DOCSLIB.ORG

Emotions of Excellence: Communal and Agentic Functions of Pride, Moral Elevation, and Admiration

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Emotions of Excellence: Communal and Agentic Functions of Pride, Moral Elevation, and Admiration Chapter 12 1 Emotions of Excellence: Communal 2 and Agentic Functions of Pride, Moral 3 Elevation, and Admiration 4 Lisa A. Williams 5 Abstract Excellence is a potent emotional elicitor. When it is oneself that achieves 6 excellence, pride can arise. When another person achieves excellence, moral eleva- 7 tion and admiration can arise. This trio of “emotions of excellence” addresses both 8 communal and agentic functions. This chapter reviews these functions as well as 9 how their functions might play out in one example context – the workplace – and 10 concludes by outlining paths for future research, highlighting the need for integra- 11 tive work across emotions and across functions as well as the application of new 12 technologies to this intriguing area of research. 13 Interdependence is and ought to be as much the ideal of man as self-sufficiency. Man is a 14 social being. 15 –Mahatma Gandhi 16 Gandhi points out two ways of acting in social life: acting in a way that benefits 17 the self and acting in a way that benefits one’s relationships. This delineation echoes 18 a dominant theme in social psychology: individuals must balance needs to “get 19 ahead” (i.e., pursue agentic outcomes) and “get along” (i.e., pursue communal out- 20 comes). Navigating the cooperation and competition between these two motives lies 21 at the heart of adaptive social functioning. 22 Work in affective science has revealed myriad ways via which emotions provide 23 a mechanism via which individuals might make contextually appropriate choices to 24 pursue getting ahead and/or getting along. This chapter focuses on a key context in 25 which such opportunities arise: excellence of the self or of others. Specifically, it 26 outlines a view of how pride, moral elevation, and admiration serve both communal 27 and agentic functions. In addition to reviewing supportive empirical evidence regard- 28 ing agentic and communal functions of these three emotions, this chapter highlights 29 how these emotions and their functions might play out in one example context – the 30 workplace. The chapter concludes by outlining paths for future research, highlight- 31 ing the need for research that integrates across emotions and across functions, as 32 well as the application of new technologies to this intriguing area of research. 33 L. A. Williams (*) School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2018 H. C. Lench (ed.), The Function of Emotions, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77619-4_12 L. A. Williams 34 Getting Along and Getting Ahead: Core Demands of Social 35 Life 36 The emergence of human societal structures required not only meeting basic 37 ­survival needs but also successfully navigating the social environment. One popu- 38 lar theoretical approach in the study of social needs is to consider drives to get 39 along and to get ahead (Locke, 2015). With its roots in work by Bakan (1966) and 40 Hogan (1982), this delineation has had substantial staying power in social and per- 41 sonality psychology (Abele & Wojciszke, 2014; Fiske, Cuddy, & Glick, 2007; 42 Horowitz et al., 2006; McAdams, 1988; Trapnell & Paulhus, 2012). Emphasizing 43 their ubiquitous nature, this pair of needs has been referred to as “life’s recurring 44 challenges” (Ybarra et al., 2008). 45 Communion lies at the relational core of human sociality. The need to “get along” 46 relates not only to requirements to connect with and be accepted by others 47 (Baumeister & Leary, 1995) but also to behave in ways consistent with social and 48 moral norms (Bicchieri, 2005; Harms & Skyrms, 2008). Reflecting this dual nature, 49 Abele et al. (2016) argue that communion comprises two sub-facets: interpersonal 50 warmth and morality. Ybarra et al. (2008) point out that communion is a persistent 51 need that does not vary according to situation or person, due to the negative conse- 52 quences of being socially rejected (see DeWall & Bushman, 2011, for a review). 53 Agency, or the need to “get ahead,” is centered around acquisition and demon- 54 stration of skills, both of which contribute to status attainment. A sub-facet approach 55 is also relevant here, with agency comprising both competence (serving skill attain- 56 ment) and assertiveness (serving skill recognition by others; Abele et al., 2016). 57 Ybarra et al. (2008) put forth a compelling case that, while communion can be 58 expected among all group members at all times, agency might be more contextually 59 constrained, limited to those who need or have a skill and to situations in which that 60 skill is relevant. 61 Adaptive functioning requires a balance between pursuit of getting ahead and 62 getting along. Indeed, pursuing one at the expense of the other (i.e., unmitigated 63 agency or unmitigated communion) brings along a suite of deleterious outcomes 64 (e.g., Helgeson & Fritz, 1999). Moreover, it is of critical import for individuals to 65 recognize when opportunities to get ahead and get along arise. Herein lies an adap- 66 tive challenge that emotions might help resolve. In a given context that provides an 67 opportunity to get along or to get ahead, might emotions help cue individuals to 68 those contexts and shape thoughts and behaviors in an adaptive manner (i.e., in a 69 manner that takes advantage of that opportunity)? 70 This chapter focuses on one particular context in which achieving this balance 71 might be required: the achievement of excellence. Excellence of the self is the pro- 72 totypical eliciting context of pride. Excellence of others can give rise to admiration 73 (in cases of skill-based excellence) and moral elevation (in cases of morality-based 74 excellence). The chapter advances the argument that excellence contexts provide 75 the opportunity to get along and get ahead – an opportunity that is cued by and 76 indeed realized by the positive emotions of pride, admiration, and moral elevation. 12 Emotions of Excellence: Communal and Agentic Functions of Pride, Moral… Getting Along and Getting Ahead in the Face of Excellence: 77 The Role of Emotion 78 Before proceeding, a definition of “excellence” is in order. Psychologists, 79 ­philosophers, and practitioners might each have their own definitions of excellence. 80 However, the Oxford English Dictionary provides a useful inclusive definition: 81 excellence is “the possession chiefly of good qualities in an eminent or unusual 82 degree; surpassing merit, skill, virtue, worth, etc.” This definition aptly highlights 83 both skill and virtue as contributors to excellence. While the definition itself is 84 agnostic with regard to the agent of excellence, it can be useful to identify the agent, 85 especially as it relates to the question of how positive emotions shape functional 86 outcomes in excellence contexts. Specifically, excellence of the self can prompt 87 pride, and excellence of others can prompt moral elevation (for virtue) and admira- 88 tion (for skill). 89 It is worth noting that these three emotions fit within the broader class of positive 90 emotions. Fredrickson’s (2001, 2013) influential broaden-and-build theory provides a 91 guiding framework for how positive emotions as a class serve adaptive outcomes. 92 Specifically, according to the theory, positive emotions assist individuals to broaden 93 their attention and build resources. The broaden-and-build approach also highlights 94 the role that positive emotions can play in producing an “upward spiral,” in which 95 positive emotional experience brings about adaptive outcomes that further the experi- 96 ence of positive emotions (e.g., Fredrickson & Joiner, 2002). Some of these outcomes 97 can be aligned with “getting along,” such as garnering social support (Fredrickson, 98 Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008) and reduction of group-based biases (Johnson & 99 Fredrickson, 2005), or with “getting ahead,” such as goal attainment (Wong, Tschan, 100 Messerli, & Semmer, 2013). However, as revealed below, reflecting on the discrete 101 nature of pride, moral elevation, and admiration affords a careful consideration of 102 how they might cue and function in excellence-based contexts. 103 Evidence is reviewed below that speaks to how pride, moral elevation, and admi- 104 ration promote functional outcomes in the service of getting ahead and getting 105 along. Note that the aim of this review is not to be exhaustive, but rather illustrative, 106 highlighting how the communion/agency framework provides a guiding structure 107 for understanding functions of these emotions in social space. Where relevant, the 108 text highlights functions that stem from both experiencing and expressing the 109 ­emotion in question. 110 Excellence of the Self: A Context for Pride 111 Pride is commonly felt upon achievement of a socially valued outcome (Mascolo & 112 Fischer, 1995). Compelling evidence suggests that pride is communicated by a suite 113 of nonverbal behaviors (e.g., a small smile, expanded posture, raised chin; Tracy & 114 Matsumoto, 2008; Tracy & Robins, 2007a). Highlighting its agentic and communal 115 L. A. Williams 116 functions, pride has been classed among self-conscious emotions (Tracy, Robins, & 117 Tangney, 2007) as well as moral emotions (Tangney, Stuewig, & Mashek, 2007). 118 Before proceeding, it is worth noting the theoretical distinction between authen- 119 tic and hubristic pride (e.g., Tracy & Robins, 2007b; cf. Williams & DeSteno, 2010). 120 For the purposes of this chapter, focus will be placed on social functions of authen- 121 tic forms of pride, that is, pride that stems from tangible achievement. By and large, 122 authentic pride is held to be the more adaptive of the two forms of pride (Tracy & 123 Robins, 2007c). In the case that reviewed research differentiated between authentic 124 and hubristic pride, findings are noted that relate to authentic forms.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Generosity Behavior PAPER RESUBMITTED to EMOTION Copy
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title Everyday prosociality in the workplace: The reinforcing benefits of giving, getting, and glimpsing. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9t0213nd Journal Emotion (Washington, D.C.), 18(4) ISSN 1528-3542 Authors Chancellor, Joseph Margolis, Seth Jacobs Bao, Katherine et al. Publication Date 2018-06-01 DOI 10.1037/emo0000321 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Running head: PROPAGATION OF PROSOCIALITY 1 Everyday Prosociality in the Workplace: The Reinforcing Benefits of Giving, Getting, and Glimpsing Joseph Chancellor Seth Margolis Katherine Jacobs Bao Sonja Lyubomirsky University of California, Riverside in press, Emotion Author Note Katherine Jacobs Bao is now at the Psychology Department, Manhattanville College. This research was supported by a grant from the Notre Dame Science of Generosity initiative from the John Templeton Foundation (Grant #14229). Correspondence should be addressed to Seth Margolis ([email protected]). Word Count: 6153 Running head: PROPAGATION OF PROSOCIALITY 2 Abstract A functional analysis of prosociality considers how predispositions for prosocial behavior prompt, reinforce, and propagate kind behaviors in the real world. To examine the effects of practicing, receiving, and observing everyday prosociality—as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects—we randomly assigned employees in a Spanish corporate workplace (N=111) to be Givers, Receivers, and Controls. Givers practiced five acts of kindness for a personalized list of Receivers over 4 weeks. We found that Givers and Receivers mutually benefited in well-being in both the short-term (e.g., on weekly measures of competence and autonomy) and the long-term (e.g., Receivers became happier after 2 months, and Givers became less depressed and more satisfied with their lives and jobs).
    [Show full text]
  • NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Posit Psychol
    NIH Public Access Author Manuscript J Posit Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 June 2. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: J Posit Psychol. 2009 ; 4(2): 105–127. doi:10.1080/17439760802650519. Witnessing excellence in action: the ‘other-praising’ emotions of elevation, gratitude, and admiration Sara B. Algoea,* and Jonathan Haidtb a Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA b Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA Abstract People are often profoundly moved by the virtue or skill of others, yet psychology has little to say about the ‘other-praising’ family of emotions. Here we demonstrate that emotions such as elevation, gratitude, and admiration differ from more commonly studied forms of positive affect (joy and amusement) in many ways, and from each other in a few ways. The results of studies using recall, video induction, event-contingent diary, and letter-writing methods to induce other-praising emotions suggest that: elevation (a response to moral excellence) motivates prosocial and affiliative behavior, gratitude motivates improved relationships with benefactors, and admiration motivates self-improvement. Mediation analyses highlight the role of conscious emotion between appraisals and motivations. Discussion focuses on implications for emotion research, interpersonal relationships, and morality. Keywords positive emotions; social relations; morality; gratitude; elevation; admiration Introduction People are often profoundly moved by leaders, saints, benefactors, and heroes, as well as by ordinary people who do extraordinary things. The positive emotional responses elicited by exemplary others are relatively unstudied, and may be useful to individuals and to society.
    [Show full text]
  • Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social Functions: Compassion
    EMR0010.1177/1754073916684557Emotion ReviewStellar et al. The Self-Transcendent Emotions 684557research-article2017 Emotion Review Vol. 9 No. 3 (July 2017) 200 –207 © The Author(s) 2017 ISSN 1754-0739 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073916684557 10.1177/1754073916684557 Self-Transcendent Emotions and Their Social journals.sagepub.com/home/er Functions: Compassion, Gratitude, and Awe Bind Us to Others Through Prosociality Jennifer E. Stellar Psychology Department, University of Toronto, Canada Amie M. Gordon Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco, USA Paul K. Piff Psychology Department, University of California, Irvine, USA Daniel Cordaro Center for Emotional Intelligence, Yale University, USA Craig L. Anderson San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, USA Yang Bai Laura A. Maruskin Dacher Keltner Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley, USA Abstract In this article we review the emerging literature on the self-transcendent emotions. We discuss how the self-transcendent emotions differ from other positive emotions and outline the defining features of this category. We then provide an analysis of three specific self-transcendent emotions—compassion, gratitude, and awe—detailing what has been learned about their expressive behavior, physiology, and likely evolutionary origins. We propose that these emotions emerged to help humans solve unique problems related to caretaking, cooperation, and group coordination in social interactions. In our final section we offer predictions about the self- transcendent emotions that can guide future research. Keywords awe, compassion, gratitude, positive emotions, prosociality Emotions prioritize adaptive responses to threats and opportuni- their attention to the social functions of emotions (Fischer & ties in the environment that are crucial for survival and repro- Manstead, 2008; Frijda & Mesquita, 1994; Keltner & Haidt, duction (e.g., Ekman, 1992).
    [Show full text]
  • Loving-Kindness Language Exposure Leads to Changes in Sensitivity to Imagined Pain
    The Journal of Positive Psychology Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice ISSN: 1743-9760 (Print) 1743-9779 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpos20 Loving-kindness language exposure leads to changes in sensitivity to imagined pain Patrick B. Williams, Greg Poljacik, Jean Decety & Howard C. Nusbaum To cite this article: Patrick B. Williams, Greg Poljacik, Jean Decety & Howard C. Nusbaum (2018) Loving-kindness language exposure leads to changes in sensitivity to imagined pain, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13:4, 429-433, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1315648 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1315648 View supplementary material Published online: 10 Apr 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 148 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpos20 THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 2018 VOL. 4, NO. 13, 429–433 https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1315648 Loving-kindness language exposure leads to changes in sensitivity to imagined pain Patrick B. Williams, Greg Poljacik, Jean Decety and Howard C. Nusbaum Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY To better understand the cultivation of positive intra- and interpersonal emotions, we examined Received 29 February 2016 an argument that some effects of contemplative training result from language processing. We Accepted 28 March 2017 presented participants with loving-kindness language used in kindness-meditation training studies KEYWORDS and asked them to rate imagined pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Kama Muta: Similar Emotional Responses to Touching Videos
    JCCXXX10.1177/0022022117746240Journal of Cross-Cultural PsychologySeibt et al. 746240research-article2017 Original Manuscripts Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 1 –18 Kama Muta: Similar Emotional © The Author(s) 2017 Reprints and permissions: Responses to Touching Videos sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022117746240DOI: 10.1177/0022022117746240 Across the United States, Norway, journals.sagepub.com/home/jcc China, Israel, and Portugal Beate Seibt1,2, Thomas W. Schubert1, Janis H. Zickfeld1, Lei Zhu3, Patrícia Arriaga2, Cláudia Simão4, Ravit Nussinson5,6, and Alan Page Fiske7 Abstract Ethnographies, histories, and popular culture from many regions around the world suggest that marked moments of love, affection, solidarity, or identification everywhere evoke the same emotion. Based on these observations, we developed the kama muta model, in which we conceptualize what people in English often label being moved as a culturally implemented social- relational emotion responding to and regulating communal sharing relations. We hypothesize that experiencing or observing sudden intensification of communal sharing relationships universally tends to elicit this positive emotion, which we call kama muta. When sufficiently intense, kama muta is often accompanied by tears, goosebumps or chills, and feelings of warmth in the center of the chest. We tested this model in seven samples from the United States, Norway, China, Israel, and Portugal. Participants watched short heartwarming videos, and after each video reported the degree, if any, to which they were “moved,” or a translation of this term, its valence, appraisals, sensations, and communal outcome. We confirmed that in each sample, indicators of increased communal sharing predicted kama muta; tears, goosebumps or chills, and warmth in the chest were associated sensations; and the emotion was experienced as predominantly positive, leading to feeling communal with the characters who evoked it.
    [Show full text]
  • What Triggers Prosocial Effort? a Positive Feedback Loop Between Positive Activities, Kindness, and Well-Being
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Previously Published Works Title What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/76s9k7zb Journal JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 12(4) ISSN 1743-9760 Authors Layous, Kristin Nelson, S Katherine Kurtz, Jaime L et al. Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California The Journal of Positive Psychology Dedicated to furthering research and promoting good practice ISSN: 1743-9760 (Print) 1743-9779 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rpos20 What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being Kristin Layous, S. Katherine Nelson, Jaime L. Kurtz & Sonja Lyubomirsky To cite this article: Kristin Layous, S. Katherine Nelson, Jaime L. Kurtz & Sonja Lyubomirsky (2017) What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being, The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12:4, 385-398, DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924 Published online: 23 Jun 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 359 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rpos20 Download by: [University of California, Riverside Libraries] Date: 07 April 2017, At: 19:32 THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, 2017 VOL. 12, NO. 4, 385–398 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1198924 What triggers prosocial effort? A positive feedback loop between positive activities, kindness, and well-being Kristin Layousa, S.
    [Show full text]
  • Communal Sharing and Gratitude: How They Interrelate
    Department of Social and Organizational Psychology Communal Sharing and Gratitude: How They Interrelate A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology Cláudia Patrícia Candeias Simão Supervisor: Dr. Beate Seibt, Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway, and Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS-IUL), Lisboa, Portugal Co-Supervisor: Dr. Simone Schnall, University Senior Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom September, 2013 ii Department of Social and Organizational Psychology Communal Sharing and Gratitude: How They Interrelate A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Psychology Cláudia Patrícia Candeias Simão Jury Composition: Doctor Sven Waldzus, Associate Professor with Habilitation, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal Doctor Rodrigo Brito, Associate Professor, Universidade Lusófona, Portugal Doctor Tânia Ramos, Researcher, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal Doctor Rui Costa Lopes, Researcher, Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa (ICS), Portugal Doctor Beate Seibt, Associate Professor, University of Oslo, Norway, and Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Portugal September, 2013 iii iv The research reported in this Dissertation was supported by a Doctoral Grant (SFRH/BD/60413/2009) from the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia. v vi Acknowledgments I have to say, this was a long, but nice journey. I enjoyed most of the moments I had the chance to have. Along this journey I learnt so much from so many people, and I had the opportunity to make so many good friends, that now, it is hard to find the right words to express my gratitude.
    [Show full text]
  • Promoting Mental Health
    Promoting Mental Health ■ ■ CONCEPTS EMERGING EVIDENCE PRACTICE A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and The University of Melbourne Promoting Mental Health ■ ■ CONCEPTS EMERGING EVIDENCE PRACTICE A Report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and The University of Melbourne Editors: Helen Herrman Shekhar Saxena Rob Moodie WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice : report of the World Health Organization, Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse in collaboration with the Victorian Health Promotion Foundation and the University of Melbourne / [editors: Helen Herrman, Shekhar Saxena, Rob Moodie]. 1.Mental health 2.Health promotion 3.Evidence-based medicine 4.Health policy 5.Practice guidelines 6.Developing countries I.Herrman, Helen. II.Saxena, Shekhar. III.Moodie, Rob. ISBN 92 4 156294 3 (NLM classification: WM 31.5) © World Health Organization 2005 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 2476; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between Gratitude, Wellbeing, Spirituality, and Experiencing Meaningful Work
    Article The Relationship between Gratitude, Wellbeing, Spirituality, and Experiencing Meaningful Work Natasha M. Loi * and Di Helen Ng Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Poor mental wellbeing not only affects an individual and their family, but it also affects the workplace and the society as a whole. Consequently, it is crucial to investigate approaches that can promote a positive mindset in order to enhance wellbeing. This study aimed to explore the association between gratitude, wellbeing, spirituality, and experiencing meaningful work. A sample of 197 participants (69.5% female) completed measures of gratitude, experiencing meaningful work, spirituality, and several wellbeing indices. Gratitude was significantly positively associated with happiness, life satisfaction, flourishing, positive affect, spirituality, and experiencing meaningful work. A mediation analysis revealed that the relationship between wellbeing and experiencing meaningful work was partially mediated by gratitude. Additionally, spirituality did not moderate the relationship between gratitude and experiencing meaningful work. Overall, the findings indicate that fostering a grateful mindset could enhance wellbeing and work engagement, which in turn could lead to the experience of meaningful work. Keywords: wellbeing; meaningful work; gratitude; spirituality Citation: Loi, N.M.; Ng, D.H. The Relationship between Gratitude, Wellbeing, Spirituality, and Experiencing Meaningful Work. 1. Introduction Psych 2021, 3, 85–95. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/psych3020009 The emergence of the positive psychology movement in the late twentieth century saw a new focus on understanding human behavior in order to promote individual well- Academic Editors: Mosad Zineldin being [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Art and the Ordinary: Literary and Visual Constructs of the Mundane Jenessa Kenway University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected]
    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones May 2017 Art and The Ordinary: Literary and Visual Constructs of the Mundane Jenessa Kenway University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Art and Design Commons, and the Theory and Criticism Commons Repository Citation Kenway, Jenessa, "Art and The Ordinary: Literary and Visual Constructs of the Mundane" (2017). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 2995. https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/2995 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Scholarship@UNLV. It has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ART AND THE ORDINARY: LITERARY AND VISUAL CONSTRUCTS OF THE MUNDANE By Jenessa Lynn Wilson Kenway Bachelor of Arts — Art San Francisco State University 2006 Master of Fine Arts — Art University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2011 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Master of Arts — English Department of English College of Liberal Arts The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2017 Thesis Approval The Graduate College The University of Nevada, Las Vegas January 27, 2017 This thesis prepared by Jenessa Lynn Wilson Kenway entitled Art and the Ordinary: Literary and Visual Constructs of the Mundane is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts — English Department of English Timothy Erwin, Ph.D. Kathryn Hausbeck Korgan, Ph.D. Examination Committee Chair Graduate College Interim Dean Emily Setina, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Finding the Self in Self-Transcendent Emotions
    COMMENTARY Finding the self in self-transcendent emotions Jonathan Haidt1 and James P. Morris Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 motion research has something and excellences of others, except to the sentiments as much as any similar inci- in common with a drunk search- extent that they help us or bond with dent which real history can furnish.’’ ing for his car keys under a us? Are there any emotions that tran- Only in the last year has any empirical street lamp. ‘‘Where did you scend self-interest? evidence for elevation been published, Elose them?’’ asks the cop. ‘‘In the alley,’’ Yes, there are: elevation and admira- demonstrating that moral elevation mo- says the drunk, ‘‘but the light is so much tion, as well as compassion, which we tivates people to emulate role models, better over here.’’ For emotion research, will not focus on here because it is not do good deeds, and become more inter- the light shines most brightly on the new; it has long been a topic of psycho- ested in relationships (10). In the stron- face, whose movements can be coded, logical discussion (7) and is now a major gest behavioral finding, moral elevation compared across cultures, and quanti- area of neurological work as well (8, 9). caused lactating women to hug and fied by electromyography. All of the [We note, however, that compassion is nurse their infants (12), suggesting the ‘‘basic’’ emotions described by Paul Ek- often mislabeled as ‘‘empathy.’’ Empa- possible involvement of the hormone man (1) and others (happiness, sadness, thy is the ability to take another’s per- oxytocin.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting Compassionate Emotions in Environmentally Concerned People To
    Running head: FRAMES OF MIND Frames of Mind: Targeting Compassionate Emotions in Environmentally Concerned People to Motivate Them to Take Action against Climate Change Rachel F. Pearce-Smith University of Puget Sound Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my family and friends for taking good care of me during my time writing this paper. I am also thankful to Dr. Sarina Saturn for helping me conduct some of the research. Her attitude is always cheerful and encouraging. Thanks to Dr. Carolyn Weisz for assisting by reading drafts and providing her support. Finally, I am profoundly grateful to Dr. Mark Reinitz for spending his valuable time helping me develop ideas for the second experiment and reviewing my writing. FRAMES OF MIND 2 Abstract Anthropogenic climate change is a phenomenon with profound impacts on human life and wellbeing, yet its uncertainty to, distance from, and apparently gradual onset toward the individual do not tend to motivate response behavior. These experiments examined the framing of climate-related messages that would influence concern about climate change. Experiment 1 tested relevant psychological dimensions of people who are concerned about the environment, which is heavily impacted by climate change. In Experiment 2 I used the Experiment 1 results to develop frames conducive to the behavior change of the environmentally-concerned audience. More specifically, Experiment 1 explored the relationships among environmental concern, moral elevation, and dispositional compassion. Moral elevation is a reaction to witnessing acts of moral excellence. I found that environmental concern is significantly and positively related to moral elevation and compassion.
    [Show full text]