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I am an exnct ungulate. This is close up of hind leg. What did this animal look like when it was alive. Look at the fossil “horses” that were alive during the Cenozoic. Compare the bone structure and see if you can match it to one the forms of horses found in the fossil record . Look at the hooves and the teeth that were also found. Use the skeleton to draw what you think this animal looked like and make a decision of what epoch it was from the chart. You can draw over the skeleton or try to draw it free hand. Think of animals of today, they will give you clues on what color they might be. Re- member the present is key to the past. I belong to the Genus _______________________________________ EvoluƟon of the Horse in the Cenozoic Evoluon at the end of the 1800’s was thought to be linear, but with more fossils in diﬀerent locaons, the story is more of overlap, radiaons and exncons. As you looks at environmental changes, the modern horse evolved to survive changing climate, which could cause food supply to change. Let’s look at the evidence of horse bones through the ages. O. Charles Marsh in the late 1800’s looked at horse fossils throughout the US and determined that the fossil bones came from the epochs listed below. Use this chart to help determine the age and name of bones on the “I am an ungulate” page. Circle the epoch and bones/teeth that you think they are. Observe! Fore Hind Tibia Cannon Tooth Upper Lower Leg Leg bone side molar molar RECENT- PLEISTOCENE Equus PLIOCENE Pliohippus LOWER PLIOCENE Protohippus MIOCENE Merychippus OLIGOCENE Mesohippus EOCENE Hyracotherium (Eohippus) .

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November, 1907.] 56 882 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History
56.9,725E( 1182:7) Article XXXV.- REVISION OF THE MIOCENE AND PLIO- CENE EQUII)DE OF NORTH AMERICA. BY JAMES WILLIAMs GIDLEY. With an introductory Note by Henry Fairfield Osborn. INTRODUCTORY NOTE. The American Museum collection of Horses -from the Eocene to the Pleistocene inielusive - now numbers several thousand specimens, includ- ing nearly fifty types and about as many casts of types. It is desired gradually, as opportunity permits, to make this type collection absolutely complete either through originals or casts. The first step towards a thorough understanding of the Equidse is a systematic revision of all the generic and specific names which have been proposed, and of the characters of the valid genera and species, starting with an exact study and comparison of the type specimens. As planned this is being done by co6peration of the writer, of Mr. Walter Granger of the American Museum staff, and especially of Mr. J. W. Gidley, formerly of this Museum, now of the United States National Museum, and the author of the present paper, who has made a specialty of the horse from the Oligo- cene to the' Pleistocene inclusive. The list of these revisions, as completed or in progress, is as follows: Pleistocene. Tooth Characters and Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Equus. By J. W. Gidley. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIV, 1901, pp. 91-141, pll. xvii-xxi, and 27 text figures. Miocene and Pliocene. Proper Generic Names of Miocene Horses. By J. W. Gidley. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XX, 1904, pp.
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Catalogue Palaeontology Vertebrates (Updated July 2020)
Hermann L. Strack Livres Anciens - Antiquarian Bookdealer - Antiquariaat Histoire Naturelle - Sciences - Médecine - Voyages Sciences - Natural History - Medicine - Travel Wetenschappen - Natuurlijke Historie - Medisch - Reizen Porzh Hervé - 22780 Loguivy Plougras - Bretagne - France Tel.: +33-(0)679439230 - email: [email protected] site: www.strackbooks.nl Dear friends and customers, I am pleased to present my new catalogue. Most of my book stock contains many rare and seldom offered items. I hope you will find something of interest in this catalogue, otherwise I am in the position to search any book you find difficult to obtain. Please send me your want list. I am always interested in buying books, journals or even whole libraries on all fields of science (zoology, botany, geology, medicine, archaeology, physics etc.). Please offer me your duplicates. Terms of sale and delivery: We accept orders by mail, telephone or e-mail. All items are offered subject to prior sale. Please do not forget to mention the unique item number when ordering books. Prices are in Euro. Postage, handling and bank costs are charged extra. Books are sent by surface mail (unless we are instructed otherwise) upon receipt of payment. Confirmed orders are reserved for 30 days. If payment is not received within that period, we are in liberty to sell those items to other customers. Return policy: Books may be returned within 14 days, provided we are notified in advance and that the books are well packed and still in good condition. Catalogue Palaeontology Vertebrates (Updated July 2020) Archaeology AE11189 ROSSI, M.S. DE, 1867. € 80,00 Rapporto sugli studi e sulle scoperte paleoetnologiche nel bacino della campagna romana del Cav.
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Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of Sciences 7-2017 Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals Willow H. Nguy University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss Part of the Geology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Nguy, Willow H., "Middle Miocene Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of the Central Great Plains from Stable Carbon Isotopes in Large Mammals" (2017). Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. 91. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/geoscidiss/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations & Theses in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS by Willow H. Nguy A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Under the Supervision of Professor Ross Secord Lincoln, Nebraska July, 2017 MIDDLE MIOCENE PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS FROM STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES IN LARGE MAMMALS Willow H. Nguy, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2017 Advisor: Ross Secord Middle Miocene (18-12 Mya) mammalian faunas of the North American Great Plains contained a much higher diversity of apparent browsers than any modern biome.
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Morton County, Kansas Michael Anthony Calvello Fort Hays State University
Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository Master's Theses Graduate School Summer 2011 Mammalian Fauna From The ulF lerton Gravel Pit (Ogallala Group, Late Miocene), Morton County, Kansas Michael Anthony Calvello Fort Hays State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses Part of the Geology Commons Recommended Citation Calvello, Michael Anthony, "Mammalian Fauna From The ulF lerton Gravel Pit (Ogallala Group, Late Miocene), Morton County, Kansas" (2011). Master's Theses. 135. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/135 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at FHSU Scholars Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of FHSU Scholars Repository. - MAMMALIAN FAUNA FROM THE FULLERTON GRAVEL PIT (OGALLALA GROUP, LATE MIOCENE), MORTON COUNTY, KANSAS being A Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Fort Hays State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science by Michael Anthony Calvello B.A., State University of New York at Geneseo Date Z !J ~4r u I( Approved----c-~------------- Chair, Graduate Council Graduate Committee Approval The Graduate Committee of Michael A. Calvello hereby approves his thesis as meeting partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science. Approved: )<--+-- ----+-G~IJCommittee Meilnber Approved: ~J, iii,,~ Committee Member 11 ABSTRACT The Fullerton Gravel Pit, Morton County, Kansas is one of many sites in western Kansas at which the Ogallala Group crops out. The Ogallala Group was deposited primarily by streams flowing from the Rocky Mountains. Evidence of water transport is observable at the Fullerton Gravel Pit through the presence of allochthonous clasts, cross-bedding, pebble alignment, and fossil breakage and subsequent rounding.
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The Flaxville Gravel and ·Its Relation to Other Terrace Gravels of the Northern Great Plains
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary . -UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Professional Paper 108-J THE FLAXVILLE GRAVEL AND ·ITS RELATION TO OTHER TERRACE GRAVELS OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS BY ARTHUR J. COLLIER AND W. T. THOM, JR. Published January 26,1918 Shorter contributions to general geology, 1917 ( Paates 179-184 ) WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 i, '!· CONTENTS. Page. Introduction ............... ~ ... ~ ........... , ........... .......... ~ ......................... ~ .... -.----- 179 Flaxville gravel ......................................................................· .. ............ ·.... 179 Late Pliocene or early Pleistocene gravel. ..................................... ..... .. .................• - 182 Late Pleistocene and Recent erosion and deposition ........................ ..... ............ ~ ............ 182 Oligocene beds in Cypress Hilla .................... .' ................. ........................ .......... 183 Summary ....•......................... ················· · ·· · ·········.···············"···················· 183 ILLUSTRA 'fl ONS. Page. PLATE LXII. Map of northeastern Montana and adjacent parts of Canada, showing the distribution of erosion levels and gravel horizons................................................................ 180 J,XIII. A, Surface of the Flaxville plateau, northeastern Montana; B, Outcrop of cemented Flaxville gravel in escarpment ·of plateau northwest of Opheim, Mont.; C; Escarpment of the Flaxville plateau, northeastern
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The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle
THE EVOLUTION OF OCCLUSAL ENAMEL COMPLEXITY IN MIDDLE MIOCENE TO RECENT EQUIDS (MAMMALIA: PERISSODACTYLA) OF NORTH AMERICA by NICHOLAS ANTHONY FAMOSO A THESIS Presented to the Department of Geological Sciences and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2013 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Nicholas Anthony Famoso Title: The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle Miocene to Recent Equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) of North America This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Department of Geological Sciences by: Dr. Edward Davis Chair Dr. Qusheng Jin Member Dr. Stephen Frost Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2013 ii © 2013 Nicholas Anthony Famoso iii THESIS ABSTRACT Nicholas Anthony Famoso Master of Science Department of Geological Sciences June 2013 Title: The Evolution of Occlusal Enamel Complexity in Middle Miocene to Recent Equids (Mammalia: Perissodactyla) of North America Four groups of equids, “Anchitheriinae,” Merychippine-grade Equinae, Hipparionini, and Equini, coexisted in the middle Miocene, and only the Equini remains after 16 million years of evolution and extinction. Each group is distinct in its occlusal enamel pattern. These patterns have been compared qualitatively but rarely quantitatively. The processes controlling the evolution of these occlusal patterns have not been thoroughly investigated with respect to phylogeny, tooth position, and climate through geologic time. I investigated two methods of quantitative analysis, Occlusal Enamel Index for shape and fractal dimensionality for complexity.
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Six Genera Are Represented: Parahippus, Hypohippus, Merychippu, Hipparion, Protohippus, and Pliohippus
1918] Matthew, Contributions to the Snake Creek Fauna 211 Teleoceras sp. The best specimen is No. 13874, a lower jaw from the Snake Creek beds, 23 miles south of Agate, Neb. It is smaller than T. medicornutus, with decidedly smaller tusk; pi present, although very small. The teeth are well worn, the molars large and hypsodont, premolars reduced, symphysis short, lower tusk upward curving; these characters place it in Teleoceras but it is much smaller and more primitive than T. fossiger. A number of teeth, and skull and skeleton parts are referable to this genus and probably to the same species. One shows the characteristic nasal with its rudi- mentary horn; various foot bones also show the generic characters, but all of them indicate a smaller and less specialized species than T. fossiger. Equidw Six genera are represented: Parahippus, Hypohippus, Merychippu, Hipparion, Protohippus, and Pliohippus. The first two are scarce; the third occurs in overwhelming abundance in most of the pockets; the fourth is almost as abundant in certain pockets; the last two are also common in certain pockets. Thus far, no skulls or skeletons have been obtained except one of Pliohippus found by H. J. Cook, but numerous upper or lower jaws and vast numbers of separate teeth. Parahippus There is evidence of but one species, which is not separable from P. cognatus Leidy. The permanent upper and lower teeth show a medium- sized, moderately progressive species with a little cement in the valleys and slopes of the cusps, but not enough to fill them until the teeth are nearly worn down.
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Evolution of Horse
UNIT 11 EVOLUTION OF HORSE Structure____________________________________________________ 11.1 Introduction 11.3 Role of Climate in the Evolution of Horse Expected Learning Outcomes 11.4 Activity 11.2 Evolution of Horse 11.5 Summary Systematic Palaeontology 11.6 Terminal Questions Place and Time of Origin 11.7 References Major Evolutionary Transitions 11.8 Further/Suggested Readings Phylogeny of Horse 11.9 Answers 11.1 INTRODUCTION Vertebrates are a diverse group of organisms ranging from lampreys to human beings. The group includes animals with backbone, such as fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. The dinosaurs that have caught public attention by making their appearance in several films and books too are vertebrates. Vertebrates have a long geological history on the planet Earth beginning more than 500 million years (Myr) ago, starting from the Cambrian to the present. They first appeared in the fossil record during the Cambrian period of the Palaeozoic era. Fishes, amphibians and reptiles were the most dominant groups of vertebrates in the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic eras. In the Mesozoic era, dinosaurs- a group of reptiles, and mammals made their appearance. Dinosaurs had a wide geographic distribution, being reported from all continents and were the largest animals to roam the Earth during the Mesozoic era. The mammals began to diversify only after the demise of dinosaurs at the close of the Mesozoic era at around 66 Myr ago. In the Cenozoic era, mammals rapidly occupied every niche and corner of the globe and therefore, the Cenozoic era is also known as the “Age of Mammals”. Introduction to Palaeontology Block……………………………………………………………………………………………….….............….…........ 3 Mammals of the Cenozoic era belong to three groups: placentals (that give birth to young ones), marsupials (in which an offspring after birth continues to develop within the pouch of the mother) and monotremes (egg laying mammals).
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Paleobiogeography of Miocene to Pliocene Equinae of North America: a Phylogenetic
Paleobiogeography of Miocene to Pliocene Equinae of North America: A Phylogenetic Biogeographic and Niche Modeling Approach A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Kaitlin Clare Maguire June 2008 2 This thesis titled Paleobiogeography of Miocene to Pliocene Equinae of North America: A Phylogenetic Biogeographic and Niche Modeling Approach by KAITLIN CLARE MAGUIRE has been approved for the Department of Geological Sciences and the College of Arts and Sciences by Alycia L. Stigall Assistant Professor of Geological Sciences Benjamin M. Ogles Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT MAGUIRE, KAITLIN CLARE, M.S., June 2008, Geological Sciences Paleobiogeography of Miocene to Pliocene Equinae of North America: A Phylogenetic Biogeographic and Niche Modeling Approach (195 pp.) Director of Thesis: Alycia L. Stigall The biogeography and evolution of the subfamily Equinae is examined using two separate but related analyses, phylogenetic biogeography and ecological niche modeling. The evolution of Equinae is a classic example of an adaptive radiation during a time of environmental change. Both analyses employed here examine the biogeography of the equine species to interpret how environmental and historical variables led to the rise and fall of this clade. Results determine climate change is the primary factor driving the radiation of Equinae and geodispersal is the dominant mode of speciation between regions of North America. A case study in the Great Plains indicates distributional patterns are more patchy during the middle Miocene when speciation rates are high than in the late Miocene, when the clade is in decline.
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Florida State Museum
BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 14 Number 2 MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE ARTIODACTYLS, TEXAS GULF COSTAL PLAIN Thomas Hudson Patton /853 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1969 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are pub- lished at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. W,WrER AuFFENBERG, Managing Editor OLIVER L. AUSTIN, Jn., Editor Consultant for this issue: DONALD E. SAVAGE Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida 32601. Published June 17, 1969 Price for this issue $1.50 MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE ARTIODACTYLS, TEXAS GULF COASTAL PLAIN THOMAS HUDSON PATTON1 SYNOPSIS: Describes 27 species of fossil artiodactyls from a series of vertically successive mammalian. assemblages in Miocene and Pliocene deposits of the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain and discusses their systematic positions. Among the new forms represented are two camel genera: Australocametus, the probable Aep!/cameZus ancestor, and Nothott/lopus, a very unusual member of the Proto- labis-Pliauchenia lineage. The Floridagulinae are now seen to have had a trans-Coastal Plain distribution extending in time from the middle Heming- fordian Garvin Gully Fauna through the Barstovian Cold Spring Fauna. The Gulf Coast species of the Synthetoceratinae are discussed and the phylogeny of the subfamily outlined. Evidence from this study indicates that the Gulf Coastal Plain constituted a distinct faunal province throughout most of the Tertiary. Whereas many striking similarities exist between the faunas of the Texas Coastal Plain and those of the Great Plains, several groups are true Gulf Coast autochthons.
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Paleobiogeography of Miocene Equinae of North America: a Phylogenetic Biogeographic Analysis of the Relative Roles of Climate, Vicariance, and Dispersal
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 267 (2008) 175–184 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Paleobiogeography of Miocene Equinae of North America: A phylogenetic biogeographic analysis of the relative roles of climate, vicariance, and dispersal Kaitlin Clare Maguire a,⁎, Alycia L. Stigall b a Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH 45701, United States b Department of Geological Sciences and OHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH 45701, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The horse subfamily Equinae underwent a major radiation during the Miocene in North America, diversifying Received 16 November 2007 from one species, Parahippus leonensis, to 70 species. This radiation has been linked to climatic and Received in revised form 19 May 2008 vegetation changes that occurred in North America during this time. However, the relationship between Accepted 18 June 2008 climate change and speciation has not previously been studied quantitatively using phylogenetic biogeography. Distribution and age-range data were collected for all North American species within Keywords: eighteen equine genera through a literature review and use of the Paleobiology Database. Fitch parsimony Radiation Geodispersal analysis of the taxon-area cladogram indicate that speciation by dispersal (Allopatry model II) was more Great Plains Grassland common in the evolution of the clade than speciation by vicariance (Allopatry model I). Distribution data Neogene were analyzed using the Lieberman-modiﬁed Brooks Parsimony Analysis (LBPA) to determine patterns of Climate Change vicariance and geodispersal, using four constrained biogeographic regions within North America in the analysis: the Great Plains, the Southwest, the Gulf Coast and the Southeast.
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Forest and Stream
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