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Diplectanum Harid Sp.Nov. and Pseudorhabdosynochus Chlorostigma Sp.Nov

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Diplectanum Harid Sp.Nov. and Pseudorhabdosynochus Chlorostigma Sp.Nov World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 6 (4): 319-327, 2014 ISSN 2078-4589 © IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2014.06.04.84274 Diplectanum harid Sp.nov. And Pseudorhabdosynochus chlorostigma Sp.nov. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) from Scaridae and Serranidae Hosts of the Red Sea 12Kareem Morsy, Hoda El Fayoumi, 2Gamal Al Shahawy and 2Mohamed Fahmy 1Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt Abstract: Diplectanum harid sp. nov. and Pseudorhabdosynochus chlorostigma sp. nov. (Monogenea: Diplectanidae) were described from the gills of the parrot fish Scarus harid (F: Scaridae Forsskal, 1775) and Brown spotted reef cod Epinephelus chlorostigma (F: Serranidae Valenciennes, 1828) respectively. Fish were collected from boot landing sites and fishermen at different water locations at Hurghada City along the Red Sea, Egypt. The morphology and morphometric characterization of the isolated worms were described by means of light microscopy. Twenty five (62.5%) out 40 speciemens of Scarus harid were infected with a Diplectanum sp. and thirteen (54.2%) out 24 specimens of Epinephelus chlorostigma were infected with Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. most of the infected fish had very pale gills and showed symptoms of anemia. Morphologically, the adult worm of Diplectanum sp., possessed a body which was elongated with a total length 0.574-0.579 (0.576±0.02) mm and a maximum width 0.103-0.107 (0.105 ±0.02) mm at the level of ovary. Haptor, broad, differentiated from the rest of the body, measured 0.17–0.21 (0.19±0.02) mm and provided with continuous rows of squamodiscs. Two pairs of lateral hamuli, three bars and 14 marginal hooklets were also observed. The copulatory organ was small and tubular, with no accessory piece and composed of anterior cone and straight posterior tube with total length 0.063-0.082 (0.069±0.002) mm. The body of the second species Pseudorhabdosynochus chlorostigma sp.nov was wide with a length 0.54 –0.58 (0.56±0.02) mm and width 0.19–0.23 (0.21±0.02) mm. The anterior region was equipped by 3 pairs of head organs and 2 pairs of eye-spots. Copulatory organ was composed of a long coiled tube that terminated in a club-shaped structure which was characteristic for this species and measured 0.070–0.072 (0.071±0.002). Haptor differentiated from the rest of the body, with a width of 0.26–0.30 (0.28±0.02) mm and provided with similar squamodiscs, 2 pairs of lateral hamuli, 3 bars and 14 marginal hooklets. The two new species were compared with those described previously from the same genus, it was shown that there were significant morphological and morphometric differences especially for the copulatory organ, which was a strong criteria for the placement these monogenean parasites as new species with new host and locality records in Egypt. Key words: Diplectanum harid sp.nov Pseudorhabdosynochus chlorostigma sp.nov Monogenea Diplectanidae Red Sea Light microscopic study INTRODUCTION severe destructions of the gills as well as severe losses too [2]. Gills of infested fish were congested or pale Fish are important members of aquatic ecosystems haemorrhagic with hyper secretion of mucus. These signs and an important source of human food. Increased may be due to severe irritation caused by movement, interest in fish culture has also increased awareness of feeding activity, fixation and attachment of monogenean and experience with parasites that affect fish health, worms. Also, the presence of thick mucus secretion leads growth and survival. The gills of fish represent one of the to respiratory failure and osmotic stress ending in the fish biotope mostly exploited by different fish ectoparasites death. Like all ectoparasites, monogeneans have well [1], among them, monogenetic trematodes that cause developed attachment structures, the anterior attachment Corresponding Author: Kareem Morsy, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. 319 World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (4): 319-327, 2014 organ and the posterior haptor which is associated with MATERIALS AND METHODS hard (sclerotized) structures in the form of hooks, anchors, clamps. The disease caused by monogenean A total of 40 specimens of Scarusharid (F: Scaridae parasites, causes serious problems in aquaculture [3-9] [20]) and 24 of Epinephelus chlorostigma (F: Serranidae) with an obvious pathogenicity. Immature worms of these (size range: 14-28 cm, mean 18.5±7.15cm; body weight parasites attach to the gill filaments of their hosts and 100-250 g, mean 205±20 g) were caught from the coasts of migrate to the buccal cavity wall for maturation, as the Hurghada City of the Red Sea in Egypt. Samples were worms ingest the blood from the gills of host fish, heavily obtained at irregular intervals in 2013. Captured fish were infected wild and cultured fish become anaemic [9,10]. kept alive in aquaria filled with the same water source and The genus Diplectanum [11] represents one of the examined within few hours. Skin surface, fins and gills genera of the family Diplectanidae which are gill parasites were firstly examined by naked eyes and with the help of of marine perciformes [12, 13]. Family Diplectanidae a dissecting microscope for any attached parasites, includes about 22 genera and more than 218 valid species. lesions or external changes. After removing opercula and The first species which detected as a member of exposing gill arches, each gill was removed carefully from Diplectanidae was proposed by [14] named as the fish, immersed in normal saline to remove any excess Dactylogyrus aequans. Later, Diesing [11] proposed the gill mucus. Monogenean parasites were recovered with a genus Diplectanum as a new genus when he transferred Pasteur pipette using a dissecting binocular microscope. Dactylogyrus aequans to Diplectanum aequans and Worms were fixed in 4% formalin and then washed with considered it as a type species of this new genus. distilled water to remove excess fixative. Worm Recently, Diesing [11] mentioned that the genus identification was confirmed by mounting specimens on Diplectanum is restricted to species that have male slides in drops of ammonium picrate glycerine under cover copulatory organ with nested tubes, accessory slips and examining hard parts using light microscopy. For copulatory organ, prostatic reservoir separated into three each monogenean parasite, the sclerotized parts of the zones, ventral and dorsal squamodiscs. haptor were measured using an ocular micrometer Yamaguti [15] established Pseudorhabdosynochus calibrated against a stage micrometer slide [21]. Ten for P. epinepheli from the gills of Epinephelus akaara specimens were measured for the range and the mean ± collected from the Inland Sea of Japan. The genus was standard deviation (SD). Prevalence, mean abundance and characterized by the presence of a sclerotised male measurements followed the guidelines of Bush et al. [22]. copulatory organ and a "quadriloculate organ" composed of four chambers and squamodiscs reduced to RESULTS membranous plaques with several curved transverse ridges. Twenty five (62.5%) out of 40 specimens of Scarus Species of Pseudorhabdosynochus parasitize marine harid were infected with a Diplectanum sp. and thirteen fish in warm seas. Santos et al. [16] listed the valid (54.2%) out 24 specimens of Epinephelus chlorostigma species with the addition of P. coioidesis Bu et al. [17] were infected with Pseudorhabdosynochus sp. most of from Epinephelus coioides and E. areolatus in Malaysia, the infected fish had very pale gills and showed Hong-Kong and Indonesia and P. chinensis Zhang et al. symptoms of anemia. [18] from E. tauvinain China, Pseudorhabdosynochus Diplectanum harid sp. nov. (Figs. 1-8, 17I, Table 1) now comprises 24 species, of which 20 parasitize serranids Body of the adult worm was elongated with a total mainly of the genus Epinephelus. length 0.574-0.579 (0.576±0.02) mm and a maximum width Diplectanids often show strict host-specificity [19]; 0.103-0.107 (0.105 ±0.02) mm at the level of ovary. The thus, it is a safe prediction that many other species of anterior attachment organ had three pairs of cephalic Pseudorhabdosynochus are still undescribed. glands. Also, two pairs of eyes were present on the dorsal During a survey of gill monogenean parasites of body region anterior to the pharynx. The posterior pair of marine fish, the parrot fish Scarus harid (F: Scaridae, [20]) eyes was larger than the anterior one. The muscular and Brown spotted reef cod Epinephelus chlorostigma pharynx was sub spherical and was located behind the (F: Serranidae) from the Red Sea, Egypt were found margins of the posterior pair of eyes. The caeca was infested by two new species of diplectanids. Herein, simple and terminated blindly at the level of posterior descriptions of these new species were carried out using margin of the vitelline field. A quadriloculate organ with light microscopy. four chambers measured 0.066–0.070 (0.068±0.002) mm 320 World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (4): 319-327, 2014 Figs. 1-8: Photomicrographs of the adult Diplectanum harid sp.nov.1 Whole mount preparation of the adult worm showing its anterior attachment organ (AT), two pairs of eyes (E), copulatory organ (CO), Quadriloculate organ (Q), squamodiscs (S) and the posterior haptor (H). 2-7 High magnifications of: 2haptor (H) consists of squamodiscs (S), two pairs of hamuli, one pair of dorsal hamuli (DH) and one pair of ventral hamuli (VH), a ventral bar (VB) and one pair of dorsal bars (DB). 3 Quadriloculate organ (Q). 4,5 Copulatory organ (CO). 6 Dorsal bar (DB) and the dorsal hamulus (DH). 7 Dorsal bar (DB), dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hamuli. 8 Ventral bar (VB) 321 World J. Fish & Marine Sci., 6 (4): 319-327, 2014 Fig.
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