DOCSLIB.ORG

Fabrication and Property Evaluation of Kenaf-Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fabrication and Property Evaluation of Kenaf-Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015 Fabrication and Property Evaluation of Kenaf-Jute Fiber Reinforced Composites Karthick.R 1, Mukesh.K 1, Kuttimani.C 1, Muralidharan.S 2 U.G. Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, India1 Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College, Rasipuram, India2 ABSTRACT: Basically, to produce the natural fiber composite, two natural fibers compounded with a suitable resin. In this project, kenaf and jute fibers compounded with epoxy resin. Kenaf and Jute fibers were treated using sodium hydroxide with 5wt% concentration and were soaked in the solution for 24 hours at room temperature. Kenaf and jute reinforced epoxy resin polymer matrix composites have been developed by compression moulding technique with jute fiber treated conditions and kenaf with different volume fraction of fibers as in 1:2 ratio (25%, 30%, 35%). Test specimens are prepared with different weight fractions of kenaf fiber at the optimization point of ultimate strength a small percentage of jute are added and tests were conducted and the substitution of the traditionally used composite of natural fibers such as, kenaf and jute can lead to a reduction of the component’s weight. The main objective of this experimental study is to fabricate the kenaf – jute fibers reinforced hybrid composites and to evaluate the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength of hybrid kenaf – jute reinforced epoxy composites. KEYWORDS: Natural fiber, Hybrid composite, FRC, Epoxy resin, Volume fraction, Weight percentage. I. INTRODUCTION In general, fibers are the principal load-carrying members, while the surrounding matrix keeps them in the desired location and orientation, acts as a load transfer medium between them, and protects them from environmental damages due to elevated temperatures and humidity. A composite is defined as a material containing two or more distinct phases combined in such a way so that each remains distinct. A composite laminate comprised of laminate of two or more composite material systems or a combination of two or more different fibers such as carbon and glass or carbon and aramid into a structure (tapes, fabrics and other forms may be combined). Fibers are the important class of reinforcements, as they satisfy the desired conditions and transfer strength to the matrix constituent influencing and enhancing their properties as desired. Fibers fall short of ideal performance due to several factors. The performance of a fiber composite is judged by its length, shape, orientation, and composition of the fibers and the mechanical properties of the matrix. The orientation of the fiber in the matrix is an indication of the strength of the composite and the strength is greatest along the longitudinal directional of fiber. Short fibers are also known to their theoretical strength. Most fibers in use currently are solids which are easy to produce and handle, having a circular cross-section, although a few non-conventional shaped and hollow fibers show signs of capabilities that can improve the mechanical qualities of the composites. R.Panneerdhass this paper presents the study of the tensile, compressive, flexural, impact energy and water absorption characteristics of the luffa fiber and Ground nut reinforced epoxy polymer hybrid composites. Luffa fiber and Ground nut reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites have been developed by hand lay-up technique with luffa fiber treated conditions and Ground nut with different volume fraction of fibers as in 1:1 ratio (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%). Effects of volume fraction on the Tensile, Compressive, Flexural, Impact strength were studied. SEM analysis on the composite materials was performed. Tensile strength varies from 10.35 MPa to 19.31 MPa, compressive strength varies from 26.66 MPa to 52.22 MPa, flexural strength varies from35.75 MPa to 58.95 MPa and impact energy varies from Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 1649 ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015 0.6 Joules to 1.3 Joules, as a function of fiber volume fraction. The optimum mechanical properties were obtained at 40% of fiber volume fraction of treated fiber composites. Vasanta V present the paper a Study of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Natural Fiber Composite. Samples of several Jute-Bagasse-Epoxy & Jute-Lantana camara-Epoxy hybrids were manufactured using hand layup method were kept at 40%-60%. With increase of fiber loading capacity by 20%, the flexural strength value increases to 155.5MPa for Jute- bagasse and 310.9MPa for jute-lantana camara. The tensile strength of epoxy is 62-72 MPa wit 3-4 % elongation and with increase of fiber loading capacity by 20 % the tensile strength increases. R. Bhoopathi, M. Ramesh,, C. Deepa present the paper of the role of natural and manmade fibers reinforced hybrid composite materials are growing in a faster rate in the field of engineering and technology due to its favorable properties. The main objective of this experimental study is to fabricate the banana-hemp-glass fibers reinforced hybrid composites and to evaluate the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. There are three different types hybrid laminates are fabricated by hand lay-up method by using glass, banana and hemp fibers as reinforcing material with epoxy resin. The specimen is prepared according to ASTM standards and the experiment has been carried out by using universal testing machine (UTM). II. MATERIALS AND METHODS Raw Materials: The materials are Jute fiber, Kenaf fiber, Epoxy Resin, Hardener. Jute Fiber: The jute fibers are extracted from the ribbon of the stem. When harvested the plants are cut near the ground with a sickles shaped knife. The small fibers, 5 mm, are obtained by successively retting in water, beating, stripping the fiber from the core and drying. Fig. 1. Jute Fiber Table 1. Properties of the Jute Fiber FIBER DENSITY TENSILE MODULUS OF MOIST 3 [G/CM ] STRENGTH ELASTICITY ABSORPTION 2 [N/MM ] (GPA) [%] JUTE 1460 400-800 10-30 13 Kenaf Fiber: Kenaf fiber purchased by vellaiyampalayam village, with an average fiber’ s density of 1.157g/cm3, and the unit area weight of the kenaf fiber of 542g/m2) is selected. Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 1650 ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015 Fig. 2. Kenaf Fiber Table 2. Properties of the Kenaf Fiber FIBER TENSILE STRENGTH ELASTIC MODULUS ELONGATION (MPA) (GPA) (%) KENAF 930 53 1-6 Epoxy Resin: Starting material s for epoxy matrix are low-molecular -weight organic liquid resins containing a number of epoxide groups, which are three-member rings of one oxygen atom and two carbon atoms :The raw materials involved in the fabrication were Epoxy resin LY 556. Table 3. Typical Properties of Epoxy Resin DENSITY (G=CM3) 1.2–1.3 TENSILE STRENGTH, MPA (PSI) 55–130 (8,000–19,000) POISSON’S RATIO 0.2–0.33 Specimen Preparation Method: The jute and kenaf fiber based epoxy composite is fabricated using compression process. The moulds have been prepared with dimensions of 290×290×3 mm. A sliding roller has been used to remove the trapped air from the uncured composite and mould has been closed at temperature 80° C duration 4-5 hour. The constant presser 1500Psi is applied on the mould in which the mixture of the jute and kenaf, epoxy resin and hardener has been poured. After curing, the specimen has been taken out from the mould. The composite material has been cut in suitable dimensions with help of zig saw for mechanical tests as per the ASTM standards. Fig. 3. Fabricated Jute and Kenaf Reinforced Composite Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 1651 ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015 Table 4. Composition of Composites DESIGNATION COMPOSITION C1 FIBER LENGTH (5 MM) (25 WT %) + EPOXY (75 WT%) C2 FIBER LENGTH (5 MM) (30 WT %) + EPOXY (70 WT %) C3 FIBER LENGTH (5 MM) (35WT %) + EPOXY (65 WT %) The composite materials having the following weight percentages (wt %). Table 5. Weight percentages of Fiber Volume Fraction SAMPLE PLATE JUTE (%) KENAF (%) MATRIX (%) 1 10 15 75 2 10 20 70 3 10 25 65 III. TESTING Tensile Test: The tensile tests were conducted according to ASTM D 3039-76 standard on a computerized Universal Testing Machine. Fabricated composite was cut to get the desired dimension of specimen for mechanical testing. For the tensile test, the specimen size was 250 × 25 mm gauge length and thickness was 3 mm. Fig 4. Experimental Setup for Tensile Test Flexural Test: The flexural strengths of the specimens were determined for specimens using the three-point bending test as per ASTM-D790. The specimens of dimensions 80 mm x 15 mm x 3 mm tested with a span length of 63mm. Fig 5. Experimental Setup for Flexural Test Copyright to IJIRSET www.ijirset.com 1652 ISSN(Online) : 2319 - 8753 ISSN (Print) : 2347 - 6710 International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization) Vol. 4, Special Issue 6, May 2015 Impact Test: The impact test specimens are prepared according to the required dimension following the ASTM-A370 standard. Specimen dimension for impact test was 65 mm × 13 mm and 3mm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
    English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba: Informe Nacional Sobre Los Rfaa
    CUBA: INFORME NACIONAL SOBRE LOS RFAA La Habana, abril 2007 1 INDICE Página LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS 4 SECCIÓN I: SUMARIO EJECUTIVO. 5 SECCIÓN II: INTRODUCCIÓN AL PAÍS Y AL SECTOR AGRÍCOLA. 9 II.1. Principales características de la naturaleza y la biodiversidad de Cuba. 9 II. 2. Características socio-económicas de Cuba. El Plan Turquino y su papel en la agricultura cubana. 10 II.3. Principales sistemas de producción, cultivos y productos animales, así como exportaciones. 11 SECCIÓN III. CUERPO PRINCIPAL DEL INFORME DE PAÍS. 15 Capítulo 1: Estado de la Diversidad. 15 1.1. El estado de la diversidad e importancia relativa para la seguridad alimentaria de granos básicos y cereales. 15 1.2. El estado de la diversidad e importancia relativa de raíces, tubérculos y rizomas, plátanos y bananos. 17 1.3. El estado de la diversidad e importancia relativa para la seguridad alimentaria de los frutales. 18 1.4. El estado de la diversidad e importancia relativa para la seguridad alimentaria en hortalizas y oleaginosas. 18 1.5. El estado de la diversidad en los cultivos industriales (caña de azúcar, café, cacao, tabaco y fibras). 20 1.6. El estado de la diversidad de los pastos y forrajes y plantas silvestres útiles. 21 1.7. El estado de la diversidad en los recursos genéticos forestales. 22 1.8. El estado de la diversidad en los cultivos subutilizados. 24 1.9. Consideraciones generales. 24 Capítulo 2: El Estado del Manejo In Situ de los RFAA. 25 2.1. Inventarios de la agrobiodiversidad in situ. 25 2.2. Apoyo para el ordenamiento en y mejoramiento en fincas de los 26 RFAA.
    [Show full text]
  • Complete Sequence of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus)
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Complete sequence of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) mitochondrial genome and comparative analysis Received: 2 November 2017 Accepted: 27 July 2018 with the mitochondrial genomes of Published: xx xx xxxx other plants Xiaofang Liao1,2,3, Yanhong Zhao3, Xiangjun Kong2, Aziz Khan2, Bujin Zhou 2, Dongmei Liu4, Muhammad Haneef Kashif2, Peng Chen2, Hong Wang5 & Ruiyang Zhou2 Plant mitochondrial (mt) genomes are species specifc due to the vast of foreign DNA migration and frequent recombination of repeated sequences. Sequencing of the mt genome of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) is essential for elucidating its evolutionary characteristics. In the present study, single- molecule real-time sequencing technology (SMRT) was used to sequence the complete mt genome of kenaf. Results showed that the complete kenaf mt genome was 569,915 bp long and consisted of 62 genes, including 36 protein-coding, 3 rRNA and 23 tRNA genes. Twenty-fve introns were found among nine of the 36 protein-coding genes, and fve introns were trans-spliced. A comparative analysis with other plant mt genomes showed that four syntenic gene clusters were conserved in all plant mtDNAs. Fifteen chloroplast-derived fragments were strongly associated with mt genes, including the intact sequences of the chloroplast genes psaA, ndhB and rps7. According to the plant mt genome evolution analysis, some ribosomal protein genes and succinate dehydrogenase genes were frequently lost during the evolution of angiosperms. Our data suggest that the kenaf mt genome retained evolutionarily conserved characteristics. Overall, the complete sequencing of the kenaf mt genome provides additional information and enhances our better understanding of mt genomic evolution across angiosperms.
    [Show full text]
  • Dimensional Characteristics Ofjute and Jute-Rayon Blended Fabrics
    :r'"' . ! Indian Journal of Textile Research Vol. 14. December 1989, Pp, 164-168 Dimensional characteristics of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics crosslinked with DMDHEU r-N'C~~m &tA KtMukherjee Applied Chemistry Division, Indian Jute Industries' Research Association,Calcutta 700 OXS;~" ~ , Received 24 July 1989; accepted 4 September 1989 Jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics were crosslinked with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) using metal salt catalysts [MgClz, ZnClz and Zn(NOJ}21, acid catalysts (HCl and CH3COOH) and mixed catalysts (MgCl/HCl and MgCl/CHJCOOH) by the usual pad-dry-cure method and their dimensional characteristics assessed. The crosslinking treatment reduced the % area shrinkage, i.e. improved the dimensional stability of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics signifi- cantly. The improved dimensional behaviour of treated fabrics has been attributed to the reduction in the elastic property of amorphous regions of cellulose structure. Crosslinking makes such regions behave like orderly oriented regions. t t ~ ; '.j Keywords: Crosslinking, Dif!1_ensional characteristics, Jute, Jute-rayon blended fabric, Dimethyloldi- hydroxyethylene ure'a" ' . I Introduction properties of jute fabrics modified by crosslinking The dimensional stability, i.e. resistance to with few resins in presence of catalyst, it was con- shrinkage or extension on washing, has always sidered worthwhile to study the dimensional behav- been considered important for textile fabrics. It iour of jute and jute-rayon blended fabrics after cross- has become much critical in recent years with the linking them with DMDHEU in presence of different increasing demand for dimensionally stable fa- types of catalyst. Hence, the present study.
    [Show full text]
  • Tensile Properties of Bamboo, Jute and Kenaf Mat-Reinforced Composite
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Energy Procedia 56 ( 2014 ) 72 – 79 11th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering (11th EMSES) Tensile Properties of Bamboo, Jute and Kenaf Mat-Reinforced Composite Toshihiko HOJOa,Zhilan XUb, Yuqiu YANGb*, Hiroyuki HAMADAa aKyoto Institute of Technology,Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585,Japan b Donghua University,Songjiang District,Shanghai, 201620,China Abstract Natural fibers, characterized by sustainability, have gained a considerable attention in recent years, due to their advantages of environmental acceptability and commercial viability. In this paper, several kinds of composites with natural fiber mat as reinforcement and unsaturated polyester(UP) as matrix, including jute/UP, kenaf/UP and bamboo/UP, were fabricated by hand lay-up and compression molding methods. Their tensile properties were tested and discussed, as well as the low cycle fatigue(LCF) behavior of three composites, which was compared with glass/UP. After the test, the fracture cross sectional observations were carried out on the selected test specimens using a scanning electron microscope(SEM),with a focus on the fracture morphologies. © 2014 Elsevier The Authors. Ltd. This Published is an open by access Elsevier article Ltd. under the CC BY-NC-ND license Peer-review(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble). Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT).Peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) Keywords: tensile property ; natural fiber mat; composites 1. Introduction Over the past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the use of natural fibers [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Experimentally and Investigation on Mechanical Properties of Kenaf & Flax with Different Compositions Using Hand Layup Technique
    || Volume 5 || Issue 12 || December 2020 || ISO 3297:2007 Certified ISSN (Online) 2456-3293 EXPERIMENTALLY AND INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF KENAF & FLAX WITH DIFFERENT COMPOSITIONS USING HAND LAYUP TECHNIQUE 1PYLA SATYA SAIRAM, 2Mr. K. SIVA RAJU 1M.Tech student, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Helapuri Institute of Technology and Science(Vegavaram, Denduluru (M), ELURU, West Godavari District – 534 450)Andhrapradesh. 2Internal Guide, Assistant professor, Head of the department, Dept.of Mechanical Engineering, Helapuri Institute of Technology and Science (Vegavaram, Denduluru (M), ELURU, West Godavari District – 534 450) Andhrapradesh. [email protected],[email protected] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Abstract: A composite material is made from two or more constituent materials; having better properties compared two both two parent materials. The composite is stronger, lighter, and less expensive compared with the traditional materials. In current years composites have considerable importance as a potential operational material. Less cost, less weight , more specific modulus, biodegradability and renew ability are the most basic and common attractive features of composites that make them useful for industrial applications. With less cost, ,more specific mechanical properties natural fiber signifies a worthy renewable and biodegradable composite. Among those kenaf, flax and its hybrid fibers. The present work has been done with an
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared Using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-5, January 2020 Mechanical Behaviour of Hybrid Composites Prepared using Sisal-Pineapple-Kenaf Fibre D Tamilvendan, G Mari Prabu, S Sivaraman, A. R. Ravikumar durability, tensile strength, impact strength, rupture strengths, Abstract: Variety of application use fibre reinforced composites stiffness and fatigue characteristics. Due to these numerous because of their intrinsic properties in mechanical strength, superior properties, they are extensively used in the machine renewability and low production cost compared to conventional parts like drive shafts, tanks, pressure vessels , automotive, materials. Natural fibres are environmentally friendly their use will not break the budget when used as an alternative to the combustion engines, thermal management, railway coaches regular materials. Reinforcement used in polymer is either and aircraft structures and power plant structures. man-made or natural. Man-made synthetic, metallic, Composites are made up of chemically distinct multiphase semi-synthetic, polymer fibres have superior specific strength but materials separated by distinct interface that exhibit better their high cost of production limits its application and feasibility to combination of properties compared to the constituent make composites. Recently there is a rise in use of natural fibres materials. Composite material is a combination of robust from various natural resources which are available abundantly. Composites based on natural fibres have their advantages of cost load-carrying material (known as reinforcement) imbedded in making the fibres from different vegetables, wood, animals and with weaker materials (known as matrix) differing in minerals. In this work a thorough and systematic inquiry composition on a macro scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Fabric-Evoked Prickle of Fabrics Made from Single Fibres Using Axial Fibre-Compression-Bending Analyzer
    Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research Vol. 41, December 2016, pp. 385-393 Fabric-evoked prickle of fabrics made from single fibres using axial fibre-compression-bending analyzer Rabie Ahmed Mohammed Asad1, 2, Weidong Yu1, 3, a, Yong-hong Zheng4 & Yong He4 1Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201 620, P R China 2Department of Textile Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Textiles, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, P O Box 20, Sudan 3TextileMaterials and Technology Laboratory, Donghua University, Shanghai 201 620, P R China 4Chongqing Fibre Inspection Bureau, Beibu New District, Chongqing, China Received 12 June 2014; revised received and accepted 18 December 2014 Fabrics made from cotton, cashmere, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, and wool fibres, have been used to investigate and analyze the prickle comfort properties of fabrics worn as garments. Physical properties include single-fibre critical load, compression and bending modules, which greatly affect the fabric physiological comfort. The fibres are tested using a ‘fibre axial compression-bending analyzer’. The behavior mechanisms of single-needle fibre are also analyzed, evaluated, and explained using fibres critical load, fineness, and protruding length. Physical and neuro-physiological basis for prickle sensation force from single-needle fibre depends on its bending modulus and axial compressive behavior. This experimental work shows that the bending modulus of ramie, jute, and wool fibre is significantly high as compared to other fibres. Thus, high prickle values of ramie, jute and wool fibres make them more uncomfortable due to the cross-section parameters and bending modulus of the single fibre needle. It is observed that the prickle feeling comes from the axial-compressive behavior and the number of effective fibre needles protruding from worn fabric surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Growing Hemp for Fiber Or Grain
    Growing Hemp for Fiber or Grain Presented by: Dr. Craig Schluttenhofer Research Assistant Professor of Natural Products Agriculture Research Development Program Fiber and Grain Hemp ▪ Can fit into existing grain/forage crop production models ▪ The major limitation is finding a processor that will purchase these crops Hemp: A Bast Fiber Planting a Fiber Crop ▪ Use a fiber or dual-purpose (fiber and grain) variety directly seeded into the field ▪ Plant mid-May to late-May ▪ Planted ¼ to ½ deep with a grain drill ▪ High plant density (30-35 live seed/ft2), ~60 lbs./A ▪ Use 7-8” between rows for quick canopy closure and weed suppression Growing Hemp for Fiber ▪ Plant should reach 10-15+ ft - the taller the better - long slender stems ▪ Best estimates for fertility - N: 50-100 lbs./acre - P: 45-60 lbs./acre - K: 35-100 lbs./acre Fiber Crop Maturity ▪ When male plants are at starting to flower ▪ Usually this will be mid-August for Ohio ▪ Cut with a sickle-bar or disc mower ▪ Leave to ret Retting ▪ Retting is a controlled rotting process that loosens the fibers from the hurd ▪ Cut green stalks are left in the field 2-6 weeks to “ret” ▪ Relies on fungi and bacteria to degrade pectin binding fibers to the hurd ▪ Turns brown to gray color, some charcoal covered spots “Bowstring” Test ▪ Natural separation of the fiber from the hurd during the retting process ▪ Indication the stalks are properly retted ▪ Further retting leads to decline in fiber quality and quantity Baling ▪ 1-ton round or square bales ▪ Moisture content – 16% or below to avoid molding, <10% may result in brittleness and impact fiber quality ▪ Avoid contaminating weeds in bales ▪ Avoid getting any plastic or debris in bales ▪ Do not bale up stones as they will cause damage to farm and factory equipment.
    [Show full text]
  • Raffia Palm Fibre, Composite, Ortho Unsaturated Polyester, Alkali Treatment
    American Journal of Polymer Science 2014, 4(4): 117-121 DOI: 10.5923/j.ajps.20140404.03 The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Tensile Behaviour and Hardness of Raffia Palm Fibre Reinforced Composites D. C. Anike1,*, T. U. Onuegbu1, I. M. Ogbu2, I. O. Alaekwe1 1Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo Ebonyi State, Nigeria Abstract The effects of alkali treatment and fibre loads on the properties of raffia palm fibre polyester composite were studied. Some clean raffia palm fibres were treated with 10% NaOH, and ground. The ground treated and untreated fibres were incorporated into the ortho unsaturated polyester resin. The treated and the untreated fibre composites samples were subjected to tensile tests according to ASTM D638 using instron model 3369. The microhardness test was done by forcing a diamond cone indenter into the surface of the hard specimen, to create an indentation. The significant findings of the results showed that alkali treatment improved the microhardness and extension at break at all fibre loads, better than the untreated fibre composites, with the highest values at 20% (14.40 and 3.47mm for microhardness and extension at break respectively). Tensile strength, tensile strain and modulus of elasticity also improved for alkali treated fibre composites, except in 5% and 20% for tensile strength, 15% for tensile strain, and 15% and 20% for modulus of elasticity, compared to the corresponding fibre loads of untreated fibre composites. Keywords Raffia palm fibre, Composite, Ortho unsaturated polyester, Alkali treatment The main drawbacks of such composites are their water 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Fibers and Fiber-Based Materials in Biorefineries
    Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 This report was issued on behalf of IEA Bioenergy Task 42. It provides an overview of various fiber sources, their properties and their relevance in biorefineries. Their status in the scientific literature and market aspects are discussed. The report provides information for a broader audience about opportunities to sustainably add value to biorefineries by considerin g fiber applications as possible alternatives to other usage paths. IEA Bioenergy Task 42: December 2018 Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 Report prepared by Julia Wenger, Tobias Stern, Josef-Peter Schöggl (University of Graz), René van Ree (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Ugo De Corato, Isabella De Bari (ENEA), Geoff Bell (Microbiogen Australia Pty Ltd.), Heinz Stichnothe (Thünen Institute) With input from Jan van Dam, Martien van den Oever (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Julia Graf (University of Graz), Henning Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen), Karin Fackler (Lenzing AG), Nicoletta Ravasio (CNR-ISTM), Michael Mandl (tbw research GesmbH), Borislava Kostova (formerly: U.S. Department of Energy) and many NTLs of IEA Bioenergy Task 42 in various discussions Disclaimer Whilst the information in this publication is derived from reliable sources, and reasonable care has been taken in its compilation, IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors of the publication cannot make any representation of warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the verity, accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of the information contained herein. IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors do not accept any liability towards the readers and users of the publication for any inaccuracy, error, or omission, regardless of the cause, or any damages resulting therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • Jute and Kenaf Chapter 7
    7 Jute and Kenaf Roger M. Rowell and Harry P. Stout CONTENTS 7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................406 7.2 Formation of Fiber .......................................................................................................407 7.3 Separation of Blast Fiber from Core ............................................................................408 7.4 Fiber Structure................................................................................................................ 409 7.5 Chemical Composition..................................................................................................................411 7.6 Acetyl Content ................................................................................................................412 7.7 Changes in Chemical and Fiber Properties during the Growing Season ................. 414 7.8 Fine Structure ...............................................................................................................419 7.9 Physical Properties ..........................................................................................................420 7.10 Grading and Classification............................................................................................421 7.11 Fiber and Yarn Quality..................................................................................................................... 423 7.12 Chemical Modification for Property Improvement.......................................................424
    [Show full text]