -.J ..J. ..J. ...l ..1 ....I. ~ ... N tn s. 'vag1'lanS - I S. - $l> ~ (f) t1'lowb1'lidgii f./l~"d f./l '\f. (\) - o ~ n N. gibbsii n ~ J-I. J-I.<;) (\) $l> "Cj til - M~ o. prinaeps J-I'~ n o t-40 - ::s t-4 S E. - . ~"d tOUJnsendii "'-.0 :::0 til . J-I • r+ P. montiaola ~ J-I. lor--, ~o ~ ::s P. maniaulatus ~ \ "Cj::s<;) ~ -- \ ~p.. N. ainerea ~ \ t-4~ ! t-4cr' - . ~ c c. oaaidentalis ~ ::s "'-.p.. J ttJ~ - . ::s M. longieaudus ;s (\)n ~ - ":: J-I. M. oregoni - ~ ::s <;) .. Cr.tr+ ., A::r' A. 1'liahardsoni (\) "d ... ~'-'3 ~ . z. tyyinotatu8 ::s r+ ~ t.N ~ Abundance/# of sites trapped ~. 1Q C f-' "i VI 0 I I" I .. rC ' N 0'1 s. vagrans s. trowbridgii ~cn ~I-t:j I ;:s til n ~. f-I. N. gibbsii ~ ~ Vl ~.. o. princeps ~·n "0 b::S 0l-t:j E. townsendii 0 P.tVl ~. f-I. C/.)rt T. monticola Q ~. () 0 t--l:::S () P. manicuZatus ~ Pl::s I-t:jp...... N. cinerea $U$U :::sO" - rtC :::s C.toacidentaZis $Up.. .. VlPl Vl:::S o n M. longicaudus n ~. - .-' Pl ~. M. oregoni rt:::s ~. Ort - :::s::r . (1) A. riahardsoni - .t-rJ z • trinotatus

.. \D +:: ...... ~ Abundance/# of sites trapped rq C "i f--i (l) en o I I t I I J I • I * I I N s. vagrans ."'-..1

;S->(J) S.' trowbridgii (I:)'U ~(l) (I:) n ~ ...... N. gibbsii () (l) '1;j(f'J ;s-> ~n o. prinaeps ~o ~s ~'U E. townsendii 0 rt(f'J $ll ...... J--Irt T. montiaola C ...... CAO ::; n P. maniaulatus - o $ll S ::; ·s p.. C N. ainerea ::;$ll ...... cr' - rtC '<::; C. oaaidentalis . p.. ... $ll ::; M. longiaaudus n (1) - ...... ~. ::; M. oregoni M - ::r' A. riahardsoni (1)

1--3 - . z., trinotatus

- t..O V1 I-rj...,. Abundance/# of sites trapped rq s:: ., J--I (1) V1 o

N 0::> s. vagrans

~ {fJ (i:l"d S. trowbridgii tl- CD '\j(Jl ~ ~o ~o O. princeps ~s ~"d 0 E. townsendii ~(Jl CD ...,. rtrt ...,. T • monticola so (1)~ f!) C4f!) P. maniaulatus O~ ~p.. Of!) N. ainerea 00"' SS:: S ~ s::p.. C. oacidentalis ;::i~ ...,.;::i rtO M. longioaudus '

\0 C)\ t.yj Abundance/H' of -sites trapped ~- 1Q ~ ti (\)

N s. 'V~gran8 ~ s. 'trowbridgii ~(f.) ~~ ~ (\) tJ-'o N. 'gibbsii ~. ~- ~(\) ~.en princeps C/) o. '0 <::)0 . S ·E. townsendii ~ ~o <:) en I-;:; ~- T. monticola I-;:;rt ~. ~. ~o ~ :::J P. manicuZatu8 ~ ?l "'O:::J t-Jp.. N. cinerea ?l :::J?l rtO"" c. oacidentalis ~ ?lenp.. :::J en s:u o :::J M. longicaudus 00 ~.(\) ?l rt 1---1 M. oregoni ~':::J 0 :::Jrt A. richardsoni . ::r' (\) .~ z. trinotatus \0 -.....,J Abundance/# of sites trapped

~ U1 _. o r I I f I I I f t f --

\0 00 I-rj t-J. Abundance/# of sites trapped }'Q ~ J-I "1 CD (JJ o

IN f-l s. vagrans

tpowbridgii ~ en s. ~~ ~ (I) tr'n ~. t-J. N. gibbsii ~CD ~.tIl C/) 'n o. princeps ~o ~ S ~ E. townsendii ~ 0 ~tIl ~ t-J. C/) rt T. monticola ~ ...... (\) 0 ~ ::s C/) P. maniculatus (\) Pl ::s ~p.. f-l w. -cinerea ::sO"p:l p:l rt~::s c. occidentalis PlP-> tn Pl til ::s o n M. longicaudus n...... CD Pl ...... M. oregoni rt::s...... OM ::s::r A. richardsoni . CD .:t::. z . tpinotatus -\0 (,Q '"Ii 1-'. Abundance/# of sites trapped C ...... , ti @ tn o

(A N s. vagrans

Pl~Cf.l s. trowb'ridgii t/)::s"O t/) ~ CD o ~() n ~.}-I. N. gibbsii ""o~Q Pl ~.u> rtCO 1-'0 ...... () o. princeps o ~ 0 ~. S • "'0 ('t-O E. townsendii t\) U> ~ 1-' ~rt a 1-'- . T. montiaola o ,.-..~ p.. P. maniculatus ti Pl '<::; I~ ...... N. cine1?ea J-l0p' rto' ::rc 0::; C. occidentalis VJp.. O~ ...... ::; '-' () M. longicaudus CD to ...... 1-'- Pl~ M. o1?egoni ~ rtrt :T CD A. richardsoni

~ z. trinotatus ...... , o '0 ~ Abundance/# of sites trapped ~. ~ C ...... 1-1 (l)

VI s. v~grans VI s. trowbridgii ~ Cf.l ~'"d ~ (l) ~o ·N. gibbsii ~. t-J. ~(l) ~.Vl CO o. prinaeps ...... 0 QO . S townsendii to E. 0) 0 ~Vl ~ J-I. T. montiaola ~rt ~t-J. () 0 ~ ::s P. maniaulatus tOP'...... ::s Plp.. N. ainerea ::s rtPl cr' oaaidentalis Pl C c. VI ::s Vlp.. o Pl n::s M. lo!,-giaaudus ~·n Pl (l) rt t-J. t-J. M. oregoni o::s ::s . rt A. riahardsoni P"' (l)

~ . z. trinotatus ...... o t-J 'T.! !-J. Abundance/# of sites trapped rq ~ J; ...... (D til o

tN .f::=. s. vagrans

~(f) trowbri

tM V1 s. vagrans

trowbridgii ~cn s. 2Pd ~ (D ~n gibbsii ~. J-I. N. ~(D .~.(f) CQ • princeps () o. rtO $l) S !--Jt-O E. townsendii C 0 Ul (f) J-I. (1r+ T. monticola o J-I. SO S ~ maniculatus C P. ~$l) J-I'~ rtp.... '< N. cinerea • $l) cr' C C. occidentalis ~ p.... $l) M. -longicaudus ~ (1 (D

J-I. M. oregoni ~ rt A. richardsoni p-' (D z. trinotatus .:t::.. I-' o t.N