DOCSLIB.ORG

Supporting Information

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Supporting Information Supporting Information McConnell et al. 10.1073/pnas.1721818115 Fig. S1. Nearly contiguous annual average (black) and 11-y median-filtered (red) lead and related measurements in the NGRIP2 ice cores. Shown are 1100 BCE to 800 CE records of (A) total lead concentration, (B) enrichment relative to cerium, (C) estimated background lead concentration, and (D) nonbackground lead concentration and lead flux. McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 1of8 Fig. S2. Differences between ice-core chronologies. Differences between the new DRI_NGRIP2 ice-core chronology based on multiparameter, annual-layer counting and the independent IntCal13 age scale based on cosmogenic nuclides (1) at 137 volcanic tie points in both the GRIP and NGRIP2 ice-core records. Gray shading shows 1 σ uncertainties from mapping GRIP cosmogenic nuclides (10Be) on to IntCal13 (14C), suggesting <2-y uncertainties (1 σ) in the new chronology during classical antiquity. The DRI_NGRIP2 chronology differs from the NEEM_2011_S1 chronology (2) by <2 y throughout antiquity, well within the stated uncertainties of that chronology. 1. Adolphi F, Muscheler R (2016) Synchronizing the Greenland ice core and radiocarbon timescales over the Holocene–Bayesian wiggle-matching of cosmogenic radionuclide records. Clim Past 12:15–30. 2. Sigl M, et al. (2015) Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years. Nature 523:543–549. Fig. S3. Differences between the original GRIP and DRI_NGRIP2 ice-core chronologies. The former, used to interpret the 18 previously published discrete measurements in the GRIP core of copper (1) and lead concentrations (2, 3), as well as lead isotope ratios (2), was incorrect by 20–30 y during classical antiquity. 1. Hong S, Candelone J, Patterson C, Boutron C (1996) History of ancient copper smelting pollution during Roman and medieval times recorded in Greenland ice. Science 272:246–249. 2. Rosman K, Chisholm W, Hong S, Candelone J, Boutron C (1997) Lead from Carthaginian and Roman Spanish mines isotopically identified in Greenland ice dated from 600 BC to 300 AD. Environ Sci Technol 31:3413–3416. 3. Hong S, Candelone JP, Patterson CC, Boutron CF (1994) Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations. Science 265:1841– 1843. McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 2of8 Fig. S4. Lead deposition during antiquity measured in three European peat bogs and the NGRIP2 ice core (Fig. 1). Shown are the (A) Flanders Moss (Scotland) (1), (B) Myrarnar (Faroe Islands) (2), and (C) Penido Vello (Spain) (3) peat bogs with their chronologies adjusted within published dating uncertainties to match the NGRIP2 record. European peat bog records (black) are sensitive to both distal and proximal emissions. While overall trends match the NGRIP2 lead de- position record (red) during antiquity, the decline in flux during the Crisis of the Roman Republic documented in Greenland ice was not reflected in the peat bog records. 1. Cloy J, Farmer J, Graham M, MacKenzie A, Cook G (2008) Historical records of atmospheric Pb deposition in four Scottish ombrotrophic peat bogs: An isotopic comparison with other records from western Europe and Greenland. Global Biogeochem Cycles 22:GB2016. 2. Shotyk W, et al. (2005) Accumulation rates and predominant atmospheric sources of natural and anthropogenic Hg and Ph on the Faroe Islands. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:1–17. 3. Martinez Cortiza A, et al. (2002) Atmospheric Pb deposition in Spain during the last 4600 years recorded by two ombrotrophic peat bogs and implications for the use of peat as archive. Sci Total Environ 292:33–44. McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 3of8 a) Myrarnar b) Flanders Moss c) Penido Vello 2048 1097 588 315 169 91 /a)/(kg/s) 49 2 26 14 (ug/m 7 4 d) Myrarnar/NGRIP2 e) Flanders Moss/NGRIP2 f) Penido Vello/NGRIP2 128.00 32.00 8.00 2.00 0.50 0.13 0.03 0.01 Fig. S5. FLEXPART (1) emission sensitivity maps (A–C) at the three peat bog sites and ratios to the NGRIP2 emission sensitivity map (D–F). Locations of the three peat bogs (filled cyan circles) and the assumed center of Roman-era mining and smelting activities (unfilled red circle) are shown. Comparisonsofthe peat bog/NGRIP2 emission sensitivity ratio maps to the observed deposition ratios in the corresponding historical archives were used to identify locations of potential emissions assuming a common source. For example, the observed average deposition of pollution lead during the Roman Period was 0.45 and 60 μg/m2/a in the NGRIP2 ice and Flanders Moss peat bog cores, respectively. The ratio is on the order of 102. High ratios in emission sensitivities (E) are found in southwestern Europe and northern Africa, with ratios <10 for terrestrial sources located in North America, Asia, and eastern Europe that are inconsistent with the observed ratio in NGRIP2 ice and Flanders Moss peat. 1. Eckhardt S, et al. (2017) Source-receptor matrix calculation for deposited mass with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART v10.2 in backward mode. Geophys Model Dev 10:4605–4618. McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 4of8 Fig. S6. Sensitivity (1) of the NGRIP2 lead pollution record to atmospheric emissions estimated from FLEXPART atmospheric transport and deposition model simulations. Also shown are locations of known mining and ore processing sites during classical antiquity (2). Previous estimates of lead production based on historical and archaeological evidence (3) suggest that >60% of European lead production was from Iberia between 50 BCE and 500 CE and only ∼10% from Britain. 1. Eckhardt S, et al. (2017) Source-receptor matrix calculation for deposited mass with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART v10.2 in backward mode. Geophys Model Dev 10:4605–4618. 2. Wilson A, Friedman H (2010) Mining Database. Version 1.0. Available at oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk/databases/mines_database/. Accessed May 21, 2017. 3. Nriagu JO (1983) Lead and Lead Poisoning in Antiquity (Wiley, New York). McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 5of8 Fig. S7. Annual average nonbackground lead deposition and estimated lead emissions with an 11-y median filter for 300 BCE to 300 CE (A) and 40 BCE to 300 CE (B). Gray shading indicates 22% uncertainty (1 σ) in emissions after filtering from year-to-year atmospheric transport variability. Also shown are the changing silver bullion content of Roman denarius coins (1), periods of major wars and plagues thought to have affected mining regions of southern Spain (Table S1), and selected historical events. Dashed line (blue) indicates when Roman pacification of Spain and Gaul was completed. 1. Butcher K, Ponting M (2015) The Metallurgy of Roman Silver Coinage: From the Reform of Nero to the Reform of Trajan (Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK). McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 6of8 Fig. S8. Assessment of underrecovery in NGRIP2. Measurement of total elemental concentrations may be influenced by acidification times since more re- calcitrant elements will remain in the particle phase longer than others and may not be fully recovered in the HR-ICP-MS analyses (e.g., refs. 1–3). To accurately assess underrecovery in the continuous NGRIP2 measurements, a subset of the acidified HR-ICP-MS sample stream (1% HNO3) was collected into precleaned 7-mL vials. The discrete vials were capped and stored. After storage for 4.5 mo, 32 vials were analyzed again. The average percentage increase in concentration relative to the appropriately averaged continuous measurements was 1% and 70% for lead (Pb) and cerium (Ce), respectively (A), indicating ∼100% recovery for lead and ∼60% recovery for cerium. The black circles in B show the corresponding ages for the 32 discrete samples. Also plotted are the continuous lead con- centration measurements (Fig. S1). Error bars in A are SEs. 1. McConnell JR, Aristarain AJ, Banta JR, Edwards PR, Simões JC (2007) 20th-century doubling in dust archived in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core parallels climate change and desertification in South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:5743–5748. 2. Rhodes R, Baker J, Millet M, Bertler N (2011) Experimental investigation of the effects of mineral dust on the reproducibility and accuracy of ice core trace element analyses. Chem Geol 286:207–221. 3. Uglietti C, Gabrielli P, Olesik J, Lutton A, Thompson L (2014) Large variability of trace element mass fractions determined by ICP-SFMS in ice core samples from worldwide high altitude glaciers. Appl Geochem 47:109–121. McConnell et al. www.pnas.org/cgi/content/short/1721818115 7of8 Table S1. Wars and campaigns affecting the Iberian Peninsula and Civil Wars of the Roman Republic Name Start End Belligerent 1 Belligerent 2 Victor Theater of action First Punic War −264 −241 Rome Carthage Rome Carthaginian Mercenary −240 −238 Carthage Mercenaries Carthage North Africa (Tunisia) War Second Punic War −218 −201 Rome Carthage Rome Central and western Mediterranean Conquest of Hispania, −194 −179 Rome Spanish tribes Rome Spain including: Action in territory of −200 Central to southern Aragon Sedetani War in Hispania Ulterior 197 Two rebellions in the Guadalcuivir Warfare in Spain −196 −195 Warfare in Spain each −194 −191 year Warfare in Spain −188 Warfare in Spain −186 Warfare in Spain −184 Warfare in Spain −182 First Celtiberian War −181 −179 Rome Celtiberians Rome Celtiberia (Spain) Lusitanian War −155 −139 Rome Lusitanians Rome Lusitania (Portugal) Second Celtiberian War −154 −151 Rome Celtiberians Rome Celtiberia (Spain) Third Punic War −149 −146 Rome Carthage Rome North Africa (Tunisia) Numantine War −143 −133 Rome Numantians Rome Spain −124 −124 Rome Allobroges Rome Southern Gaul −124 −121 Rome Arverni Rome Southern Gaul (Auvergne) Cimbrian War −113 −101 Rome Cimbri and Teutones Rome Southern Gaul, northern Italy Jugurthine War −112 −106 Rome Numidians Rome North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria) Q.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Unity in Diversity, Volume 2
    Unity in Diversity, Volume 2 Unity in Diversity, Volume 2: Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept Edited by Sabine Asmus and Barbara Braid Unity in Diversity, Volume 2: Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept Edited by Sabine Asmus and Barbara Braid This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Sabine Asmus, Barbara Braid and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-5700-9, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5700-0 CONTENTS Introduction .............................................................................................. vii Cultural and Linguistic Markers of the Concept of Unity in Diversity Sabine Asmus Part I: Cultural Markers Chapter One ................................................................................................ 3 Questions of Identity in Contemporary Ireland and Spain Cormac Anderson Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 27 Scottish Whisky Revisited Uwe Zagratzki Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 39 Welsh
    [Show full text]
  • Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – Issues of National Identity and Proto-Celtic Substratum
    Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 Celts and the Castro Culture in the Iberian Peninsula – issues of national identity and Proto-Celtic substratum Silvana Trombetta1 Laboratory of Provincial Roman Archeology (MAE/USP) [email protected] Received: 03/29/2018 Approved: 04/30/2018 Abstract : The object of this article is to discuss the presence of the Castro Culture and of Celtic people on the Iberian Peninsula. Currently there are two sides to this debate. On one hand, some consider the “Castro” people as one of the Celtic groups that inhabited this part of Europe, and see their peculiarity as a historically designed trait due to issues of national identity. On the other hand, there are archeologists who – despite not ignoring entirely the usage of the Castro culture for the affirmation of national identity during the nineteenth century (particularly in Portugal) – saw distinctive characteristics in the Northwest of Portugal and Spain which go beyond the use of the past for political reasons. We will examine these questions aiming to decide if there is a common Proto-Celtic substrate, and possible singularities in the Castro Culture. Keywords : Celts, Castro Culture, national identity, Proto-Celtic substrate http://ppg.revistas.uema.br/index.php/brathair 39 Brathair 18 (1), 2018 ISSN 1519-9053 There is marked controversy in the use of the term Celt and the matter of the presence of these people in Europe, especially in Spain. This controversy involves nationalism, debates on the possible existence of invading hordes (populations that would bring with them elements of the Urnfield, Hallstatt, and La Tène cultures), and the possible presence of a Proto-Celtic cultural substrate common to several areas of the Old Continent.
    [Show full text]
  • The Herodotos Project (OSU-Ugent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography
    Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Julie Boeten The Herodotos Project (OSU-UGent): Studies in Ancient Ethnography Barbarians in Strabo’s ‘Geography’ (Abii-Ionians) With a case-study: the Cappadocians Master thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Linguistics and Literature, Greek and Latin. 2015 Promotor: Prof. Dr. Mark Janse UGent Department of Greek Linguistics Co-Promotores: Prof. Brian Joseph Ohio State University Dr. Christopher Brown Ohio State University ACKNOWLEDGMENT In this acknowledgment I would like to thank everybody who has in some way been a part of this master thesis. First and foremost I want to thank my promotor Prof. Janse for giving me the opportunity to write my thesis in the context of the Herodotos Project, and for giving me suggestions and answering my questions. I am also grateful to Prof. Joseph and Dr. Brown, who have given Anke and me the chance to be a part of the Herodotos Project and who have consented into being our co- promotores. On a whole other level I wish to express my thanks to my parents, without whom I would not have been able to study at all. They have also supported me throughout the writing process and have read parts of the draft. Finally, I would also like to thank Kenneth, for being there for me and for correcting some passages of the thesis. Julie Boeten NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING Deze scriptie is geschreven in het kader van het Herodotos Project, een onderneming van de Ohio State University in samenwerking met UGent. De doelstelling van het project is het aanleggen van een databank met alle volkeren die gekend waren in de oudheid.
    [Show full text]
  • Wars and Battles of Ancient Rome
    Wars and Battles of Ancient Rome Battle summaries are from Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles, published by Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1904. Rise of Rome—753 to 3911 B.C. The rise of Rome from a small Latin city to the dominant power in Italy Battle of Description Sabines According to legend, a year after the Romans kidnapped their wives from the neighboring Sabines, the (Kingdom) tribes returned to take vengeance. The fighting however, was stopped by the young wives who ran in B.C. 750 between the warring parties and begged that their fathers, brothers and husbands cease making war upon each other. The Sabine and Roman tribes were henceforth united. Alba Longa After a long siege, Alba was finally taken by strategm. With the fall of Alba, its father-city, Rome was (Kingdom) the undisputed leading city of the Latins. The inhabitants of Alba were resettled in Rome on the caelian B.C. 650 Hill. Sublican Lars Porsenna, king of Clusium was marching toward Rome, planning to restore the exiled Tarquins to Bridge the Roman throne. As his army descended on Rome from the opposite side of the Tiber, roman soldiers (Tarquinii) worked furiously to destroy the wooden bridge. Horatius and two other soldiers single-handedly fended B.C. 509 off Porsenna's army until the bridge could be destroyed. Lake Regillus Fought B.C. 497, the first authentic date in the history of Rome. The details handed down, however, (Tarquinii) belong to the domain of legend rather than to that of history. According to the chroniclers, this was the B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of a Celtiberian Protective Paste and Its Possible Use by Arevaci Warriors Jesús Martín-Gil
    e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies Volume 5 Warfare Article 3 3-13-2007 Analysis of a Celtiberian protective paste and its possible use by Arevaci warriors Jesús Martín-Gil Gonzalo Palacios-Leblé Pablo Matin Ramos Francisco J. Martín-Gil Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi Part of the Celtic Studies Commons, English Language and Literature Commons, Folklore Commons, History Commons, History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, Linguistics Commons, and the Theatre History Commons Recommended Citation Martín-Gil, Jesús; Palacios-Leblé, Gonzalo; Ramos, Pablo Matin; and Martín-Gil, Francisco J. (2007) "Analysis of a Celtiberian protective paste and its possible use by Arevaci warriors," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 5 , Article 3. Available at: https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol5/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact open- [email protected]. Analysis of a Celtiberian protective paste and its possible use by Arevaci warriors Jesús Martín-Gil*, Gonzalo Palacios-Leblé, Pablo Martín Ramos and Francisco J. Martín-Gil Abstract This article presents an infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of residue adhering to a Celtiberian pottery sherd of late Iron Age date from the Arevacian site of Cerro del Castillo, in Ayllón (Segovia, Spain). This residue may be a paste used since antiquity for protective aims. Orange-sepia in colour, made from crushed bones and glue, the paste was used by Greeks and Romans and later in the construction of the cathedrals and monasteries of Europe to confer a warm colour to the stone and to protect it against environmental deterioration.
    [Show full text]
  • Sertorius's Overlooked Correspondent?
    SERTORIUS'S OVERLOOKED CORRESPONDENT? Numismatic evidence can sometimes help to solve historical questions. One such coin may be the joint issue ofC. Cassius and L. Salinator, dated by Michael Crawford to 84 B. C. l ). The first of this pair was probably the cos. 73, a member of the noble plebeian family of the Cassii Longini2). I propose conneeting this particular Cassius with areport in severalliterary sources 3). These sources tell us that, at the end of the Sertorian War in the late seventies B.C., when Pompey captured Sertorius's successor Perperna, the latter offered to show his captor letters from influential men in Rome (Plutarch's Sertorius specifies 'consu­ lars') who had invited Sertorius to return horne from Spain and to overthrow the Sullan regime. A small controversy has raged concerning these reports. Was Perperna merely lying in order to save his life or is this a case of Plutarchan imprecision4)? If there was indeed an offer I) M.H.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge, 1974), No. 355· 2) Ibid., p. 371. See MRR ii. 109. Admittedly, the identifieation of the monetalis with the cos. 73 is notassured; cf., e.g., E.S.Gruen, The Last Generation 0/ the Roman Republic (BerkeleyjLos Angeles, 1974), 126, n. 21. See also the final sentenee of n. 10, below. 3) App., B. C. 1. 115. 536: "[Perperna] emßJ..uacp1]fioOvfioCVOv vno TWV i<5lwv we; uNH:VT1]V LSeTWe{ov l<:ul ßOWVTU noJ..J..d fio1]vvastv np llOfion1]Üp nsel Tije;ev'PwfiorJ maaswe;'''; Plut., Pompey 20.7: "6 yde llsenivvue; TWV LSeTWe­ {ov yeufiofioaTWV ysyovwe; l<:VeWe; EOELXVUEV emaToJ..de; TWV iv'PwfiorJ bvvuTwTaTwv dvbewv, OL Ta nue6vTa l<:tvijaw ßovJ..5fioCVOt neayfiouTu l<:ul fioSTuaTijam T",V noJ..tTstuv el<:aJ..ovv TOV LSeTWeWV sie; T",V '!TuJ..{uv"; Plut., Sertorius 27· 3: "TWV LSeTWe{ov yeufiofioaTwv l<:Vewe; ysyovwe; vmaxvsLTo llOfion1]Ü.p &(~StV vnunl<:wv dvbewv l<:u{ ev'PwfiorJ bvvUfioivwv UVTOyeacpOve; emaToJ..ae;, l<:UJ..OVVTWV LSeHOeWV sle; '!TuJ..{uv, we; noJ..J..wv no()oVvTWV Ta nUe6VTU l<:tvijaw, l<:ul fioSTU­ ßUJ..SLV T",V noJ..tu{uv." 4) E.
    [Show full text]
  • “We Trace out All the Veins of the Earth”1
    The Springs Graduate History Journal “We trace out all the veins of the earth”1 Iberian Mining, Labor, and the Industrial Foundation of the Roman Empire: An Interdisciplinary Approach Donald Unger Abstract: By combining the critical analysis of ancient literature with archaeology and modern atmospheric data, this paper explores the limitations of ancient source material treating the topic of mining in Roman Spain from the beginning of third century B.C. during the outbreak of the second major Punic War (c. 218-201 BC) until the end of the first-century CE. By evidencing that historical treatments by ancient authors writing on the topic of mining were sparse and devoid of detail, this paper argues that an interdisciplinary approach combining ancient with modern empirical data is a viable method which can and should be used to overcome ancient source limitations on the topic of mining. Ultimately, this study supports the empirically founded notion that, in the case of the Roman mining enterprise, a proto-industrial revolution occurred at about 100 B.C. in Spain that would not be rivaled in size and scope until the modern industrial revolution. —Introduction— When Hannibal crossed the Mediterranean for the first time in 235 BC at the age of nine, he travelled North with his father Hamilcar Barca to Spain.2 After shoring up his position in North Africa following a mercenary revolt and the loss of the strategic isle of Sicily in the first Punic War against the Romans, the most pressing order of business for Hannibal’s father was to secure his position in Southern Iberia so as to gain control of the peninsula's resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Imperialism and Multipolarity in the Far West: Beyond the Lusitanians (237–146 BC)
    Imperialism and Multipolarity in the Far West: Beyond the Lusitanians (237–146 BC) Eduardo Sánchez Moreno* Board Game: Towards a Theoretical Framework The Mediterranean expansion of the Roman Republic conformed to a mul- tipolar scenario and a complex interaction displayed within it. In the case of its projection in the Iberian Peninsula, the prevailing view of an unidirec- tional and organic Roman imperialism against a substantially receiver ‘indig- enous world’ is reconsidered in favour of a process defined ultimately by the multilineality and multivocality of actors and agendas, as the progress of the investigation infers.1 In a horizon like the present one, in which hegemonic powers, city-states, peoples and confederations of varied substrate and different articulation com- pete, an approach that takes into account the perspective of International Relations (IR) seems to fit, since it is a discipline whose theory is stimulat- ing the analysis of the Hellenistic-Roman expansionism.2 The adaptation of the so-called ‘realist theory’ to the ancient Mediterranean, under the premise of a framework of relationships defined by militarism, anarchy and interstate rivalry, owes much to A.M. Eckstein.3 In short, the exegesis is that ‘Rome was responding, as any state does, to the harshly undisciplined nature (i.e. an- archy in its literal sense) of interstate relations, in which a state has to fight to maintain its security against rivals or else cave in to the dominance of a * This work has been carried out in the framework of the HAR2011-27782 and HAR2011-25443 in- vestigation projects from the Dirección General de Investigación y Gestión del Plan Nacional de I+D+I, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Gobierno de España.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic from the West’
    An Alternative to ‘Celtic from the East’ and ‘Celtic from the West’ Patrick Sims-Williams This article discusses a problem in integrating archaeology and philology. For most of the twentieth century, archaeologists associated the spread of the Celtic languages with the supposed westward spread of the ‘eastern Hallstatt culture’ in the first millennium BC. More recently, some have discarded ‘Celtic from the East’ in favour of ‘Celtic from the West’, according to which Celtic was a much older lingua franca which evolved from a hypothetical Neolithic Proto-Indo-European language in the Atlantic zone and then spread eastwards in the third millennium BC. This article (1) criticizes the assumptions and misinterpretations of classical texts and onomastics that led to ‘Celtic from the East’ in the first place; (2) notes the unreliability of the linguistic evidence for ‘Celtic from the West’, namely (i) ‘glottochronology’ (which assumes that languages change at a steady rate), (ii) misunderstood place-name distribution maps and (iii) the undeciphered inscriptions in southwest Iberia; and (3) proposes that Celtic radiating from France during the first millennium BC would be a more economical explanation of the known facts. Introduction too often, philologists have leant on outdated arch- aeological models, which in turn depended on out- Philology and archaeology have had a difficult rela- dated philological speculations—and vice versa. tionship, as this article illustrates. Texts, including Such circularity is particularly evident in the study inscriptions, and names are the philologists’ primary of Celtic ethnogenesis, a topic which can hardly be evidence, and when these can be localized and dated approached without understanding the chequered they can profitably be studied alongside archaeo- development of ‘Celtic philology’, ‘Celtic archae- logical evidence for the same localities at the same ology’ and their respective terminologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Celts Ancient and Modern: Recent Controversies in Celtic Studies
    Celts Ancient and Modern: Recent Controversies in Celtic Studies John R. Collis As often happens in conferences on Celtic Studies, I was the only contributor at Helsinki who was talking about archaeology and the Ancient Celts. This has been a controversial subject since the 1980s when archaeologists started to apply to the question of the Celts the changes of paradigm, which had impacted on archaeology since the 1960s and 1970s. This caused fundamental changes in the way in which we treat archaeological evidence, both the theoretical basis of what we are doing and the methodologies we use, and even affecting the sorts of sites we dig and what of the finds we consider important. Initially it was a conflict among archaeologists, but it has also spilt over into other aspects of Celtic Studies in what has been termed ‘Celtoscepticism’. In 2015–2016 the British Museum and the National Museum of Scotland put on exhibitions (Farley and Hunter 2015) based largely on these new approaches, raising again the conflicts from the 1990s between traditional Celticists, and those who are advocates of the new approaches (‘New Celticists’), but it also revived, especially in the popular press, misinformation about what the conflicts are all about. Celtoscepticism comes from a Welsh term celtisceptig invented by the poet and novelist Robin Llywelin, and translated into English and applied to Celtic Studies by Patrick Sims-Williams (1998); it is used for people who do not consider that the ancient people of Britain should be called Celts as they had never been so-called in the Ancient World.
    [Show full text]
  • Pompey and Cicero: an Alliance of Convenience
    POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of Texas State University-San Marcos in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of ARTS by Charles E. Williams Jr., B.A. San Marcos, Texas May 2013 POMPEY AND CICERO: AN ALLIANCE OF CONVENIENCE Committee Members Approved: ______________________________ Pierre Cagniart, Chair ______________________________ Kenneth Margerison ______________________________ Elizabeth Makowski Approved: ______________________________ J. Michael Willoughby Dean of the Graduate College COPYRIGHT by Charles E. Williams Jr. 2013 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94- 553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief quotations from this material are allowed with proper acknowledgment. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Charles E. Williams Jr., authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Above all I would like to thank my parents, Chuck and Kay Williams, for their continuing support, assistance, and encouragement. Their desire to see me succeed in my academic career is perhaps equal to my own. Thanks go as well to Dr Pierre Cagnart, without whom this work would not have been possible. His expertise in Roman politics and knowledge concerning the ancient sources were invaluable. I would also like to thank Dr. Kenneth Margerison and Dr. Elizabeth Makowski for critiquing this work and many other papers I have written as an undergraduate and graduate student.
    [Show full text]
  • AELAW Booklet / 3 Iberian Language / Writing / Epigraphy Noemí Moncunill Martí Javier Velaza Frías
    This output received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 715626. AELAW Booklet / 3 Iberian Language / Writing / Epigraphy Noemí Moncunill Martí Javier Velaza Frías INTRODUCTION* The Iberian language is principally documented by more than 2000 inscriptions dated between the fifth century BCE and first century CE, drawn from a region of the Mediterranean belt that stretches from the Hérault river in French Languedoc to Almeria. It is currently an undeciphered language. We are able to read its texts fairly reliably and even analyse the briefest and most formulaic of them with some competence, but nonetheless are unable to understand its meaning. From a typological perspective, it is almost certainly an agglutinative language which may present ergative features. Its hypothetical relationships with other languages, ancient or modern, are, however, still unproven: although a relationship with Aquitanian or ancient Basque is not impossible, it is unclear whether this would be genetic or through contact. The study of the Iberian language, like that of the other Palaeohispanic languages, goes back to the works of the numismatists, from Antonio Agustín and Velázquez to Delgado and Zóbel de Zangróniz. They are responsible for identifying the script and deciphering the first signs. When Emil Hübner published the first corpus of pre-Roman Hispanian inscriptions at the end of the nineteenth century, however, the system of transcription was still very deficient and did not even serve to reveal that these inscriptions were in fact evidence of various languages that are very different to one another.
    [Show full text]