,DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 445 155 UD 033 753

AUTHOR Murray, Nancy; Armandt, Kristen; Dixit, Ravi; Fitzpatrick, Michael; Garrido, Marco; Leslie, Eric; Marcelino, Sandra; McQueen, Cyrus Malik, III; Prince, Marisa; Rego, Luis; White-Hammond, Mariama; Wong, Helen TITLE Highways into the Past: History, Organizing & Power. A Project HIP-HOP Resource for High School Students. INSTITUTION American Civil Liberties Union of Massachsetts, Boston. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 89p. PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Learner (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Black History; Blacks; *Civil Rights; Curriculum; Democracy; High Schools; *Justice; *Racial Discrimination; *United States History

ABSTRACT This curriculum, developed by a project titled "Highways into the Past, History, Organizing, and Power" (HIP-HOP), discusses the meaning of "race" in the United States and outlines the history of the civil rights movement. This resource begins with a unit that traces the concept of race as a social invention that reflects a social reality. The second and third units describe what life was like for African Americans after the period of Reconstruction and why a movement for civil and human rights was necessary. The fourth unit concentrates on the often-unnamed youth heroes who organized to resist injustice and inequality through their civil rights work. The fifth unit focuses on the way the civil rights movement has broadened into a fight for economic justice. This unit conveys a sense of what remains to be done in the fight for equality. (Contains 27 references.) (SLD)

Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 714 CI i;tothe 4 ic)st EDUCATIONAL RESOURCESOffice ca Educational INFORMATION ResearchU.S. andDEPARTMENT Improvement OF EDUCATION ; 41 f This document has been reproducedreceived as from the person or organization CENTER (ERIC) t: { Tar Minororiginating changes it. have been made to istor 14 officialdocumentPointsimprove ofOERI reproduction view do positionnot or opinionsnecessarily quality.cr policy. stated represent in this V*5° _ N.111.Ar_rayDISSEMINATEPERMISSION TO THIS REPRODUCE MATERIAL ANDHAS BEEN GRANTED BY ti Projea TONIpHorCA«u THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES of 1 oaer A Pftjeafor Ithis HEIP4710IP ResourceBEST COPYSchool AVAILABLE Students INForimATIoN CENTER iERICI History, Organizing & PowerHighways into the Past: A Project HIP-HOP Resource for High School Students Director of the Bill of Rights Education Project Nancy Murray by Kristen Armandt, RaviSandra Dixit, Marcelino, Michael Fitzpatrick, Cyrus Malik Marco McQueen Garrido, III, Eric Marisa Leslie, Prince, Luis Rego, and the following members ofMariama Project HIP-HOPWhite-Hammond, Helen Wong The Bill of Rights Education Project99 Chauncy Street, SuiteACLU 310 of Massachusetts Produced by 4 tel (617) 482-3170 x 314Boston,fax (617) MA 451-0009 02111 5 History, Organizing & PowerHighwaysA Project into HIP-HOP the Past: Resource Past,to discoverHistory, aOrganizing, history of struggleand Power), against haveWe, oppression. thejourneyed members ThroughSouth of Project HIP-HOP (Highways Into the Introduction departandrollback human from of Reconstruction, rightsthe usual was story necessary. andof the why civil a Movement rights phase for of civil the In the fourth unit we for High School Students Contents determinationourpressionspark presentations in today'shave to reclaimnotin youth schools left aourus. commitment and Manypower. this youngcurriculum,The to problems peoplesocial we action today hope of racism, toandare sexism, and all forms of op- Movement,wentwhoattentioners like marched,to jail, Dr. towhich andthe Martin participated thousandsevenconcentrates died.Luther Theyof in on King,often sit-ins, sawa few unnamed injusticeJr. highlyrode We freedom hopevisible andyouth inequality to lead-heroesbuses, draw AfterUNITWhat isReconstruction TWO:ONE: "Race"? page 82 policinginthethey facedhousing, influx understand with and of education,drugs,thea steadily continuingthe ever-widening world growing employment around problems prison gapsthem? ofopportunities, system. inde Howincome, facto can segregation, inequitythey racist be How can Movement'sbroadenedauthoritiesall around into "unfinishedthem, moved a fight and againstorganizedfor business," economic it. to brings resist Injustice, the thisit nonviolently.fifth andhistory unithow up we the to focus on the way the Movement The final unit, on the BuildingUNIT THREE: Momentum for Change page 13 We,stoodhistoryinspired as up youthof tofor awork theirtime who torightswhen participated change andyoung it?to create inpeople the atrip Webetterall to overbelieve the society South,our that country for werestudents all. need to find a connection to the ence,date,reflectionaccomplished andfirst-hand conveys to try ininterviews, thetoa sense engage next ofphase group youthwhat of discussion,we intheThroughout thisbelieve Movement. history. andneeds this criticalWe to Resource, whobe we use our personal experi- BeyondUNITThe Movement FIVE:FOUR: the Civil for Rights Civil PhaseRights page 17 whichrealizedlevelinspired of pre-dated theyouthby extentthis1965 involvement history ofthat resistance is of usually struggle. in to the knownan Movement. Weunjust hadas system, the not "civil Werealized resistance had rights notthe movement." and continued after the period of 1955 theweconnectedmade havecourageous thereceived to journey history activists gets --South transmittedand we havewereturned hope met in some oninspired,thisFinally, our material. of journeys the this informed inspiration curriculum South, and is a way of keeping the faith with TheUnitof the Movement'sSIX: Movement Unfinished Business page 3126 law,derstoodwascate thataboutand thesoon. more struggle In thanthe lastedlarger civil rightslongersense, asthethan they MovementIn a decade,this are Resource,narrowly andwas thatabout un-we it use the word "Movement" to indi- the right to vote, to be treated equally before the Mississippithempriceownwho path shared wasfor theirforward."Eddie Delta,their efforts Carthan, wisdom whose Many to change the storywithof formerthese usappears anand people unjustmayor urged in hadunit ofsystem. us Tchula paid five."to finda One heavyin ourthe of andTheSelect ProjectBill Bibiliography of RightsHIP-HOP Education Project page 4142 whichishuman "race,"not a describesrights, biological since equality we a socialthink reality, and itreality. issocial butimportant insteadThe justice.The second to a Projectunderstand social and HIP-HOPthirdinvention that units race Resource begins with a unit on slipchallengedealthings backto arepeople and racismgoing, lose to seewhereveryou the youth havegains whoweto that be see care haveprepared. it. aboutOr been"Youth we issues.Itmade." can means must very We pick a easily greatmust up the baton," he told us. "The way History, Organizing & Power 6 describe what life was like for African Americans after the Project HIP-HOP, August 1997 7 1 ime.Indeed,aumans But weeven nothing are exist. not aboutreally sure"race" if different Wecan think be taken biological we know for granted. whatraces "race" of is. We use the word all the UNIT ONE: What is legislatureRevolution.scent"black" he made orpassed Two "colored" his hundreda mistresslaw if(statute his years inor 1770,42:267) herlater, ancestry beforein that 1970, says isthe themore aAmerican personLousiana than isone "Race"? can"matesIbefore was. meant, mistookBeingI emigrated oflight-skinned mecourse, fromfor ana thewhite "American." for Philippines, a person. Filipino, ToThe I many wasthem question asked of an my "Ameri- "what" wasclass- not a new Projectone, "What are HIP-HOP you?" Even Voices Forbuildingmaterial." only blocksa Inminiscule other of humanwords, .012 lifepercentunder the Scientistsdifference world's most whoin our arepowerful genetic studying human genes report that "race accounts the basic certificatesshestatusthirty-second and on herher to brothersblack.parents' "white" birth asand well, certificatessisters the state couldWhen changeddistrict change Susie court to their"white" Phipps and birth then so petitioned the court to have the Appearance has nothing to do with it. countrythattomates be I mistaken revivedwould daily partakesharethe for question, "American." in in, a Itradition would as I wasI wasn'thave peoplenow to After white,too negotiate of foreign-looking having colorwhich how inmeantarrived thismy in the US, my "American" class- agreethanasmicroscopes,ences "race" the onbetween differenceswhatare skin-deep "race" these individuals racesisbetween adaptationsalmost are. of theinvisible.racesDifferences sameto climate,which raceThe that geneticare the eye differ- sees assuming we even far greater evolved black.Mrs.designationsthe state Phipps' appeals couldcorrect court not classification refused.be changed The and becausejudges that said"colored" she thatwas racial 3/32was In 1986, three years after the Louisiana law was menon-whiteI"What wasthat askedmeant are body you?" what I measuredhad I was,to suffer Iagainst sincerely that the humiliating felt white Growingas ifstandard. blinding question, up, I For hadspot- no sense of humor about it. Every time beas humansthe ancestral moved home out offrom us all,what the the continent fossil record of Africa. The Phipps case shows to Supremerepealedruling.case attracted, becauseCourt refused both of the the tonegative Louisiana review publicity or Supreme reverseIf race which this Courtisn't lower the something Phipps court you see when you look at a person and the US couldn'teign"basketball,crimes,lights team had Iqualify wasn't betrayedIbecause, and as white.another "American" tome, theI Asianlaughand middle-school had players.now,were revealed consignedremembering Kids mind, that,would towe crimethe howclearlywant "for- inofto what"Caucasian"),groid"). would But you what say? Asian makesIt is (or likely "Mongoloid"),one that person you will"white" andIfname you blackand white were another ("Ne- (orasked to name the principal racial groups, likewithhowa microscope,Susie ato drop definePhipps, of "blackwhatit. and Only ifis blood," youit? the have United a trace trouble States of Africandetecting defines ancestry, it a under person as Different countries disagree on makewhite.saying,"chink""nigger" fun ofI and amorme even neitheraddand call"gook""chink," of me those! afor racialdidn't good Yet slur, seem nor measure. yet could to the apply. oldI Ha, say standbys, They'd Ithat felt I likewas try "black"?of Phippscourtsskin, type inAre looked 1982-3 ofracial hair, "white" distinctions and features? and visiblelived as Ifto aso,the white tryeye to inwoman makethe color sensein a of this case before Louisiana only about 15 years ago. Susie Guillory "white."American"one"Black."2 drop If countries,rule" Noshe otherhad as agrown fordefiningcountry instance, up usescriteriain apartheid she whatIf wouldof Susie whohas South bebeen isPhipps thoughtBlack. Africa, called had of shethe asgrown up in Brazil or other Latin emigrated,towas being apparently but"American" because very Imuch wasn'tthan Itied white.did, to and race. The that nameMy meant experienceIn "American" this they country werehas shown I wasn't that American whites have a better claim not because I had familyhowever,on her passportwith denied several application.a passport blond, because blue-eyed sheHer members.had problemchecked She was"white" was, that her birth certificate gave her race legedortheAfricanwould she buffer categorymight never "Blacks." group have have of between "White" beenShe been wouldsuccessfully Black placed if she either and could in White reclassifiedhavethe demonstrate same calledbeen category classified"Coloured,"in that she asin the privi- selves,tionexempt I could could from never ask,their "Whoask own of question, arethem. you?" While "What Ia wasbody whites, toare before them you?", among aa "What?"person. a them- ques- basedturneddaughteras "colored." on out informationof that a The French she midwife was thatplanter the theat great-great-great-greather familyand birth a woman had had "colored" written of African in blood. grand- de- It S colored couldUnderwas accepted bethe classified apartheid as white as classification "Black" by her ifpeers a system, comb and placed "nonwhite""behaved in their people hair white." interms these of Projecta particular HIP-HOP "race"? voices? Can you identifyHow dowith you anything define yourself? Do you think of yourself in Highways into the Past: I was. My race was defined by those aroundI had me. to Itlearn wasn't who easy I was, and part of thatProject meant what raceHIP-HOP Voices wouldout. Thisstay there;was "science," they would apartheid-style. be called "Colored" if it fell The US racial hierarchy Davisto"white""invisible do withwrites: but blackness"appearance. are really "black" in their midstIn his book Who is Black? One Nation's Definition, F. James shows how little "race" had people who look toNoneevenLatino,for the people white.wereUS. others I to right.was Someplace though born I am myfigured and IIndian racialwas raised ame American.identity.mix, infor Boston, between being My andNative Latino,parents have American. Black,livedemigrated there and Some thought I was bytoAmerica, different serve the countriesthe interests most do pressing shareof those is needthat with they wasThe power. evolved forone labor. thing over theAt time first,various racial classifications adopted In colonial actualthemthat even was black behavingoften ancestry....race treated like asblacks more became or important willingly entirely"Concern than aassociating social any about categoryproof people with of passing as white became so great calledwhicheverTherefore,all my life.a "spic" Butcategory on thereaccountwhen makeswere you're of no mysense not.other brown to Indians them. skin, inIt'sRace peoplemy interesting neighborhood.is something put me to bein placed upon me by society. Since it is thegradually,were"heathen."people 17th enslaved, were century, slavery People divided some people became of for intoall life,whocolors twoequated somewere categories: withforconsidered shorter color. "Christians" periods.By"white" the end Onlywere and of red, black and white tionsalsorealitywith a noand matterwhich necessity life evolvedofstyle culture for would anyover biological earntime. you It was basis."a particular Sonot race just3 awas place"color," not in a butthebiological reality, but instead a social of how you acted. Your associa- knowremainedIbased became Ion am whathowthe certainly same: oneI looked looks, though not like, white.regardless people Black orcan't of Latino. my place Growingtrue Yet what racial one Iup thingam,identity, "non-white" they has has its positives and negatives. humanastermsditionsbeing slaves oftreated ofrace. color. slaverybecame differently White and property andfreedom from Black and enslavedwere were were being soon writtenAfricans, defined driven out farandin oflawapart, con- the in theracial powerful hierarchy. in society Race as to akeep social social category control. was invented by Where did "race" come from? peopleaLatinosLatinoSince "person I ofneighborhood, livedon color. ofaccount incolor," aI alsomostly of and feltour I waspoor formedmoreshared more and comfortable "non-white" a working-classaccepted community with by skin. Blacks withBlacksBlack I became other andand werecentury,million 200,000 20 people percent indentured in (750,000) the United servants of Statesthe total Bywere populationthe enslaved. time the of Constitution Therefour was written in the late 18th white people who yearscolor.distinct(who agoIt inhabited entered traditions.to justify the England) nation-formation.English used language "race"The aboutTheto describeword Anglo-Saxons four "race" hundred their atown first had nothing to do with skin whiteunderstandingLatinosscendinga burden skin, because we'd teachers,as well.between havewe facedIand tohad stickus other to everydaythat, dealtogether. pains because with peopleracism. Ofharassing of course ofour There color shared my police, was face color lacka in conde-tacit was white of couldnottheirtime.could vote,not own Halfbe sue made becauseearnings. the or population tobe work suedthey At likeleast indid were court, slaves, nota third women, own and but of enough hadtheonly who whiteno for could controlproperty. set males periods not over couldvote, The of dominateofrich the off world, the indigenous transatlantic using their peoples slave superior trade and takeand militaryAlong colonizedcontrol with technology of other large their groups parts land to of Europeans, the English grew understandwhichhistorysociety. struggledbehind the my rich against color, culture thata colonial of my India. parents force. I amI came am Theyno brown.one from don't beyond a countryPeoplecare my to see that, yet they don't know the mixedwerenew nation male African and was andsufficiently for whitewhites ancestry onlyrich. asWe "Negro" hear of or the "Black" "one dropin rule" defining all people with especially for those who sciencethings,sense.ofand other resources. Europeanincluding people'sof anthropology, It landwas people,scientists inthat this in"race" they periodattemptedthe world.measuredwas of first European Armedto used classify human inwith colonization a biologicalallskulls the living new to howtaintyferent,carefully,color. I've I I but seeam been to why inbrown be their treated, stupiddoes looks?and my and asnot difference itRace less-than,tohas be isinfluenced trusted,a construct attract to be to different.howthe be which fearwatched I see andhas Ipeople. am shapeduncer- more dif- supremacy.droptoracially-mixedthe keep 18th rule them and was Early19th enslaved. preservedchildren, centuries.in the After often20thin theIt slavery centuryenabledtheir "color own, was itslaveline" was asabolished, "Negro"upholding ownerswritten totheintoin define whiteorder one- law Friedrichcountrymen,ofevaluate Being." "races" Blumenbach, the and white line Europeans.gave them them up along the A Germanname the so-called "Caucasian" professor, "Chain inJ. At the head of the Chain, they placed their History, Organizing & Power segregation.by many Southern The paranoiastates to cement among the Southern "Jim Crow" whites system about of were1795 becauseprobably he their thought original that thehome. mountains of the Caucasus 3 The white club white settlements) and "slaves." For two centuries, US Census classifications have been a ascenturyThe "Black." nation's about In founding whichthe US groups thereimmigrant were should group,bitter be acceptedstruggles the"White" English, asin or "white."the did"Caucasian" 19th not has been as difficult to define abolishedtionedtionality,messy mixturewhether altogether,and linguistic of racial categories since classification group. no basedone Some can on agreesystems countries"race," on ethnicity, ashouldn't rational have ques- andna- be US BureauAmericanBlackWhite of or Census Negro Indian Racial Classifications (1990) Activity wantans,wouldwerekeeping or toworthy be the sharetheir played,Irish distancetheirparticipants and asstatus Jews. new from with Againimmigrant inAfrican southernthe and "American Americans, againgroups and easternthe provedDream" "race"and Europe- buying theycard by Gypsies,usedpeoples.consistent the "scienceCanada,dropped scheme of racialreacting race"that categories reflectsto against attempt the fromthe to world'sexterminate way its Census Nazi diversity Germany Jewsin 1951. and of AsianAleutEskimo(Print nameor Pacific of enrolled Islander or principal tribe) Chinese deepenedtophysicalofinto jobsprove the and ideologyattacks theirin neighborhoods. the worth 19thagainst of century, whiteas Black white supremacy. as people patriotsvarious and ethnicby forcing spearheading groups them tried out Popular racism categories,Arabs/Middle there Easterners, have been effortsCape Verdeans, toIn addthe United new Creoles, ones States, for and rather than moving to abolish racial The debate over "multiracial" JapaneseFilipinoVietnameseKoreanHawaiian nantinstance,the mid categories nineteenth who made of "black" century,up a tenth and were of "white." California's culturallyA few The immigrant populationdistinctChinese, fromgroups for in remained outside the domi- beenEuropean-Americansriages.)todaysent a childrenpush there to are whoseinclude about parents tothe a the million category 2000are of and Census.different "multiracial" a half Thereraces. interracial tohas(In repre- the also mar- US If other race, please print OtherGuamanianSamoanAsian Indian outsidegetedtoBlacks"white" by and the club.state existingwere legislatures never racial given and hierarchy, the the US opportunity Congress,thekeep Chinese them whichto were join out tried thetar-of the country altogether by passing They remained "non whites." Standing RecentAmericanswould(Caucasians) it genetic apply are to believed areevidence in thea hybrid US, to also havewhere population, suggests at up least to Critics90 one thatbearing percent white all say Europeans genes thisofancestor? African would which simply add to the confusion. Who Is this person of Spanish or Hispanic origin? YesNo PuertoMexican, Rican Mexican-American, Chicano Exclusion1892, 1902, Acts and aimed 1904. at Chinese immigrantsIn the Unitedin 1882, States, 1888, the confusion surrounding catego- Race and the US Census Isdrensenseare "Black"it 65 logical, of doespercent various and it for make Asian "white" example,combinations to in create inorigin to the include a same andof"catch mixed-race 35 aclassification child percentall" categorywhose relationships?African. parentswith for What achil- childare Salvadoran,Columbian,Yes,Cuban(for other example, Spanish, Dominican,Spaniard Argentinian, Hispanic Nicaraguan, riescalthemajority asnextof the"race" ofcentury, country the remains population. becomesvarious unresolved, "minority"more diverse.and becomes groupsThis By confusionthe morewill middle beillogi- canthe of be seen in the shifting classifications haswhosereducingdiminish come parents from theirtheir are Africaninfluence numbers. Native Americans Alaskanand their and share who Japanese? ofbelieve federal it grants wouldThe by strongest criticism of the "multiracial" proposal Ever since the 1960s, census downaboveity?WithoutWhich categoriesyour of talking own these youclassification. categoriesto thinkyour hepartner, oris basedsheNow write belongs compareon down "race"? to. whichAlso lists. National- write Areof the Language? The class should divide into twos. usedin "other1790. in US Itpersons" counted Census (including "freereports. white The free males," first Blacks census "free and white wasIndians conducted females," living in 12 theagainststatistics way discrimination votinghave been districts used and toare monitorsegregation, drawn. and The enforce and "one to dropdeterminelegislation rule" Censuscategory?they the form? same?What wouldDo you you think like you to belong see changed to more onthan the one 1 3 Highways into the Past: 1951 UNESCO Statement on Race Activity programsnumberfinallyto federal seemed of assistingpeople spending. to countedproduce minority Census "Black" some businesses, statistics benefits, and increased and areas it otherused enlarged their affirma-by access federal the bigotrydistributed.educational,society and as discrimination. a It cultural,whole is about is and collectivearranged, Instead, social rewards racisminjustice.and how refersof Nothatthe to matter economic,society the way how are humanabelong commontion andtogroups a stock....Somesinglesome are species,to due differences to ofHomodifferences the physical sapiens,in the in environments differencesandhereditaryScientists are derived constitu- betweenare in from generallywhich agreed that all men living today residentsotheralsotive actionused financial ofto and minorityprevent educationalinstitutions "redlining" neighborhoods. enrichmentto give mortgages programs. and They loansOpponents are to of the "multiracial" category feel that the the refusal of banks and racism.groups.change,racismmuch individual untilThereIts and defeat transformwe are bring attitudesnois notwinners abouta victory may and structural change, losersfor one in weand particularthe cannot institutionalbattle againstgroup,defeat collective relationships between groupshavethey been dohave notat work....been necessarily brought coincide up. In mostwith racialcases,National, groups; both influencesreligious, and the geographical, linguistic and cultural untilfullytionlong the should historydismantled. system not of of strugglebe racial Aoverlooked Clinton hierarchybehind Administration or "Black" thrown and white asaway a racialprivilegetask force designa- are has not, that is, betweenbutgated for society South prejudice, inas 1950,a discrimination,whole, it's andeasy for enough usand allThink racism. toas makehuman back distinctionsfifty beings. years. When we look back at the segre- racesFrenchmen,tioncultural with than traits racialare nor ofRoman Germans....traits.such groupsCatholics Moslems have and no Protestants.... demonstratedand SuchJews aare classification noconnec- more does not depend on any physical Americans are not a race, nor are oneommendedandargued categoryfurther that thatfragmentationsuch to Americansdescribe a category themselves ofbe wouldour permitted population," "add on theto to check censusracial and more tensionsform.has rec-than whichMississippipeople,certain is your basedpreconceived Delta. world. on everything You notionsaren't you sure orare what prejudices told to in make the aboutwhite of theImagine societyBlack few you were a white high school student in the It would be hard for you not to have anotherinsoilycharacter, physical fardistinguish as giveit nor hasstructure nodoes, beenone support major for possiblewhich example, togroup distinguish popular to analyze fromskin notionscolor another. one them, majorby oftheitself Furthermore, any groupdifferences necessar- general from playingtry has alreadyfield for movedall to compete beyond equally racism, for and society'sMany created people benefits. a level in the United States believe that the coun- Racism: what is it? withChinesetofor themselves, theirwhites students own a few kind.4 in sinceyears your you before.school, believed You which were all had peoplehappy been thatexclusively should they stickkept justifyreferring'superiority' the to conclusion these or 'inferiority' groups.... that inherited which are genetic sometimesThe differences scientific implied arematerial in a available to us at present does not notionstudesforIn Unit this towards Six view.which of Butthis leada person curriculum,first to wejudgments or have group we to will definebeingbased examineWe formedouron use preconceivedterms. the without evidenceword prejudice a to refer to individual atti- Wasn'tgrantedandarranged powerless that that the whites way things should had be atalways the top, Asbeen? making for You the the racismtook decisions, it forwhich determined how society was who had wealth and power and who was poor you probably didn't give it much thought. hassuchdoesandmajor undergone....cultural indicate,differences factor inachievements on producing theis the contrary, cultural the of differences thatdifferent experience a major peoples between factor which orin theeach explaininggroups. cultures group It ethnicityindividualsgroups.bigotryconsideration if from they and of certainexpress groupsthe facts. jobs, belongingopen People neighborhoods, dislike are to bigotsanda particular hatred andschools, act of race outother and orof Racial discrimination refers to the exclusion of fromevenandkeeping that cemeteries.the thereSouth the raceswould to the from beNorth discriminationsharing fifty schools, yearsIf youago,along neighborhoods wereyou racial probablya Black lines, and teenager whose family had moved doraces.... you think a United Nations agency feltThereRead the is need thisno evidence statementto issue for carefully. the existence What ofdoes so-called it mean? 'pure' Why King,ApartheidSouthsocial Jr.,opportunities.before usedsystem, the the lategiveterm), 1960s discrimination is not and simply SouthRacism theabout Africa force theas of underweattitudes, law. will the use it here (and as Dr. Martin Luther Openly racist societies, like the US wereinButexperienced knownthe you not form were inturned theofthe relieved "whites Southsame away sortinthat whenonly" your ofthere prejudice theyinteractionssigns, was went noand andopen to that with vote.bigotry discrimination your white youparents society. had In some History, Organizing & Powersuch a statement in the aftermath of World War II? 14 dislikes, and motivation of individuals, or individual acts of schools Black and white children studied together. But there 15 5 3outh.was no Your denying family that could racism find existed housing in the only North in asthe well ghetto, as the Footnotes Definitions wherewhitewentexistenceand by onlyneighborhoods. everythingeconomic of to a racialwhite andwas hierarchy, people. political more Factory expensive Therekept power jobs in was place payinginstead than no by disguisingin decentsocialof the by adjacent law.custom, wages the Issue:2.1. PaulIn The this Hoffman,Science resource "The we Sciencewill capitalize of Race," Black Discover, when Specialreferring of Race, November 1994. whoatoApartheid small a system were white classified of racialminority separationas African to dominate andor Colored. inequality, the majority which of people,enabled the Afrikaans word for "separateness." It referred theandhierarchy Southgave Africanin more place. like AmericansDr. the Martin North. Lutherthe It vote.As ended King,we But shall legal Jr.it leftsee,recognized segregation the Movementracial as of the 1950s and 60s made Pennsylvania3.describeto F.the James way themselves. peopleDavis, State Whoof University African is Black? descent Press, One 1991, haveNation's chosenp. 173. Definition, to Bigotryformgroupsgroups)(exaggerated of-- and aproducesexism, state ideas. generalizations of homophobia,often mind Bigotry violently in which is commonly anti-Semitism,and held prejudice images opinions racial, and about against andstereotypes or particularxenopho- takes certain the America;muchgosubstantiveism." far 5 whenenough our societychanges....thehe and said that thatis stillthe the changesrootsstructured Civil of Rights itracism madeon Movementthe are"were basis very not of deepdid rac-really not in black-white4. theChinese Civil immigrantsWar racial and hierarchy. could came not Seeto easily the Jim Mississippi beLoewen, fit into The theDelta Missis-existing after labor,controlColonizationbia (hatred and of othernew and -- a markets.suspicioncountries process by ofin whichorderforeigners). tomajor get rawtrading materials, nations land,took yearMotelthegap, Movement and in Memphis,awas half in must before Memphis Tennessee. now he workwas organizing assassinatedHeto close hadThat acome the marchis what wideat to the believe to Dr.economic Lorrainedemand King that told his staff in November 1966, a King5.Wavesippi Quoted Chinese:Jr. land and inPress, the D. Between SouthernGarrow, 1988. Black BearingChristian and White,the Leadership Cross: 2nd edition,Martin Conference, Luther Discriminationnationalapplythan another, only origin to them.often or skin throughThe color. group laws can and be setsocial apart policies becaue which of its treating one particular group less favorably bettermaintainracism? pay Wouldand that conditions our he society say a forracial is sanitary still hierarchy structured Whatworkers. was would on still the hein basis sayplace? ifof he were alive today? Would he Vintage Books, 1986, p. 537. AmericansAmerica'slawsinJim "black Crow introduced face" form of theearly of vote. inapartheid. in the the South 19th The century. in laws the Italsolate refers stripped19th to segregationcentury African a song and dance popularized by white minstrels And if it is, what can we do about it? information.RaceproclaimedPrejudice -- a --class Prejudice byforming extremist of individuals judgmentscan "hate" take subtledescended organizations.without forms considering from or be a openlycommon factual andenvironmentalonancestor,outweigh their similarities adaptation who their factors.share between differences. commonto There the people intensity is physical no of such different of thingcharacteristics sunlight racialas a "pure" groupsand basedother race, far 16 Racismreflectcontrol, -- the ina term viewwhich referringthat institutions, one race to a is systemsocial superior structures, of todomination another. and beliefs and 17 Highways into the Past: The author of What Does it Mean to be "White"? Activity school,excitedProject andbecause be livingHIP-HOP I was two going blocks to make away Voices:newI fromam friends, a whitemy best female.go friend.toWhat a Whennew we Doesfirst moved intoit Roxbury,Mean I was to be "White"? I didn'tmost:to play shework ithad offthat the that well. same I was She color used kept carpet to asking living all through ifin Isuch was the aall great house. right. place IBlack tried but it relatethinkhas"white" had toof youranher in unusual this understandingown society? experience background. Does ofor anythingwhatthoughts? What it isdo she to you besays familiestheaskremembershe looks.us recalls if movewe whenI werejustthat in. wethe thought Later,the wereneighbors new as moving thatfamilyI was werepeople talking movingin neither people were to in. myangry would notI motherdidn't usedor comeracist, understand about to up seeingbut this,and were peoplehousethedid Blacknot did because accept not crowd. accept meI wasI stillbecause me ashamed never because I letwasn't of any Iit. was ofwhiteThe my white,As first friendsenough. that time and first come whitea Blackyear over peopleended, person to my I had managed to make friends with McIntoshUnpacking wrote the aInvisible paper called Knapsack" "White (Independent WhatPrivilege: is meant by "white privilege"? Peggy justandhome,to shocked the if storeIa needed police that to get acara whiteride formula stopped home. family forme I respondedmy wouldand baby the come officers cousin.There that and I are was askedAslive other Inot withwas if lostIincidents. walkingwasthem. and lost in When I was 11, my mother sent me remembermorehisthoughtfrom house Latinlavishly that I feeling justinvited he decorated sat would almostthere me beover andthan betrayed. living stared.to my his justwhite houseHowHis like housefriend's could Ime. was was Asthe excitedhouse we evenBlack pulled had biggerbecause group been. up and beto I individualringtoSchool, see dominance racism Winter acts in 1990). ofterms onmeanness. mySheof "invisible discussesgroup," She then andsystemshow givesnotshe confer-learnedjust a list as werewaslost,thingfact I whitebut openedonlythat I a feltlivedI policecould to that athe block notofficerhe differences was live away. would automaticallythere. Looking between stopThis andbackwas whiteassuming ask theI suppose a andfirst child Blackthattime it if was becausethey my people. a eyesweregood I Latinothanarich? guy me Weren'tI friends, had and known he Blackbut was he almost peopleBlack. didn't all meetHesupposed of won anymy life.overof to my be HeWhenmany white different? was ofI friendstwowas my years14 Black for I started someolder and seeing a guy named Keith. Keith was shouldtheingof examples companysuch need things to ofof move, thisasmy "I racesort can, I can mostof if whitebeI wish, ofpretty the privilege, arrange time," sure of and to includ-renting be "If in I (brown)touchingarewith a Black child, thanmy and colorhair theirs. Latino and is I not commentingwent children. an to issue. the This King on Sometimes howwas MiddleWhen itfine was IbecauseSchool Iwas softer remember in which andelementarywhen lighter kidswasyou and middle school I identified more gethurtIguy,time. thought really themthey When I wereeven angry.would my hurt more.white Whylose that Ifriendstheir lost didI hadn't friendshipitsome matter?found told friends outthem. becauseWhat that over When Idoes was thishe Iwas beinganddatingexplained Black,I began "white"a Black thatthis to andtheheror purchasing televisionlist insee which seem people fairly Ior housingwould ofopen obvious,my wantto inrace the an to frontsuch widely arealive." as:pagethat Some represented.""I I ofcan can theitems turn afford paper on BesidesissueSoplacementmostly I was for Black. me,the except butonlylooks, Almost it forwhitewas I me would allan female becauseofissue the get for inwhites Ipushed mysome had class. intransferred of King walkingthe This people were still from down in inwas advanced myTimilty. notto class. the an mean?easiertryingfriends Was tofor because be themthis Black relationship tothey orthink whitesaw that me anymore, more everyonemore acceptable as I awas Some is'Black' treated just whites with beingwhite? fairly, my likeme. I Blackandwas to live thatnot in a bubble. By this I mean that it is toOther speak may for not all seem the people so obvious: of myPeggy "I racial am McIntosh never group." asked believes that "whites are care- wasgraduallyfirstcafeteria used I thought sometimes,to caught going that onto schoolthat itor was someone they with because didn't non-white would like they slammy The people,didn't skin myfirst color.lockerlikenow years me,half shut.at ofBostonbut myAt I Latin were extremely hard for me. I siblings,aentsenough.Blacks job, is if"well,are A theyand notshared why theirhaveas influential don'tthought mother a baby they among works asbrotherjust whites get atwhite a to abecausejob?" retaillook teenagers How after,job they canthat doandtwo someone paysnot theiryounger try $6 hardpar- getan onmalesfully the taughtlist?are taught not tonot recognize to recognizeDo whiteyou male agree privilege, privilege." with her? as What items would you put inhouse.grade wastoWest upper was whatI hadRoxbury, white.class shealways whites.meant. Not I calleddon't only IWhen rememberthink mywere apartmentshe I theykept took a friend white,my me a mouth house toasking but her they soclosed house,me I assumedwere to the comewhich middle entire thisto was her becausemoneyThehour? father A for schoolcommon has day left, offerscare scenario and so day the she care.motheris can't that How of gethad a can ateenageto job.Many gothis onShe girl motherwhiteswelfare. can't get awith justquit job?She want a schoolhas child. nothe easy fix without getting at the root History, Organizing & Power 18 busfloors ride. inHer their family house, had and three this cars, was a the back part and that front amazed yard, mefour the inof theirthe problem. complexity, I think and it's stop time dealing for them just to in start stereotypes. looking at things 19 7 Before we can see clearly how far we have come, we must freedmen in the South the right to vote this at a time when MilestonesThe Thirteenth of Reconstruction Amendment (1865) history,knowcame about.where however Inwe Maya painfulhave Angelou's been. it maybe, words: andHistory, to learn despite how change its wrenching pain, UNIT TWO: After Reconstruction It is important to know our whomalesAmendmentall women were in the still wereNorthof without1870 deprived(and extended the in sovote). ofdoing, the the vote Adultangeredvote. to African-American African-American white women, males registered to vote in huge The Fifteenth articlepartabolished stated by appropriateslavery that "Congress and legislation." "involuntary shall have servitude." powerThe firstto enforceThe part second of this this Amendment to the Constitution WhenOnWithCannot the courage, wePulse be study unlived, of needMorning history butnot ifwebe faced livedfind thatagain. it seldom moves in someformedwentnumbers1868 to2,000 Kutheelections and Klux pollsAfrican organized Klan,despite in AmericansLouisiana. which, the their terror to own inAfrican-Americancite perpetratedthe politicaljust few one weeks instance, groups.by thebefore delegates newly- killedThey the heldCasesto all in persons arising slavery fromborn would inthe the beviolation US,tried with in of federal thethe exceptionrightsThisThe courts. ActCivil of people gaveof Rights Indians. citizenship once Act (1866) and the equal benefit of the laws athereThat'sgains straight may of what Reconstruction line.be happeneda lossJust of when momentum, in were thingsthe late rolled seem and 19th a back. toreverse century be gettingOne of when direction.hundred better, the 22stateconventionsparticipated African constitutions Americans thatin substantial wereabolishing sat held in theinnumbersslavery. the US Southern Congress, Between in the states constitutional1861andand there to create 1901, were gavepropertytion of male the without freedmenlaws" anddue in fromprocess the deprivingSouth of law." the themright TheStatesThe toofAmendment Fourteenthvote."life, were liberty barred also Amendmentor from denying (1868) citizens "equal protec- yearsback, thislater, time we offind the ourselves gains of thein the Movement middle ofof a50s similar and 60s. roll The promise of Reconstruction 794 African-American representatives Butin state there legislatures. was hardly any progress on the economic front. The defeat of Reconstruction votingmales inrights. the North and prohibited the StatesThisThe fromAmendmentFifteenth abridging Amendment extended the (1870)vote to African-American Reconstruction:whichforthe theDeclaration followednation to the America'soflive Independence.Civil up to War theUnfinished canideals be ofseenThe Revolution equality decade-longas a second expressed called chance (1867-1877) Re- in period of Reconstruction Eric Foner in his book Hugeofslavestionsgovernment this tracts during andland. oflandless Thefromthe land CivilFreedmen's Southern hadpoor War. been whites Bothplanters Bureauconfiscated had the hoped had whodestitute plans fledbyto bethe theirnewly-freedto given leasefederal planta- some it to oflation, racially-motivated which gave federal interference courts additional with votingThe penalties 1866Enforcement rights. Civil in casesRights Act Act (1870) was strengthened by this legis- constructionracycountrytook thewithout thatinitiative abolished "aprecedent massive to pool slavery in experimenttheir the own inhistory the meager 19thinImmediately of interracial thiscentury. resources or any "'afterdemoc- to other buy the Civil War, the newly-freed slaves ofmillionbackernmentAfrican years to acres ofAmericansitsbroke enslavement former of its federal promise, ownersin forty-acre Africanland and andto instead theAmericans handedhomesteads. railways. gave over were most After Butanother told of hundredsthe the to gov- fendland100 Kluxtional Klan. rights Any was person liable who to penalties deprived in another federalTheThis actCivilKu ofcourts. wasconstitu-Klux Rights intended Klan Act Actto (1575)protect (1871) Black people from the Ku landmasshadthe laws"barred andmeetings erectand states from buildingsto from demand depriving denying for equality schools. them citizens ofandBy They"life, "equal1868the vote.libertyalso the protection Fourteenthorganized or prop- of Amendment to the Constitution backinsurefor our themselves. ofonto country's economic plantations history. independence under Before a system waslongThe a theyof critical economicgovernment's had turning been serfdom forced point decision to deny freedmen any mea- theaters,enjoymentdropped.sections barringhotels, It of declared public waiting segregation accommodations,that rooms, all personsin andschools businesses. were suchAfter and entitled as churches five trains, years to ships, equalwere in Congress, this act finally passed when erty without due process of law." The Amendent gave male 9R. 0 called the sharecropping system. Black (and white) share- 21 Highways into the Past: croppers were loaned small tracts of land for their own use By 1877, when Reconstruction was officially at an end, InThe a 5-4Slaughterhouse decision, the CasesUS Supreme (1871) Court ruled that the Rolling Back the Gains of Reconstruction tific"Usuallyin return justification. theyfor growing ended up and hopelessly picking cotton inAt debt. the for same their time,landlords. racism was being given a new "scien- In 1859 Charles Darwin published his andcomingonlyone whitein one five together in workers of five the to couldwork werefight forcecount pushedfor their was on apart commonsteadytotally by unemployed,work.racism. interests, Instead Black and of itsprotectgovernmentunderFourteenth citizens, federal civil Amendment that couldrights protection. was not of its citizens.interfere business.did The NOT decision Ifwith a place state a state's said thechose rights that"right" not the ofto tonational citizensprotect fail to theoryStruggleOriginpathbreaking of for Species:evolution Life. description ByThe and the Preservation "struggle timeof the of laws Reconstruction, for of ofFavoredexistence" evolution, Races hadDarwin's On inbeen the The so-called The history of ReconstructionThe has courts important lead lessons the way for backwards temptedMissouri to who vote. refused The Supreme to accept Court her declared ballotMinorVirginia whenunanimously v. Happersett Minor she at- brought (1875) suit against an election official in popularizedthatWhiteracesdoctrine African were supremacists of called "SocialAmericans to support naturally arguedDarwinism" be racial economically"superior" that hierarchy.the maintained laws and and of others naturesocially that "inferior." required certain subor- oftheseknowandthe meaning present.Congressional "guarantees"that they orIt simplyteachesexist, oflaws civiland ignored usare demand rightsthat not Constitutionalaltogether.self-enforcing. and that liberties they be can Unlessimplemented,Amendments be stripped people beforecanwasexpansivethat AmericansthusBlackscitizenship considerably definition were as did deprivedwell notof asnarrowed, citizenship conferwomen. of the suffrage voteItwith inwas bythe dire but indirect on14th resultsa matter Amendment for of AM- time anyone. The means. freedmenReconstruction.bedinate a violation to would whites. of comeGod's Any in plan. otherhuge arrangementnumbersThis to compete sortwould, of racist forthey their said,ideology contributed to the failure of In the North, white workers feared that justicesforcesof injustice in in society. the and 1870's theLower andlarger court 1880's social, judges favored economic andThe property US courts, Supreme and rights then political Court asover today, reflected the public acceptance obligationtect the rights of the of states, African not Americans. the federal government,TheUS Supreme v. Cruikshank to Court (1876) unanimously ruled that it was the pro- alongsideSouth,keepjobs. theRacism Black work white servedworkers force workers, dividedthe were interestsand preventedtoshunned maximize of those when from profits.who they holding wantedattempted jobs to In the andofwhatThepersonal the Civilcourts "equal Thirteenth, rights, Rights were rights" andable Acts.Fourteenth, meant gave to exploitThey legitimacyin practice wereand the Fifteenthlack also into theirof whiteable agreement Amendmentsinterpretation tosupremacy. appeal over to prohibitingmerce Clause segregation (Article 1, on Section interstate 8) preventedrailroads.TheHall Supremev.the DuCuir states Court from(1878) ruled that the Constitution's Com- "returnitstructionto wasjoin timethe to felt normal."Southern to "enough end federalFarmers'Rather had been interventionthan Alliance. done" expandBy for the democracy,inthe mid the freedmen 1870sSouth they many andand one-time supporters of Recon- claimed,ofgovernmentAmericans' rights properlyup longstandingto theclaim belongedstates that and underdistrust to not the the the of states. Constitution, afederal centralizing It was,government theprotection national courts to theasserted laws."Civil that Rights The Blacks dissent Act must of was 1875 no written longer unconstitutional. "beby Justice theTheCivil special Supreme JohnRights The favorite Marshalldecision Cases Court, of (1883) with one dissenting vote, declared greedwanted"Gilded and to Age."corruption,expand It thewas economy.as a thetime big of industrialistsan unprecedentedThe closing consolidated decadesupsurge of in the 19th century are known as the CruikshankSupremeprotecting.decide whether Court2 in favor Africanruled of 96unanimously Americans members of had inToa white the showany case mobrights what of who worth USthis had v. meant in practice, in 1876 the US badgeHarlan, of who servitude argued which that private violated racial the 13thdiscriminationThePlessy Amendment. Supreme v. Ferguson Court (1896)ruled that racial segregation was a was thewithenterprise,"ontheir the economic holdingsthe trade "natural unions.which insystem railways, laws" held All gave ofthatthat oil,this riches theregoverned steel, was should to doneand a few, thebanks in be themarketplace. whileno andname interference madethe of many "free war If courtswouldmurderamassacred courthouse sincenot in 60theact, murder inBlack state andLouisiana. possetheycourtswas not couldmembers Theybecause a federal notcould whobethe crime. notcharged hadstate be been Sochargedgovernment theyin guarding federal were with History, Organizing & Powerlegal if facilities for the races were "separate but equal." 22 remained fearful for their jobs, so be it. charged under the 1870 Civil Rights Enforcement Act with 23 9 interferingprocess and with equal the protection Black posse's rights of assembly, due of the laws. The Supreme there is in this country no superior, dominant,"But in rulingthe view class of theof Constitution, in the eye of the law, LATE 1% Cotaume... Court,thesince federal the however, massacre government, said was it notwas to protectperpetrated the obligation the rights by stateof of the Blacks,officials states, and notbut Inblind,citizens. respect and There ofneither civil is knows rights,no caste norall here.citizens tolerates Our are classesConstitution equal among before is citizens.the color- law. tsloW You 14Johl bypermitted private citizens, segregation the attackers and the disenfrachisementshouldDuring go free. the next of twenty years the US Supreme Court African orregardsThe of humblest his man color as man,iswhen the and peerhis takes civil of theno rights account most as powerful. guaranteedof his surroundings The by lawthe 14lou 51TARE IN ) 1-14L TRAIN, NIAR. FluoriM THIS rim PLE-i5Y,of 0 ON, COMETAE or4,CrEHE W cAt4Crr IN HERE joinintenseSouth,Klan.Americans forces in Thein the rollingacross interest 1890s,and backbarred racial when of African-American the linesfederal it dominantseemed to actionoppose that class, pooragainst gainsthe both was North especially farmers mightbigthe property Ku Klux and supremewrongaccommodation...will lawthis ofday the done." land notare misleadinvolved." anyoneTwoHarlan years nor concluded atone later forthe theSupremethat "the Court thin disguiseruled that of a Missis-'equal' a 0 INECASE r AK ot4E EIGHTH 15t-Ac-IL. 7 I OrleansJimholders.Ferguson. Crow to segregation test an 1890 in segregation its decision law Inin the1896 in Louisianacase the of Supreme Plessy v. Court put its stamp of approval on In 1892 Homer Plessy got on a train in New which depriveMississippi'snotsippigrandfather unconstitutional. plan African to take example. clauses theAmericans vote (which Among away of saidfrom the only Africanmethodsvote those were Americans they peoplepoll used taxes, couldwas to Other Southern states followed Theordereddescent,enforcingPlessy railway railwayslooked in companiesit the meant white proportionto provide extra(he were later work. ofseparatenot told seven happy They the eighths carriagescourt withbacked hethis Caucasian was thefor law, "oftest since case. and whites. mixed Supremementliteracyvote whose(which tests Court grandfathers wereand decided tests seldom about that hadgiven the a been white Constitutionto whites).At entitled high the end school to and of vote), thegovern- did century, andnot in Cumming v. Georgia, the "L PAS6Pon ATE 7-9111 "whitesthatone eighthhe wasonly" African "a carriage Negro" blood"), andbefore being refusing arrested. to move from and informed the train conductor the ofhave fundsseparate to beto maintainclosed but "equal" because a school was a fullyschoolfor African exposed. district Americans. did not have The themyth L Cg*J'T1°4 0-CAE INNiltOFFIC.E. egT ovA INtot>> Bet Ause- rou cA you A %Atm. both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth AmendmentsIn court Plessy to claimed that the Louisiana law violated the US Lynch law No'°(-ur`ILtsgs 5 Aco4 MAT AINE ux-mtp jyou AIEAN TO SAY THAI secA vs c 1 An :singleConstitution.ocean drop of of Caucasian AfricanHis lawyer bloodwhiteness?" asked, is sufficient "will Inthe toits court color ruling hold a the thatUS Supremea Court drew in part from 3 whole the aably tool brutal of social racial control. violence. Between White 1889 supremacists Supremeand 1918, Court atused least rulingsfear 3,224 as gave the green light to unspeak- 0 ---I OfkOP'gILE0 ,,,, 15 K,D1cM.A.S ..." .."1U...2.....S-1,2_ OPOIPI:v. AITE. c_"T c_,E.T A PA.,sr.e-, 7, AND TTKIS II564-&. ' rAcTT L gr.., 71+,,..0,-,E I,case segregationMarshallvote,facilities of Roberts the Harlan,Court offor v. Boston's theCity ruled a races offormer Boston, schools.that were slaveowner, racial "separate but wrote these words which in 1850 had upheld the With onlysegregation one dissenting was legal if equal." Justice John in violencewithmajoritytopeople, death a crime. mostly by ofhad lynchthe become Black victims mobs men, a hadin "natural" wereboth never hanged,the been partNorth formallybeatenof and the South.andAmerican charged burned The By the dawn of the 20th century vigilante 10dissent: 24 landscape. Desperate to awaken the national conscience, the BEST COPY AVAILABLE 25 Highways into the Past: NAACPhuman"Do you placedbeings know arean that adBURNED the in aUS newspaper is AT the THE only in STAKE?" land1922 on which Earth read: where 1. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Footnotes watchedflamessetthem this pour them woodgradually gasoline pile on woodfire. crept on I around stoodthis nearer wood. in his a and crowdhelpless And nearer I ofI watched watchedbody. 600 to peoplethe I watchedthree anhelpless asangry men the mob chain him to an iron stake. I Activity turnedastookto passWorld the home.a formfederal War ofWhite I laworganizedended, against workers and pogroms lynchingAfrican feared inThis Americanfailed.their many message competition RacialNorthern soldiers fell violence oncities forre- deaf ears. Attempts to get Congress ChiltonHoward2.Revolution, On the BookMeyer, subject 1863-1877, Company, The of Amendment the Harper Fourteenth1973. & that Row, Amendment,Refused 1988, top. Die,xxv. see burningquiet.reachedhimNegro. without There I fleshhimwatched andmercy.wasreached thesetno hisblazeI doubtmy heard clothing nostrils. climb that his hecryhigher onI feltwas offire.... suddenlyagonyand dead.... Soonhigher, as Ansickened....thehe encirling became odorflames of cities.Chicago,tobenefitsjobs major and of race housing.Washington, rising riots above with theD.C., large politics Knoxville,loss ofof dividelife Omahain andEast rule St.and andLouis, other led Racial ideology blinded them to the 4.OxfordPolitics3. A.Quoted Leon andUniversity in Higginbotham, Presumptions Herbert Press, Shapiro, of1996, Jr. the Shades White American p. 112. Violenceof Freedom: Legal andSystem, Racial Black eat.""I'm hungry," someone complained, "Let'sBackCrisis, get of somethingNovember the writhing, 1925to yelling, cruel-eyed demons who whitesonRosewood, a larger used scale Florida machine in 1921 -- gunsthe in subject Tulsa,and airplanes Oklahoma.of aThe recent todestruction attackAfilm mob -- a of occurredprosper- of10,000 the African-American community of ofResponse: Massachusetts From Reconstruction Press, 1988, p. to 185. Montgomery, University Definitions beingknot,break,Ofhuman what?largedeclassed, destroy, beings Ofor small,many maim atdegraded heart things ofand arenormal lynch orbut desperately actually usually andhuman burn disgraced;of afraid beingslosing at the of their and stakesomething.of losing thesejobs, is a of oussomeleast18,000 neighborhood 50estimates homes. whites They areandknown far 200also higher. as Africanran "Little into strongAmericansAfrica."The Black catalyst They were resistance. destroyed for killed the destruction At in Tulsa was the rumor of CasteIdeologyfrom -- others a social -- bya set class,distinctions of usuallybeliefs of basedwhich rank, on professionform birth, the separated basisor wealth. of a employment."ubiquitousactualtheir hopes, pangs intheir of modern hunger; savings, industrialof theirdirt, ofplans crime. society for AndW.E.B.their is that ofchildren; allDuBois, fear this, of ofmost "The un-the Shape of Fear, " North American particularvancesunderlyingan assault in the onreason factareaa white that wasreferred somewomanwhite to 500 envy as by Blacks"Black aat Black Black owned Wall man.economic Street," parcels But thead- inof Reconstruction.superiorofaspirationspolitical white orsupremacy,race, ofeconomic a prevailedparticular thesystem, beliefingroup the or orthatSouth reflect culture. whites before the The outlookconstitute and ideology after and a publicationReview, June Crisis1926 has been repeated literallyA scene thousandssimilar to the one described in the NAACP keepcanstheHopeland attack, containingthem hadFranklin, broken inmaintained "their who oil. through place." came that to Hetheby Tulsa wrote fightingfear aswhich that a back, child "the had Africanfourself-confidence been years usedAmeri- after to The African-American historian John theyscapegoatingminorityPogrom were group. in the and Russian are given Empire official under encouragement, the Czars, with as -- an organized attack on or massacre Often such attacks are a result of of a Howbehavior,suchof W.E.B. timesconvincing things in what DuBois?the have USis outlets thehappened since Ifexplanation fearare the people latelieswith 19thbehind forso finding littlelynchingcentury. this publicfor sort Howgiventheir outcry?of couldfears bygroup wouldwhites."4institutionsof Tulsa's find Negroes new flourished, ways soared, to andovercome their they businesses simply theFifty fear prospered,hadyears no later, fear their African of Americans all over the South and would JewsVigilantesocialwhen as thetheyproblems target.-- are a person made Individualswhose towho bearorigins takes blameor groups lielaw elsewhere.for enforcement areshortcomings scapegoated into and his History, Organizing & Powe1related?today? Give examples. Do you think that racism and fear are still build the Movement. control.usedor her to own instill hands. fear Lynchings and ensure were domination a form of vigilantismand social 27 11 your comfort zone, and see America'sLook educational around you. systems I mean really look around. Step out of The Importance of Confronting History Project HIP-HOP Voices: addedclasses. to Nothing the school further day. was It's exploredfunny how in class;we can nothing bend overwas inTuscumbia, Alabama. Although HelenWe Kellerwent hadto HelenProject Keller's HIP-HOP birthplace Voices fortruths,Ithat attendedwhat itand wasthey disinterested apublic reallyprivate elementaryare: kindergarten in institutions change. school and satisfiedI was forfirst raisedme. grade, with I rememberin hidingbut a small after town in southern Massachusetts. Monthbackwardscurriculum.date rape,comes to even around,accommodate in the there's classroom, topicsno time likeand toRight add drunkwhen beforeanything Blackdriving I heard Historyto and the about Project HIP-HOP, I had come blindaboutlife.museumbeen In aandthe socialistfact did workdeaf. it not didn't Helen There andhave hadmention Kelleranywas supported exhibitsa confederatedid it atraising all.on the this NAACP,funds flag part againstfor of theherthe It just talked beingmytoBlackwas find younger ever Pridethe a presenthappyonly I sister experienced Black medium at entered. school. student atbetween It home, wasin the always and theschool the pro-Blackness difficult lily for whiteness awhile, as a child until andthat BlacksImyto remember perseverance.the people, realization in this I allwould country the It'sthat angerhave a ifstory is I towanted aI storyfindfelt,that ahasand toof way learn pride, itsthe to highs hurt.doabout of that struggle andThe the on lows, history historymy and own. a story of othercurator,ofcommemoratethe Black wall activities. did behindpeople! not someone know The aThe bust placeanythingtour ofwho Helenguide, makes supported about Kellerwho me Helen was realizethe equalityalsoKeller's how the this to Prizebiographiesteacherspresent and Rosaother would of Parks"Outstandingcultural pass and presentationsaround Martin Negroes," flash Luther oncardsBlack King, PBS.featuring with History Jr.At Wepicturesschool, the wereMonth ever- my andtold at home was filled with Eyes on the witheveryonehistoryaboutyou parts want Black of that else toBlack Historyshoutmake who America inhabitsyoufor is that joy.want asitthisBut is towell America's country.cry,the as mostand white parts importanthistory. America, that make thing and It's the don'tNortherners)distorted face historyreality are alwaysandreally the is.denying truth. history.How They important just is it to face "reality and truth" ? The Southerners (and ofdayherlearnedthe a Highlanderatseattime work, of longand her and ironicallyago,social Centerbecause when commitment, ato startedof woman get her experiencetiredness awas andmovement. exhausted that refused sheorganizing had after Weto givegone nevera long forup to countryandapplieslikes Jim to toCrowreallylabel slavery, segregation.themseeing the the the internment "never, error Well, of I everher have ofWhen ways? Japaneseagain" to ask America myself,parts Americans, remembers is the certain parts of its history, it this history?weDo shouldyou Or think do not you wedwell think should on there because confront are some they all are thingsaspects so painful?which of our Dr.socialaI could"creditKing. change. tellBy to thetheyou race,"time plenty Ithe graduated about most Rosaimportant from ParksWe elementary manwere or Martin inalso the briefedschool, struggle, Luther on a man who was an exception and aboutmatters?wouldpast horrors history be We, an urgency fromonAmerica's our happening own about future, time. educating again,EveryoneshouldThink ourdon't not shouldyoung be aboutyou forced thinkaboutbe it. learning to theretheselearn If society really cared about preventing historyschool? How do you think that textbooksWhat disguise would you like to learn more about at and why? King,school.FannieHistory. but LouThere ask Hamer, Ime found about and a new anyoneI was way lost. else for Foralike school junior Marcus to tacklehigh Garvey and Black highor school, I returned to private The first Monday of Black History Month, the makingtheaboutother, past. the thethat problems personal what wehappened commitment are still inexperiencing, our Weto pastourselves should will with be never, and facingroots each ever in the past courageously, and boldly 12Headmasterentire school, would and read then the we "I havewould a dream" be dismissed speech backto the to 28 completelyhappen again, uprooted. and the racism which made it possible will be 29 Highways into the Past: statewell asofficials, individuals, lynched, with burned, subtle supportand intimidatedTerrorism from police African plagued and the South. TheProject Ku Klux HIP-HOPKlan, as Voices "theirterrorsocial place"?thatUNITchange has comebeen usedfrom?THREE: to Howcontrol can themWhat people and does rise keep it above take them to the in create a movement? Where does Building Momentum for Change andculturejobsnorthern andin thein endedand the defense newlySouth the industries. needbrokeindustrialized for up Southernthe The old southernmechanization sharecropping planters cities to seekingof systemhave agri- a womenAmericansstoriesnever wouldreturn. would across leave Theirpossibly the for bodies South. neverschool may Youngbe or told. nevergo BothtoBlack thebe Blacks found, storemen andand their whites were trapped in the segre- lengedbravebothnot arise historical actions segregation out of of thinand individuals onair. economic the The buses way who circumstances, hadin had,BirminghamWhat been for weprepared example, know and at asforleast by thechal- it the 50by Movement of the 1950s and 60s did populationofcrumbling,whichsource earning hadof labora seemed freeinglivedlivelihood. tied in African-Americansso Northernto permanent Bythe 1960 land. urban half The a fewof areas.' old theto decades lookrigidAfrican- forcaste before newAmerican system ways was trappedfightingsubjugatedofgated groups South byagainst like fear,bythem fear.the butthe severely KKK Blacks thissystem. fearand wereto Many policewasprevent constrained of whites wholosing any continually attempt werebywhatever the also fear at CORELeaguePeoplethetimes National in (1943),(NAACP),(formed the period Association andin 1911), 1941-42.which other the fororganizationswas The Congressthe formed Advancementway was ofin whichRacial 1910,also prepared ofEqualitydevelopedthe Colored Urban byor changes,triedgoodin many factoryto some move Northern ofjobs intothem reserved cities white violent. when forresidential There white Black wereworkers,This workersareas.Trade bloodyhuge and shift triedrace when ofunions riotsto populationthey get set in motion many other hadterror;fearsupremacy.privileges toin fightfororder thethey for Bothfor other social mightchange Blacks group change have to a andoccur: fearin at whitesa three ofsociety for the differentone hadunknown. based group to overcomelevels: on a Peoplefear white the of revolution"democracypowerfulstrategiesthe streets, mobilizationfor that theoverturning served courts, as forand theJim freedom legislatures catalyst Crow segregation.and for finallythe entireexpansion resulted Action "rights ofin a the women's movement, student movement, enforcedernment,refused racial to such admit segregation.2 as Black the Federal workers, Public and agenciesHousing of Authority, the gov- whenmorelegislature, peopledifficult courts, would must and lose it havestreets. everything, been earlierIf even it is this theirhard century, lives,getting if things moving today, how much inspiredabled,the movement for "pro-democracy Latinos, for rights Asians for movements" and gays other and ethnic lesbians, around groups the for world. the dis- and politicians.exercisenities for theiractivism. right In to the vote, North, and AfricancouldBut changingnot Americans be ignored circumstances could by also brought new opportu- During the years of World War II, African- Taking action clearbecausethey and tried the people thingsto bring felt that theyabout had had tochange? be relatively changed OrIs it waslittle seemedin factit to easier lose? harderso very then, today because things aren't clear Blackulation.lived in people theThis South, washad leftsoon where the to South. theychange. made Nearly ByEarly up 1920 a inmillionthird thehalf 20thof amore the million century pop- left 90 percent of African Americans Changing circumstances JanuarymarcherhoodthreatAmerican 1941,inof of Washingtoncivil Sleeping labor when unrest was A. Car toPhilipneededat Porters,protest home Randolph, in discriminationharmed announced defense head the factories plans warof in the theeffort. for Broth- anddefense a mass the In wesatisfiedwhatat all, toolost ourand dazzledthe with priorities we sense havethe by statusof money,noshould urgency sense quo fashion,be? of and whereIs struggle?the and alternativewe success? are headed and simply too attractive? Are -- being Have government'scollapsed.millionsin thethe 1920s,North. were They seeking NewDuring forced lived Deal a offinthe better programsdesperate theGreat lifeland Depression and initially ascircumstances, newSouthern jobexcluded of opportunities agriculturethe since African1930s, the andbarredecutiveindustry, the racial defenseOrder President discrimination 8802 industries. Franklin to head Delanoinoff government theThe Rooseveltmarch. potential employment issued of mass Ex- action to bring about change was This Order History, Organizing & Power What would it take to turn this situation around? 30 theAmericans. war years This of the migration 1940s, asfrom African the land Americans continued moved during to neverdemonstrated, took place. even The though same this year 1941 saw march the first on Washington use of civil 3 13 disobedience to combat racial segregation,when a mixed and independent nations emerged in Africa and Asia, the US grouplegally-segregatedCleveland,hadneered adopted of by former Mahatma Ohio, the studentstechniques and swimming Gandhi. then from left of poolpeacefully.Antiochnonviolent at Garfield College Theseresistance Park entered students nearpio- a theaboutposedcouldin eyes the itsas ofitearlyownthe convincethe champion racist yearsworld practices? oftheseand theof the these countriesCold new How new WarUnited could countriesthat with Nations? itsit thejustify way Soviet Andof these life Unionhow inwas but what century.white people Our didn'tfirst stop go alongwas Harper's Onwith our racism trip Ferry, South in whichthe I was19th is surprised toProject learn that someHIP-HOP Vocies developedAfricaforfought equal Britishin techniques 1893,rights colonialism wherefor Indians.of henonviolent waswith He a civil successfulthen resistance Gandhidisobediance returned lawyer. was to tocampaign born India Here in andIndia he in 1869 and emigrated to South passive afterpolicy-makers,itssuperior treatment the baseballto Communism, of theyBlack player realized people? Jackie while they Robinsonthe had CommunistsAs to Jim act. had Crow In integrated 1948, denounced became a year the an increasing embarrassment to US weaponsotherCivilnowa general in Warpeople West in when theslave Virginia. in federal aJohn uprising.raid. Brown It arsenalHe was thoughtHe inled there wantedVirginia his ifsonsthis he to justwould andcapturedarm before about the lead slaves the20 to Farmer,actsonciliationinduce of noncooperationshame an (FOR).African-American in the FOR's colonizers. and roots defiance leader were whichin ofThe the Fellowship Quakerwerecivil disobedienceintended tradition of Rec- to at Garfield Park inspired James prominentmajorwasPartyplank leagues,re-elected (thein theSouthern "Dixiecrats"). Presidentplatform to the Democrats US ofTruman TheSenate the sameDemocratic toinsisted in form 1996,Strom aon aged States'Thurmond Party,a civil 96,was Rights leadingrights who the wasseemgettingplan,and hangedoverthrow asto captured Frederickregret showed what slavery.inside Douglass he a feltdid. building Well, he Histold had it final him, we wasn'tdone saw. wordsand the such Buthe right before endedhe a thing.greatdidn't heup ofdiscussingGeorge Racialdienceworking Houser, Equalityas the fora strategysignificance racial and (CORE) Bayardequality to combat of to theRustin developthrough Garfield racial formed peacefulnonviolent injustice. Park the action, means. Congress civil Farmer, Afterdisobe- of origincrimination1948Dixiecrat election, in federal candidate on thehe employment. issuedbasis for President.of an race, Executive Change color, After was religionOrder Truman in thebarring or air. nationalwon dis- the Heforgotten.otheralthough was willingwhite he We mightpeople to did die somenot towho helpalways research made endI guess be thesacrifices shownfor Johnsin the of asBrown historianslavery. seema hero. is to inButJim be some of the history books, planned march on Washington, the USIn went 1941, to war.the year Over of a Garfield Park and of Randolph's The war against racism beforeNAACP World Legal War II,Defense thanks Fundto legal attorneys challengesChange led wasmounted by beginning Charles by to happen through the courts Courts take on Jim Crow Hazlehurst.markerums.eventsLoewen, He are standing askedwho remembered The is us inwritingmarker toa small see through awasif townbook there for memorials inon awas Mississippi manhow still calledpeople and a marble muse-called John and millionduringpoliticallyandof racial often WorldAfrican purity. giving awakened War AtAmericans their theII. by Halfsamelives the served time,to experience. defeat the inoverseas, the RedNazism segregated TheyCross and and werewas many its US keeping riskingpursuit werearmy wassureNAACPHamiltondeclared properlythat the adopted Houston unconstitutional."separate enforced; the andbut strategy it equal"didn'tThurgood In ofdoctrineimmediately 1938 asking Marshall. the of the PlessyUS trycourts Supreme to Atv. get Ferguson firstto Plessy make Courtthe Prentisswhitethathimreally Africanin surprisedpeople. Matthews.the South Americans He to just He startedlearn afterwas should there afromthe political Civilwerehave Hazlehurst. War.whitethe party same He people which believedrights likehad as I was separatetheforabroad,franchisement US freedom, troops. containers and How submitdemocracy, at home?couldof "whiteto lynchings,Black and blood" ansoldiers end segregation,and to be a"black expectedmurderous blood" and to racismfightdisen- for stateAmericanordered"equal." graduate Missouri law schoolsstudents. to provide for In different1950 "equal" the racesSupreme facilitiesBy to this be Court authenticallytimefor African- orderedNAACP lawyers had decided to seek to blackguessfarmers.the support peoplebecause When oftogether. he blackhe was went tryingpeople to We vote,to andbringfound he many white wasthe marker shotpoor people dead, white to and him I -- at least it is still there, 14 on the world stage. As European colonialAfter empires the fellwar apart,was over, the US was the dominant power 32 Theyoverturn were Plessy encouraged and the byconcept a courageous of "separate South but Carolina equal." even if it doesn't say how he died or what he stood for. 33 Highways into the Past: judge, J. Waties Waring, who opposed racial segregation. Carolina was born in 1880. He was the sonJudge of a slave-Julius Waties Waring of Charleston, South Activity timesClarendonofSupremeThe Topeka group as manyCourt beganCounty.of five Blackunder with education In thestudents thatBriggs name county, cases asBrownv. Elliotwhite wherewhich v. students, inBoard Souththere reached of were Carolina'sperEducation the capita three US African1996;is1. JoeA good WilliamsAmericans,see also source Sean Trotter, 1929for Dennis this Jr.,1945, period FromCashman, Oxford a aimedRaw AfricanUniversity Deal at younger to Americans a NewPress, readers Deal? and Footnotes thathadjudge,typicalholder grownthe he and ofracial gradually theup had with.hierarchySouthern the By turnedkind the whitein of 1940s againstthe "aristocratic" Southestablishment. he many had was come of unjust. theupbringing to Butideas believe as he a InSupremeingspending May on African-American 1954, Courton white the crowded newly-appointed students with students was spectators $179 Chief wasThurgood per only Justice inyear, December $43 while MarshallEarl per Warren spend-year. 1952. argued Brown v. Board before a US chusettsFrom2. theSee QuestReconstruction Herbert Press, for Shapiro, 1988.Civil Rights,to WhiteMontgomery, 1990 Violence -1990, University and NYU Black Press, of Response: Massa- 1991. unreasoningracial"separate prejudice," but emotional equal," he wrote Briggs reactions in his v. dissentElliot. and these "Itin ais 1951 areall"There causedgained test isof absolutelyby no reasonable explanation for theherentlyequal'inread the land, the fieldhas Court'sPlessyunequal." no of place.public v. opinion: Ferguson Fifty-eight Separateeducation "We was educational conclude, yearsthe ruled doctrine after unconstitutional. unanimously, itfacilities of became 'separate arelaw 3 that butin- of 3. BlackSimpletheThe legal most America's Justice: challenge comprehensive The Struggle Historyclimaxing for of-- Equality, Brownyet in Brownreadable v. VintageBoard is Richard-- ofaccount Books, Education Kluger, 1975.of and produceearlyCarolina in childhood...Segregationequality and and...isaround an the evil South. that in educationmust He beWaring'sreceived eradicated." can never opinions death shocked white society in South rulingplacesegregationproach immediately.should and askedbeplans implemented, local"withA year officials all later, deliberate it adopted inandHowever, announcing judges speed." a "go theto slow"Whateverdevelop Court how ap- itsdid de- it not order desegregation to take Catalyst -- something that gets things moving. Saying that Definitions inonthreats, thishis lawn.way? was Havesocially you shunned, ever been and inWhat ahad situation adoes cross it in takeburned which to stand out against public opinion showedBrown,theirschoolhad in schools that districtmind, they 80 could percentandthe officials Courtother count of to facilities. whitein onfigure effect public people out boughtSince support.how in thepublic totime Southavoid opinionfor integratingopposed Southern polls AmericansChiefinterpretationlystthe Movementfor Justice the in"rights theEarlof for the 1960s rightsWarren,revolution" Bill and offor Rights which 70s.African means underenlarged Americans it ledUS to theSupreme an rights was expansive a Court ofcata- all stand?you haveimagine taken a situation a stand which in which made you youDivide would unpopular? intotake smallsuch Can a groups. Each group should create boyKlanbring"streets" from -- segregation as Chicagothe in murdermuch attested. toof in anthe the end.South EmmettMississippi But still Tillfor belonged DeltaIt wasthe would time brutallyof ato take 14 being,the year-old killedaction Ku theKlux in in the streets, as well as the courts, to whatschoolsespeciallyDesegregation a desegregated to indesegregate, schools. school The wouldwithout courts look spellingled like the and way out how inadequately it ordering could the process of undoing "separate but equal," againstanlikely improvisation prevailingto be of such in opinion.which an act? one WhatWhat member are thethe of rewardstheconsequences group goes if any? South.theyidentifiedwoman.August had 1955 killedAn in court all-white because him. as Ithis seemed hejury murderers. allegedly acquitted to be Theybusiness said the later "bye" two as admitted usualwhite to a whitein men that the peoplethebeNew achieved. 1930s backDeal by to-- President workgovernment-initiated and Franklinget the economy Delano programs movingRoosevelt undertaken out toof putthe in History, Organizing & Power d Depression which began in 1929. 3 15 SouthwestotherMovement activists Mississippi.activities in McComb, as partHe wasofMississippi the 19 Student whenHollis and he Nonviolent metbecame Watkins Bob involved MosesCoordinat- was the and in 12th child born to sharecroppers in Movement Voices: Overcoming Fear Theweeverything. saw only that place Then it did you they get could soput hot all get that14 air of the wasusEventually, walls in a a little cell began built crack they to for sweat.put at two. theall of us in solitary confinement, and overcome fear? How did you do it?Have you ever been in a situation where you had to Activity gaveMovementforjailed,ing its us Committeegenerallylynchings an activistsinsight for and (SNCC). into stintsovercome racist the of kindHe brutality.40 fear wasdays. of in mentalimmediately a part outlookof the and country which repeatedly knownhelped His stories, and his songs, there.hadthebottom brothersa temperatureWe of thefigured passed door. ofout out. They 104 if By we degrees.kept the went ustime thereintoThey they theThey forgave came hole24 constantlyhim hours.to in get angroups aspirin.him,One threatened heof to kill us while we were hierarchy.keepa society Blacks where What in feartheir would was place it used take at to theto unite overcome bottom whiteImagine of societythat the what sortracial and ofit must have been like to grow up in jail,roads.be threatened and While then we takenby were whites to out the passing there County on by. theFarmWhile They work to wewould sites,work were we alongaim working would their the in the Delta, we were thrown in weaccommodatedonenosay, morewere by what one, thanin the are tothree, hole, us. yougo We into itdoingand wouldn't just theit singingmadesang hole. be at them sointhe there,bad. topso angry. ofSo shut our we Theyup! lungswould We'd would while ask, say, In the beginning, they journalistyoufearattackedlynching breathed? Ida stopped,and B. Peopleforced Wells like to who Barnett,the leave courageoustried town were to get often African-American the themselvespractice of fear which was part of the landscape and the air or worse. When gunshungershownthat at they strike.us a andwidewould One tell leather whip usreason they strapus forwhenwere with the goingwe fearbig were holeswas Weto naked,shoot. decidedthat in it. we Weand hadthat werethe beenwe holes toldwould overcome the Big F and go on backwe'reawayThey in already whenfromwere themsowein mad theasked. in hole, they'dthe So mental what we take took are battle.us youout,the weapon Oncegoingand wouldn't into ofMcComb do the to putholeus? uswhen I was arrested, I was separated beginwithfear toissome changereinforced of the things? situations with brutal described retaliation, byHow Hollis dohow youWatkins? do think you you would have reacted if faced wouldthewithhandto young skin nailsso create they wouldpeople, driven could suction, blister butthrough, beat we and upyou decided andwhen with pop.a it.leathertheyto Itchance They was snapped strap kind also it. Wetoof ithad tiefrighteningoff told ait of board tothem you the wereeightwhatfromand Itheguysgoing Iguess refused other who to was studentsmake tolooked some do methat. likekindand say When they takenof "yes judge workedI tosir"refused ain smalland that in they"noan room,room. oil movedsir" field. andThey to them,about closeThey had to thatTrythinkmight beingto imagine singing otherwise part of yourselfwas a group beso afraidimportant inwould his to situation. helpdo? to Movement Why?you Dodo Why thingsyou activists? thinkdo you you weCountyoutgroupwe wouldn't alland Farm. are go the toeat They work.leaders. or workthreatened They After until asked two us,we tobut days,were talk we theytomoved refused the shipped leader from to come ofus the ourout we said which one? They said the leader; we said Theythethat,myme anddooranswers, they had threatened opened, aput rope instead me in inand metheir another of threeand saying hands, I men startedroom. "yeswith walked Aboutmaking sir,"a hanging inand ten ain sentence "no minutesplain noose sir." clothes. tied outAfterlater, inof whelmed,"There were and felttimes his when commitment I was afraid, gettingWe"I but askednever Ishaky? knew questionedHollis I had Watkins my commitment," if he ever felt he over-told us. inmercy.ofsometimes Parchmanthe County He getssaid we Farm sowe would hot would to in Parchmanbe the callingbe hole thrown thathimprison.The insweat daddy thesuperintendent justhole. and rolls cryingHe offsaid cameforthe it to see us himself. He said that it. eyechair,tonight,There for looked was aand while, ayou're littleat themthey goingred turned and ribbon to smiled. bearound atfirst." the After and endI just"OK, Iwent oflooked leaned the niggerout. noose. themback So Iget innever theup, we're going to have a hanging happento do it ifanyway. I didn't do it than if I did."What do you think he meant by that statement? I was more afraid of what might 16walls.into the Then world." he told So us,we "Getall had how to youget likegot whenthat you came 3 pull off was hanged. Hollis Watkins to Project HIP-HOP, July 18, 1997 3 7 Highways into the Past: UNITityouris wasthat honored initiated,American places led, studentsFOUR: inand the sustained haveworld-wide by students.struggleThe"What isfor What fresh, freedom."Movement is what is new in your fight isfor the fact Civilthat Rights come of age. You now take new power.moneyWhites controlledand were thedetermined bulk of the to land,keepThough the Black resources, the connection and the usually isn't made, many aspect: people out o Movement16, 1960 of the 1950s and 60s, WhenMartin LutherProject King, HIP-HOP Jr. to a Northgives Carolinapresentations rally, February on the we like to talk about two corporations,hands.buttheof power the 1960s. The apartheid political Not the only media, system and were etc.economic Blacksexisted and insystem whitesthe United the forcibly government States separated bawl economic and political mainly served white people remained in whit! "unfinisheddecaderights,rights.campaigns, asWeof something1955-1965. regard business"one againstthe that Movement,In remains,light should segregation, of hownot whose be much confined andlarger of onethe aim toMovement's for theis votinghuman single we see the Movement as socialanyway,Evenhaving in structure the wasno 1940s better the operated. andassumption function 50s, many than under whitesserving whichBut saw white there the the waspeople."Negro" a big That a: difference between the United State: America! goodorganizing,theseongoing, storiesleader. as somethingsuccessful information"Freedom," instrategizing, we saidwhich Diane we canThis whatNash, take history, it "is meanspart. people then, to real- bebecomes a our tool. We can take from can use today about effective toallUS,lawand beAmericans Southofon treated thepaper Africa.land atequally certain least,before In Souththe rights,before it wasConstitution Africa, including endedthe law. apartheid in and Thethe Bill 1990s.vote Movement was of and Rights theBut the highes in righgav(wa! the ourthelikeofizing us." Freedom predecessorsDiane that 1 Wethey Nash, Rides.learn are faced,who their aboutAnd was weown when the 18 can Ieaders....The role also played feel a bydeep appreciation years old whenwe learn she aboutorganized the difficulties answer is in each young people, HOPabout itinerary. making those rights more thanWhat a piece follows of paper. are some of the key sites of the Project HIP- The Montgomery bus boycott accept"We want the theinferior world position to know of thatsecond-class we no longer citi- for what they endured and Project HIP-HOP has visited both the South and South The fight against segregation overcame. enue1955have busgenerallythis and 43-year-old sat heard in the the firstseamstress name seat Rosajust boarded behind Parks.If students theOna Cleveland white December know section. little Av 1, else about the Movement, they SNCCFirstuponzenship. Classand Newsletter, Weeven Citizenship." are suffer willing1960 physical violence to obtain to be ridiculed, spat facilitiesschoolsallowedAfrica.ness," setThe reservedoriginatedto apartlive word wherefor for "apartheid," inwhite white South whites people, people. Africa, lived, and The where they idea were couldn't wasBlacks tokept maintain were attendout of not Afrikaans for "separate- back.theirAmericansAt thatAnd fare time,if at white tothe inride front, peopleMontgomery, in butthe were thenfront standing, had of it thetowas re-board bus. Blacks,illegal They the asfor had bussecond- African to at paythe History, Organizing & Power3 two separate societies in one nation, one black and one white. busclass was citizens, soon filled had with to give white up people.their own A whiteseats. manThis wasparticulai left J9 17 standing.theirin and seats she The up.was bus All arrested. driver but Parks ordered obeyed. the BlackThe police riders were to give called bewas,affront able in totoeffect, theirsit where demandingpower. they The wanted Blackequal to. treatment.community Whites feared They in Montgomery thatwanted if they to exhaustedParksthe first was Secretary afterwell aaware long for day'sof the what workAlabama she to was move.Rosa State doing. TheParks Conference Shereality is had often is been that of portrayed as a tired woman, too letpoliticalrights. Blacks They sit power. in mightthe front even of thewant bus, a sharetheyThe would of mayorthe demand economic thus morebegan and a "get-tough" policy, which really lives...Everytookand work on the for time responsibilitychange. I took I hadsomeone to of become tampering down moreto "Ithe madeseriouswith court a people'shouse choicewhen to I at age 18 to leave HowardMovement University Voices NAACPonCentervidual the bus,in actsbranches. Tennessee, she of hadresistance. The attended a trainingsummer Claudette a workshop center before Colvin, Therefor her atorganizing. refusalforthe was example,Highlander also to move a historya 15- in Montgomery of such indi- KingAmericanstargetedparticipatedmeant was an car-poolers officialbombed. werein the physically policyboycott Despite with oftrumped-up were harassment. this,attacked, fired the boycotters fromtickets, and Many theirthe some homeBlacks jobs,prevailed. African ofpolice who Dr. Weknockedseeregister madeso much to out, a vote, whole neverdeath I risked other toand recover. level theirviolence oflives commitment, andand hatred,their"Like jobs. which you other After can is students why youget in the sit-ins, etc., I took big risks. yearrefusedarrested.matesjoined -old whilethe to The high-school giveNAACP's policeshe her sat seathad in youthsophomore, theupeven for backbranch paraded a white of had intheir her Montgomery,sevenperson. beforecar. months ColvinShe her too school- earlierwhich later was boycott,overcome,theirthe hardest own a fear.Montgomery activistsobstacles But once could Movement juryfear focus indicted("the on bigactivists Movementtheir 89F," ministers, Hollis aims. had tocallsveteranDuring faceincluding it) waswasHollis the Watkins has told us that one of humanitythingsWenot aboutneed changed. and todestruction. gobuilding backThe struggleto Todayfamilies learning we for andneedour us buildinghistory." towas go aboutback community, to building the basics. Parks.PoliticalRosasegregation Parks The Council NAACP had in founded.the organized courts.saw in Joher a Ann one-daycase Robinson an Theopportunity bus Black boycottand the community to Women'swhich, attack quickly mobilized in support of beboycottersKing,faced charged. with fear, immediately aThis rarely-usedbut wasclaimed an wentexample law.their to Ratherown the of courthousepower.how thanThe protesters successawait and arrest, ofaskednot the only the year-longto boycott surprised everyone. muchMovement different were than young in thepeople. 60s. TheBut environmentthe major"TheCleveland differencevast now Sellersmajority is not is to ofProject people HIP-HOP, involved July in the10, Civil1997 Rights with381-dayThewalked150 Blackthe vehicles, miles helpboycott. community ofto drove anwork, The alliance wagons,strategy they would oforganized ministers,wasand not even directride car-pools rode the greweconomic buses. mules. to involvingbecome Peopleaction.But they a last,millionrestrictedThe busstrategydeclared dollarscompany travel of bus in economic lostof sales,segregation Blacks, 65 andpercent action the downtown unconstitutional. USof devastated its Supreme income. stores Montgomery.Court,Because lost atover oflong the a intothat thenand be there in charge was an of organization to some degree." youngHollis people Watkins could getto Project HIP-HOP, July 18, 1997 keptnewal.weighed off the A the groupbuses. difficulty of Their ministers they commitment had organized to endure.Black to civilthe churches Montgomery rights becameout- centers for organizing and re- Memorial,struggle. which remembers those whoToday, lost their Montgomery lives in the is the site of a beautiful Civil Rights comes.mentallytoa historical it. We No cannot and one juncture physically knew create thewhen a rightwave, to the ride issue sit-ins but the wewill startedwave must hit"Today and whenequipthat we a weourselveswave thecan need waverally was to deal with issues at local levels, and at crossedImprovementnewKing,nominated minister pastor class president. lines, Associationofin theBirmingham, and Dexter brought (MIA) Avenue the26-year-old to entire carry Baptist African-Americanout Martinthe Church, boycott. Luther was A The organizing in Montgomery beganone state as inspiredlocal demands similar for protests civil rightsin another.The assumed Movement Soon, a morewhat erupted on many fronts. Campaigns in The sit-in movement coming.-- we mustNational be prepared." movements come at keyRev. points Harold in history Middlebrook to Project HIP-HOP, 18community together. The white power structure reacted sharply against this 40 nationalexample, face. when A national four black Movement students was from taking an historically-shape. For July 24, 1997 41 Highways into the Past: directBlack Northaction, Carolina a sit-in, collegetheir example practiced inspired a form student of nonviolent sit-ins fusedsuch a to tension negotiate that is a forced community to confront which the has issue. constantly It seeks re- to school.tosomeone live in tothis help house, me. drinkI would from begin this to fountain,If wonder I were whygo a childto I thishad of the Movement,Project I would HIP-HOP want Voices localCarolinathroughout Woolworth's. Agricultural the South. The and students Technical wantedOn College February to challengewalked 1, 1960, into the a four Black freshmen from North headtion.dramatize Instead,on, in the an itissue attemptwas thata way to can persuade of no facing longer oppressorsinjusticeThere be ignored." was and nothing violence 2 passive about this form of confronta- and the andprotect not me.be cursed I would and dream kicked that by I adults.couldJustIf walk Ibecause were to aschool childof my of color. the Movement, I would wish thatI would wish that Momma and Daddy could Africantheythesegregation store sat Americansat counter, the lawslaws. lunch were. Theylike from counter, toothpaste Theyintended being made aware served. to and sureshow that school to the how buy state supplies. ridiculousa few prohibited items Then the at ample,studentstraining.nation or howThere "Don't to were conductlaugh," nonviolence or themselves. "Don't curse."workshops "SitThis As straight," strategy sit-ins which became proved fortaught ex- effective. But it required rigorous of the injustice of their actions. heImy would was brother taken. wish could that lifeonce could again be tease the same me,Before oras pullit was hemy beforedied hair. for the cause. wasserveddisagreecoloreds a poignant us withhere," at a you. store one,one We've student,thatcounter segregation in Ezellfacttwo already feetBlair, madeWhen from Jr.,been no here."thereplied, realserved; waitress sense.The "I you've beg point Thetold to them, "I'm sorry. We don't serve threwyellingdisplayment.more popular, As food "nigger"of instudent andthe whites atbus condiments power. Blacks boycott, began Theyand their whites "nigger atbegan the own feltstudents. tolover" campaign heckle threatened at whites.theSome of students, harass-by evenThey this girl,"peopleI would or would "don't plan look stopto be himtelling invisible, in theme eyes, becauseto "shhh" or IIfhe'll Iwould wasI or were shoot "be scared. want a quiet,you." child to live. of the Movement, I would wish reinforceduntilwaitressfrom the near storeignored by by some closed. Bennett the 20 fellowThestudents, College. next students, day but theythey includingThe returned, remained sit-in four continued this womenseated time a third day. White students began policegroundplined.them, hit theirand Theythe used studentscigarettes could tear notwithgas into retaliate. to billy blindthe clubs, backs them.TheyThroughout let ofhad the protesters. todogs keep looseall in thisThe mind on the students had to remain disci- couldmind,me,other not childrenbearalways, my it color. no occupyingto longer. stop playing everyone's and look thoughtsIf I wereat me, untila thechild theyreal of the Movement, I would want all I would want to be on everyone's Woolworth'sinspreadWoolworth's.taking movement to part an S.shut inwasAfter H. the its Kressactive a protest. doors.bomb store in 54threatBut nearby. cities by and then, inIn two ninetwo theweeks monthsstates. sit-in of Even thesit-ins,had sit- in Students soon filled the backupandawaitedthat atthat notprobably his incidentonly anyassailant, thebreak beaten whitein thatoforder up, composure.hecklers, student butto discreditthe would but state If the a notwouldthe Blackwhite onlysit-in powerbestudent be movement.sure arrested structure tostruck play children, should not have been on theManyI frontwould peoplelines just of want felt non that to be young free. people, especially small weSincelumbiaNew sat atYork, then, thestudents. Woolworth's Woolworth'sthe Greensboro counterstores Woolworth's were whereWhen picketed the hasProject sit-ins bybeen white HIP-HOPbegan. closed. Co- first visited Greensboro in 1993, waswouldtoBlacks ahave strategy eventually hadfaith to usedthat rely recognize the againon powers-that-bethe and justice justice again. of was theirCertainly on cause, their theandside. young they This had people were quicker than adults to which were white stance,withoutbeviolent sent said intodirectsome he Mississippi, didn't kind action ofthink protection"campaigns. Alabama that "young and(February Malcolm studentstheseWhat other 11,doX, should you1965). forplaces in-think about the role played by youth? Museum,Some of theand stools others havetaken been to the moved Smithsonian.The to Movement the Greensboro Strategy of nonviolence Movement.tosit-in,70,000decide take a on partpeople,march, which They ormost side ahad rally. of justicethe them The courage lay.students,young By to were thedemand had end particularly participated of justice. 1960 aboutsuitedMore in a and give shape to what was becoming the History, Organizing & PowerWould the Movement have been so effective without it? from a Birmingham Jail, "seeks to create such"Nonviolent a crisis and directfoster action," wrote Dr. King in his Letter whichpractically, challenged students people could inafford power. to take They part didn't in activities have to 19 worryhave to so worry much aboutabout supportingan employer families. firing them. Nor did they "Bull"mous of Connor. Birmingham's He was residents called the was "commissioner its police chief, of Eugene public Movementtheirwith theparents wasworld as anastood way ofalternative their tofor. distance Manyparents. to themselves maytaking TheyFor have many their may felt from placewhitehave disenchanted the seenvaluesinstudents, the the participation in the growing selectsegregationsafetysafety," boycottof thoughBlack in targetsBirmingham. people. he had and a mobilizelong The history campaign, demonstrations.Civil of rights jeopardizingProject leaders C, The would "C"the planned a campaign to challenge andthem.sense fall ofThey prey empathy are to thedenied for dog-eat-dog, the a properpeople present-momentinstructionwhoMany have younggone of history, beforehabits Projectpeople in the HIP-HOP Black community Voices lack a systemBlackwereworking bettercolleges their to sustain spentparents came inan together supported.workingold and tounjust for talkTheir aThat aboutone.better energies, Easter how world weekendthey they than could felt, in of 1960, students from Southern week's"Bull"stood for Connorend, "confrontation." more quickly than 150 arrested had been the ConnorThedemonstrators. arrested. first resorted stage of By toProject a the full Carsenal began of with terror. a round In addition of sit-ins. to whichwhopainof American andwere lifted suffering unafraid culture.Blacks endured outIt to is ofmake hard the by for oppressiontheirthe Black necessary predecessors, Iyouth can of understandJim to changes feel Crow. those the what it is to not care for history. I Hamburger,"playencedmorechange a than activistpart the entireintegrate inspoke Ellasustaining social Baker,about the structure. howalunchin movement a speech the counters. This students entitled task,for Theychange. Bakerneeded "More needed believed, Experi- toThan do to a iners.barkhenightsticks, thisused Dr. off way. fireKingtrees, His hoseshe had and unleashedhope anticipated withhe waslobbed a currentsthat police tear thatthe media, gassodogsConnor strong grenades upon especially would they demonstrators, at could crackthe television, protest- rip down the determinationmyachievementsBlackdidn't HIP-HOP get history. a good were trip,of historyThethe Inot remember Black Civilreal education, tome. freedom Rights what Yet, and madefighters struggleas I Ibarely think the more pain backandgot realanyand itson wasofchallenginglazinesstruth the a task conference,to theandbest you bitter doubtleft and for end."she and me. young said: fear 3They people.and"The are follow askingyounger To theour us olderdedication generation to forget members toour isthe wouldphotosvictory"of the report nation, of whenConnor what and cameras was loadingso happeningstir thefrom Dr. national King around in Birmingham intoKing conscience. the a policeused world histo van. Itthesnapped time was rest in"a prison to write his Letter from a waswerepicturesto peopleme. happening openly People or took Movement abused. tothetend the abuse, toBlack For footagefeel me,how people, similarly it theydepicting wasn't it felt.was when so moreI how lookedmuch they howBlacks what at seethe the Nonviolentbecomecampaigns the fordynamoCoordinating change. which Committee, powered manyIt waswas of formed. atthe this Movement's conferenceIt would that SNCC, or the Student Birminghamalmostof"For the years Negro always campaignIJail, have with meanta replyheard a aspiercing 'Never'... to "unwisethe white word familiarity. ministersjusticeand 'Wait.' untimely." too It denouncing ringsThislong He indelayed'Wait' wrote,the his ears has is rangeChildren'sThesefaces of offaces theemotions. Crusade,peopleregistered Inand Isome real sawknew emotion. Ihow sawthatWhen the anger,here artist lookingwere distress, captured no atactors. frus-children's a faces in a mural of the Civil Rights Institute and the exhibitsWhen in the Project adjacentThe HIP-HOP Kelly Birmingham visits Birmingham, Children's a tour of Crusade the wouldpourinjustice which into bedenied." Blackthedubbed streets high "The to school protestChildren's students segregation. Crusade."Project and childrenC The went campaign into would a new phase. A strategy was devised toofandtration; doemotions. hope. something and Looking in I feltother to angry, at ensure faces, these then facesdetermination,that determined, society made me will adetermineddedication, feelnot atread mix 1963,18theIngramcalled city Birmingham Park itsunsolved nickname, makes bombings itthe clear "Bombingham." most why in segregated Black MartinThe neighborhoods Luther Therecity wasin King,was America. a hotbed even earnedJr. had an of racial discord. Between 1957 and intoaroundBirminghammarched the the school out world ofstreets thebuses observed Sixteenth and Bull Kelly as,Connor Street Ingramironically, BaptisthadOn Park. Maybrought they Church Reporters 2, were 1963, in. into loadedBy 1,000from the Black kids from six to eighteen beenbackwards,orstruggling Angela anger willDavis, foris now truenot but profane equality.dedication. there is the aI mayplace faces I amAsnot for on I bededicatedme thecontinue a as Malcolmmural. an activist to to studyX the Movement, what had 20instancepicture of of a blackscience and textbook white rabbits being banned together. for The displaying most infa- a 44 day's end, 959 children had been jailed. in my daily life. 45 Highways into the Past: The next day, police barricaded the Sixteenth Street themselves the target of white supremacist groups like the housecamps was we hadlittle seen more in than ourParts avisit one-room of to the South Mississippi shack, Africa. shabbily DeltaEach resembled theProject squatter HIP-HOP Voices clothingblastedConnorhadBaptist assembled. Church,with unleashedand lefthigh-pressure Whenwhere, them dogs the bloodied.inside, upon students hoses anotherthem, Across tried which and 1,000 to the had leaveripped nation,Black the the offchildren students church,people their easilyintentrightsKu Klux ongains,and Klan.keeping openly Klansmen thelynch vote stepped Black in white people, up hands.their or pressure makeTheAware Klan sure tactics,that could they African Americans had been making civil house.theousNotput neat together,tractstoo The rowslong of difference farm andbefore,of crops always,land. we'd came isAt better it driventhe toseemed, corneran described end,past aboutof stoodlarge the as to field,theand betweenfall farmer's luxuri- whereapart. a incarcerateddemonstratorscontinued,watched their swelling placed televisionhad beena ingreat size. jailed.screens strain By The Mayon inWhat thehorror.cost 6, police morefinallyof keepingThe budget.than brought marches 2,000 them the city to the bargaining table was inandpunishwere sympathy the harassed Klansmen,powerful with or deprivedWhites them? especially Citizens of their when Councilsjobs. localIf, Who, finally, law were after enforcement likelya all, Black would to beperson made it up to the state house, RulevilleHamerin "first"Mississippi was and to 44,register "third and she thathadworld" to vote.area,triedFannie country Becausetoa fewlead Lou miles thana of groupHamer herbetween away. attempt,of had Blacks thisgrown she areato up in the Delta. When demonstratorsAfrican-AmericantoBirminghamthe desegregate economic merchants, pressurefrom their workers. jail stores alarmed theand The arrests andagreed city, at lunch the andfor to drop open itscounter,boycotts part, in a sales, channelreleased andexerted. agreed hire forthe arewouldgiven,sheintent therecouldn't on andask inregistering impossiblegenerallya register. bar of soap?" to Literacygiven vote,questions or only other "How and to like measuresother Blackmany "How arbitrary grainspeople. made many of testssureThe sandbubbles heweretests are or inyears.andwas front herjailed, familyof beaten,a congregation had andworked evictedShe on of then as twofrom sharecroppersbegan or the three working farmland hundred for for she18 SNCC. Hamer would get bombshomepronounceddiscussing of had Dr. race gone King'sthe relations. agreementoff brother in Montgomery and void. at Dr. BombsThe whenKing's Klan, wentthe hotel, however, bus off, muchboycott at onethe as of the city's unofficial authorities, fatherbeennotthere unless barredon clause" the they localfrom added had beach?"paying already to the before. statepaid aconstitution. Therepoll Ortax was those-- which alsoSuch applying a they a"grand- clause had to register would be told they could wouldleadingpeople."Are thenloudly we theShe gonnapeople sing, would reply, "Arefight in belt jubilee,"Amen!" wefor out gonnajustice?" theand "Y'know, whip then march sheher for Lord!"wouldvoice justice?" sing,was, She The congregation shottwoBaptistawas bomb Eaglevictorious.at twoChurch, tore Boy Black apart ScoutsInkilling childrenSeptember the onfour basement theirriding young 1963, way on girls. of onhomea bicycle, theits Later annual Sixteenthfrom thekilling a youth Klansame Streetone rallyday,day, of beenwouldcouldn'theld slaves!that be register allowedif your yourself. grandfatherto register Of becausecourse, hadn't no theirregistered, African grandfathers Americans then youhad wouldingonnaraiseAgain, her the marchsay,grace, the cry "All people tomorrow again,would right would morethen.yell, at 7AM?" I"AMEN!"detailedreply, expect The"Amen!" to this see people,and time,each then She caughtand"Are Hamer would every we up victorythem. Outrages only revealed like these how farserved there as was a reminder yet to go. that every The campaign for Voting Rights SNCC,or the Council CORE, of the Federated NAACP, Organizations and Dr.In King's1964, (which in organization, an effortincluded to register more Black voters,The COFO, Mississippi Summer Project alongsidesitestillone ofinreeling, youRuleville. thetomorrow would grave Whilearrive atof 6:30AM"Pappy" inthe the next Delta,sharp!" Hamer, morning we And madeher andthe husband. it people,march. a point to visit her grave It is well placed, in an open field, didn'tdisenfranchised.Civilgation Rights register by 1963, Act to ofachievementsvote. It 1964, wasn't It wasAfrican simply more which Americans thatthatThough were they African werewrittencouldn't gains Americansstill had intoregister largely been the made in the fight against segre- AmericanthroughMississippi.SCLC), launchedintimidation voter Mississippi registration. a voting and hadterror, rights prided insummer discouraging itselfCOFO project on invited its African-success,aimed assistance at from the North, believing that History, Organizing & tiredThePower inscriptionof being sick on and her tired."headstone reads, "I am sick and 46 offto vote. the voting Through rolls. a variety If they oftried means, to register, their names they would were keptfind peningthis would in Mississippi. help focus Hundreds national of attention student onvolunteers what was from hap- 4A 21 all over the country flocked to join the 1964 Summer Project. to Meridian by getting killed. A church, some distance away, Movement.neighborhoodsregistration. The andplan there was thatencourage they would literacyMississippiThey move saw training into it braced as Black anand itselfopportunity for what to it playregarded a role as inan thein- targetshottinyagreed picturethrough. practice to accept of We byhim hiswere the embeddedbody. locals. told that The onhis next thepictureThe tombstoneyear first had we year been visited, hadwe used went been the as to visit his tomb, we found that a memoryendless attacks of James of vandalismChaney. Up since until it Downthewas moment erected South theretowhen the is a tombstoneProject which has HIP-HOP endured Voices boughtvasion.submachinedeclared.Forman, hundreds the "I SNCCmaygun of mountedbe executiveextra killed shotguns onand secretaryits you turret. andmay told Martial a be tank students killed," withlaw at wasJim a an The mayor of Jackson enlarged the police force, supposedentireofshambles.his a memorytombstonecoffin to Inbe where some maintainedwas had theofdestroyed. been the earth gravewas pushed had put sites,The worn outover. cemeteryyou andaway. Acould a flame tree evenitself planted that see was was partsin in I sawdawnedIabsorbing took the in tombstoneon the the me. scene trip I did with beforein not Meridian, detached want me, toa horrifying believefeelings.Mississippi,We arrived that realization the I at wasprone the location of the isolated grave. As Jamesorientationvolunteers,missing. Chaney, 200 Aftersession. of and havingthem, MichaelOn went Juneinvestigated into Schwerner,20, Mississippi.1964,The a burned the next were first day, church,reported crew three of the young men, Andrew Goodman, holddalizingment.lingering positions Some James problem. display of Chaney's power, Even their can now, grave.racism afford many Others, intoSuch clear bestill more resentwhodisrespect,ways, covert continue theas inMove- we van-their to discovered, was a symptom of a inwasoftombstone vainhuman try toto rights.lift standhad the really it Wemarble backup. decidedbeen stone. Eightknocked that pairs the over least Rightof byarms we opponentsnow couldstrained I can't do understand why there is so much three"speeding."Chaney,thehead. hands had fromof been theLater nearbyKKK. detained that All Meridian,night threein Philadelphia,the were sheriff was shot beaten releasedat close Mississippi before range them beingin into forthe The only African American in the group, James politicalracism.told,live in "respected"But means,Meridian they to still muffleand members manage, Philadelphia Black ofwhether voices.the community.where Fourthrough theyof theeconomic are, One killers we owns were ofor thea three civil rights workers still takesresistancealsodeep to tothis disrespect create and hate so anhad mucha understanding deadto run, hatred,man. I understood When because of Iresponsibilities realizedThe whythat meaning Iis justwas what how there. of thatit this trip is not only to educate, but killed.wastheirsippi burned. Their disappearanceofficials bodies said were that was buriedthis probably was in just an a earthenanotherThepublicity day dam, Northernafter stunt. their their Missis- hoax,car murder, the sheriff told reporters that civicelectednightclub, association. justice another of the is peace,a security a fourth guard, belongs another to ahas prominent been an Selma and the Voting Rights Act educatethatwhatwe all should I haveneed those toasbe aroundknow. humanmonopolized mebeings. about by the a few.Knowledgefacts of yesterday is indeed power, but it is not a power This trip crystallized I intend to combedsevenduringaimed bodiesatthe thestirring Movement. rivers, of othersympathy they BlackIt wasn'tfound, for men the until to Movement.who Thetheir early hadFBI embarrassment, August goneconducted missing that the a half-hearted search. When they Staterealizeddisenfranchised. imposed that barriers a campaign Dr. to Kingregistration aimed and otherat effectively securingVoter civil registration rights votingkept Blacks leaders rights continued to move at a slow pace. ofstartand tohaveapathy also makere-discovering. you about thatchanges? felt needsthe like feelings youWe toToday, be haveas overcome.thatan thereto individual alllearn iscommunities a notHow common haveto manygive no havefeelingin strengthtimes to tothat bodiesweafter$30,000 visit aof Klan Goodman,reward.the gravemember of Schwerner Jamesgave the Chaney. FBIand aWhenChaney Wetip inlearn Project exchange were that HIP-HOPfound Chaney for a goes to Meridian, Mississippi, hadsettledwould onlya history onhave 3% a strategy: toof of firstits harassing 29,000 dismantle nonviolent black civil state residentsrightsdemonstrations Selma,barriers. workers registered. Alabama, In andin1965 Selma. takingSelma once they a cotton center and slave market, thatregardlesshowsense my it of made personalhelplessness. of age,a difference journey wealth, of color.when discovery Ipeople alsoOne knowhas came important just for togetherbegun. certain thing I learned on this trip was just 22wastown, not because even permitted it was said to he be brought buried soin amuch churchyard bad publicity in his 48 culatedquick action that if to they stamp could out get protests. the national Civil mediarights leadersto report cal- on 49 Highways into the Past: cannlMs lepers 0, any ray bewhat forced was happeningto pay attention in Selma, to the the issue federal Thisof governmentvoting strategy rights. worked. would On February 1,1965 Dr. King and thewearing police.confrontation gas masks. between News thepeople long lined column the ofbridge marchers awaiting and 40 calf 1061)-\-te-viO2nk-fir' art eA btraisji \plot-Icing .115.0 keekikA the vans.newsa number broadcastAs ofin schoolchildrenBirmingham, the images ofthewere kids scenes arrested being stirred herdedfor marching. the into national police The sethorsemen upon the charged marchers and withthe gas chains grenades andThe billy were sheriff, clubs tossed. andJim Police cattleClark, gave the command to attack. The nD\RIA- an6 YoiN. militantconscience. leader, Two Malcolm days after X, arrived King's in arrest, Selma. another, more hadprods. his Even skull bystanders fractured, were16 marchers attacked. ended John Lewisup hospitalized; of SNCC, *an ko Aiht bodl. 15oi-kr alternate orevex: ,W1 beeAN ballot.put forth And by IBlack frankly people believe in thisthat country since theHe to ballottoldhave an is interviewer, "I am 100 percent for any effort access to the our right, astheanother a "Bloody special 50 received report. Sunday" The emergency was national filmed treatment.conscience and broadcast The was savagery intooutraged. homes of, ma. te fdraree1 5ite5oria o ex moven*,tile, I d% ely,D, you'rebenecessarythat nonviolent wedealing are to withwithinsecure with people an thoseour enemy rights whorights....I who to believe doesn't that know it is whatright to are nonviolent. But whenuse whatever means is march,their TVswhich descended set out on upon March Selma. 9. Again, KingScores when announced the of marcherspeople another who had witnessed the brutality on 0 ire h ate} A olgax rnre am ou caul attackedtime."nonviolence 4 by law is, asenforcement far as I'm concerned,officers. Jimmie you'reOn Lee wastingFebruary Jackson, 18, a small civil rights march in Selma your was a leaders.andpray.armedreached returned Rather officers. the Edmund thanto The the risk marchers church, Pettusmore toviolence,fell Bridge, the on dismay their theyKing knees ofwere turned some and met began aroundSNCC with to 0 0 leta O eir histhe26-year bellyblows old and of demonstrator, the shot police. him As rushedhe did to shield"Who his killed mother Jimmie from Lee Jackson?" King asked, . He died a week later. so, an officer put a gun to as he outcryBoston'sthey left again aslums, restaurant. went died up. two One,The days nation James later had, Reeb, from inIn athe injuries.Selma welfare past thatfew Aworker national eveningweeks, in three ministers were attacked as 0 0 inandfromwasdelivered the everykilled governorstruggle Jackson'spassive by everyfor on Black justice." down,eulogy. lawless person every In sheriff, response, who indifferent "stands every he said racistwhite that politicianminister, Jackson on the sidelines announcedoverofwitnessed whatthe country kind a aVoting level of ensued. country of Rights violence Taking America bill. that the had was.cue, challenged"Their PresidentDemonstrations cause Johnsontheir must idea, all be our cause too," Johnson said in a wereand understanding walking peacefully how peopleacross a got bridge. beatenSelma Those just impressed peoplebecause had me after seeing the Edmund Pettus Bridge they an mediatelyvotingwasstate a protestrights.capital, declared George Montgomery,against that Wallace, policesuch aa distancemarchbrutality the Alabama would Kingof and50 then miles.not the takeannounced denial The place. march of a march from Selma to the Alabama governor, im- overcome!"andoftelevised us, injustice," who address must5 and overcometo inthe conclusion nation, the "It crippling ishe not proclaimed, just legacy Negroes, of"We bigotry but all shall' stopwerecamethatinner us negative, people from strengthtogether. doing today we that If could some wepeopleneed. reacted thinkstupid Back nowadays more thestuffthen way clearly. thatpeopledon't they have Thinking ofdid theand, to things would that we are doing. communitytruthfully, marcherstheBrownThe Edmundplanning Chapel saw, at PettusproceededAfrican the other bridge Methodist anyway.end, at a the hordeChurch. edgeOn of Sunday, When ofarmed the they Marchtown,officers reached the7, 1965, about 600 marchers left the troops,thepoliceplace,a third Alabama protection.buttime. the Governor FBI, A National federal and Johnson Wallaceanother judge Guard. thus had 100had federalized Heallowed federalstill also refusedThe dispatchedthe marshals, nearly Selma-to-Montgomery march to 2,000provide to allarmy take ofto march was to take place again, History, Organizing & Power 50 BEST COPY Pik/IOLA:3LE 51 231 ensure that, finally, this march wouldMore be successful. than three thousand people, Black and white, Footnotes Definitions beganknowChurch,ingthey just againarrived some downDr. at of inBrown's King, you Montgomery.the areroad triumphant, Chapel. asking from Beforetoday,This his addressed Dextertime 'Howthe on state longAvenuethe thecapitol fourth will nation, itBaptist build-day,take?' "I 2.Rights1. FredClayborne Movement,Powledge, Carson, We Charles et.Shall al, Scribner's Overcome:editors, Eyes Sons, Heroes on 1993, the of Prize thep. 178. Civil Civil AfricaApartheidapartheid"election finally in -- 1994. inthe came South sytem Segregation to Africa an of end racial (keeping inwith the separation NelsonSouth the wasraces Mandela's in like Southapart "petty in bendsmoment,I comelong...because toward to sayhowever justice."to youthe armfrustratingthis 6 ofafternoon, the moral the howeverhour, universe it difficultwill is long not thebutbe it fromRights3.1991, Sanfordthe Reader: p. Black 155. Wexler, Documents,Freedom The Struggle, Civil Speeches, Rights 1954-1990, and Movement: Firsthand Penguin AnAccounts Books,Eyewit- moveasApartheidschools,reservations the fromrequirement public had place forfeatures accommodations, toBlack thatplace, that peopleBlack andthe US bantustanspeoplefrom housing,system different carry lacked:or jobs, passesa "tribes" form etc.)such to or of impetusbackLiuzzo,informer, to Selma.whoit shot needed was and Her transporting killedto death be passeda whitegave marchers bythewoman Congress. ThatVoting from very Rights Detroit,In Montgomeryevening Selma Act Viola Klansmen,the in whose car sat an FBI 4.ness Press,Malcolm History, 1992, X: Facts Februarypp. 24-25. on File, 1965, p. 112.The Final Speeches, Pathfinder suchConstitution,Billethnic ofindividual groups. Rights adopted liberties in as December the free exercise 1791, to of guarantee religion, the first ten amendments to the US Nationaltowasthe public role opened Voting which offices. wider Rightsthe The fortown gripBlackMuseum played segregationists Americans. bearsin itsThe passage.eloquent Blacks Voting exerted witnesswere Rights over stateActto meant that the door to democracy elected 6.5. HarperCollins,EssentialJamesSanford M. Wexler,Writings Washington, 1991, op. and cit., p.Speeches ed.,230. p. 297.A Testament of Martin Lutherof Hope: King, The Jr., juryprotectsAmendmentfromfreedom trial unreasonable and them of duespeech, fromextends process unconstitutionalsearches the these pressof the and rights and law. seizures, assembly, actions toThe all Fourteenth thepeople, by rightfreedomstate andto a ThurgoodpoliticssolicitorBlackfederal loosened justice government Marshall,general. on as the the who Supremeappointed power later of Court,went theBlacks Black onwas toto selected vote positionsbecome was as felt. theof Johnson's power. firstThe Boycottlocalprotest. governments -- refusing asto usewell or as buy the something federal government. as a form of whoLutherMayorWhen killed ProjectJosephCoon" Jimmie Smitherman,in HIP-HOP 1965, Lee remainsJackson went who andinhadto officeSelma, DespiteJamescalled today. Dr.weReeb the Kinglearned Thehavegains, "Martin people never that however, disturbing signs persist. dividualtions,discriminationlaw,Civil andrights education, freedomsto --be your free in and employment,guaranteed rightsof voting.most to beforms Civiltotreated housing,you of liberties publicbyequally the accommoda- federaland arebefore privatethe Bill thein- beencostly.thoughgain convicted has By it had had1965 forits been many humantheir put activistscrimes. cost.to effective Thewere strategy beginningWe use, are had of reminded to nonviolence,proved pay heed againvery to and again of the fact that every of tochisedGrandfatherRights vote byifand yourthis the clause rule, grandfatherMassachusetts which said had Constitution.you registered. could only Disenfran- register Black people were disenfran- 24Malcomaway from X's call nonviolent for self-defense, direct action. and were prepared to turn 52 chised means being deprived of the vote. 53 Highways into the Past: Wewho live, would after all,not inuse a violentviolence world. to protect Violence"There themselves. are in verythis few human beings in this world Movement Voices Gandhidevelopoura train own was early Henryhis first thisstrategy tossedDavid century. ProjectofoutThoreau, nonviolentHe of hadthe and "whitesread used It resistance.HIP-HOPCivil was only"some Disobediencein Pietermaritzburg,ofcarriage its ideas of by toVoices: South Africa, Nonviolence that Mahatma in the Movement Later, he bewithandorganizationspeople induced federal "the wouldNegro officialsto react likejoin situation," the demandingthem,because NAACP petitions and their whatdonationsand constituents wouldSNCC. the hell wouldbe Politicians waswritten would flowgoing to wouldinto onbestate worldalwaysanddifferent in is povertyaboutalways ways. the madeTo knife, purposely manifestthe gun, keep and in athepeople number sword. hungry Youof that's violence. So violence isn't outMartintossedreturned of places, outLuther to of India washis King, country. knownand Jr., used tohimself be that an strategyadmireran expertNow, ofto inon Gandhi. get our being the own HeBritishkicked country's was struggle with segregation, strategy.nationalinstance,concerned broadcast introducedCan about you the of imagine issue.the SelmaVoting President what marchers Rights would LyndonIn Actmany beinghappen only Johnson, ways, beaten. afterif every nonviolent thefor resistance was also a safer workSCLC,adoptedoppresshave tosometimes, Dr. recognize people.nonviolence King's but theorganization. notasother a all tactic forms the time.Nonviolenceonly, of violence Angola,even in willthatthefor I wasn't nonviolent. A lot of us action:paigntoimpressed frustrate used the by busandthe the boycotts,eventuallystrategy way Gandhi of the expel nonviolent sit-ins,used the the InBritishthe nonviolent theresistance freedom early colonizers. years resistancerides, or direct of the the Movement, nearly every cam- South,mustwouldperson remember breakandwhositting-in thus squirtedout, therethat atand thethese wouldsomeit lunchwould campaigns ketchup be counter hardlymore onwhite arebe swung him even.taking people or back Firsther? place pissed at off,A everyin fight one theoff nonviolence."instance, did not get free throughOwen the Brooks use ofto Project HIP -HOP, July 13 , 1995. wouldChildren'sthefrustration violent stir Crusade. frustration, reactionpeople The would to ahazardsas nonviolent itstrike was were out.intended protest, apparent: It was to, thatexactly theand the strategy instrategyhere, the in certainlypersonorat thesesix whites had"trouble-makers." be hitserious,to beata white, on if onenot the It deadly.Black would beating person. Andnot he be what Andreceived unusual if thethat forwould policeBlack five forms violence can take other than "the knife,Do theyou gun agree and with Owen Brooks about the various wouldtheirsideof the beof attackers nation. theeffective. protesters, It defended. hoped Nonviolence as to it make hoped was clear to aimed make that at justiceabsurd the conscience wasthe systemon the Blacks,arrivenonviolencethey'd on albeit turn the theirinscene. as self-defense, a clubs moral They on strategy. see then? hitting whites Heback.Some believedhitting Who people, Blacks,do that you like "there think andDr. Martinis Luther King, Jr., believed in youtothe wouldparticipate sword have "? If infelt you the sitting dosit-in agree, at movement? a lunch give somecounterDo How examples.you while do think you other thinkyou would have had the self-discipline spreadsucceededviolencedepended of acrosssuchon so thewell images, mediathe before nation. theto thedeliver sacrifice age ofthe oftelevision.The spectacle the strategy nonviolent ofWithout one-sidedrelied might theheavily on the media. Nonviolence It probably wouldn't have unthinkablefollowedtheremore ispower in it guns because inand sociallyin sothe theunwinnable, hands alternativeorganized of a few massesgiven desperate the on armsthe men." march and Others will- than violence seemed so peopleneed harassedfor this kind you? of Whatnonviolent sort of direct trainingBrainstorm action? would ayou list of situations today in which this treatedaltogetherinas wellSouth Africanhave Africa, until been Americansvery andin late.vain. kept Thewere, television apartheid they Inbegan out thestate of toUnited therealized sympathize country States, this when people saw how horribly thewanteddirectingness Klan action tocame makeuse of calling.themthe sure 50s on they Kingand the 60s,had otherhimself somekept side. hadtheir form pointed Manyguns of self-defense at people,out home. that They however,"the if who took part in the nonviolent History, Organizingkind & Pon. of protest might work. When would it be ineffective? meantatwith how the thatour Movement countrymarches looked and rallies to the would rest of swell the world. in size Sympathy as more or maybe they just were embarrassed ("Thebloodshed,principle Social of has Organizationself-defense, never been of condemned,even Non-Violence," involving even Octoberweapons by Gandhi." 1959). and 25 MovementaUNIT success or is a FIVE:usually failure? described Beyond as a struggleYouWhat the mightfor was "civil thethinkCivil Movement?rights" these questionsRights What are did easyPhase it achieve? to answer. Wasof The ittire Movement thebutcatalyst elderly,for women,for theand expansion otherthe disabled, social of rightsgroups. gays not and But just lesbians, as for Dr. racialSeen Martin immigrants, minorities, in Luther these terms, the Movement was a powerful thea lotits federal ofriding circumstances government'sherd on certain that repression made kinds it of happen leaders,of"The organizations, that Movement and way so on. failed in many areas. There were Movement Voices success.equallythe US government beforeDuring the the law. todecade resume of 1955thethat forward - Seen is,65, for mass inmarch everyone, these action signposted narrow forced regardless legal terms, of race, the Movementto be treated was a byKing,"dream"downis brick, not Jr. thetherealized, and about same "whites building anthingshaking integrated, only" asanew. thetaking signs. foundations It color-blind wasn'tthose foundations enough of society.white just supremacy apart,The to take social brick It wasn't enough just to tributionAmerica,wouldgoals.Philosophically, Somebe ofsuchthe land.idealistic vanguard, as wethe We wereredistribution peoplealso the not wantedvehicle hoped together of aforthat differentwealth, basicin the terms Movement changethe kind ofredis- the ofin byare"onandcame Reconstructionthe the Civil down, Votingground Rights and Rightsof athe Actrace,century numbers Actof color, 1964, ofbefore. 1965. ofreligion, which African Movement The barred or"whites Americans national segregation milestones only" origin," regis- signs pricesaid,toand be economic toofcompletely bea hamburger? able structures to reconstructed.sit at 2 a lunchwhich counter hadWhat been goodif youbuilt was can't on it, racism afford Dr. King hadthe wecare.humane.political went This system None through.should of have this As been happened.long a asbyproduct I've been"Let's of thepolitically look, struggle for instance, at the availability of health one that was more democratic and adultthethreetered 60s, quarterstoAfrican asvote the went Americansimpacthad registeredup. of the were Voting to enfranchised. vote. Rights Act Bywas the felt, end over of In 1954 fewer than a quarter of all Dr.sooner King's had Presidentstrategy of Johnson nonviolent signed directThe the MovementVoting action. Rights of the Act period 1955-1965The Black is identified Power with phase of struggle But no youIcountry.active, am thinktelling we haveAmerica you, advocatedand formneeds for national to yourself look health"Welike. a vision failed And care of inifin whatcrucial youthis areas. You must evaluate what someparticipated veterans of in the as Movementconfined to do a notsingleAs see Project decadethe struggle HIP-HOP and theyto the discovered on our journeys South, The Movement is not over tweenWattsaimedimpatienceinto law, African-American areaat thanBlack ofwith Losan people.the era Angeles, slow was youthsThe bornpace sparked August ofwhichand change white by 1965 shared a confrontationpolice,and uprising Malcolmthe was violence ina sign be-theX's whichcontexttosaid,construct go. you Youwe of awill whatneed visionshould find youto of readthatstrive whatmay wemore visualizesomefor. have history, people one as helluva a andlike better putmyself long situation it in haveway the I want you to look for singleaslegal)promise. a continuing, equalityobjective and oflong-term attainingmake America effort legal torights. live achieve"The up Instead, to conventionalactual its democratic they (not see just termit civil rights movement," writes bydiscussedsinger,of Richard things and Wrightto in come. actorSNCC as Paul the offices. title Robeson for It awould book, in Meanwhile,the first and 1950s, bycapture the thewas activist, national concept being of "Black Power," a phrase used yourself,yearshowthat, theyou from and system have now."see toif works, thereunderstand is and any where truthwhat inyouyou're"You what want have upI say. toagainst, to be work 20 for change where you are. To do Movementnarrowshookofwhat this we thenation a so description anti-democratic, oftenveteran not calllong and thefor ago.... historian civilthe white-supremacist great, Atrights its Vincent Black-leddeepestmovement Harding, and eruption wasfoundations best in "islevels, fact thattoo a hadAlabama,democracymedia passed. attention through andOver Blackat 80 a which Mississippipercent political the of Selma-Montgomery thepower rally County'sSNCC in to June Lowndes tried population 1966. to County,use march wasthe new Voting Rights Act to bring HowWhat can does you your bring vision it about? for the Can countryOwen it be Brooks donelook like?toin Project HIP-HOP, July 13, 1995. 26 powerfulexpansion outcroppingof democracy of in the the continuingUnited States...." struggle ' for the 5 6 voteBlack, before and notthe aVoting single RightsBlack personAct. SNCC had beenactivists registered set up anto your lifetime? 5 7 Highways into the Past: independent party, the Lowndes County Freedom Organi- the two phases of the Movement. The civil rights phase Theseguarantees fine sentiments of life, liberty are embodied and pursuit in the"It of Declarationis happiness. time we stoppedof our blithe lip service to the Movement Voices thatprominenttioncandidateszation, itand would using threats families for atake Blacklocal of more whoeconomic officesPanther ownedthan were theasreprisals 90 its Voting percentdefeated. symbol. by Rights ofthe All Openthe several seven Actland intimida- to showedof dozen bring their allConstitutionaldidn'taccepted"raised right." look thequestions4 Theat cultural identity. rights Black of assumptionsto systematicPower everyone, Movement, oppression of then the everything wideron andthe country otherexploitation," will hand, and be It believed that if you just extend whenIndependence,piness,haveration it not wasof and intentlife, written... millions butliberty rather that and nor thanofdocument to poorthe ofthis privilegereality. white day, was black AmericansTherealways of pursuing Americans were a decla- slavesare hap- in October,insoonabout Oakland, be substantial adopted 1966. California, by change. the Black which The Panther Black was SNCCofficiallyPanther Party forveteran symbol Self-Defenselaunched James would inForman, who briefly was a member GreensboroMalcolmNorthBarnesand the Carolina wasneed X a infor leader high1970. "major schoolof He achange student now and teachesandthe revolt firstsocial atstudent transformation."hisNorth Greensboro, to Carolina enroll in Liberation University, which moved to AmericacitizensAmericaneedeconomic not has will mustchange, bondagenot no change yet longer but changed that becausethis live isis supinely scarcelybecausethe twenty-three illusion in soless amany ofwretched oppressive... millionthe think damned. blackpast. it protesttiestheof the Movementhad Black generally Panther in these disappeared Party, terms: described in the the"VotingSouth transformation after discrimination years ofof and segregation of public facili- that protest which produced the 1964 Civil Rights ganAgriculturaland1960s the schools sit-in and early andmovement (seen Technical 70s as tothe infight base 1960. University, attempts of studentDr. to whose protest)shutBarnes Blackstudents describedand colleges to be-work the organizations formed in the late Americaallies,shallstrengthThey neverhave they inmust struggle;left willcrawl change." the shake norvalley and theretreat whether ofprison despair; again. wallsthey Joinedthey live until haveor they bydie, foundwhite fall.they SouthActdationdeliberatenewly and were theofestablished voters. 1965beingmiscounting Voting underminedThe political South Rightsof votes, was rights Act.by becomingbribery, whites Atof theblack in economicsame more many people time, and ways: intimi-in morethe the neighborhoods,still,werechanges,for economic Dr. opened Barnesespecially upjustice. told tograveyards, in Africanus, theGrassroots "intense economic Americans. and segregation" activism institutions,sphere, Although ledwhere in toGreensboro's things importantmore there jobs are is peoplehaveMartin to Luther towage defend aKing, psychological their Jr., own"A Testament terms, battle defineon of the "WeHope" themselvesright want (1968) for toblack say as that first, it is clear to me that we communities,calleducationremainedhousing,like forthe Black North. lack whether ofPower The jobs, basicallyinfundamentalsdrew insufficient New substance York unchanged medicalor of fromMississippi. racism thethroughoutattention, realities Thus inferior ofblack the the inadequate definitely better than they were before.Back in the summer of 1967, as calls for "Black Power" The cities burn hurttryingofarethey trying on them....see tothe fittoexplain move andprove The organize questionforto things white our toliberation.themselves is,people white will whitepeople.that We as we're people theyhave We notsee arebeen overcome goingfit...We tired tired ofto perience,nationaloflives our of problems black response.but hadpeople in meaning NorthIt acrosshad andemerged for the South,black nation. frompeople the"Black With conceptthe everywhere." the SouthernPower" equalizing evoked meant ex- 3a a new emphasis on self-defense, rebellion40,000150ghettoscame cities, to injured,and nationalin mostly theincidents single and attention, in the thecityof damagepolice North. of Detroitdesperate brutality Ninetyto propertylasted conditions peopleignited five immense. days, wereuprisings in causing killed,urban The in goingchoice,Iftheir that racism todoes but move nottoand say onhappen, allow oververy for you."clearly,brothers that to movehappenand sisters, on in over, this we country? orhave we're no concretemet,economicracial it pride, took gains advancement. theand for strugglegrassroots Black topeople. organizinga higher level for"The andBlack Black ensured cultural Power some and Movement," Dr. Claude Barnes told According to some activists we thetivelydemonstrate43 deaths.last in year the fightof that his fornonviolent life, political he told powermethods the US and Senate Horrifiedcould economic bethat usedby "thejustice. the effec- great violence, In Dr. King was determined to History, Organizing & PowerNovemberStokely Carmichael 19, 1966 at University of California at Berkeley, 5 8 Projectnot written HIP-HOP, about "is as partsuch. of Many the Movement, scholars want although to separate it is gainchallenge identity facing with the ghetto civil dwellers."rights movement America is to as organize a nation andhas 59 27 out.neverproblems 5 yet, of he its declared,Negro citizens" "committed itself to solving the and now time was running battleupnated in flames.gear by patrollingimages The nation's of our the own National television burning Guard screens streets, and werewhile army domi- otherin full Dr.Hispanics,paign." King He planned andwanted Native to tomobilize bring Americans them African to in WashingtonAmericans,To a "Poor focus People's the poor DC, nation's whites,where Cam- attention on economic inequality, US soldiers burned villages in Vietnam.A month before Dr. King's assassination, a document of The Kerner Commission destiny1. We of want our freedom.Black Community.Black We want Panther power to Party determine Manifesto the of 1966 Activity (extracts) theyingdemandingpoverty the would Vietnam in the livethat nation's intheWar. shanties government cities and and take confrontruralMeanwhile, part areas. in the demonstrations problems King angered of those in power by condemn- Instead of using resources to fight Commission,PresidentAdvisoryunusual honesty Lyndon Commission two and Johnsonof whoseinsight on and Civil memberswas chaired publishedDisorders, were by Otto Africanby appointed theKerner. National Ameri- The by beings.4.3.2. ourWeWe Blackwant wantwant an fullCommunity.decent end employment to housing,the robbery forfit by forour the shelterpeople. CAPITALIST of human of povertymachinewar.thansending "It devastating becameatto theirhome,kill millionssonsclear he the anddeclared,to ofmehopes their Vietnamese that brothers theofthe theUSwar poorin hadandwas a futile built theirdoingat home. andahusbands farmilitary unjust moreIt was to whitecan,understoodghetto wrote Americans. a destructiveabout the What anger environment white boiling Americans over totally"Segregation in sohave unknown many never cities: andto fully most poverty have created in the racial but what the Negro can never forget is that 6.theeducationtrue5. We present-day nature want that of alleducation thisteaches blacksociety. decadent menus for our our toAmerican true be people exempt history society.that andfrom exposes our Wemilitary role want the in fighttofacedonhas theTV been and withrest screens unable to ofthe die the cruelas toin population.... they seatextraordinarily irony themkill of and togetherwatching dieSo highwetogether in havenegro theproportions same repeatedlyfor and a schools.whitenation relative beenboys that So whiteinstitutions societyracismsociety created condonesthroughout is deeply it, whiteit." implicatedour 8 nation'sinstitutionsThe in history. theKerner maintain ghetto. It Commissiontraced it,White and the examined the role played by 8.and7.service. We MURDER wantwant anfreedom immediateof black for people. allend black to POLICE men held BRUTALITY in federal, wevillage,block watch in but Detroit." them we realizein 6brutal that solidarity they would burning neverIn language the live huts on reminiscentofthe a samepoor of Malcolm X, Dr. King praised mandsthatMovement'smosttoward made offor equality all, AfricanBlack attempts they Poweraccompanied couldAmericans to bring feel when theabout embrace bythey persistent, bitterchange, "could more resistance. pervasiveand see militant the progress despair Perhaps racism de- Unitedblackcourt9.state, We bycountycommunities,want States. a jury all and black of citytheir as people prisonsdefined peer brought group andby the jails.or to constitution peopletrial to frombe tried of their the in "theinterrelatedrialism....andreal suggests issueblack to It revolution" flawsberevealsthat faced." radical systemic 7 for reconstruction "forcing rather America than of society superficial to itselfface allflawsis the its racism, poverty, militarism and mate- ondoubletothat ghettos,their kept standards children,them barred in inferiorin andthem courts blighted fromsegregated of justice, fair their employment, schools, inflictedlives with restricted bodily aprovided sense harmthem of justicesubjectsthroughoutUnited10. We and want willNations-supervisedpeace. the be land, black allowedAnd bread, ascolony our to housing,participate, major in which plebiscite political education, only for the blackobjective, to purpose clothing,be colonial held a of Memphis,marchunionon the recognitionbalconyof striking Tennessee of thesanitation and Lorraine in decent April workers wages.Motel1968.The who inHeOn Memphis, struggle intended Aprilwere 4thdemanding forkilledto he leadeconomic died by a equality took Dr. King to severalracialwhiteshopelessness minorities and urgent 40.6 and recommendations were percentdespair." living of 9 Africanbelow thetoThe Americans President poverty report, level, written Johnson'sand madeother when 11.9 percent of the nation's destiny.determiningWhich of these the demandswill of black do you people think alarmedas to their the nationalauthorities 28a sniper's bullet. In the wake of his death, more than a hundred cities went 60 government.improve housing, These includedopen up thethe existingneed to integratejob structure, schools, create supportersthe most? Do today? you think that this Manifesto would find many 61 Highways into the Past: RACIALBLACKCOUNTERINTELLIGENCE NATIONALISTINTELLIGENCE PROGRAM HATE GROUPS 3/4/68 fundstwo million for welfare, new jobs set for up the civilian inner cities,review provide boards new to oversee federal [FBI]...."ence of the (FBI program Memo of be August made 25,known 1967 from Hoover to "All outside the Bureau truismnationalist that isgroups. no less In validunity forthere all is its strength; triteness. a An GOALS 1. Prevent the coalition of, militant black warned,policethe police, force "is and movingand recruit the media.toward more "Our two African societies,nation," Americans the one Commission black, into onethe turntions,Offices.") them and againstCOINTELPROto divide each groups other. sought along It was toracial createparticularly and splits ethnic inbrutal linesorganiza- in and its thebe effective thebeginning first coalition stepof a towardtrue of black ablack real revolution. nationalist"Mau Mau" in groups America, might 2. Prevent the rise of a "messiah" who could Therewhite had always been two societies Itin could the nation. be argued, What ofthe course, that this was nothing new.separate and unequal." Blackforgedtreatment Panthers. letters of the to On streetBlack December gangs Panthers. which 4, 1969 In turned Chicago, it helped them the the against FBI Chicago sent the toKing,hemovement. unify,thisis Stokelythe position. andMalcolmmartyr electrify,Carmichael ofXElijah mightthe movementthe Muhammedandhave militantElijah been today.is such Muhammed lessblack Martina of "messiahnationalist aall threatLuther aspire ;" only"relativelyKerner signs Commission little came had down. changed succeeded The in Movement the incountry highlighting had since clearly the was "white's not how yet Markpolice Clark assassinate as they Black lay asleep Panther in leaderstheir "Moderate"beds. Fred Hampton Black and leaders did not escape FBI scrutiny. saryand"obedience"becausefor embracecharisma this of hispositionblackto to "white,age. be nationalism. aKingshould real liberal could threathe abandonCarmichaeldoctrines"be ina verythis his real way.has(nonviolence)supposed thecontender neces- gone far enough. tapeswasMartin scheduled from Luther his bedroomtoKing, receive Jr. to wasthe encourage Nobelwiretapped. Peace him toShortly commit before he Price, the FBI used suicide. shouldis,nationalist of alsocourse, begroups. a goal This of theouris ofCounterintelligenceinvestigative primary importance, activity; Pro- and it 3. Prevent violenep on the part of black that it go no further. By 1967 his organizationBut the headhad declaredof the FBI, J. Edgar Hoover, was determined The FBI strikes back programotherThe FBI Movement keptdirector files activists.of on SNCC SNCC Cleveland when leaders, he Fannie wasSellers, Lou who Hamer had been and 20 years old, was beforegram.to pinpoint Throughthey exercise counterintelligencepotential their troublemakers potential it forshould and violence. neutralize be possible them 4. Prevent militant black nationalist groups Programwar"neutralize" on Black (COINTELPRO) militancy.(that is, "to cause had to been cease created to exist inas 1956a political to The FBI's Counter- Intelligence shotCarolinaaccused in the ofin "riot" participating1968 and served inwhich "aa yearriot" was in in jail.the Orangeburg, culmination Sellers had South ofbeen 13 years of student protest also known as the Orangeburg Massacre and leaderstions,range arowthfromespecially gaining of militant among rawileat21111tty, youth. black nationalist organiza- 5. A final goal should be to prevent the long- andinfiltration,aforce") threat even individualsto assassinationnational harassment and domestic throughagainst itsthegroups targets. legal which system, It was were violence,publicly seen as security.10 It used psychological warfare, linaain bowling the Highway town. alley Following Patrolmen, which refused a demonstration South to Carolina integrate, by National students Guards- outside the South Caro- emphasizeviolentgram, Black and those radicalNationalist-Hate leaders groups and andorganizations Groups, their leaders.should that be TARGETS Wearethe should most Primary targets of the Counterintelligence Pro- tually,itsexposed programs the FBIafter was aimedthe theftforced at ofdestroying toCOINTELPRO make public the Communist information files in 1971. Party, about Even- the Orangeburg.Carolinamen, and State local They College, police then firedsurrounded a predominantly without thewarning campus Black at nearlycollege 400 in of South the:andthisnationwide violence-prone country. in Thesescope leaders, targetsand are members,shouldmost capable include and followersof the disrupting radical of Socialistindependence, Workers ChicanoParty, groups activists, working the forAmerican Puerto Rican Indian wereHenrystudents killed. Smith, who were Samuel gathered Hammond, on the campus.and Delano Three Middleton, students, Twenty-eight others were wounded. The NationRevolutionarySouthernStudent of Nonviolent ChristianIslam Action (NOI) LeadershipCoordinating Movement (RAM)Conference Committee (SCLC) (SNCC) Movement,student groups. and a range of anti-war,High feminist, on the gay, FBI's and list of targeted organizations were takenrefusedinjured, for manytreatment treatment. of whom at the were county shot hospital in the back, where were they initially were ElijahtinStokely Luther Muhammed Carmichael King of NOI,SCLC,of SNCC, should Maxwell H. beRap Stanfordalert Brown for ofof counterin- SNCC,RAM, andMar- Offices handling these cases and those of whatthe"expose,memo activitiesthey from disrupt,termed J. ofEdgar blackmisdirect, "Black Hoover nationalist Nationalist discredit, to "all hate-typeoffices" or Hate otherwise orders Groups."organizations neutralize agents A to tivities.deliberately "Wherever targeted I would for arrest have becausegone, I would of his have political run Cleveland.into ac- Sellers told Project HIP-HOP that he was History, Organizing & Power telligence suggestions. ... 62 BEST COPY AVAILABLE and supporters....undergroupings, their leadership, no circumstances spokesmen, should membership, the exist- happenedthe same kind to someof response. degree What all over happened where in thereOrangeburg was a 63 29 Movementsocial change." and people 11 No were police placing were their ever lives charged on the with linefor the carloads of state troopers. The state legislatureThe Governor passed put a Tchulalaw under martial law and sent in Footnotes deathsbycivilconnections, the rights Stateof the demonstratorsof students. South and had Carolina. In refused 1993 to see Sellers to if extendtheyEarlier was had issuedthem in Communist the protection.a 60s, pardon the FBI had run background checks on sentencedwastheallowing mayor. shotaccused at,the to Thereand three boardof he"simple wereyears hadof alderman to dailyin assault"have prison threats a to 24-hour(no onrun onone a the policehis guard.else town life. in officer Finally,theHisinstead history house and heof Civil2.the1. VincentDennis Story Rights, of Cashman,Harding, the 1900-1990, Movement, Hope African NYU and Orbis AmericansHistory: Press, Books, 1991, Why 1991,and p.We the210. p.Must Quest1. Share for Typicalbombingthewhichinto Klanthe of killedof bombingthe wasBirmingham's FBI's four its was half-heartedresponseSunday finally Sixteenth Schoolto reopened the investigation violence Streetgirls. in TheBaptistJuly perpetuated investigation 1997.of Church,the 1963 by prisoners.solitaryInternational.forof the "simple State confinement ofassault"). HeMississippi spent Hisand 18 has case monthslocked been was indowngiven taken prison, a withup prison muchby death Amnesty sentence of rowit in masClaude4.OpenHand3. JulyJames Dent, 10, Barnes' Forman, Southern 1997Publishing studentmeeting The Journey: MakingCo., activities in 1985,Greensboro, A ofReturn p.Black are 457. todescribed Revolutionaries,Norththe Civil Carolina. in Rights Tho- After COINTELPRO was publiclyThe exposed, war iton was, Black the elected officials believeshea living, would that and not if the thinkshave community been he is jailed. still had under But, given Eddie hesurveillance. him says, Carthan more there support, told Heis still alsous thata he still has a hard time earning 5.Movement, 1986,theD. Garrow,Southern p. 609. William Bearing Christian Morrow the Leadership Cross: and Martin Company,Conference, Luther 1997, King,Vintage p.Jr. Books, 53.and livedinvolvedofAlabamaFBI county claimed, on. inTherein commissioners trying 1984. shut is to down. evidence,Its overturn campaign But and itsforBlack methods school instance,to majoritiesdiscredit board that Blackin membersthe the FBI electionelected was in and its racism feeling."mental,used"deep to embedded beemotional a fear of fear fearsurvival, that people of physical have toharm. deal Today with. Thereit is a a fear of the future, a helpless Hope:7.King,6. "A The TimeTestamentJr., Essential p. to233. Break ofWritings Hope,"the Silence," and in SpeechesA TestamentApril 1967, of Martin of Testament Hope, Luther The of officialsmayorin"Fruhmenschen" 1977, of was, at Tchula the according age (population(German of 27. As to for aRep. 2000) 12 primitive year Dymally, inTake old,the man) theMississippiCarthan case calledprogram. hadof EddietheDelta gone 12 Carthan, elected the first Black Amnesty International Definitions an international organization, Press,National8.Essential The 1969,Riot AdvisoryWritings, Report: p. 20. ACommissionp. Shortened 315. Version on Civil of Disorders, the Report Viking of the totions.duringbuiltdisabled. jail new Heforwhich Tchulaservedhouses,3 days time becameforas andhe Tchula's takingpaved brought an streetspartexample mayor transport in in Movement theforto other Blacktoover the Deltathree community,demonstra-elderly towns,years, and FBItorturewhose"prisoners andheadquarters the of death conscience" penalty.is in London, around which the world works and to to free end originally called the Bureau of Investigation, it was Amendment9. 11.10.Op RichardMeetingcit., p. 130. Foundation,Criley, of July The 10, FBI 1990,1997. and p.Wethe 29. Firstalso Amendment,met the owner First of andtolddid everything aProject challenge HIP-HOP except to the shootonstatus July me quo. 17, to 1997,getDuring me the out his"powers of time office." asthat mayor, Anbe the soft-spoken Eddie Carthan activities.nitypresidency.addedset up for as"Federal" surveillance, part It As was of early the headedto US itsas looking name 1917,Department by J. duringit Edgarfor targeted evidence ofHooverFranklin Justice the Blackof from Roosevelt'sinsubversive 1908. commu-1924 to It Ten12.histhe facilitiesMaryAll Years Star Sawyer, Later, Bowlingin 1968. Voter Harassment HeAlley Education did who not of regret hadBlack and refused hisRegistration, Elected earlier to Officials:integrate actions. Inc., 30FBItoisolate prepare agent him camefor from his to thepolitical Tchula community. shortly assassination. after he Thewas electedmedia helpedmayor 64 1972."Red" Anyone or "Communist" interested in by racial Hoover. justice was considered a gressional1987; Speech Record by of Rep.January Mervyn 27, 1988, Dymally p. H31. (CA) in Con- Highways into the Past: atpeople.lunchBlack least time,people IThe can and Asians talk in they my with have don'tschool some their really alwaysof ownthem. talk lunch sitto I thinkanytogether table of we the too, shouldduring white but Voices Heard at School W.E.B.UNITthe color DuBois line." (1903)SIX: The"The Movement's problem of the twentieth century Unfinished is the problem of Business residentscreasinglytheAfrica, Caribbean, Asia in diverse. theand UShave the The hadPacific, made 1990 been theCentralCensus born "minority" in revealedand a different Latin population that America country,20 million andin- a Iknowall knowrace, have some howthat assigned Black Blackwill weseatspeople. people ever so If understandthathave we whitedon't been have people oppressedthis aproblem? dialogue will inget this onto gethiddenin the when century. in theycoded shop, Itlanguage is or buried look and for in subtle ainstitutional place Today,messages to live racism practices.or some for isa peopletaxi,far It more oris camouflaged than it was earlier ofimmigrantlinguistichigher European number and fears descent cultural that and atfearoutright wealth. any being point xenophobia.But overwhelmed in it ourhasTheir alsohistory. Many stimulatedpresence by immigrantsAmericans has anti- given the country an extraordinary C'monpeopleagainsttheysociety, wantnow, too! whitebut today.affirmative Whylet's people. Lookfaceare they it,action at I they Bill mean,forgotten? is Cosbycan simply there pretty or reverseareMichael much poor racismdo Jordan. white what groupshavetheirhistorythat dealings even leadingand to opinion-makersinreflect withits writers heyday, thetheir police.recently views. it wasn'tinsist Today, stated,Jim that so Crow bad. well-funded "racismwas segregation,They "in ispart" are over" pressure rewriting an oneandeffort of newcomers,native-bornwho do not minoritywholook are or seen soundgroups as like afear source them. they ofW.E.B. will Somecheap lose DuBois'memberslabor. jobs to "colorthe of line" has been blurred by the hiswhitetruthI don't head is supremacy.think this open. ais Black Schoolsa society Look man treat canfoundedaround himmake asyou. itupon inferior. in Thethis one society.police The premise: media bustThe of suitedhas"Redthe Southernadopted Neck to these Shop" aruling newtimes in Laurens,elitepose when "to and protectopenlySouth new Carolina, As blacks.marketingracist Project language "' even HIP-HOPtechnique the isKlan no discovered when we visited the beensolved.increasinglypoliticsgroups overturned. The abound,of divideracial varied andhierarchy,and population, driverule set anti-immigrant with one but group"white" it has against on notlegislation top, another,been has dis- not Theand Racial stereotypes about "nonwhite" theydon'tLetpaint me wear. likehim be theas Andhonest: amusic criminal. I don't Ithey really like listen thedon't to. way Itrust don't they Black likespeak. the people. Iclothes mean, I What's left? Prison? governmentachieveWelonger just acceptable. lovetheir has whites.ends refused Weis Theya don'tthing to implysee hate of a the patternBlacks,that past. Despitetheir of their useKlan plentifulmessageof or violence other goes.evidence hate to suggesting otherwise, the wellAmericanencourage off. pie them reserved to fight for for people the ever who smallerare neither pieces white of northe doing.Blacksneakersthey'rec'mon, people Butkillinghow and those hard stupid arethemselves people islike itthings tothis. needspeak offlike A toanyway!few properthat! get know their I'm English! For not actwhat what? sayingtogether. they're Look, For all shotHamer,sissippi,Blackgroup at involvementchurches fromNew the hometownaMount nearby in thein Zion thebridge,South of Churchburning Movement since which hasof 1990. morehasbeen activist beenIn thanburned Ruleville, defaced twoFannie twice hundred Mis- withLouand whitebyated "whites the people Jim only" Crowcould signs system.cast their and Racism ballots.by voting was OverFor madebooths the allnextfirst where too half20 visible years, onlyof Learningthis century, from the United the Stateslessons toler- of history either.shouldresponsibleButBlack it happenedpeople It'smake easy forhavesure to awhat longwebecertainly racist don't othertime towardsdiscriminate been ago.people Whydiscriminated whitedid? should the people other I against.be too.heldway I think we occurbaseKu Klux of on Movement Klana more slogans. or lessorganizing Arsonmonthly attacks and basis. community on 2 Black churches, action, still the A growing diversity wasandsupremacyyearsit seemed institutionalstopped, of racial that were and weoppression. structuresabolished. mightthe achievements finally Thecould But legalbe before be prepared of remade,underpinnings the power Movement to the dealrelationships momentum with of beganwhite 350 History, Organizing & PowerDo you agree with any of these voices? 6 6 The nation looks different as well. Immigrants from to be rolled back. In order to understand where we are now and how we 67 31 Movement'scan start moving gains andforward losses. again, As we we domust so, takewe should stock of ask the allremedy races) frompast anddesirable present opportunities. discrimination, It was and intendedto make jobsto ourselves:turnedReconstructiontwenty-firstity population, back are century, as willwewere it was reallystill whenundermined? abe centuryprepared the"minorities" problem ago,If to so, see whencolor becomethe the problem line. the clock the gains major- ofagain the of white.groupsfaith"Affirmativeavailable Thiseffortinto to workplacescould actionqualified to bring bepolicies done peoplewomen that byurged were broadeningregardless and employerspreviously members ofthe to raceall applicant make ofmale or minority gender.a and "good pool all gottencepted.admission, inBut because andat the you same both are time, happyyour1. An youfather thatIvy fear Leagueyou and you have grandfather mightcollege been have ac-has just sent out letters of Activity Opening the door toThe economic Civil Rights opportunity Act of 1964 was supposed to end em- andparticularcredentialstheirbeyond numerical ability the line or"old to on ofgoalsdo boy" testwork. the for scoresnetwork, job, Onlyhiring rather which occasionally and than byhad"set judging on nothingasides" their were applicants foreducationalto timetables do minority with on a Istoattended thisrelatives affirmative the of college alumni.2. action?You and decided What you knowshouldto join it bethe gives done army preferenceabout after it? high school. You ality.thereploymentmake But wereit itwork. discriminationis so one many thing subtle to onpass ways,the a basislaw, shortFor andof race,yearsof another open sex, after bigotry, orthing 1964 nation- to there to was little sign of change, since African-AmericanbusinessesAfrican-American included police in firemen affirmative officers had hadgone action tripled, up programs. fivefold, the Afternumber and 20 there of years of affirmative action, the number of Iswhetherawaredid forthis not certain affirmative thatlike or veteransthenot educational thoughtthey action? gothad of Whatpreference taken fightingbenefits should part in and inwhena be war,a civil donewar. theybut serviceabout you applied wereit? jobs, excludestatusdidn'tnotcertain hired havepositions. exams. African because enough These AmericansFor senioritythey instance,exams had altogether, were tonot they be scored oftenpromoted. could or as keephighbe unrelated toldOr themenough they that into werethey low jobon resultsgains.enrollment.were significant in perspective. White gains women White in other reaped males professions accountevenBut we more forandmust onlysubstantial university look a third at the overall picture to put these ownthatyour you turf,construction 3.will and You beat know are out company.hoping a rivalnumber to firms getYou of a since politiciansnewfeel governmentfairlyyou are confidentand on other your contract for performanceunrelatedexecutivenumbers oftoorders goodasAfrican the requiring citizenship.Jim Americans Crow federal tests forinemployers thevoterPresidents workplace. registration to increase Kennedy, What were the Johnson, and Nixon had issued seniorofplicants. newspaperRepresentatives,the executivesnation's But theyeditors. population, of still Fortune92 3make percentWhile and500 up African of80companiesonly the percent 15Senate, Americans percent andof the92 90 ofpercentUS percent with job House ap-post- of Isbeenpower hopethis your affirmative brokers to goodqualify personally. friends action? for a sincelocal In school.4.governmentfact, You some just ofstarted contract. them your have The own welding business and becameinstitutionswomenitin waspublic knowna timid employment. that as and had affirmative piecemeal long It wasbeen action attemptgradually closed to to extendedchange minorities recruitment to include and was never a coherent government policy. At first opening up jobs and economyaaveragegerialgraduate Black positions whitemale professional may withhigh havethan twoschool whitesbeen degrees years dropoutopened with ofare college.high less todayup schoollikelyto newearnsThe todiplomas, mainstreamgroups, holdas much mana- butthe as Shouldhadtrouble a good you is you be laugh able are toawhen woman,benefit you from andsaid affirmative the you 5."old wantedYou boy action? are network" the an job.African-American college graduate attemptwomenuntaryand rarely basis andto imposeddeal otherby largewith racial numerical aprivate history minorities, employers "quotas." and institutions andAffirmative andadopted universities. which onaction a vol-had was never about "special privileges," Instead, it was an white males are still in a dominant position.Other 4economic indicators show how little has funda- Enduring inequalities schoolwellcompetingschoolknow at college,applicants that graduates to theget you numberinto have know is medical declining, a that comparableof African-Americanthousands school. leaving Althoughrecord. of manyother You medicalyouhospitals medical also did 32systematicallyminority groups, dehumanized and excluded African them (asAmericans well as womenand other of 68 tivementally action changed has indeed in the succeeded Movement's in enlargingaftermath. the Affirma- Black Shouldserving you poor be ableneighborhoods to benefit from without affirmative doctors. action? 69 Highways into the Past: Imagine that this cartoon by a Project HIP-HOP Activity middleincomeeveryBut members class, dollar of African to earned ofabout that Americans bya middle third whites. of class theof all entirestill classes,In earn some Black only which respects, population. 70 hadcents thingsbeen for are getting worse. The median Africantheresidentialhousing Kerner Americanspatterns, apartheid. Commission which and7 The Latinoshave ghetto worsenedbeen have conditions Nowheredescribed long over beendescribed are theas largely atheyears. form "twoby nations" more visible tlian in pointpaper,strongstudent of feelingseither appearedview. agreeing Give about in arguments your it. with, Write school or a to attacking,letter newspaper.support to the your You position. have the cartoon'seditor of the in1973-1993,Latinoclined61 thepercent samebymales, the of and age themidaged the whitegroup 1980s 20real - median earnings29,has to has55 declined percent.incomedeclined of African-American 48 inThe 27 percent.1970, percentreal actuallyearnings Thebetween males gap de- of propertyAuthority,ticesconfined"their such own"tofrom as banks,specific "redlining" beingneighborhoods), and geographical sold realtors to minorities, to racialareas keep bycovenants racialzoning institutional minorities restrictions, preventing prac- in (used by the Federal Housing livepercentAfricanmanufacturingbetween in poverty. of Americans Black their jobschildren Withand disappeared. whitelivethe (and overallbelow incomes 40 percent unemploymentthe povertyhas of grown Latino line, ratewider, children) and in the46 as Today, one third of all havehousing.housing"afterand the combinedthe planned Lingering infederal the lateto segregation governmentkeep 60s,institutional theit continued suburbs of subsidized racismcommitted largelyto subsidize and housing racialwhite. itself segregated prejudice to. "fair Even allcans1.6US themilliontwice if assetsthey as jobs arehigh (the toneed forpropertycatch Blacksto up.be made people 5as for available whites,ownWhen itto we is African estimatedlook not Ameri- just that at income but at wealth, including their houses, cars, gate the schools. Southern schools wereResidential still almost segregation entirely has made it difficult to desegre- Unequal education cents.canassetsdifferencefinancial American ownedIf all holdings, is classes even by middle middle more areand class included, startling.classso on) possess whites, each Forwhites wealth groupeverymembers own dollarpossesses,worth 12 of times theworthonly Afri- the15 of gatedweredecision.segregatedthe dramatic,Southin the But in tonation the desegregate as Civilearly Southern by 1970. Rights60s, or nearlyschools loseAct theirofa becamedecade 1964 federal forced afterthe dollars. least theschools Brownsegre- Results in ::'11111111 tlp studyamount analyzing of wealth ongoing owned discrimination by African Americans. in extending A recentloans, Mecklenberg Board of Education, the USIn AprilSupreme 1971 Court in itsor- decision in Swann v. Charlotte- iiinifilluitfitlfin1111111111111111111111 111111 whitesthelativeand bottommortgages effects and blacksof of society'sand the constitute inpast housing haveeconomic two seeminglymarkets nations." hierarchy....materially, Thefinds cemented 6same that the historical blacks "cumu- at circumstances do not appear to ButNorthgratedderedBradley. in thatandschools. theschoolyear It ruledSouth Thethe children Supreme thatrulingthat studentsbusing causedshould Court was could suchbeheard not bused annot triedthe outcry becaseto out busedachieve untilMillikenin both between1974. inte- the v. applyrefusalfindfrom tothemselves Asia, recentto address the immigrant Caribbean, trapped the economic to groups, andthe sameLatin legacy including extentAmerica. of byracism. newcomers theThey country's do not For a hoods,ortoto-dothe run-downbused (largely white as tohappened Black)suburbs.schools inner-city metropolitan with inMinority schoolslow-income violent studentsin areaconsequences their white of own wereDetroit urban neighborhoods, to inandbe neighbor-Boston confined its well- in History, Organizing & Power 7 0 themselvesWealth/Whitenumber of reasons in Wealth,business outlined they and by havegetting the an authors ahead.easier of time the establishingbook Black violencethe early out 80s. of fear of losing what little they had. Once again poor whites turned to racial 71 33 Recent Supreme Court rulings have permitted the ties? Many people- (including prominent politicians, Su- resegregationcourt-orderedcarriedthesilence resegregation onout the to completion. issue. ofdesegregation schools, of They schools argueTheby releasingare authorsplans that worried "desegregation, before of school a aboutrecent they districts the bookhave properlypublic's aboutbeenfrom prememembersabolishedagroups) major Court obstaclehave theofjustices, different forforms for some and gettingof racestimelegalmembers ahead. argued discriminationfrom of The competingthatconservative Movement, racism which onis pressure no theyanhad longerequal keptsay, cameyouth, together and show to overturnhow change the lawshas happened. Asand Project Projectsocial People HIPnorms -HOP HIP-HOP members, we Voices reach out to the understood,equalityopportunitiesbeen treated and is most ana be demand attack shared unfairly." on thatwith the 8the those underlying effective whoNow have institutionssystem both historically the of Supremein- and Court and society at large appear asviewfooting. nowequals simply level White for collapsed. a supremacy,"color-blind" Individuals without society's werea Theleg rewards. lefttoeffort stand free to toon, convince compete in their Americans that the playing field is that if people of color don't get ahead they have thatracismplayedtalk have about stillin oppressed thatthe exists, rolestruggle. and whichBlack the And youngurgentpeople we alsopeopleneed forThis trycenturies.to like fight tois showthe ourselves it mosttoday. We how difficult of the three lessons. Rac- tobothbemake havewhiteerected segregation up turned ain smaller"in twenty-five atheir society and percentage back new years."where on racial that of only9 goal. thebarriersToday, halfteaching The ofAfricanto result theopportunity force children may Americans than be theythatwill thethattideeconomiconly Supremetheagainst themselves battle recession affirmative Court against to ofheard blameracism the action. midthe had Bakke1970s, The been public casewhich won. andseemed beganIn camethe latetoto close turnbelieve 1970s the to gathered force during the racismlookthereism in andwere today'sas clearknow signs society as whatseparating a white isyou more hood. arethe subtle races.looking Wethan But at,have itif you'llwasyou another reallywhen see difficult challenge, which is to qualitybeenchildrenManydid in rolled 1970.Southern in to most privatebackSchools Northernstates on schools, aredesegregation, now again cities. have many starkly aIn private theof asdivided them South,whites school church-based.by the shifted race system clock their hasfor and Americans"tance.domesticAmericansturning White against andas in theAmericans internationala Gallup veryaffirmative lowest survey refused issues [31st) action. ranked to according acceptwhen "the askedany problem to responsibility theirto rank of impor- black 31 Meanwhile, white changed.theseMovementstruggleinstill accomplishments, a forsense They accomplishednothing. oflook hope Aaround, lot in and ofare people youthand feelaware see like who ofthat little the knowdon't some rollback has whatwant groups really the ofto whites,powerfulworkedfor African-American and to a membersprevent financially-starved school of children. the integration, State public Sovereignty schoolIn and Mississippi, (with system, CommissionFBI mainly support)Project HIP-HOP learned about the way generationwascontinuingforous worsening something generations. shouldinequalities. conditionswhich not havehad They existedinto believedthepay Blackfor in the that communitypast,mistakes racial but oppression thatof previ-or their for areisawarepeoplehow still a real the onof are task.alltheeconomy filling of top, this and thea works, sense othersprisons. of andon hope Givingthe recognize and bottom. newpeople possibilitiesthatThey who Black see are tobyKirksie, Brownlives discreditthe state's on. "Even decision, Asand governor todaywe even thewere Blacks destroyCommission in told the are bywakeMovement given former lasted of the the Stateuntil shortactivists. Supreme 1977.Senator end ofCreated ItsCourt's every Henryimpact wayThe in Supreme rolling back Court the gains again of the turns InMovement, the back decades the much since clock as then, it the Supreme Court has led the Theseintototallyaren't the youth educated80s, powerless don'ta time at have ofandall partying about apolitically reason the and toMovment,Then dead.struggle.ignorant there To and areTheybliss.get those feelour young people who were born TodayMississippi.stick, in there terms areOnly of 33,000 education3,600 children are white.and in economic public schools opportunity." in Jackson, "Racism is over" 10 unconstitutional,Supremeago.undermined Similar Court Court languagethe declared achievements inthe both majority and theperiods. arguments Civil opinionof Reconstruction RightsFor have stated:instance, Act been of used 1875 whena century by to the be together.butmessage one we across must to rise them to isif thewe arebiggest going Howchallenge to bring do you of change all think you can today create a sense of 34 Why should anything more be done for racial minori- 7 2 some stage in the progress of his elevation"When when a man he hastakes emerged the from slavery...there must be hope and overcome the feeling of being powerless? 73 Highways into the Past: therank laws." of a mere Today, citizen, the sameand ceases argument to be isthe used special against favorite affir- of Still the politics of divide and rule thatbeCity constitutional they of Richmond have personally if v. they Croson (notbenefit as part individualsUS of a group) Supreme Thewho been judgment can victims prove Courtmeans that Roll"set-aside" Back programs will only odsagainstcialmative usedprivileges" action,whites, to fight which, who and racial areis it a is now harassmentform claimed, the of real "reverse gives victimsand Black employment Sincediscrimination" of peopleracism. 1989, "spe- thedis- Supreme Court has struck down meth- hands.groups,encewards? to For theandIt is instance, role todifficult the played concentration with to by answer all the the media thisoftalk power questionWhyaboutin scapegoating in is "welfare fewerwhite without and America queens" certain fewerrefer- today so willing to move back- didonstrationWardsof acts not Coveof prove discrimination. of Packing"disparate discrimination. Co. impact" Inc. v.The on Antonio largeCourt numbers alsoThe made Supremeof workersit much Court in 1989 ruled that a statistical dem- certainandwomendecrees")crimination. state percentage and andwhich minority Negotiated local forced of governmentcontracts applicants police agreements for and Black-andareprograms fire now (known departments being Hispanic-ownedthat as setabolished, "consent asideto hire a upheaval.tohaving twolearn children babies that Jobs on just whichaverage,per to family. get once biggerfamilies seemed checks, on securewelfare Theyou have lastmay have two disappearedbe fewer surpriseddecades than have been a time of rapid economic firefightersMartinpractices.easier for v. Wilksemployers to challenge to defenda court theirsettlement hiringThe in andSupreme Birmingham, promotion Court in 1989 upheld the right of white reviewtionbusinesses especially a decision are beinghard. by Inshut the 1996 USdown. theCourt Supreme ofThe Appeals Courtattack for refusedon theaffirmative 5th to action threatens to hit educa- immigrants"thetwoarealtogether declining, orother" more or who moved incomes.forcing take abroad jobs,more Insecurity African andin search more makesAmericans offamilies cheap it is to labor.easygiven scramble to Incomes"special blame for poor people on welfare who gobble up taxes, PattersonlengedledAfricanAlabama to long-accepted as Americans whichv."reverse McLean set discrimination"long-termin court-approvedCredit the fire Union goalsdepartment. againstfor settlements hiring Thiswhites. and decision being promoting chal- has SchoolconsideringCircuitmentthat today ishasbarring once occurred the again theraceentering University inofall California'sapplicants white.class at Aof the similarTexasit universities Universityadmitted. Lawbackwards SchoolThe ofsince Texas result move-affirma- from Lawis dealpeopleprivileges" with who the byare powerful affirmative even more forces insecureaction. responsible It and Moneyis easier marginal for rules, to the turn than situation.as against theit is nation's to wealth is redistributed up- Adarand1866signed, to Constructors, employeesprotect themselves can inc. no v.longer from Pena racial use the harassment.InThe Civil 1995 Supreme Rights the Supreme ActCourt of ruled Court in decided 1989 that that once programs a contract which is fromBlackrepresentationtive action fewer elected thanwas officialsof 100ended minority in 1965,byin thepublic groups. when country, referendum. theInSupreme 1993 Votinga significant there Rights Court were increase Actdecisions 8,000 was are also restricting the political thesocialfallingdecisionswards. unemployed, programs overwhelmingly that havein and the shreddeddeepened inner on people cities,and the poverty, of welfare color. training withTheysafety programs thehave net burden while,ended for Since the 1980s US Administrations have made Redistrictingtailored"unconstitutional.lightcombat as measuresracial federal decisionsdiscrimination affirmativewhich perpetuate action should racial programs. be vieweddiscrimination in the same It outlawed all but the most "narrowly as (asnantCourtpassed, they factor" has butare ruled stillafter when onlythat every voting race2 10-yearpercent can district not censusof beall boundaries consideredTheelected Voting officials. are aRights "predomi- re-drawn Act is now under attack. The Supreme a process known as muchmillionalreadyaat massivethe sameincome rich.Americans time,transfer after giving taxes of(the wealththe as top richthe one bottom bigfrom per tax everybody 100cent)breaks million now and engineering elsereceive(bottom to the as40 Census statistics show that the richest 2.5 drawnthearecannotbe 1965redrawn. in Voting useda way In as soRights thata "predominantdoing, maximized Act, it whichoverruled factor" minority held a that whenIn1982 1995 votingdistricts votingamendment and strength. could districts1996 betothe Supreme Court declared that race andRightssentation,maximizeredistricting). state Act. and as BlackEventually, provided localIt has voting legislatures struck thisby strength a could down1982 andmean amendment severaland other thatensure districts electivethe toUSBlack the Congress,drawn offices, Voting repre- to westerninper thethe cent), countrygreatest industrial and the(up concentrations topfrom world. 10 50 percent percent ofown 20wealth 70yearsThe percent and ago).continuing poverty of The all USwealth existencein has the of racism has allowed these History, Organizing & PowerwillThe rulingsbe elected will to mean federal, that state,fewer and members local office. of minority groups 74 theyincluding were schoolbefore theboards, passage may of again the Voting be nearly Rights as "white" Act. as wisdompolitical of choices these policies, to be made. the media Instead have of focused questioning attention the 75 35 on the behavior and family structure of the poor; especially sweeps have been Black. African Americans are twice as poortheytold,else.and televisionImaginetheyAfricanwere would willing Americans,if, regularly insteadbe toable work ofto asfeatured blamingbetter theand root had themselves, statements thecause intact poor, of families, theirthelike like newspapers everybodypoverty. this we one, are If (thecocaine,five-yearidenticallikely suburban to getwhilecharges.prison prison drug possession sentence Under ofterms choice) forasfederal of youngpossessing thatgets law muchthe white thereoffender fivepowdered males is grams a tenmandatoryarrested months'cocaineof crack on self down. But the powers that be are"If still you so holdblinded the by groups down, you also hold your- Movement Voices madelikethis.electricity bythe The a South white pipes and Bronx! ministerheatbreak break Everythingdown. working down. The inbreaks phone The the"Of Southspirit down coursebreaks breaksBronx:in thedown.a place family down. The like structure breaks down in a place toracialmunitiesprobation. fighting fears, of crime, colorand built haveno mattersupport criminalized what for newthe The Black cost.get-tough kind According youth, of approachespolicing inflamed to the and media coverage aimed at com- institutionsofindividual.costsracism changes $21,000 that that They'dtheyin perthewould have capitacommunitiesrather forestall not perdo come thatannum shoveling toandthan this to themake incarcerateallrealization. educational these the youngkinds anIt Thebreakwesame saw body humandown. the breaks people Why family down.wouldn't in to these which The the neighborhoods immune wefamily belong, breakagents we'd asdown of part never the also? of heart putthe If or30Washingtonpercent).12 awaitingpercent percent of The DC-basedof trialBlack Latino prison (the males males Sentencing figurepopulation between are for today Project'swhitethe grew eitherages younga staggering1995 ofin 20jail, menreport,and or 29on is40 overandparole6.7 per- thatexpendable.problem,people some into not people theseTheyjust aare jailshaven'tMississippi inferior... and got prisons. overproblem. their That'sThere We innate area is national seenfeelingso much as to be done. A lot has not been them thatin such way." places 11 to begin with. But we do NOT think of Getting tough on crime upcountyandcent our federalbetween citizens.jails, prisons, we1990 Becauselead and andthe 1995. worldaonly further With fourin onethe half states ratemillion million atpermit which people in prisoners city we in statelockand Don'tpassedstandwereengaged wait throughdownby inwaiting to action. thatknow engagement. shouldto A whodiscover lot ofhaveyou peopleLife who are been will beforeyoudiscovered passedpass are." youbecoming down... whoby if theyyou hoodsstruction,eradicateimporting like root andandthe causes despairSouthdistributing and Bronx, moved arrest illegal a in.thosedrug Whendrugs, economy,who manufacturingprofit the police socialmost from andde- industries moved out of neighbor- Instead of seeking to Mississippi,unjustlybeingto vote, deprived large treated numbersfor of byinstance, the the franchise.of criminal African "the hostile AmericansjusticeIt is attitude system.not and just Latinosof in law urban en-are areas that people of color feel In rural Owen Brooks to Project HIP-HOP,"These July days 13, no 1995 one wants to get involved in politics. courts"waraddiction,social on control. have drugs," and filled the fought "warjails almost onwith drugs," smallexclusively have Drugstreet become usein dealers. neighborhoods kills a social form activismof and effective protest. The Drug forcementCommunityhascommunitiesfear changedin most personnel activists African-American manysince continues African theare troubledera Americansof to legalized create bycommunities. the an factfeel segregation.-12atmosphere thatthat since very 1989littleof In these politics,determineprocess.Asthan a result involvement theYoung athe futuresmall future. people groupcould in Without have electoral ofbe people ato disaster. deal your politics.control with involvement We this. the needWe politicalPolitics need more in to industry.inhabitedpolicingmocracies. onceby people associated of color, with has authoritarian openedAfrican the way Americansstates, to forms not de-make of up 12 percent of the nation's It has also made prisons our fastest growing bydeathsdiedin Mississippi,the in FBI.have suspicious been at ruled least circumstances "suicide"40 African-American by in Whatlocal county officials if the jails.youths nation's and havelater jails were being filled by young Their movingtolerancenotyourevitalize toa blueprint. make toward grass-rootsof divergentthe theYou same same have organizations. opinions,mistakes goal."to find your weas longButownmade. Ipath.as can't Learnyou Learn give are a 36population.African-Americansell drugs, the Despite great population themajority fact havethat of thosebeenonly estimated12 arrested percent toin ofuse drug the or whiteaprepared nonviolent, men? to Doexpand first-time you thethink offenderprison we system,as incarcerated a people paying would than more it becoststo keepso to Claude Barnes to Project HIP-HOP, July 10,1997- Highways into the Past: becomeput that personmore aware through of how college? the "war Or do on you drugs" think threatens we would the 1. Dinesh D'Souza, The End of Racism, Free Press, 1995, p.170. Footnotes emphasiswhen the onuncertainty the question of andour itsfuture significance."Where forces do us we to goput from here?"Project can only be HIP-HOP addressed Voices theirpromiseslibertiestary homes, gear we people isoften counts knocking takesecurity for for little down granted? from when the unreasonable a door.The SWAT Bill teamof Rights, searchesin paramili- which in 3.Churches,2. The Fourth Center Wave: for ADemocratic Continuing Renewal, ConspiracyChester March Hartman, to Burn 1997. Black editor, Double Exposure and Race in ascans'unconfronted,we one were path of able our to true biggestto become pinpoint freedom. problems barriers some We learnedofin Withthe problemsAfrican-Ameri- that the fearaid of that,stands several if veterans of the Movement, fear to investigate a struggle for democracy... filled with participants"I look forward of many to the re-emergence of our large-scale Moving forward again Action4.America, throughTim andWise, M.E. Justice,"Reverse Little Sharpe, Loyola WhiteDiscrimination," 1997, Lies:University, p. 12. The TwomeyTruth 1995. about Center Affirmative for Peace hopeWeuschurch from must in burning thosefurther find waysexperiencing orprogress. police to dismiss assault; the fear, American fear andFear that instill nourishedisnightmare. preventing pride and becomes endemic and undefeatable. cancolors, and offering Latino, we,creative members alternatives of Project African-American,Vincentfor HIP-HOP, the lives Harding, ofreflect us Hope all." European-American,the and History Asian-Ameri- 1996;Folbre,Exposure5. Statistics "The The and WarinGrowing Racethis on unit thein Divide:America; Poor,are taken Center Inequality Randy from for newspapers, PopularAldelba and the Economics,and Roots Double Nancy of achieved.dialogue Itbetween is from thatthe divideddialogue, will thatThe not,struggle, creation cannot, thatof community beall is step one. Without it, risks,changeAmerica'sourincreasingly country and is possibleperhapsfreedom is diverse capable toif fighters populationwemake of arebetter sacrifices. haveprepared things. of taught this to Ourland. uswork thatencounters We for tremendous know it, to withtakethat PP.6.EconomicWealth: 5-7. A Insecurity," New Perspective United on for Racial a FairMelvin Equality, Economy, Oliver Routledge, 1995. & Thomas 1995, Shapiro, Black Wealth/White pettyhasiselse the beengrows. collectionsoap programmed. opera of stuffattitudes haveMaterialism with made whichThe their and overwhelming my thedestructive generation assorted obstacle to community currently acceptinggains;come. Wethe backwardthehave reality to be as honestof well what asabout we the are theforwardTo seeing. "Ourlosses, get moving movement.fears," Weas well refuse again,Hollis as the to we Watkins have to told know us, how "prevent far we us have from 8.UniversityApartheid:7. Gary Orfield, Segregation Press, Susan 1993. and E. theEaton, Making Dismantling of theDouglas Underclass, Desegregation: S. Massey Harvard and Nancy A. Denton, American challengespasseditpresences became on, felt. whileallfacing aboutThe a myvalue Movement "me." generation. of the The superficialfizzled history in thehas.has 1980s Thesenot been and are wantacceptdominationtheysociety progress werethe says truth back wetoand that bethen.have. control wemade, We Wehave stillandmissare not needhatestill howmade here.to similar overcomeacceptas muchYoung things the progress the truthpeople are fear. to that howasWeget 9.The 10.1996,Op. Quiet Meeting cit., p. Reversal 366.p. 28. with of ProjectBrown v. HIP Board -HOP, of Education, July 17, The1997. New Press, wouldMovement,youth today.you wouldbegin? Now you What that choose youwould tohave play you learned aAbove like part? to Ifare aboutchange so, two where viewsthe in of some of the challenges facing taketoknowoverwhelmed, make to where heart a positive toCleveland andstart. difference." see But so Sellers' start many somewhere,13 words,differentThe "Once torch issues, and you hasit willthey beenare begin don'tclear passed to us, the nation's youth. We 12.pp.Children11. The180-181.Quoted Vision, and in the Jonathan Strategy Conscience Kozol,and Programof aAmazing Nation, of Work Harper Grace: of Crown, SouthernThe Lives 1995, of History, Organizing & Poweraboutyour community? it? In your school? How would you go difficultabout where as you you may want think." to go, how you get there won't be as 13.Echo, Meeting Inc, Jackson, with Project MS, November HIP-HOP, 1995, July p.18, 10. 1997. 79. 37 ProjectwhileKluxother KlanmembersI was museum, on HIP-HOP Projectand I inexpected Hip-HopLaurens, intense South'97, One Voices:was amounts Carolina. ofthe the visit ofmost Obviously toracism the horrificA Ku in Visit situations to that I encountered suchcorner.individual.that an they Toearly expose will stage grow children in life up is toto to bethis entirely an type open-minded ofannihilate intense any functioning chance This is not regular children'sthe clothing Red I am Neck Shop hatred from orders,Affirmativeties,from especially administrativethe 1960s action in thatemployment decisions attempted and to education,court open rulings up opportuni-to qualifieddating Definitions this term refers to the executive thistionablysomethingborn town, of the this especially thatsense is no what that one from wenothing expected: encountered, the ownerhad feelings really ofThe butthis changed. ofmuseum weshop.powerlessness also Unques- itself found is built in the old Echo Movie Theater, business,atechild'stalkingcame baby" growing about.into youand the areso Onup shop, on.mistaken. totee-shirts Ifbe bought you a rebel!" thinkWhile theretee-shirts, orthat we were"My thiswere babyphrases store there, is is a threelikeconfeder- "My men books, flags and left. devoid of aboutgroupsout:individualsright. African quotas and inwomen. Americans, groups Affirmative that members had historically action of other been minority shut or sacrificing quality to get the numbers has not been sayingwindows.phernaliaandare fallingis not "Jesus physicallythe Inoff Christthestore and windows stickers sells.supportskept up arewell. the advertisementsKKK!" The outside is dirty, for para- signs I remember a child's tee-shirt starting to peel off of the GovernorJessewerethey Jacksonorganized failed. David also Many by Beasley called a coalitionpeople, on to Attorneyshut including of down General the myself, shop. JanetWhen haveObviously Reno the had andmuseum/gift the shop was started, boycotts local Black ministers, and DavistheRegentsBakke minority Medical of the set-aside University School, atwhich ofthe California Universityreserved v. 16 Bakkeof of California- 100 held places that the Supreme Court in 1979 in the case of Wegiftsuchstatement asked shop, racist John butthat propaganda?" notHoward, expressed to pay the the his Hisproprietor, entry former reply feeWe beliefforwas "How decidedthe a in barelymuseum can the to youKlan audiblevisit itself.sell and the Red Neck Shop, the museum's cantodayassumptionmindset local the people museumof that an "well,shutentire would down maybetown somethingbe government? ifshut people down."Laurens were However, still is protestinga small how town, about 9,500 people, with nearly that is advertising the notwithBakke,for Africanbe affirmative the a white deciding Americans, applicant.action factor altogether, discriminated in The admissions. case but did said againstnot race do couldawayAlan thatthinkshistory.afterthe he aKlan he while noIt shouldwas longer and he extremely howbegan still believed hissell to lifeinteresting theseopen what was itemsup thewith and talking Klan because them.talk stands withabout He they himsaid for,his represent because herolebut was hein a schoolbuiltLaurenshalfspoke of a schoolthewith isto notresidentssaid Black so limited that that children. being shewhite to feltthis Black. children thatAshop. local nothingWe In would Black thelearned earlyhad not woman that reallyhave90s racism a thatto changedchurch go we into ReversemunitiesagenciesRedlining discriminationwouldand deny draw them a red mortgages line around and minority loans com- the practice by which banks and lending the notion that affirmative Grandsaidpeoplein heAmerica Dragon.whonever did. hurtfine, WhileHe anyone,but said justhe that was butkeep if he partBlack them had of peopleheardseparateInsidethis organization, stories thewanted from gift of whites.shopto some live he there were all sorts of racist souve- becausepower,integrated,Redneckharassed the they shopmajority she when act owner.feels just theyof that likethe Even are "When Citywhite just though Council hangingfolk."Black the still folkspolice out, thought get whileforce a little like haswhite bitthe been ofstu- Black children are actionservedSet-asidesthem victimizesto a competecertain percentage whitesfairly for as jobs aof group government and educationalby not contracts allowing places. for an affirmative action approach that re- nirs.distortedchildrencompletethings One thatwerecharacterizations item with were turnedwas pitch soldcalled intoblack in a ofthehalf 'nigglet'. skinBlack shop human and people.were Nigglets big and KKKpink Smallhalf arelips. emblems, animal Blacksmall Other thatingfromdents feelingthe thecan youth beginning, drink of powerlessnesshave and tohowhang become can out you istill more nationwide, thefight involvedearly it?If This morningthe which in poweroverwhelm- their tells hours. structurecom- me that you live under is against you minoritywhichSWAT act firms.team as specialthe Special forces Weapons for many and urban Tactics police squads de- 38confederatechapter of the flags KKK. and There books was on also how a children'sto start your clothing own 80 tomunities, really look speak at howout against racism hateis sustained and hate in groups, our society. and start partments. 81 Highways into the Past: condition where color is no longer Sometaken mayinto account.argue that our societyProject is or is HIP-HOPnearing a Voices Do These Headlines Reflect a Color=Blind Society? Army to Racist cops caught in act n. investigate They point out that the marks of racial discrimination US says BHA held Williontittunittinanl N..i-ttlt, 1'rimit .11111111S in the nation's art; ea have vanished, and we have since made strides as a Black man hate group activity conned their ammetation 'At, former Army bothr at society towards the ideal of "color-blindness." units for whites of abusirq; Ka effects of color in our society. The heraldsIf we ofare the blind color- to anything, it is not to color but to the Th., wt., a few rarially rni,...... DERRIC anted: colorblind "Rut bfaelts' SAT tvoreo blind society are quick to cite the gains of the 60s as an How a Michigan campus erupted in racial strife `Right now, we're In K]sr project )eoterday. elliPloYers note ,t,;,,t,. I excuse to forgo measures necessary for the 90s. The 11'52 I11111/ 1I1111111.11 the midst of a civil itonker Awlitt and Monument Street In the Hunk.. Hill d appeal,danger init distracts the ideal from of a thecolor-blind historical society and current is that reality, in its 110,1,1:41.PIO II/0,11;1 SIIIS111111.1i 01 It 1111111111'S 11,515 FOUNTAIN.war black on oryph"mon, thisand campus, you can'tyour turnhack on It.' ....It,. moms; uncriticalfactorthat color in issociety.acceptance and continues It isof verythe to ideal. be easy a relevant to beSurely, luredand prevalent theinto most an explicit signs of racial discrimina- 111 Oa, Vile, NI, 1 leaA la* Clash Georgia defines Superintendent racial fault 11111/ lin* es societytionappearance. have has been at the removedThough least become sincecolor the itself more 60s. has sensitiveIf notnot more become about equal, itsless The,Death in Jailhouse: Battles1.:111SON. Gig - a Subtle 2. Racism 111w 111110111.1 Atvisible,which one time the to waysdiscriminateit was in easier which to have color see thatbecome is used people as less aof mark decipherable.color against in this The PearRuling-, Lynchinga Suicide, Cifilli rHIS Oil blocks have whites, OD. hot it higher vile ortgages of rejection -tveS Nathan Thomaston lm PS a burning ros. Nat Sillily Gap , ever,country everyone suffered has an an undeniable exception thathandicap. disproves Now, the how- rule. orirlaNKu Mu% night Klan In Nrand a field Titannear Wedowee. Ala. Racial u11 hnllsiflk liIui ihaii (A 6\ 5 C- 11611 ra PeopleWehasor private risenmust can pointnowabove figures look to racism, athletes,as to proof questions which celebrities,that isoursof now power isSuch or "color-blind".a societyotherand a conclusion privilege. public which is not only wrong, it is dangerous. Rain holds sway in Ala. Staden SO e see6s \-0 vttk, Thentions?controlisTo to have beif The we ofablepower ourideologiesare to tosocio-economicis stay lookto be in uponat in control.the control, which disempowered, structure? Who andour tosociety then enjoy Our whoseis operates? privilegereally institu- faces in veV Provokes White 146yiln An.. '.1/.4...... -1 .alachf `'12o Ilse i aceifr 11 *Ye -° nite History, Organizing & Powerdo we imagine? And what color are these faces? 8 2 cwsec0)\)S4-(*),6i. BEST COPY AVAILABLE C4orch ' Blacks still face high 8 3 loan-rejection rate 39 significantwhat it is all number about...This of young tradition peopleCornel stays believe Thealive that tradition precisely it's worthWest to because struggle fighting a for decencySpeaks and dignity is exactlyfor Project HIP-HOP Becausefreedomand I must struggleif sayenough in isall thefellow openness, best citizens of the I believe American can wrestle that democratic the withbest ofthe tradition.the vicious black another human being and stay silentWhat and allowsinactive? one So Projecthuman being HIP-HOP to see the suffering Voices of fourthisfor, hencetradition...basic pillars they disproportionatelyfor young people. The contribute firstCan is somethingwe to pass the substancethe profoundly baton? of That's the question. For me there are issue.elselegacy in I America. ofgo white as far supremacy, as brother James they can Baldwin, wrestleRace who with is says nearlythe rawestthat anything it isnerve the in the country. It is the most explosive themanyindividuals world,wrongs people but they are so fewablewillingsee arearoundto movewillingto talk them. past aboutto thedo Only anythingthecomplaining whenproblems to we alter stage asin youthanwithoutthatun-American. canayou traditional connecta and sense locating That ofyourself, strugglehistory. is, yourself a sense relate Situatingcan inof yourselfstay a history. narrative yourselfalive to There thosein larger ain hotel whoais situation thansimply camecivilization you no before,sobigger waythat likelyAmerica.downoneand issue the ablethe curtainwhich, So uglyto dealif we legacyinon with all canthis its poverty ofwrestleprecious manifestations, male and with supremacyexperiment the race, vast has then economictheinand democracy we'recapacity homophobia. moreinequality to called bring than Of thechange.and injustices look towards of segregation positive actionon Montgomery canImagine things buses.if beginRosa She Parksto had simply complained about knowandaboutanalysis numerousmeasure theabout, and greatest whocourage yourself forefathers youhits that ofmight against the andthey struggle.know foremothers, havethe inhigh set. yourI'm standardsAnd talking family... who I'm very aboutnot of justfewvision nameless talkingpeople and feelyoungwithcourse thatexpanding peopleProject they can have HIP-HOP democratic teach such older arecognizes grand abilities people. moral andSothat manyThe visionpossibilities. race third older goes and pillar people handa very is incourage. I sharpknowhand And this is something which I think Jimpeoplewasnever Crow able would like segregation to her learnhave whose morebeen in namesthe the about South. catalyst remain Rosa Alongwhich unknownParks withhelped and to othermany most end students from the Boston area, I marketgrownabout,did not especially upforces experience...in a bombardparticular for young Therethem stage people. with is of no our an doubtBecause intensityhotelIt is in civilizationso myyoung verythat mind difficultwe people thatolder in which hip-hoptohave folk have the sense of history that I'm talking bebythingsanalysis, ablebeing get to courageous, butsosee ambiguous whencourage it bycomes and and taking spend complex time a timerisk...The to actingthat around theyCourage youngon those can't it, all people istakefolks ofa virtue. aa who havesuddenstand... Itare to is not learned... You become courageous of afightingtoday.recentus. similar I was history forfight. able what andtoThrough bridgethey the responsibilitiesbelieved theirthe gap stories, in between inspired they of young thepassed me nation's to people onbegin the Meeting people who had spent their youth towhichnotes.itself, provide asIt'slarge a about culture,young numbers young people as ofmusic, people older with ispeople wrestling councilnot primarily are and fearful,withIn additionwisdom aboutsocial and just breakdown,tonoand a longer sound senselove... ableofand of history, being able to read our present bequeathyoungandengaged courage, peoplethat in consistentlysense we've will of ever got hope toinstillcourageous tohave young within a sense people.activity... themselves ofLast hope, But but Inot and adon't sense least, we've believe ofin gothopeaddition to to a sense of history and empathy downabound.torch ofupon resistance, young people along dampen with the my challengesI effortscan't just to thatsitconfront back still and let the despair that is raining abouttradition,creativitymoment tryingProject as andand history, to originality inHIP-HOP.generate particular, we need theof It youngawheels thedoesn'tsense black people of simply empathy.imagination, musical in the build AmericanThattradition. to onis conceive whatthe musicalBut grand I love it's of evidence,funerals;peopleedgeunless that wehave a despair we're speakleap to makeofstill to and faith theirable a transfigure leapthat senseto recognizeofsays faith of "Look, itdespair...We've intobeyond that hopeeven for the ifyouknowing bullets,there's thegot world to notthatbeyond acknowl- enough youngis still the canpeopleMovement,heroinesinjustice I stay have andinpassive? the playedthis heroes less country. inI can whokeeping stay Thededicated still. the more MovementSeeing Itheir learn the lives rolealive,about youngto how the yourprojectbest,what isworld,it's oneselfto like be yourtoable intobe worldtoin another stepthe shoeshas outside world, changed. of ofother so one's that You'vepeople. ownwhenThe beenpersonalThat reasonyou empathy,transformed... come whyworld back Projectat and itsto HIP-HOP is so very important is makesincompletekeep1960s ayour anddifference...We and eyessay history "Keep on the isyour prize." canstill eyes turnunfinished. notto the onThe freedomeach future other's fightersis still inadequacies, open-ended, of the and what you think and do still change.changethe problem anything. Even is tooif we Ibig, think become or wethat must theyaware dedicateareI of knowtoo a problemlittle ourselves there to arereally that othersto who feel like I do, but think 40anbecause affirmation it's not of just the a best matter of whatof young the democratic folk having tradition fun. It's isactually about, 84 HIP-HOP South Africa, April 22, 1996. Professor Cornel West of Harvard University at a benefit for Project BEST COPY AVAILABLE ormight the seemworld tiny will or never insignificant, change. we must not stay silent 8 5 Highways into the Past: ElectronicAll Power to News the People! Group, The POB Black 86208, Panther Los Party Angeles,Films and Beyond, CA and Other Resources Branch,In addition Taylor, to works Parting cited the Waters:in the footnotes, America inwe the recommend: King Years Select Bibliography Lubiano,Loewen, JamesWahneema, W., Lies ed., My The Teacher House Told that Me,Race Touchstone, Built, Pantheon 1995 EyesFreedomBraddockproduced on the on byPrize,Place, myBlackside, PartsMind, Alexandria, I producedand available II VA(a total and from22314 directedof PBS 14 segments), Video, by Connie 1320 andBrown,1954-63, the Civil Cynthia Simon Rights Stokes, and Movement, Schuster, ed., Ready Africa 1988 From World Within, Press, Septima Inc., 1990 Clark SchoolMalcomBooks, 1997Press X in Contest:Voices, 1992A Study Guide to the Man and His Times, Project(510)Fieldsable 841-3469 andfrom HIP-HOP Marilyn Cambridge South Muford, Educational,Africa, Clarity a 35-minute Film (800) Release, 468-4227 film avail- call TheChurchill,ingsCarson, FBI'sof the Clayborne, Secret Ward1960s, andWars Harvard In Jim Struggle:Against Vander University the SNCC Wall, Black Press, andAgents Panther the 1981 Blackof Party Repression: Awaken- and the Hamer,Mills,African-AmericanMarable, Kay, A Manning, Dutton This Little Book,Politics, Beyond Light 1993 Verso, Blackof Mine: 1995 and The White: Life Transformingof Fannie Lou MovementProject HIP-HOP veterans (alsovideotapes available of on interviews audiotape) with Audio Resources Free,Curry,AmericanSystem, Melvin Constance, IndianGarland D., Movement,African Silver Publishing, Rights,Americans South Inc., A EndHarvest 1996 and Press, the Book, Criminal 1988 1995 Justice andMoses,GrafO'Reilly, the Greg,Publishers,Philosophy Kenneth, Revolution ofInc., Black Nonviolence, of1994 Conscience:Americans: The TheMartin Guilford FBI Luther Files, Press, King,Carroll 1997 Ur. and availableLetter,(civilI'm Gonnathe1959 rights Circle Highlanderfrom Let songs), Beit National Shine: Unbroken, available Way, a GatheringPublic New a from12-part Radio Market, of the Voices radio Highlander TN series, for 37820 Freedom 1997, Cen- andGlick,Garrow,the What Voting Brian, David We WarRights Can J., AtProtest Do ActHome: About of at 1965,CovertSelma: It, South Yale ActionMartin EndUniversity against Luther Press, U.S.King,Press,1989 Activists Jr.1978 and TheresaofingPayne, California Tradition Charles Perry, andPress, M.,ed., the I'veTeaching 1995 Mississippi Got the Malcolm Light Freedom of X,Freedom: Struggle,Routledge, The University Organiz-1996 inRace London, & Class, available produced from by theNancy Institute Murray of Race at the Relations Bill of Journals America,Jennings,Hostile,Hacker, Unequal,Andrew, James,Praeger, Understanding CharlesTwo1994 Nations, Scribner's the Black Nature Sons, and of1992 White, Poverty Separate, in Urban ticeSteinberg,andSitkoff, inWang, American Harvard, Stephen, 1993 TheThought Turning Struggle and Back: forPolicy, Black The Beacon RetreatEquality,1954-1992, Press, from Racial1995 Jus-Hill ForfromRaceRights information POTraitor, Education Box Journal603, about Project, Cambridge, of material the (617) New MA482-3170 onAbolitionism, civil02140 rights x 314. availableand civil TellLevine,RacialKivel, Their Paul,Justice, Ellen, Own Uprooting Freedom's New Stories, Society Racism: G.P.Children: Publishers, Putnam's How Young White Sons, 1996 Civil People 1993 Rights Can ActivistsWork for Wilson,West,the NewCornel, William Urban Race Julius, Poor, Matters, AlfredWhen Beacon WorkA. Knopf, Disappears:Press, 1996 1993 The World of History, Organizing &liberties (617)Power 482-3170available xfrom 314. the ACLU, contact Nancy Murray, 86 MakingLawrence, the CaseCharles for Affirmative & Mari Matsuda, Action, Houghton We Won't Mifflin, Go Back: 1997 PersonalZinn, Howard, History You of Our Can't Times, Be Neutral Beacon onPress, a Moving 1994 Train: A 87 41 tiveBill1987in cooperation ofstrategies by TheRights the American relevant of withBill citizenship the Civilto Massachusettsyoungof Liberties education Rightspeople. UnionThe Foundeddesigned Department Bill of EducationMassachusetts,of in toRights November make of Edu- Education the Project develops and innova- Project HIP-HOP ofprogrammeanyourher skills class emotions, it. ofthishas participants, expandedway: or have"I have thespoken and never educational enabled better heard than speakers themhorizons them. to whoserve andI honestly stirrange their up I'm not ever going to forget it." The HIP-HOP teacheslinaClaude in theBarnesPolitical late 1960s Science and at 1970s,the North ClaudeA Carolina radical Barnes student Agricul- now leader in Greensboro, North Caro- Movement Voices cationencouragesthinksocietywell-being and critically and the of teachersthe Massachusetts democracy. courts,about and the seeing middle difficult Bar this andAssociation, asissues high essential school being the to studentsdebated theProject future toin Publicschoolsfromnational Radio. theand media, Massachusetts local It received includingcommunities aBlack The "Special asNew Legislative advocates York RecognitionProject Times Caucusand HIP-HOP andexamples. Award" inNational 1995. has been featured in the local and years.settsOwenture andand AfterBrooks Technologyhas hearingbeen a MovementFannie University. Lou activist HamerOwen for speak more Brooks at than a rally,is 50originally from Boston, Massachu- Projectandstudentsracism civil has each,liberties retreats held six ten issues,summerfor conferences students, fourteen institutes andfor conferences During teacherssmallerfor teachers, the onworkshops for pastcivil uptwo todecade,rights anti- 600 and the Bill of Rights Education itsGarrido,HIP-HOPsite"Violence, special on wasthe issueJourneys WorldpublishedNonviolence, on YouthWide South," in Webthe and and byHarvard Violencecanthe Nancy Lessonsbe contactedEducational Murray(Summer of History: eitherand Review1995). Marco throughProject Its in communityworkedheRev. moved Haroldfor to the education Greenville, DeltaMiddlebrook Ministry and in development. the on Mississippi voter registration Delta, and tootherfree fight of events. charge racism, Our to and 3,000 newsletter, to facilitate teachers Bill studentaround of RightsThe contactMassachusetts. Project Network, across has placed is racial sent a particular emphasis on the need HOPhttp:www.users.aol.com/mcluf/AOL have(keyword been supported ACLU and by thenthe home. generosity StudentThe h tml.Bill Rights)of of Rights individual or Education at Project and Project HIP- Today,Motelwiththe Ebenezer Dr. in he King'sMemphis has Baptist a ministryfamily. when Church He in Dr. Knoxville,was in King Atlantapresent Haroldwas Tennessee. whereat assassinated. the Middlebrook Lorrainehe lived had been a youth minister at andtionwithStudentOrganizing ethnic isTeens Project Alliance lines.as Community&HIP-HOP AgainstPower),The centerpiece Racism (Highwayswhich Resources weand of launchedourintoViolenceand anti-racism the MassachusettsPast: in 1993.cooperation History, educa- This Fund,tion,Foundation,BankBoston,donors, Cheresh Education and BostonRuththe Family forfollowing M. Action,Globe Fund,Batson Foundation,ChurchfoundationsFleet Educational Investment Home the Foundation,and Society, Boston Services,corporations: EastmanFounda- Boehm Foley SNCCtheCleveland Orangeburg at age Sellers20. He Massacre was arrested in in 1968, and Clevelandimprisoned and later received Sellers after became the program director of innovativegroupSouth,60s,who andare ofvisiting involvedmeeting high"rolling schoolkey withtoday classroom" sites Movementstudents in of working the involves Movementon veterans fora 5,000-mile positive taking andof the socialyoung a tour 1950sdiverse change. peopleof and the GreeleyHoagRESIST,thropy & Foundation, EliotProgram, Trinity Foundation, Church,Protestant Hyams theGrant Foundation, EpiscopalUS Trippel TrustFor Company.Church the Memorialmore Lotus informationin Philan-the Fund, USA, about Project HIP-HOP, or to Hollisversitycurrentlya pardon Watkinsof teachesfromSouth theCarolina. African Governor American of South Studies Carolina. at the Uni- He Inparticipantsthe about1996 South representativestheir journeyed become experiences. to teachers, Southfrom They eachAfrica. and have Project goIn madetheinto HIP-HOP post-tour schools presentations talkingtour phase of to of Project HIP-HOP, student Rightsschedule Education a presentation, Project. contact Nancy Murray at the Bill of The Bill of Rights Education Project99 Chauncy Street, Suite 310 wasSNCC,forfounded a Blackmember he joinedSouthern empowerment. of thein 1961EchoSNCC whenin Freedom HeJackson, hetraveled was TheSingers. Mississippi 19 firstto years South InMississippi 1989old. to Africa workHehe student to become involved in 42 overwestern 15,000 Massachusetts of their peers. evaluated An eighth Project grader HIP-HOP's at a school visit toin 88 tel (617) 482-3170 x. 314 Boston, MA 02111 with Project HIP-HOP in the summer of 1996. 89 Highways into the Past: U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERO National Library of Education (NLE) IC Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC).. REPRODUCTION RELEASE 00033 153 (Specific Document) I.. DOCUMENT IDENTIFICATION: IP Wit p koAouLA.e_e. 4 9 11-10, SCE thE9-e

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