DOCSLIB.ORG

Report on the 8Th International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes - Nice November 3- 8, 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Report on the 8Th International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes - Nice November 3- 8, 2015 UCLA UCLA Previously Published Works Title Report on the 8th international workshop on the CCN family of genes - Nice November 3- 8, 2015. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6mp1k01p Journal Journal of cell communication and signaling, 10(1) ISSN 1873-9601 Authors Perbal, Bernard Lau, Lester Lyons, Karen et al. Publication Date 2016-03-01 DOI 10.1007/s12079-016-0317-y Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California J. Cell Commun. Signal. (2016) 10:77–86 DOI 10.1007/s12079-016-0317-y EDITORIAL Report on the 8th international workshop on the CCN family of genes – Nice November 3–8, 2015 Bernard Perbal1 & Lester Lau 2 & Karen Lyons3 & Satoshi Kubota4 & Herman Yeger5 & Gary Fisher6 Received: 29 January 2016 /Accepted: 29 January 2016 /Published online: 26 February 2016 # The International CCN Society 2016 The 8th international workshop on the CCN family of genes was able and enthusiastic about participating with us in the full was held for a second time in Nice, from November 3rd to 8th, sessions of the meeting. It is always a unique and fruitful 2015. Under particularly sunny and warm weather everyone opportunity for all participants, either young or established enjoyed the charms of the Mediterranean coastline. scientists, to share time with the awardees. Thanks to Annick Perbal, the social events during the meet- This year we also had the pleasure to welcome Robert ing were a real success and were truly well appreciated by all. Baxter, a former ICCNS-Springer awardee, who flew in from The choice of the Westminster hotel was an excellent one. Australia to join us and present a special conference on the role of This year the ICCNS honored and warmly welcomed IGFBP3 in the breast cancer response to DNA damaging Judith Campisi, the recipient of the 2015 ICCNS-Springer therapy. award, who accepted to present a conference on senescence Those who did not have the opportunity to make it at the time and cancer. We are grateful to Judith Campisi who came a Robert Baxter received the award in Sydney, could then enjoy long way from San Francisco, despite being under the weather sharing experiences and discuss possible levels of interactions with a bad cold and sore throat. We also appreciate that she between the ICCNS and IGF societies. All attendees agreed that the quality of the science present- ed at the meeting was excellent. All speakers made the effort * Bernard Perbal to include in their presentation a concise overview of their [email protected] topic, which made their talk appreciable to all, including new- comers to the CCN field. Several participants who were attending the meeting for the 1 Sources et Méthodologie du Droit Economique, first time informed us, to our great satisfaction, that they GREDEG-CREDECO CNRS UMR 7321 Université de would make sure to come back for the 9th edition ! Nice-Sophia Antipolis and International CCN Society, Nice, France In his scientific introduction to the meeting, Bernard 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Perbal addressed questions regarding the progress made over Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA the past decade in the understanding of the variety and com- 3 Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, plexity of functions assigned to the CCN proteins. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los The bulk of data obtained over a few years period following Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4 the discovery of the three founding members of the CCN family Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Dentistry and [(CCN1/cyr61; CCN2/ctgf and CCN3/nov), and the Wnt- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan induced secreted proteins that were later identified as CCN pro- teins (CCN4-6)], set the stage for a new scientific era that proved 5 Program in Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, rich in exciting discoveries on CCN proteins with promise for Toronto, ON, Canada contributing to the betterment of human welfare. 6 Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Results obtained in the early 90s established the bipartite Arbor, MI, USA functionality of the CCN family of proteins, with different 78 B. Perbal et al. members involved in either the stimulation or in the inhibition In this model, the bioavailability of each ligand and partner of cell proliferation. that interact with the various CCN modules dictates potential- From one point of view past observations, can be considered ly the activation or inhibition of regulatory signaling path- either negatively as what has been wiped off by the action of ways.Tissuespecificexpression of ligands, partners and time, or positively as the bulk of what remains and on which CCN proteins coupled to their temporal regulation of expres- future efforts are to be built. New « pioneers » cannot just wipe sion provides the basis for a complex network of combinato- out the past and then present models that are in fact based on rial events, the existence of which being critical to the cou- previously published concepts. As stated by B. Perbal, it is quite pling and coordination of different regulatory pathways in disturbing that the bibliographic citations of many newly which CCN proteins are known to participate. published manuscripts do not extend more than a decade ago, Deciphering novel aspects of CCN proteins expression and at the most. In effect, the field needs to move forward and avoid functions was the topic of session I. George Bou-Gharios re- conceptual stalling. ported the identification of new enhancer sequences that are in- That the CCN proteins act in concert, either as agonists or volved in the control of CCN2 tissue-specific expression. antagonists has been established since the early 90s. What Takashi Nishida presented data supporting the idea that activa- remains to be understood are the molecular bases for their tion of RhoA and MAPK signaling induced by low intensity opposite or synergistic actions, and non-redundant functions. pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)-stimulated Ca2+ influx resulted in B. Perbal also stressed that surprisingly, very little information an increased CCN2 production which in turn induced chondro- has stemmed from a structure-function analysis of the various cyte differentiation, and Koichiro Muromachi reported data CCN proteins. There is no doubt that the field suffers from the showing regulation of CCN2 expression and membrane glyco- lack of information regarding the functional specificity of the sylation in the human dental pulp, by the bone morphogenetic four constitutive modules that make up the biologically active protein BMP-1. A new role for CCN2 in maintaining both ener- CCN proteins. gy supply and balanced aminoacid metabolism in chondrocytes Swapping of the four protein domains as was performed in the was discussed in the presentation given by Satoshi Kubota. case of IGFBP3 and CCN3, would certainly help to better un- Stimulation of osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation by derstand a fascinating paradox and pinpoint the essential compo- lysyl oxidase propeptides, with a possible role for CCN2 was nents that are responsible for the highly specific functions of presented by Philip Trackman, whereas data presented by CCN proteins that share a high degree of structural conservation. Mitsushiro Hoshijima suggested novel functions of a For example, introducing the CT module of a CCN pro- CCN2-rab14 association in proteoglycan synthesis by teins that belong to either the positive or negative group of chondrocytes. regulators, into CCN5 which is deprived of a CT module, The regulation of gene expression is known to involve a would certainly allow one to grasp some of the functions of whole series of specific DNA sequences and structural mod- this domain in different structural contexts. ifications of histones, as established by the identification of Likewise, directed mutagenesis of cysteine in CCN pro- DNAse hypersensitive regions in the vicinity of coding teins is expected to be informative, since it is widely accepted, sequences. without any kind of experimental demonstration, that the Historically, proximal elements were first identified up- pairwise association of the 38 conserved cysteine residues in stream of the core promoter sequences at which initiation of CCN proteins is responsible for the function of each domain. transcription by RNA polymerase begins. However, a close examination of predicted secondary Histone modifications associated with the regulation of structures reveals that in spite of the high degree of conserva- gene transcription were identified as part of downstream, up- tion of cysteine residues, both in place and number, in the stream and distal regulatory elements. different CCN proteins, the presence of these residues in As nicely reviewed by G. Bou Gharios, the tissue specific slightly different primary structure environments, does not regulation of CCN2 expression involves several regulatory ele- appear to impact the secondary structure in a similar way. ments localized upstream and downstream of the coding Understanding these spatial interactions is critical to a better sequences. knowledge of the structural bases for CCN biological functions. Early work from Grotendorst’s group identified TGF beta On another standpoint, and in the light of new recent results, response elements in the −134–169 region upstream to the B. Perbal came back to a model that he proposed in 2001 that CCN2 transcription start in addition to several other canonical might account for the striking functional diversity of the CCN regulatory sites. Additional data obtained by other groups proteins. This model is based on the observations that i) the established that regulation of CCN2 gene transcription by TGF expression of the CCN proteins is subject to a tight spatial and beta is SMAD-dependent. Induction of CCN2 by TGF beta in temporal regulation, and ii) each domain of the CCN proteins has fibroblasts requires both SMADs and TGF beta elements.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Emerging Roles of CCN3 Protein in Immune-Related Diseases
    Hindawi Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2021, Article ID 5576059, 8 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5576059 Review Article The Emerging Roles of CCN3 Protein in Immune-Related Diseases Linan Peng,1,2 Yingying Wei,3 Yijia Shao,1 Yi Li,1 Na Liu,1 and Lihua Duan 1 1Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanchang University, Nanchang, China 2School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China 3Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Correspondence should be addressed to Lihua Duan; [email protected] Received 6 January 2021; Revised 24 March 2021; Accepted 29 April 2021; Published 18 May 2021 Academic Editor: Yan Yang Copyright © 2021 Linan Peng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The CCN proteins are a family of extracellular matrix- (ECM-) associated proteins which currently consist of six secreted proteins (CCN1-6). CCN3 protein, also known as nephroblastoma overexpressed protein (NOV), is a member of the CCN family with multiple biological functions, implicated in major cellular processes such as cell growth, migration, and differentiation. Recently, CCN3 has emerged as a critical regulator in a variety of diseases, including immune-related diseases, including rheumatology arthritis, osteoarthritis, and systemic sclerosis. In this review, we will briefly introduce the structure and function of the CCN3 protein and summarize the roles of CCN3 in immune-related diseases, which is essential to understand the functions of the CCN3 in immune-related diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the 8Th International Workshop on the CCN Family of Genes – Nice November 3–8, 2015
    J. Cell Commun. Signal. (2016) 10:77–86 DOI 10.1007/s12079-016-0317-y EDITORIAL Report on the 8th international workshop on the CCN family of genes – Nice November 3–8, 2015 Bernard Perbal1 & Lester Lau 2 & Karen Lyons3 & Satoshi Kubota4 & Herman Yeger5 & Gary Fisher6 Received: 29 January 2016 /Accepted: 29 January 2016 /Published online: 26 February 2016 # The International CCN Society 2016 The 8th international workshop on the CCN family of genes was able and enthusiastic about participating with us in the full was held for a second time in Nice, from November 3rd to 8th, sessions of the meeting. It is always a unique and fruitful 2015. Under particularly sunny and warm weather everyone opportunity for all participants, either young or established enjoyed the charms of the Mediterranean coastline. scientists, to share time with the awardees. Thanks to Annick Perbal, the social events during the meet- This year we also had the pleasure to welcome Robert ing were a real success and were truly well appreciated by all. Baxter, a former ICCNS-Springer awardee, who flew in from The choice of the Westminster hotel was an excellent one. Australia to join us and present a special conference on the role of This year the ICCNS honored and warmly welcomed IGFBP3 in the breast cancer response to DNA damaging Judith Campisi, the recipient of the 2015 ICCNS-Springer therapy. award, who accepted to present a conference on senescence Those who did not have the opportunity to make it at the time and cancer. We are grateful to Judith Campisi who came a Robert Baxter received the award in Sydney, could then enjoy long way from San Francisco, despite being under the weather sharing experiences and discuss possible levels of interactions with a bad cold and sore throat.
    [Show full text]
  • And the CCN Family of Genes: Structural and Functional Issues
    J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 2001;54:57–79 57 Review Mol Path: first published as 10.1136/mp.54.2.57 on 1 April 2001. Downloaded from NOV (nephroblastoma overexpressed) and the CCN family of genes: structural and functional issues B Perbal Abstract terminus is expected to confer on the The CCN family of genes presently con- truncated polypeptide constitutive posi- sists of six distinct members encoding tive or negative activities. proteins that participate in fundamental (J Clin Pathol: Mol Pathol 2001;54:57–79) biological processes such as cell prolifera- tion, attachment, migration, diVerentia- Keywords: cancer; diVerentiation; signalling; develop- tion, wound healing, angiogenesis, and ment; angiogenesis; fibrosis; ctgf; cyr61; wisp; CCN several pathologies including fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Whereas CYR61 and CTGF were reported to act as positive The regulation of cellular growth, diVerentia- regulators of cell growth, NOV (nephrob- tion, and death is central to a myriad of lastoma overexpressed) provided the first biological processes that govern the appear- example of a CCN protein with negative ance, maintenance, and termination of life. regulatory properties and the first exam- Although many genes whose products are ple of aberrant expression being associ- reported to play a key role in cell growth con- ated with tumour development. The trol have been described, several basic regula- subsequent discovery of the ELM1, tory circuits involve proteins yet to be identi- rCOP1, and WISP proteins has broadened fied. http://mp.bmj.com/ The discovery of three structurally related the variety of functions attributed to the genes whose expression was modulated by CCN proteins and has extended previous growth factors and altered in cancer cells has observations to other biological systems.
    [Show full text]
  • RAPID COMMUNICATION Intrinsic Biological Activity of The
    R1 RAPID COMMUNICATION Intrinsic biological activity of the thrombospondin structural homology repeat in connective tissue growth factor Zhen-Yue Tong1,2 and David R Brigstock1–3 1Center for Cell and Vascular Biology, Children’s Research Institute, 700 Children’s Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA 2Department of Surgery and 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43212, USA (Requests for offprints should be addressed toDRBrigstockatCenter for Cell and Vascular Biology, Children’s Research Institute; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) is a 349-residue was attributed to binding interactions with cell surface mosaic protein that contains four structural modules integrin 61. As assessed by RT-PCR or Western (modules 1–4), which are presumptive domains for inter- blotting, CCN23 stimulated production of fibronectin and actions with regulatory binding proteins and receptors. pro-collagen type IV(5), both of which are downstream Module 3, corresponding to residues 199–243, is a throm- components of HSC-mediated fibrogenesis and which are bospondin structural homology repeat (TSR) and is constituents of high density matrix in fibrotic lesions. flanked by regions that are highly susceptible to proteo- These data show that while the full length CCN2 protein lytic cleavage. To test whether CCN2 module 3 (CCN23) is strongly associated with fibrosis and stellate cell func- has intrinsic biological properties, it was produced recom- tion, key integrin-binding properties, signaling, and fibro- binantly in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and examined for its genic pathways are exhibited by module 3 alone. These effects on the function of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), the data indicate that module 3 of CCN2 is intrinsically active principal fibrogenic cell type in the liver.
    [Show full text]
  • Biological Characteristics of CCN Proteins in Tumor Development Stephany C
    CCN proteins in tumor development JBUON 2016; 21(6): 1359-1367 ISSN: 1107-0625, online ISSN: 2241-6293 • www.jbuon.com E-mail: [email protected] REVIEW ARTICLE Biological characteristics of CCN proteins in tumor development Stephany C. Barreto, Amitabha Ray, Page AG. Edgar Saint James School of Medicine, Anguilla, British West Indies Summary The extracellular matrix (ECM) is no longer regarded as teins are capable of modulating a variety of biological pro- inert, rather it has multiple versatile physiologic functions. cesses in health as well as in disease conditions. In tumor Its diverse composition is implicated in each step of cancer development and in tumor microenvironment, CCN proteins progression including inflammation, angiogenesis, tumor can influence multiple facets of pathophysiological process- invasion and metastasis. In addition to structural proteins, es including cellular proliferation, invasion and metastasis. the ECM also contains a family of non-structural proteins This review has attempted a cohesive look at the CCN family called matricellular proteins. The six secreted CCN proteins, protein functions in a tumor-specific manner. which belong to the matricellular protein family, include the following: Cyr61 (CCN1), CTGF (CCN2), Nov (CCN3), WISP- Key words: cancer, CCN proteins, cell signaling, extracel- 1 (CCN4), WISP-2 (CCN5) and WISP-3(CCN6). These pro- lular matrix, matricellular proteins Introduction The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of or CCN1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF diverse groups of proteins including matricellu- or CCN2), nephroblastoma overexpressed protein lar proteins, which are a family of non-structural (Nov or CCN3), Wnt-inducible secreted protein-1 matrix proteins capable of modulating a variety (WISP-1 or CCN4), WISP-2 (CCN5) and WISP- of biological processes.
    [Show full text]
  • Modulation of Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Activin Receptor 2B Function in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis
    D 1526 OULU 2019 D 1526 UNIVERSITY OF OULU P.O. Box 8000 FI-90014 UNIVERSITY OF OULU FINLAND ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS ACTA DMEDICA Zoltan Szabo Zoltan Szabo University Lecturer Tuomo Glumoff MODULATION OF University Lecturer Santeri Palviainen CONNECTIVE TISSUE Senior research fellow Jari Juuti GROWTH FACTOR AND ACTIVIN RECEPTOR 2B Professor Olli Vuolteenaho FUNCTION IN CARDIAC University Lecturer Veli-Matti Ulvinen HYPERTROPHY AND FIBROSIS Planning Director Pertti Tikkanen Professor Jari Juga University Lecturer Anu Soikkeli Professor Olli Vuolteenaho UNIVERSITY OF OULU GRADUATE SCHOOL; UNIVERSITY OF OULU, FACULTY OF MEDICINE; Publications Editor Kirsti Nurkkala BIOCENTER OULU ISBN 978-952-62-2339-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-2340-7 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3221 (Print) ISSN 1796-2234 (Online) ACTA UNIVERSITATIS OULUENSIS D Medica 1526 ZOLTAN SZABO MODULATION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR AND ACTIVIN RECEPTOR 2B FUNCTION IN CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY AND FIBROSIS Academic dissertation to be presented with the assent of the Doctoral Training Committee of Health and Biosciences of the University of Oulu for public defence in the Leena Palotie auditorium (101A) of the Faculty of Medicine (Aapistie 5 A), on 27 September 2019, at 13 p.m. UNIVERSITY OF OULU, OULU 2019 Copyright © 2019 Acta Univ. Oul. D 1526, 2019 Supervised by Professor Risto Kerkelä Doctor Johanna Magga Reviewed by Professor Marjukka Myllärniemi Professor Eero Mervaala Opponent Professor Antti Saraste ISBN 978-952-62-2339-1 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-62-2340-7 (PDF) ISSN 0355-3221 (Printed) ISSN 1796-2234 (Online) Cover Design Raimo Ahonen JUVENES PRINT TAMPERE 2019 Szabo, Zoltan, Modulation of connective tissue growth factor and activin receptor 2b function in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of the CCN Protein Family in Cancer
    BMB Rep. 2018; 51(10): 486-492 BMB www.bmbreports.org Reports Invited Mini Review Role of the CCN protein family in cancer Hyungjoo Kim1, Seogho Son1 & Incheol Shin1,2,* 1Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, 2Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea The CCN protein family is composed of six matricellular potential as therapeutic targets (3). proteins, which serve regulatory roles rather than structural The CCN protein family consists of six members: roles in the extracellular matrix. First identified as secreted cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr 61; CCN1), connective proteins which are induced by oncogenes, the acronym CCN tissue growth factor (CTGF; CCN2), nephroblastoma over- came from the names of the first three members: CYR61, expressed (NOV; CCN3), and WNT-inducible signaling CTGF, and NOV. All six members of the CCN family consist pathway protein 1, 2, and 3 (WISP 1, 2 and 3; CCN4, 5 and of four cysteine-rich modular domains. CCN proteins are 6). The first three members, Cyr 61, CTGF, and NOV, which known to regulate cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, gave a name and acronym to the family, were first identified as and apoptosis. In addition, CCN proteins are associated with immediate early gene products of growth factors or tumor cardiovascular and skeletal development, injury repair, in- transformation related genes (4-6). The six members of the flammation, and cancer. They function either through binding CCN protein family, except for CCN5 which lacks the to integrin receptors or by regulating the expression and cysteine-knot (CT) motif, share four conserved protein motifs: activity of growth factors and cytokines.
    [Show full text]
  • CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network Factor 2) in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment, Normal and Malignant Hematopoiesis
    Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling (2021) 15:25–56 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-020-00602-2 REVIEW CCN2 (Cellular Communication Network factor 2) in the bone marrow microenvironment, normal and malignant hematopoiesis Roos J. Leguit1 · Reinier A. P. Raymakers2 · Konnie M. Hebeda3 · Roel Goldschmeding4 Received: 12 April 2020 / Accepted: 20 December 2020 / Published online: 11 January 2021 © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract CCN2, formerly termed Connective Tissue Growth Factor, is a protein belonging to the Cellular Communication Network (CCN)-family of secreted extracellular matrix-associated proteins. As a matricellular protein it is mainly considered to be active as a modifer of signaling activity of several diferent signaling pathways and as an orchestrator of their cross-talk. Furthermore, CCN2 and its fragments have been implicated in the regulation of a multitude of biological processes, includ- ing cell proliferation, diferentiation, adhesion, migration, cell survival, apoptosis and the production of extracellular matrix products, as well as in more complex processes such as embryonic development, angiogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, fbrosis, mechanotransduction and infammation. Its function is complex and context dependent, depending on cell type, state of diferentiation and microenvironmental context. CCN2 plays a role in many diseases, especially those associated with fbrosis, but has also been implicated in many diferent forms of cancer. In the bone marrow (BM), CCN2 is highly expressed in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). CCN2 is important for MSC function, supporting its proliferation, migration and diferentiation. In addition, stromal CCN2 supports the maintenance and longtime survival of hematopoietic stem cells, and in the presence of interleukin 7, stimulates the diferentiation of pro-B lymphocytes into pre-B lymphocytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) Group of Genes in Development And
    Krupska et al. Human Genomics (2015) 9:24 DOI 10.1186/s40246-015-0046-y REVIEW Open Access Eyeing the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) group of genes in development and diseases: highlights of their structural likenesses and functional dissimilarities Izabela Krupska1,3, Elspeth A. Bruford2 and Brahim Chaqour1,3,4* Abstract “CCN” is an acronym referring to the first letter of each of the first three members of this original group of mammalian functionally and phylogenetically distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins [i.e., cysteine-rich 61 (CYR61), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and nephroblastoma-overexpressed (NOV)]. Although “CCN” genes are unlikely to have arisen from a common ancestral gene, their encoded proteins share multimodular structures in which most cysteine residues are strictly conserved in their positions within several structural motifs. The CCN genes can be subdivided into members developmentally indispensable for embryonic viability (e.g., CCN1, 2 and 5), each assuming unique tissue-specific functions, and members not essential for embryonic development (e.g., CCN3, 4 and 6), probably due to a balance of functional redundancy and specialization during evolution. The temporo-spatial regulation of the CCN genes and the structural information contained within the sequences of their encoded proteins reflect diversity in their context and tissue-specific functions. Genetic association studies and experimental anomalies, replicated in various animal models, have shown that altered CCN gene structure or expression is associated with “injury” stimuli—whether mechanical (e.g., trauma, shear stress) or chemical (e.g., ischemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, inflammation). Consequently, increased organ-specific susceptibility to structural damages ensues. These data underscore the critical functions of CCN proteins in the dynamics of tissue repair and regeneration and in the compensatory responses preceding organ failure.
    [Show full text]
  • CCN Proteins in Metastatic Melanoma
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 10-2-2017 2:00 PM CCN Proteins in Metastatic Melanoma James Hutchenreuther The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Andrew Leask The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Lynne Postovit The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Physiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © James Hutchenreuther 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Hutchenreuther, James, "CCN Proteins in Metastatic Melanoma" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5043. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5043 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Melanoma cells recruit host tissue to become a part of the activated tumour stroma. This stromal microenvironment is similar to that seen in fibrotic tissue. CCN1 and CCN2 are tightly spatiotemporally regulated matricellular proteins involved in development and wound healing, and are abberantly expressed in fibrosis. Additionally they have been seen to be abnormally highly expressed in several cancers, including melanoma. Recent evidence has shown that deletion of CCN2 in the fibroblasts renders mice resistant to several models of fibrosis. Given this, I tested the hypothesis that deletion of CCN1 and CCN2 from fibroblasts could similarly impede the formation of the activated stromal microenvironment in melanoma. I used B16F(10) murine melanoma cells and syngeneic C57 BL6 mice with a tamoxifen-dependent conditional deletion of CCN1 or CCN2 in their fibroblasts.
    [Show full text]
  • WISP1 Regulation by Micrornas in Pulmonary Fibrosis“
    Aus dem Institut für Prophylaxe und Epidemiologie der Kreislaufkrankheiten der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Direktor: Prof. Dr. med. Christian Weber WISP1 Regulation by MicroRNAs in Pulmonary Fibrosis Dissertation zum Erwerb des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Barbara Berschneider aus Regensburg 2014 Meiner Familie Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Medizinischen Fakultät der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Betreuer: PD Dr. rer. nat. Peter Neth Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. rer.nat. Wolfgang Zimmermann Dekan: Prof. Dr.med. Dr.h.c. Maximilian Reiser, FACR, FRCR Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 6. November 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... I Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. VI 1 Zusammenfassung .................................................................................................. 1 2 Summary .................................................................................................................... 2 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ............................................................................................................... 3 3.1.1 Clinical features of IPF ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • WISP2 – a Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance
    John Grünberg WISP2 – A Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance John Grünberg The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 2015 1 WISP2 – A Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance Cover illustration: WISP2 decreases the lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes (by John Grünberg) WISP2 – A Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance © John Grünberg 2015 [email protected] ISBN: 978-91-628-9283-8 (print) ISBN: 978-91-628-9323-1 (epub) http://hdl.handle.net/2077/37992 Printed by Ineko AB, Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 2 John Grünberg “I may not be there yet, but I'm closer than I was yesterday.” 3 WISP2 – A Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance 4 John Grünberg WISP2 – A Novel Adipokine Related to Obesity and Insulin Resistance John Grünberg The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg Göteborg, Sweden ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing worldwide at an epidemic rate and is expected to reach 592 million inflicted individuals by 2035 as compared to 382 million in 2013. Obesity is a major risk factor for insulin resistance, defined as an impaired cellular effect of insulin, and this precedes the development of T2D. Around 85% of subjects with T2D are overweight or obese. However, the obesity-associated insulin resistance is not a direct consequence of an increased fat mass per se but rather a reduced ability to recruit new subcutaneous adipose cells following weight gain and the associated dysregulated, inflamed and insulin-resistant adipose tissue characterized by enlarged adipose cells (hypertrophic obesity).
    [Show full text]