Human Reproductive System
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The Reproductive System
The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology W: www.wsbht.co.uk E: [email protected] T: 07824 337333 The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology© Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology Lesson 6: The Urinary And Reproductive System The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology© The Urinary System The urinary system is made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra and is responsible for controlling the amount of water and salts that are absorbed and filtered into the blood, and will regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by removing metabolic waste. The Kidneys These are two bean shaped kidneys in the body, one on either side, located near the middle of the back behind the 13th rib. These 5 – 6 inch long organs are responsible for processing waste products and filtering the blood to ensure that the body is in a state of balance. The waste comes from the normal breakdown from the food that is eaten. The Wiltshire School of Beauty and Holistic Therapy Certificate of Merit in Anatomy and Physiology© It is essential that this waste is removed as it could damage the body. Each kidney is joined to the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body by a short renal artery, as they receive a huge blood supply. Each kidney contains around a million nephrons, a tube which is closed at one end, and open at the other. -
Establishing Sexual Dimorphism in Humans
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Coll. Antropol. 30 (2006) 3: 653–658 Review Establishing Sexual Dimorphism in Humans Roxani Angelopoulou, Giagkos Lavranos and Panagiota Manolakou Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism, i.e. the distinct recognition of only two sexes per species, is the phenotypic expression of a multi- stage procedure at chromosomal, gonadal, hormonal and behavioral level. Chromosomal – genetic sexual dimorphism refers to the presence of two identical (XX) or two different (XY) gonosomes in females and males, respectively. This is due to the distinct content of the X and Y-chromosomes in both genes and regulatory sequences, SRY being the key regulator. Hormones (AMH, testosterone, Insl3) secreted by the foetal testis (gonadal sexual dimorphism), impede Müller duct de- velopment, masculinize Wolff duct derivatives and are involved in testicular descent (hormonal sexual dimorphism). Steroid hormone receptors detected in the nervous system, link androgens with behavioral sexual dimorphism. Further- more, sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual dimorphism and this may precede gonadal differentiation. Key words: SRY, Insl3, testis differentiation, gonads, androgens, AMH, Müller / Wolff ducts, aromatase, brain, be- havioral sex Introduction Sex is a set model of anatomy and behavior, character- latter referring to the two identical gonosomes in each ized by the ability to contribute to the process of repro- diploid cell. duction. Although the latter is possible in the absence of sex or in its multiple presences, the most typical pattern The basis of sexual dimorphism in mammals derives and the one corresponding to humans is that of sexual di- from the evolution of the sex chromosomes2. -
Foxl3, a Sexual Switch in Germ Cells, Initiates Two Independent Molecular Pathways for Commitment to Oogenesis in Medaka
foxl3, a sexual switch in germ cells, initiates two independent molecular pathways for commitment to oogenesis in medaka Mariko Kikuchia, Toshiya Nishimuraa,1, Satoshi Ishishitab, Yoichi Matsudab,c, and Minoru Tanakaa,2 aDivision of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, 464-8602 Nagoya, Japan; bAvian Bioscience Research Center, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan; and cDepartment of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, 464-8601 Nagoya, Japan Edited by John J. Eppig, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, and approved April 8, 2020 (received for review October 23, 2019) Germ cells have the ability to differentiate into eggs and sperm and elegans (8–10). To date, however, neither protein has been im- must determine their sexual fate. In vertebrates, the mechanism of plicated in germline feminization. commitment to oogenesis following the sexual fate decision in During oogenesis in mice, several transcription factors facili- germ cells remains unknown. Forkhead-box protein L3 (foxl3)isa tate folliculogenesis: lhx8 (LIM homeobox 8) and figla (factor in switch gene involved in the germline sexual fate decision in the the germline alpha) regulate differentiation of primordial follicles teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). Here, we show that foxl3 or- (11–14), and nobox (newborn ovary homeobox), which acts ganizes two independent pathways of oogenesis regulated by REC8 downstream of Lhx8, is indispensable for the formation of sec- meiotic recombination protein a (rec8a), a cohesin component, and ondary follicles (12, 15). It remains unknown how these tran- F-box protein (FBP)47(fbxo47), a subunit of E3 ubiquitin ligase. -
Orphanet Report Series Rare Diseases Collection
Marche des Maladies Rares – Alliance Maladies Rares Orphanet Report Series Rare Diseases collection DecemberOctober 2013 2009 List of rare diseases and synonyms Listed in alphabetical order www.orpha.net 20102206 Rare diseases listed in alphabetical order ORPHA ORPHA ORPHA Disease name Disease name Disease name Number Number Number 289157 1-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency 309127 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 228384 5q14.3 microdeletion syndrome deficiency 293948 1p21.3 microdeletion syndrome 314655 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome 939 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria 1606 1p36 deletion syndrome 228415 5q35 microduplication syndrome 2616 3M syndrome 250989 1q21.1 microdeletion syndrome 96125 6p subtelomeric deletion syndrome 2616 3-M syndrome 250994 1q21.1 microduplication syndrome 251046 6p22 microdeletion syndrome 293843 3MC syndrome 250999 1q41q42 microdeletion syndrome 96125 6p25 microdeletion syndrome 6 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria 250999 1q41-q42 microdeletion syndrome 99135 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 67046 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 1 deficiency 238769 1q44 microdeletion syndrome 111 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 2 13 6-pyruvoyl-tetrahydropterin synthase 976 2,8 dihydroxyadenine urolithiasis deficiency 67047 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 3 869 2A syndrome 75857 6q terminal deletion 67048 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 4 79154 2-aminoadipic 2-oxoadipic aciduria 171829 6q16 deletion syndrome 66634 3-methylglutaconic aciduria type 5 19 2-hydroxyglutaric acidemia 251056 6q25 microdeletion syndrome 352328 3-methylglutaconic -
Feminization of Pheromone-Sensing Neurons Affects Mating Decisions in Drosophila Males
152 Research Article Feminization of pheromone-sensing neurons affects mating decisions in Drosophila males Beika Lu1, Kathleen M. Zelle1, Raya Seltzer2, Abraham Hefetz2 and Yehuda Ben-Shahar1,* 1Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis, MO 63130, USA 2Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Biology Open 3, 152–160 doi: 10.1242/bio.20147369 Received 5th December 2013 Accepted 12th December 2013 Summary The response of individual animals to mating signals depends which can be modulated by variable social contexts. Finally, on the sexual identity of the individual and the genetics of the we show that feminization of ppk23-expressing sensory mating targets, which represent the mating social context neurons lead to major transcriptional shifts, which may (social environment). However, how social signals are sensed explain the altered interpretation of the social environment and integrated during mating decisions remains a mystery. by feminized males. Together, these data indicate that the One of the models for understanding mating behaviors in sexual cellular identity of pheromone sensing GRNs plays a molecular and cellular terms is the male courtship ritual in major role in how individual flies interpret their social the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). We have recently environment in the context of mating decisions. shown that a subset of gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) that are enriched in the male -
Fr. Ryan 'Human Sexuality' I Supplement (Portions)
THEOLOGY I HUMAN SEXUALITY SUPPLEMENT This collection of supplementary materials, in this format or any other, is the property of Father Ryan High School, and should not be reprinted or distributed without the express permission of the Administration of Father Ryan High School. FEMALE PHYSIOLOGY EXTERNAL GENITALIA AND SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS PUBIC HAIR: A triangular mass of hair covering the mons pubis. The amount of and thickness of the pubic hair varies from person to person. MONS PUBIS: A fatty pad at the top of the vulva; covered with pubic hair and susceptible to sexual stimulus. VULVA: The word comes from the Latin root “covering”. The vulva is not one specific organ, but a collection of genital structures. OUTER LIPS (Labia Majora) a. The outermost hair-covered folds of skin surrounding the genitals. b. They vary greatly in size. c. Like the scrotum, the outer lips swell slightly with stimulation; in their stimulated state they pull back and expose the Inner Lips. INNER LIPS (Labia Minora) a) This is the second covering of the vaginal opening; they enclose the vaginal and urethral opening. b) They are a thin, moist, sensitive fold of skin containing many erotic nerve endings and blood vessels. c) They contain the same tissue as the shaft of the penis; as a result they too swell with sexual stimulus. CLITORIS a) This is the most sexually sensitive part of the female body. It corresponds to the glans or head of the penis. b) Though there is no reproductive purpose, the clitoris is made of erectile tissue and contains a high concentration of erotic neural receptors and blood vessels. -
Environmental Warming and Feminization of One of the Largest Sea Turtle Populations in the World
Report Environmental Warming and Feminization of One of the Largest Sea Turtle Populations in the World Highlights Authors d We developed a novel method to estimate primary sex ratios Michael P. Jensen, Camryn D. Allen, in sea turtles Tomoharu Eguchi, ..., William A. Hilton, Christine A.M. Hof, Peter H. Dutton d We found extremely female-biased sex ratios in an important sea turtle population Correspondence [email protected] In Brief Increasing incubation temperature impacts species with temperature- dependent sex determination such as green sea turtles. Jensen et al. combined genetic and endocrine techniques to show that an important green turtle population has produced primarily females for two decades, suggesting that complete feminization is possible in the near future. Jensen et al., 2018, Current Biology 28, 1–6 January 8, 2018 ª 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.057 Please cite this article in press as: Jensen et al., Environmental Warming and Feminization of One of the Largest Sea Turtle Populations in the World, Current Biology (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.057 Current Biology Report Environmental Warming and Feminization of One of the Largest Sea Turtle Populations in the World Michael P. Jensen,1,6,7,* Camryn D. Allen,1,2,6 Tomoharu Eguchi,1 Ian P. Bell,3 Erin L. LaCasella,1 William A. Hilton,4 Christine A.M. Hof,4 and Peter H. Dutton1 1Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic -
The Effects of Outbreeding on a Parasitoid Wasp Fixed for Infection
Heredity (2017) 119, 411–417 & 2017 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved 0018-067X/17 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE The effects of outbreeding on a parasitoid wasp fixed for infection with a parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia symbiont ARI Lindsey and R Stouthamer Trichogramma wasps can be rendered asexual by infection with the maternally inherited symbiont Wolbachia. Previous studies indicate the Wolbachia strains infecting Trichogramma wasps are host-specific, inferred by failed horizontal transfer of Wolbachia to novel Trichogramma hosts. Additionally, Trichogramma can become dependent upon their Wolbachia infection for the production of female offspring, leaving them irreversibly asexual, further linking host and symbiont. We hypothesized Wolbachia strains infecting irreversibly asexual, resistant to horizontal transfer Trichogramma would show adaptation to a particular host genetic background. To test this, we mated Wolbachia-dependent females with males from a Wolbachia-naïve population to create heterozygous wasps. We measured sex ratios and fecundity, a proxy for Wolbachia fitness, produced by heterozygous wasps, and by their recombinant offspring. We find a heterozygote advantage, resulting in higher fitness for Wolbachia, as wasps will produce more offspring without any reduction in the proportion of females. While recombinant wasps did not differ in total fecundity after 10 days, recombinants produced fewer offspring early on, leading to an increased female-biased sex ratio for the whole brood. Despite the previously identified barriers to horizontal transfer of Wolbachia to and from Trichogramma pretiosum, there were no apparent barriers for Wolbachia to induce parthenogenesis in these non-native backgrounds. This is likely due to the route of infection being introgression rather than horizontal transfer, and possibly the co-evolution of Wolbachia with the mitochondria rather than the nuclear genome. -
Embryo Adoption
EMBRYO ADOPTION Reproductive Technology, In-Vitro Fertilization, and Whether Christians Should Adopt Embryos 1. Define Terms 2. Statistics/History 3. Public Policy 4. Most importantly – Search the Scriptures 5. Christian Ethics 6. Pastoral Care and Practice 7. Questions, Comments, Concerns, Discussion WHY? “Reproductive Technology encompasses all current and anticipated uses of technology in human and animal reproduction, including assisted reproductive technology, contraception and others.” TERMS: REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY Assisted Reproductive Technology treats infertility and includes: Artificial insemination Cloning Cytoplasmic Transfer Cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes, embryos Embryo transfer Fertility medication Hormone treatment In Vitro Fertilization In Vitro generated gametes Preimplantation genetic diagnosis TERMS: ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY “Future chances of pregnancy, facilitating an informed choice of family planning” Mapping a woman’s ovarian reserve, follicular dynamics, and associated biomarkers Semen analysis TERMS: PROGNOSTICS “A form of reproductive technology that enables people to control their fertility” TERMS: CONTRACEPTION Artificial wombs: “at the developmental stage” Germinal choice technology = genetic screening of blastocysts (early embryos), or germline engineering (human genetic engineering used to alter genes in the first cells of the blastocyst) In Vitro Parthenogenesis = sperm triggers the development of the egg cell into an embryo but makes no genetic contribution to the -
Further Reading
1 HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GONADAL AXIS Lecture One Further Reading Female Menstrual Cycle (the cycle will be discussed in the next lecture, in a somewhat less detailed manner) - The primary female reproductive organ are the ovaries, an almond-shaped organ in the lower abdomen. - The ovaries produce eggs or the ovum, the functional unit of the ovaries are the follicles. Females are born with immature follicles called “primordial follicles”, a follicle of this type consists of a primary oocyte (an immature ovum), surrounded by a relatively flat layer of epithelium, these epithelial cells are known as “granulosa cells”. - Follicles remain immature in the primordial stage throughout childhood, but then suddenly are triggered into maturity during puberty due to the sudden rise in GnRH (GnRH secretion remains low throughout childhood but increases in late childhood to trigger puberty) with subsequent rise in FSH and LH. - Puberty immediately triggers the the menstrual cycle, which lasts for 28 days monthly, and are divided into two subcycles, an ovarian cycle (which we will discuss), and a uterine cycle (discussed in lecture three, involves menstrual blood). However these cycles occur simultaneously, don’t worry, all will be clear by the next lecture. - Ovulation occurs at day 14 of this cycle. (all days mentioned subsequently are approximations) - Usually only 6-12 follicles participate in menstrual cycles, with only one follicle releasing its ovum to be fertilized. - The ovaries contain around 300-500 thousand follicles, 6-12 of which are usually responsive to participate in the menstrual cycle each month, with only one follicle releasing its ovum and the remaining follicles simply degenerate. -
Masculinization of Agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta: the Power of Migration and Remittance Investment on Adoption of Sustainable Production Practice
International Conference on the Mekong, Salween and Red Rivers: Sharing Knowledge and Perspectives Across Borders | Faculty of Political Science, Chulalongkorn University | 12th November 2016 Masculinization of Agriculture in the Vietnamese Mekong River Delta: The Power of Migration and Remittance Investment on Adoption of Sustainable Production Practice Jenny Lovell Abstract The story of Vietnam’s agrarian transition is increasingly a tale of gendered migration. Vietnam emerged as a rice production giant in the 1990s due to policy and infrastructural change. Meanwhile, female farmers began migrating from the delta to the city due to the lack of local wage labor jobs and a largely patriarchal land tenure system. In this way, Vietnam shows an opposing trend to the “feminization of agriculture” seen across Southeast Asia and parts of Latin America by showing an increasingly male-managed farm. Today, men are increasingly double- burdened with managing the farm and the family, while women work wage labor jobs in the city to send remittances back home. This article is a gender disaggregated plot-level study exploring on-farm practices to determine if gender is a driver of sustainable or intensification practices. The study uses plot-level data to understand sustainable practice adoption by gender. Results indicate that access to extension training, education, and credit constraints have an impact on sustainable practice adoption. Male- and jointly- managed plots are significantly more likely to adopt less popular sustainable practices such as intercropping, using mulch, composting, and integrated pest management. Similar studies from other Provinces in the Mekong River Delta could build a robust case for understanding gendered impacts on sustainable practices across southern Vietnam, helping the Plant Protection Department (PPD) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) target effective extension trainings to improve sustainable practice adoption. -
Family Law—Egg Donation and Stem Cell Research—Eggs for Sale: the Scrambled State of Legislation in the Human Egg Market
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review Volume 35 Issue 1 Article 7 2012 Family Law—Egg Donation and Stem Cell Research—Eggs for Sale: The Scrambled State of Legislation in the Human Egg Market Kitty L. Cone Follow this and additional works at: https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/lawreview Part of the Family Law Commons, Health Law and Policy Commons, and the Science and Technology Law Commons Recommended Citation Kitty L. Cone, Family Law—Egg Donation and Stem Cell Research—Eggs for Sale: The Scrambled State of Legislation in the Human Egg Market, 35 U. ARK. LITTLE ROCK L. REV. 189 (2012). Available at: https://lawrepository.ualr.edu/lawreview/vol35/iss1/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Bowen Law Repository: Scholarship & Archives. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Arkansas at Little Rock Law Review by an authorized editor of Bowen Law Repository: Scholarship & Archives. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FAMILY LAW—EGG DONATION AND STEM CELL RESEARCH—EGGS FOR SALE: THE SCRAMBLED STATE OF LEGISLATION IN THE HUMAN EGG MARKET I. INTRODUCTION The world has seen the rapid rise of numerous medical technologies that were outside the realm of possibility just a few decades ago.1 These developing technologies, although generally providing incredible enhance- ment to our lives, have also created an equally incredible legal tangle.2 Cou- ples who would never have had children in earlier times are now able to reproduce with the help of science—and a host of doctors, donors, and