NFPA No. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198
CARE, MAINTENANCE AND USE OF FI RE HOSE 1969
$1.00
Cop!lr~oht ~ l!~Gfl NATIONAl FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION International 4M-6-69-FP Printed in U.S.A. 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110 Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted.
Official NFPA Definitions Adopted Jan. 23, 1964. Wilere variances to these definitions are found, efforts to eliminate such conflicts are m process.
StIALL is intended to indicate requirements.
StiOULD is intended to indicate recommendations or that which is advised but not required.
APPROVED means acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect or certify any installations, procedure~, equipment or materials nor does it approve or evaluate testing labora- tories. In deterlnining the acceptability of installations or procedures, equipment or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance oil compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of nationally recognized testing laboratories,* i.e., laboratories qualified and equipped to conduct the necessary tests, in a position to determine compliance with ap- propriate standards for the current production of listed items, and the satisfactory performance of such equipment or materiMs in actual usage. *Among the laboratories nationally recognized by the authorities having Jurisdiction in the United States and Canada are the Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc., the Factory MutuM Engineering Division, the American Gas Association Laboratories, the Underwriters' Labora- tories of Canada, the Canadian Standards Association Testing Laboratories, and the Canadian Gas Association Approvals Division.
LISTED: Equipment or materials included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing laboratory that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner.
LABEI.ED: Equipment or materials to which has been attaehed a label of a nationally recognized testing laboratory that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or the conduct of tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.
A1:TItOnlTY H~VlN~ JVEISDICTION: The organization, office or individual re- sponsible for "approving" equipment, an installation, or a procedure.
Statement on NFPA Procedures This material has been developed in the interest of safety to life and property under the published procedures of the National Fire Protection Association. These procedures are de- signed to assure the appointment of technically competent Committees having balanced representation from those vitally interested and active in the areas with which the Committees are concerned, These procedures provide that all Committee recommendations shall be pub- lished prior t,o action on them by the Association itself and that following this publication these recommendations shall be presented for adoption to the Annual Meeting of the Association where anyone in attendance, member or not, may present his views. While these procedures assure the highest degree of care, neither tiie National Fire Protection Association, its members, nor those participating in its activities accepts any liability resulting from compliance or non- compliance with the provisions given herein, for any restrictions imposed on materiMs or processes, or for the completeness of ttle text.
Copyright and Republishing Rights This publication is copyrighted © by the National Fire Protection Asso- ciation. Permission is granted to republish in full the material herein in laws, ordinances, regulations, administrative orders or similar documents issued by public authorities. All others desiring permission to reproduce this material in whole or in part shall consult the National Fire Protection Association. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking198-1 not permitted.
Standard for Care of Fire Hose (Including Couplings and Nozzles)
NFPA No. 198-- 1969
This edition supersedes all previous editions of No. 198 and is a complete revision of the 1958 edition. It was officially adopted at the 1969 NFPA Annual Meeting held in New York, N. Y., May 12-16.
The first edition of this standard was prepared by the NFPA Committee on Field Practice and was adopted by the Association in 1936. No changes were necessary for a number of years but in 1954 the NFPA established a new Committee on Fire Hose. In 1957 the Committee on Fire Hose submitted a completely revised text which was adopted by the Association. Some editorial changes and additions were adopted at the 1958 Annual Meeting.
Committee on Fire Hose
Rod A. Porter, Chairman, Winnetka Fire Department, Winnetka, Ill. 60093 Warren Y. KimbaII,t Secretary, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass. 02110 J. Ward Bush, Caterpillar Tractor Co. D. G. Mees, Mountain States Inspection N. J. Cyphers, Rubber Manufacturers Assn. Bureau. E. N. Davis. Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Chief James Moher, Milwaukee ]:ire I)e- partment. Donald L. Drumm, American Insurance Assn. Wm. S. Murray, Jr., Goodall Rubber Co. Robert Ely, San Diego, Calif. K. E. Rearick, Fire Hose Couplin~ & Ac- cessories Research Institute. Raymond A. Gallagher, Rubber Manu- facturers' Assn. G. E. Gundersen, Factor:,- Mutual Engi- Alternate. neering Assn. Clarence Melslohn, Rubber Manufacturers Merle S. Lowden, U. S. I)epartment of Assn. (Alternate to N. J. ('yphers and Agriculture. Raymond A. Gallagher.)
tNonvoting. SCOeE: This committee deals with selection, performance and maintenance for all types of fire hose, including hose couplings, nozzles and accessory equipment. The committee reports to the Association through tile Committee on Fire Department Equipment. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-2 CALVE OF FIRE HOSE
Contents Chapter Page 1. Introduction ...... 198- 4
2. Woven-Jacketed, Rubber-Lined Hose ...... 198- 6
3. Rubber Hose ...... 198-14
4. Unlined Fire Hose ...... 198-15
5. Pumper Supply Hose ...... 198-18
6. Washit~g, Drying, and Storage ...... 198-23
7. Nozzles, Couplings, and Gaskets ...... 198-32
8. Miscellaneous Informatiorl ...... 198-35 80. Mildew Treatment ...... 198-35
81. Hose Records ...... 198-36 82. Service Test for Fire Hose ...... 198-38
83. Typical Hose Loads oil Fire Trucks ...... 198-42
Definitions ...... 198-48 Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. FOREWORD 198-3
Standard for Care of Fire Hose (Including Couplings and Nozzles)
NFPA No. 198- 1969
FOREWORD The suggested care of general classes of fire hose used for- various fire protection purposes is described in this text. Each of these classes of hose is designed and constructed to provide reliable service when given proper care and when employed for the purpose and in the manner for which it is specifically designed. Employ- ment of a type of hose for a class of service for which it is not appro- priate may lead to damage and premature failure of the hose. With proper care, hose used in the inanner for which it was de- signed should provide a long and reliable service life. Periodic tests are suggested to indicate whether hose is in a satisfactory condition. Hose which is neglected or improperly cared for may not be expected to give long and reliable service no matter how excellent the original product may have been. Examples of the selection of proper types of hose include use of rubber-covered hose in locations where hose may be subjected to contaminants such as chemicals and oils, use of light-weight, large diameter hose for pumper relays where large volumes of water must be moved over considerable distances at moderate pump pressures, use of rubber-lined woven-jacketed hose by fire depart- ments and industries where hose must be used frequently to move water efficiently at effective pressures to provide good streams for fire fighting, use of both lined and unlined hose designed for forest fire service, and the provision of unlined fire hose for one-time, first-aid fire protection in buildings where there may be need for hose stream equipment for immediate use by occupants while awaiting the arrival of fire fighting crews equipped to apply larger capacity and higher pressure hose streams should these be needed. The care of each of these types of hose, as well as other standard types, is detailed in this Standard. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-4 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
10. General 101. Fire hose provides the means for conducting water from the source to the fire. To be reliable, it should be of the best ma- terial and workmanship. It should always be in good order and cared for properly. It should not be used except in emergencies, for other than fire fighting purposes and with the approval of fire officials. * 102. The need for proper care of hose is most evident when it fails. It is then too late for preventative maintenance. 103. Burst hose, and the subsequent replacement, means loss of time in attacking a fire and may result in the fire getting beyond control. A burst hose may be the cause of serious injury to fire fighters and other persons.
*See Standard No. 196, Fire Hose.
(United States Forest Service Photo)
Fig. 106A. Typical forestry service pumper showing types of fire hose car- ried. Four 10-foot lengths of hard suction hose for drafting water are carried in upper compartments. Also shown are compartments for IY2-inch and I-inch woven-jacketed rubber-lined fire hose. Also shown are hose reels equipped with rubber-covered ~-inch fire hose equipped with forestry type nozzles. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. INTRODUCTION 198-5
Fig. 106B. Fire department pumpers may carry several thousand feet of fire hose of various sizes and types. Left to right: 20 feet oF large hard suction hose for drafting, two compartments with |Y2-inch woven-jacketed, rubber- lined hose preconnected to pump with nozzles attached; one compartment with 2Y2-inch woven-jacketed, rubber-lined hose with donut role on top; one compartment with 3-inch woven-jacketed, rubber-lined hose with donut roll and hydrant wrench on top; one compartment with 2Y=-inch woven- jacketed, rubber-lined hose preconnected to pump with nozzle attached. On top of the apparatus is a reel of rubber-covered, rubber-lined hose for small stream service. At center, below the hose body, is a roll of large di- ameter woven-jacketed, rubber-llned "soft suction" hose used for supplying the pump from hydrants. The suction hose strainer is shown near the hose reel.
104. To assure the maximum reliability of fire hose under fire conditions, the following procedures should be followed: (1) Pur- chase a grade of hose designed for the intended service, (2) provide systematic inspection including tests, and (3) give adequate mainte- nance. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-6 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
105. Some fire departments number each length of hose and have a book or card record kept of the date of purchase, name of maker, date of periodical testing and pressures. The record may include remarks as to testing, repairs, unusual features, causes of failure, and data on couplings, such as the number of times a coup- ling has been expanded or repaired.* In public fire departments, this record should also include the company to which hose is as- signed and the final disposition of hose taken out of service. (For details, see Chapter 8.) 106. Basic types of hose ordinarily employed for fire protection purposes include: (1) woven-jacketed, rubber-lined, (2) rubber (rubber-lined, cotton or other fiber reinforcement, and rubber covered), (3) coated with synthetic material, (4) unlined hose, and (5) reinforced suction. Each of these types is discussed in detail in the following chapters.
CHAPTER 2. Woven-Jacketed, Rubber-Lined Hose
20. Types of Construction 201. The term "woven-jacketed, rubber-lined fire hose" is ap- plied to the following types of hose in sizes of from 1-inch through 6-inch internal diameters: a. All cotton yarn in the warp and filler of one or more jackets. b. Synthetic fiber yarn in the filler of one or more jackets. c. Synthetic fiber yarn in the warp and filler of one or more jackets. d. Rubber-covered, woven-jacketed, rubber-lined hose. e. Jackets coated with a non-continuous coating. f. Jackets coated and lined with a homogenous synthetic.
21. Care of Woven-Jacketed, Rubber-Lined Hose 211. Where hose is installed at yard hydrants, such as at indus- trial plants, for fire protection, it should be kept in well-ventilated hose houses. Hot locations should be avoided, if possible. The hose should be so stored that it may be run out easily when required, and there should be sufficient space to hold the hose and equip- ment. Typical hose houses are shown in Fig. 211A-E.
*In recoupling hose it is well to consider that a coupling which has been in service before may have a weakened tailpiece. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WOVEN-JACKETED, RUBBER-LINED HOSE 198-7
Fig. 211A. Hose house of five-sided design for installation over a yard hydrant.
Fig. 211B. Hose house of compact dimensions for installation over a yard hydrant.
Hose should be stored in the houses in such a way that air can circulate and excessive heat must be avoided. In areas where rodents may be a problem, a wrapped rubber-covered hose should be considered for rodent resistance. NOTE 1: For details of hose houses see NFPA Standard No. 24 (1969). NoTE 2: Common materials used to construct hose houses are wood, steel and aluminum. Manufacturers have been thanked for the photo- graphs shown in this text, but they are not identified because nearly all major fire appliance distributors can furnish hose houses in designs similar in purpose to those shown. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-8 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
212. Care must be taken so that gasoline, grease, harmful chem- icals and acids do not come in contact with hose. Where such ex- posure is likely to occur hose resistant to these agents should be em- ployed. If other hose does come in contact with any of the above materials, the hose should be washed with soap and thoroughly rinsed with water although ths may reduce mildew resistant treat- ment. Do not store hose until thoroughly dry. Drying must be done carefully by hanging the hose, placing it on a rack, or placing it in a specially designed drying cabinet. Hose should not be dried in the sun on concrete roadways or sidewalks. Just as soon as the hose is thoroughly dry it should be removed from exposure to the weather. Overexposure, especially in or by the sun can be damaging. Hose should not be left in hot drying towers or cabinets after drying has been completed.
Fig. 211¢. Hose house for use where a supply of hose is stored in a hose cart.
Fig. 211D. Hose house ofcom- pact dimensions for installation over a yard hydrant. House is shown closed. Top lifts up and doors on front side open for complete accessibility. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WOVEN-JACKETED, RUBBER-LINED HOSE 198-9
Fig. 211E. This type hose house can be installed on legs as il- lustrated, or installed on a wall near, but not directly over, a yard hydrant.
In order to prevent damage and permanent set to the rubber tub- ing, general fire department practice is to remove fire hose from apparatus once a month or at least once quarterly and reload it in a different position. Water is run through the hose once in three months, and the hose is dried before being replaced on the truck. This same procedure is recommended whether the hose is on trucks, reels, or in hose houses. When the hose is removed for wetting of the lining, it should be replaced by spare hose, so that the required amount will always be available for fire fighting purposes. 213. Hose carried on fire apparatus should be loaded in such a way that air can circulate and preferably should be packed on edge. This will help to prevent mildew where cotton is employed in hose iackets. Hose stored on a reel should be removed periodically and rereeled so the sag will occur in a different place. Where hose is used in damp, high humidity locations, it should be treated to resist mildew. NoT~: For standpipe design requirements, see Standard for Standpipe and Hose Systems, NFPA No. 14. 214. Fire hose is subjected frequently to severe shocks and strains, pressure surges, and mechanical injury (see Figures 214A-B). The vibrations from a fire pump sometimes cause chafing of the hose near the pump. Care must be taken to lay hose so that injury will not result from contact with sharp or rough objects. Mechanical injury is caused by vehicles being driven over hose lines. Where it is necessary for vehicles to cross, hose bridges should be used. It is Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-10 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
desirable to detour traffic at fires. Avoid laying hose near the curb or in gutters where acids, oils, or harmful agents detrimental to hose are likely to be present. Open and close shutoff nozzles and valves gradually to prevent very high pressure surges which may damage the hose and pos- sibly cause injury to people. When hoisting hose, mechanical in- jury can be avoided and the task made easier by use of hose rollers. In fire department operations there are a variety of situations where hose is used to relay water from a pump at a hydrant or other water source to a pump near a fire. Such relays require special precautions to prevent pressure surges which can burst hose (or may damage a pump seriously). Ordinarily the automatic pressure governor or relief valve regulating the discharge pressure of pumper does not afford adequate protection against damage to hose from
(United States Forest Service Photo)
Fig. 214A. Fire hose is subject to much hard usage as shown in this fire on Angeles National Forest in California. Here a line of 1Y2-inch forestry hose has been stretched up o hillside in an area of rough burned snags. In forest and brush fires care must be taken that fire does not burn the hose behind a nozzle being advanced along the fire perimeter. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WOVEN-JACKETED~ RUBBER-LINED HOSE 198-11
Fig. 214B. At structural fires, fire hose is exposed not only to heat from fires but burning embers, broken glass, nails, and other sharp objects.
pressure surges on the inlet or "suction side" of a pump. If not pro- vided as a part of the pumping apparatus, some form of relay relief valve should be attached to the inlet of the pump near the fire to which the relay hose line is to be attached. The lower the set- ting of the relay relief valve, the greater the protection afforded to the hose supplying the relay. A relief valve setting of 10 psi on the intake side of the receiving pump has been found to give maximum protection at maximum flow through the hose. When shutting down the relay operation always shut down first at the pumper nearest the fire. In all pump operations, it is preferable to reduce pressure at the pump, where convenient to do so, before shutting nozzles as this avoids pressure surges which may occur even where the governor or relief valve is functioning properly to protect the discharge side of a pump. Sudden closing of nozzles can result in pressure surges or shock waves which are unpredictable and can be extremely damaging.
215. After use at a fire, hose must be drained, cleaned and dried before it is placed in storage or back in service. Drying can be done in a tower, drying rack, or hose drying cabinet (see Chapter 6). If the hose appears to be in doubtful condition, it should be tested hydrostatically and replaced if necessary. If the hose has had pro- longed or severe use at a fire, it should be inspected and tested.
216. In cold climates care should be taken to prevent water from Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-12 CA~E OF FIRE HOSE
freezing inside the hose. Once water is turned on, some water should be left running through the hose until the line is no longer needed. During freezing weather, it is common practice to place the nozzle out of a window and by "cracking" the valve, keep water moving through the hose while overhaul is in process. When the line is no longer needed, it should be uncoupled and drained. Avoid sharply bending any hose in or on which has ice formed. Frozen hose can be damaged by a sharp bend. Use care: in chopping hose from ice after a fire. Steam is useful in removing ice from hose. After frozen hose has been dried, it should be tested. 217. Much single-jacketed hose is used for forest and industrial fire protection. Lined hose may be more susceptible than unlined hose to damage from hot embers. If hose is used in a fire, care must be taken to keep the jacket from contact with burning objects. 218. Lined hose should be tested carefully at least once a year, by means of a power or hand pump. It is common practice to use a pumper for service testing. Test pressures applied should be not less than 150 pounds per square inch for single-jacketed hose and 250 psi for double-jacketed hose. When making such hydrostatic tests, remove all air from the hose before the nozzle is closed (see Chapter 8). Before hose is tested, a pencil mark should be put around the hose at the back. of the coupling. This provides a method for determining whether there is movement of the coupling. The test pressure should be held for at least three minutes, and preferably for five minutes. Some types of defects will not show up unless pressure is maintained for a sufficient interval. Hose taken out of service for testing should be replaced promptly to maintain protection. Couplings should be examined. The swivel should be spun in a pail of soapy water. In no case should oil or grease be applied. Couplings which are re-expanded several times may reach a point where they will not hold when pressure is applied. Overexpansion causes the coupling bowl or tailpiece to become weak. It is pref- erable to use new couplings when recoupling hose. (See Section 71). 219. Hose covers protect hose loads from weather damage. Where covers are provided, care must be taken to permit free circu- lation of air under the cover to reduce the danger of mildew.
22. Synthetic Fiber Yarn in the Filler Thread of One or More Jackets 221. This type of hose has cotton yarn in the warp or longitudinal Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WOVEN-JACKETED, RUBBER-LINED HOSE 198-13
threads, hence should receive the same care as suggested in Sec- tion 21.
222. In attaching couplings, care must be taken to have the hose fit properly in the bowl of the coupling. The outside diameter of the hose must mate with the internal dianmter of the bowl of the coupling. The expansion ring must be of the proper size and length for the coupling used.
23. Synthetic Fiber Yarn in the Warp and Filler Threads of One or More Jackets
231. This class of hose is made entirely of synthetic materials both in the jacket and lining, and is not affected by mildew, but should receive essentially the same care as suggested in Section 21. Hose of this construction does not have the abrasion nor heat re- sistance of hose made with natural fibers.
232. Hose having only polyester or nylon threads in its construc- tion is not affected by mildew. Since it does pick up water it must be cleaned and dried after use to protect hose beds against corrosion.
233. Polyester and nylon threads are resistant to oils, grease, many chemicals and some acids. The jackets should be protected from contact with burning objects and heat.
234. As with other types of hose mechanical injury can be caused by cuts from contact with sharp or pointed objects, pulling around corners, or abrasive materials embedded in the jackets.
24. Rubber-Covered, Woven-Jacketed, Rubber-Lined Hose
241. This type of hose has a wrapped rubber cover over the woven jacket of the conventional single-jacketed hose. This type of hose is principally used by industry and other locations where there are high abrasion problems.
242. Unless the cover is specifically compounded to resist sun- light, the hose should be protected from the direct rays of the sun when not in use.
243. If rubber-covered hose is to be used in locations where it will come in contact with oil, grease or chemicals, the cover should be designed for this service. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-14 ('ARE OF FIRE HOSE
CHAPTER 3. RUBBER HOSE
30. General 301. Rubber hose is made in two types of construction, wrapped and braided. In wrapped construction, plies of canvas or duck, im- pregnated with rubber, are wrapped around a rubber lining and covered with a rubber cover. In braided construction, yarn is braided over a rubber lining. Each layer of yarn is separated by a rubber layer or backing, and the whole carcass (reinforcement and tube) encased in a rubber cover.
302. Chemical, booster and high pressure fog hoses and hard suction hose are in this category.
31. Care 311. The life of rubber hose depends largely upon the care given the rubber cover. Where hose is stored outside in temperatures ex- ceeding 110 ° F. it is advisable to build a small shed over the hose for shade. Fire extinguishers equipped with rubber hose which are stored outside should receive similar protection. 312. Special care should be given chemical, booster and high pressure hose. Kinks should be avoided. Care must be taken in rolling this hose on the reel to avoid undue twist. Hose should not be forced between side of reel and frame of apparatus. Repeated jamming can cause damage to the reinforcement and possible failure.
313. To prevent chafing of the cover, metal rollers should be pro- vided at all points where the hose, in use, comes in contact with edges of the body of the apparatus. 314. Periodic examination of booster hose should be made for defects such as chafing and cracking of the cover and exposed braid or duck. These conditions can let water into the carcass and cause mildew or rot on the cotton or rayon reinforcement. Hydrostatic testing should be performed annually.
315. Hose which has the braid or duck exposed should not be used. The defective section should be cut out and the length recoupled.
316. High pressure hose, used at pressures in excess of 400 psi, should receive critical examination for deterioration during the annual hydrostatic testing. Couplings should be checked for any movement on the hose. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. UNLINED FIRE HOSE 198-15
317. Unless the cover of a rubber hose is specifically compounded of a synthetic rubber which resists oils, grease and gasoline, care should be taken that none of these materials come in contact with the hose. 318. Some fire departments carry a 50-foot length of booster hose or good quality garden hose for use a~ a nuisance line for minor fires.
CHAPTER 4. UNLINED FIRE HOSE
A. Interior Building Use*
40. General
401. Unlined fire hose is designed for fire first aid protection purposes only. It should never be wet except for use at a fire, after which it should be discarded. This makes it uneconomical for most industrial uses. This type of hose consists of a single thick- ness of woven fire hose usually of flax "linen" fiber, wtthout lining.
402. This hose is usually stored on a rack or reel and used in con- nections with standpipes inside buildings. Warm, dry air does not affect it, but moisture can cause rapid deterioration unless the hose has been treated to resist rot and mildew.
403. Unlined fire hose depends upon the expansion of the yarn in fabric when wet to hold water. There is some seepage until the fabric becomes saturated.
41. Care
411. Unlined fire hose will not withstand frequent service.
412. Valves must be kept in good condition so there will be no leakage. Hose must be kept away from condensation on the stand- pipe. The hose end attached to the standpipe should be periodically tested by slightly twisting the hose at the valve connection and giving a sharp pull.
413. Hose which has been stored on a rack or reel should be given a very careful examination at least once a year. If a hydro- static test appears to be desirable, a 3-foot section may be cut from the hose for testing and the remaining hose recoupled.
*Lined hose may also be used for interior fire protection and has advantages of lower friction loss at a given flow, causes less water damage, and can be reused after service. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-16 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
414. Hose should be stored in dry rooms where air will circulate around it. It should never be stored in contact with damp floors or walls. 415. Unlined fire hose yarns are highly absorptive, but will lose their effectiveness if impregnated with liquids other than water. Hose must not be permitted to come in contact with oil or grease or with any corrosive chemicals. 416. When couplings and racks are polished, care should be exercised to keep polish from coming in contact with the hose. Where enclosed in suitable cabinets, no polishing should be neces- sary.
B. Forest Fire Fighting Use
42. General 421. Forest fire fighting services are large users of unlined fire hose (see Fig. 421A-B). While dry, this hose is light and flexible. When wet, this type has high strength characteristics and is abrasion and fire resistant. Unlined forest fire hose is stiff while wet.
NOTE: Lightweight lined forest fire hose, described in Sections 22 and 23, is widely used and has the advantage not only of requiring lower pump pressures for a given flow but water reaches the nozzle considerably faster than with unlined hose. However, unlined hose has the advantages of less bulk, lightness in weight, and resistance to burning when charged. ~t~ ~'~ ~ ~¢ i~
Fig. 421A. Unlined 1V2-inch for- est fire hose carried in a knapsack. Frequently such hose is attached to a portable fire pump and the man wearing the knapsack lays out the hose as the line is being charged.
(Ontario Department of /.ands and Forests Photo) Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. UNLINED FIRE HOSE 198-17
Fig. 421B. A method of laying forestry hose from a back rack. A back harness is also available for carrying two 100-foot rolls of 1V2-inch hose.
(United States Forest Service Photo)
422. Friction loss may be relatively unimportant when small capacity nozzles are used with forestry hose. An advantage of the unlined hose is that water seepage through the hose tends to protect it a.gainst hot objects which it may contact in forest fire fighting serwce. 423. With long lines of hose and low capacity pumps excessive seepage can cause delay in getting water to the nozzle.
43. Care
431. Unlined fire hose in forest fire service should be treated to inhibit mildew in order to obtain maximum service, since it is very susceptible to mildew and rot if left even slightly damp. It must be cleaned and dried thoroughly after use. In the absence of a hose washing machine, dirty hose should be washed with a scrubbing brush using water and mild soap followed by thorough rinsing.
432. In the absence of hose drying cabinets or racks, drying may be accomplished by hanging the hose so that all water drains out. When thoroughly dry, hose should be stored in cool, dry rooms and arranged so that air will circulate around it. It should not be stored in contact with damp floors or walls.
433. When transporting unlined fire hose in vehicles, care must be taken to keep hose from chafing or rubbing. When using the hose, protect the length connected to the pump at the point of con- Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-18 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
tact with the ground. Vibrations at this point can cause fabric abrasions which may result in hose failures. 434. The same testing procedure as outlined in the section on "Interior Building Use" should be employed. Hose should be re- placed after ten years of service.
CHAPTER 5. PUMPER SUPPLY HOSE
50. General 501. Various types and sizes of hose are used to supply pumps with water for fire fighting. These fall into two general classes. Where water pressures are above atmospheric a flexible hose is commonly used. This may be generally similar in construction to hose used in discharging water from pumps. Such hose may be termed "soft suction" although it is not a suction hose (see Par. 51). Where a pump is drafting water, a suction hose must be used which will not collapse when pressure in the hose is less than that of the atmosphere. Such hose is termed "hard suction" (see Par. 52). A type of suction hose is available which will resist collapse when in- ternal pressure is below atmospheric but which is more flexible than the normal hard suction hose required for supplying large flows to pumpers at relatively high suction lifts. 502. When a supply hose (or a hard suction hose) is connected from a pump inlet to a hydrant outlet, the pumper should be so located and supported that the hose does not form a suspension placing an undue strain on the hose near the couplings. This can result in loose couplings or failure of the hose.
503. Foreign objects of any type including items of equipment should not be carried inserted in the ends of supply hose for the con- venience of the pump operator or firemen. Such objects may dam- age the lining of the hose and small objects may remain in the hose and obstruct the flow of water.
51. Pumper Supply Hose ("Soft Suction") 511. Most fire department pumpers are equipped with a short length of large diameter fire hose for supplying the pump from a hydrant. Standard sizes are 4-, 41~-, 5-, and 6-inch internal di- ameter. The length provided should be sufficient to reach around such obstructions as automobiles parked too close to hydrants or over snowbanks, but not so long as to result in unnecessary friction Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3,PUMPER Morgantown, SUPPLY WV. Only one HOSE paper copy may be printed. Networking198-19 not permitted.
loss where maximum flows are required from hydrants discharging at low residual pressures. A common practice is to cut three pieces of large hose from a 50-foot length. In addition to this short length of large supply hose, many fire department pumpers have a hose compartment loaded with addi- tional large diameter hose which may be used in supplying sub- stantial volumes of water to a pump operating at a greater distance from a hydrant. Sizes commonly used are 3-, 3V2-, and 4-inch I.D. Normally such hose is furnished in 50-foot lengths but some fire de- partments prefer to use 100-foot lengths.
512. Generally, hose used for pumper supply (other than hard suction hose) is of woven-jacketed, rubber-lined construction and should have the same basic care as suggested in Chapter 2. In some cases, where intended for use at relatively low supply pressures, the hose may be of lightweight, thin-walled design and may be pro- tected by a thin rubber coating. Care must be taken not to subject re- lay supply hose ]to working pressures greater than those for which the particular hose was designed. Many fire departments use 400 psi or 600 psi proof pressure 3- or 3½-inch discharge hose where long pumper supply lines are required although hose of lower proof pressures may be satisfactory for this service.
513. Failures in the short length of large diameter pumper supply hose generally are caused by the fact that this hose is carried on the apparatus folded and either tied down or placed in a small compart- ment. Where folds are always placed at the same points, they cause cracks to form in the lining as well as placing considerable stress on the warp threads. If limitations of space prevent folding the hose in such a manner that folds occur in different places, it should be carried in a roll on a step or running board. Many fire departments keep one end of this supply hose connected to the pump to speed the operation of getting water from a hydrant. Where longer lines of supply hose are used, failure may occur due to dragging hose over rough pavements with the apparatus, use of pressures in excess of those for which the hose was designed, and failure to use relay relief valves when the hose is employed in pumper relays.
514. Mildew can attack cotton jackets of supply hose where em- ployed, and care should be taken to dry such hose properly after use. This requires having a spare length for each pmnp. If specified, supply hose can be treated to resist mildew.
515. Chafing blocks should be used where supply hose comes in contact with pavement or curbing. Chafing is likely to occur at this point and result in premature hose failure. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-20 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
Using Soft Suction
II Pum"':r I1 PumperII ) Intake ~ Intake 0 Slight bend ~\\ ! ,° hose-- \ ~Hyara.t ...... ~Hyarant
Method 1. Using side intake, slight bend in hose cuts down tendency of soft suction to kink.
t''eumper Il. '~Pumper I'' I ~- Intake r ~ Intake I I I , ~) Hydrant Hydrant
Method 2. Using rear intake. Notice bend is not sharp. Be sure hose is not twisted befo~re water is turned on. The same precaution can also be used on front end pumps Fig. 516
516. \Vlten connecting a pumper to a hydrant using a large supply hose' it is good practice to make sure that there is a slight bend in the hose before the water is turned on. This will tend to avoid kinks (see Fig. 516).
517. Test procedures for pumper supply hose (other than hard suction) arc the same as for woven-jacketed, rubber-lined hose. Normally, a service test pressure of 200 psi would be ample for the short lengths of large diameter pumper supply hose. Lightweight pumper supply hose should pass the service pressure tests for single- jacketed tire hose.
518. When long lines of large diameter hose are used between pumpers, then lightweight hose should be employed which may be of single jacketed construction. High psi test hose is impractical Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. PUMPER SUPPLY HOSE 198--21
~PUMP LARGERELAY DIAMETER HOSE nI I II RELAY RELIEF I l ER AT VALVE (SET AT PUMPER SUCTION SOURCE I0 PSI) DISCHARGING AT F I RE
LARGE RELAY .SUPPLY ~ PUMPER SUPPLY CONNECTION
SPRING LOADED RELAY RELIEF VALVE
Fig. 518. Using large diameter lightweight supply hose.
for long lays due to its bulk and weight. Therefore, care must be used not to drag hose over rough pavements nor should the hose be subjected to over 150 psi pump pressure. In a relay supply operation such as this between pumpers, a relay relief valve or dump valve set to discharge at 10 psi should be used at the receiving pumper to protect the hose and pumper against water hammer. Many pumpers are not equipped with a relay relief valve. Under no circumstances should a hose of this construction be used for supplying high pres- sure discharge lines. Relay supply hose is designed for the purpose of moving large volumes of water at low pressures.
52. Hard Suction Hose
521. This type of hose has a rubber lining, plies of fabric rein- forcement, and a rubber or rubberized fabric cover. It contains Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-22 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
an added reinforcement to prevent the hose from collapsing under vacuum. The hose should be capable of withstanding a "vacuum" of 23 inches of mercury (11.3 pounds per square inch below at- mospheric pressure).
522. This type of hose must be used when drafting water. Com- mon sizes of hard suction hose are 1~-, 2½-, 3-, 4-, 4~-, 5- and 6- inch internal diameter. The inside surface of the hose should be smooth to keep friction loss to a minimum. NFPA Standard No. 19, Specifications for Automotive Fire Apparatus, gives the suction hose requirements for drafting with fire department pumpers. The 2½-inch size is commonly used to supply portable fire department pumps. Other small capacity pumpers may use 1½-inch suction hose. NOTE: The majority of fire departments no longer use hard suction hose when supplying pumps from hydrants due to the greater convenience of using lighter weight and more flexible hose. Where pumpers operate only from hydrants, hard suction hose may not be carried on the apparatus al- though suitable lengths must be available for conducting pump service tests from draft (see NFPA Standard No. 19). 523. At least two men should be used to connect hard suction hose larger than 2½-inch internal diameter, due to the weight and bulk of the hose, and care should be taken to avoid physical injury to the men. 524. If [lard suction hose is used for hydrant connections, the pumper should be located so that the center part of the hose is rest- ing on the ground or on some suitable support. It is desirable to use chafing blocks. Where hard suction hose is used when pumping from a hydrant, it may be carried attached to a swivel connection attached to a pump inlet.
525. Apparatus connected to a hydrant with hard suction hose should not be moved unless the hose is disconnected. This opera- tion can place undue strain on couplings and cause the helix to rupture the carcass of the hose. In some cases the hose has been pulled from a coupling when the apparatus has been moved with the hose connected.
526. Hard suction hose should not be dragged over sharp objects which may damage the cover or couplings.
527. Where hard suction hose is intended for use in pumping from hydrants it should be capable of withstanding an initial hydro- static pressure test of 200 psi to assure ability to withstand pressure surges which may be encountered when pumping.
528. Hard suction hose should be subjected periodically, and at least once annually, to a dry vacuum test. This can be done by Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WASHING, DRYING, AND STORAGE 198-23
attaching the hose to a pumper suction inlet and enclosing the other end with a transparent disk or seal. Used with a light this will indicate whether the internal lining of the hose is being drawn into the waterway by the reduced internal pressure resulting in obstruc- tion to flow when the hose is in use (see Fig. 528).
Fig. 528. Plastic test disk for pumper suction hose. One line goes to the pumper vacuum and the other to a test gage. A clear plastic disk at the other end used with a light makes it possible to observe if the internal lining is drawn into the waterway.
(San Diego Fire Department Photo)
529. Fire department pumpers are required to develop at least 22 inches of vacuum, and suction hose must withstand this without collapsing or having the hose lining drawn into the waterway. It is important, also, that couplings be securely attached and that there be no air leaks at the couplings or in the proper gaskets as specified in NFPA Standard No. 194, Screw Threads and Gaskets for Fire Hose Couplings. Where couplings on suction hose must be tight- ened, a rubber mallet should be used.
CHAPTER 6. WASHING, DRYING, AND STORAGE
Because washing, drying and storage are very important in the care of fire hose, this chapter gives illustrations to assist the user.
60. Washing 601. After use on a fire, it is important to wash fire hose to re- move dirt and other material from the jackets. For this operation use a scrub brush and mild soap and water. When this method is used, care should be taken to scrub hose gently. Where hose is used frequently or the quantity to wash is great, a mechanical washer can be used. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-24 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
602. There are commercial hose washing machines available (see Fig. 602A-B). However, many fire departments have con- structed their own mechanical washers.
Fig. 602A. A commercial type hose washing machine.
(United States Forest Service Photo)
Fig. 602B. A hose washing device for forestry hose. Soiled hose is drawn through and washed withwater obtained from the fire hose connection.
61. Drying
611. Several methods are suggested for accomplishing the hose drying operation. Hose should not be dried on hot pavements or Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. V~'ASHING, DRYING, AND STORAGE 198-25
under intense sunlight. However, hose may be washed and drained outside o[ fire stations where this is necessary. 612. Tower drying has proved successful (see Fig. 612A-D).
MEFAZ 8RACKK)'3 ?
i r - .... ~ II
/ / / i b L I i w~_~o ,3o D~r i i r
i i
,\ I
'x jr#AN~If£ ~u£
,~ I t\ /i z , , ,'L' ,,~ ,'I d ~1 1 : ~ ,,~.,. .... 2,.4-4 T,~,'#P DOOR,S 6ROdF HE,,~O I
SECT. THI~LI HO3E D..~YIAIG TOWER
Fig. 612A Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-26 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
However, care must be taken to properly ventilate and control the temperature of the tower so hose will not be damaged by excessive heat. It is poor practice to suspend hose from couplings. Hose
+÷ANc~o~r Boz rJ [OAZV) --
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ItJAM c< P84~ Ar J~'. ~oo.q FR4/4L /t~lE T T,qP/,JSfO/, D ,.,.,o,,,,.,.,.+,~"+" ++o.++J ,Jr
++++~+,++, ~o..++~D.~,']+,,,'G ,,o,,,,z,'+
Fig. 612B Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. ~,VASI-IIXG, DRYING, AND STORAGE 198-27
'~ "~"~.__ 1 ~__~- - ~" ~'~"
PLAN AT HOJE TOWLCI~ LOFT M/D-FLOOR PLAN
/z-
' , GROUND FLOOR PLAN : ~ I ' OF H_O3E DRYING TOW£B
/:/~"
-~- ~ "-
31DE ELEVATION
DETAIL OF HQ3E HANGING 8LOCK5 ~o REClU/RE.D Fig 612C. Features of hose drying tower. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-28 CA~E OF FIRE HOSE
Fig. 612D. Hose drying tower for forestry hose In California.
(United States Forest Service Photo)
Fig. 612E. Details of hose hanging blocks in fire department hose drying tower.
(Newton, Mass., Fire Department Photo)
(Newton, Mass., Fire Department Photos) Fig. 612F. Spools used for hanging hose in hose drying tower.
should be looped over hanging blocks which will not place sharp bends in the hose (see Fig. 612E-F). 613. Drying racks of various designs are in use. Figures 613A through 613C show racks: one a single deck, the others, rnultiple- deck racks. It should be noted that the multiple-deck rack is so con- structed that water from hose on upper deck will not come in con- tact with that on the lower decks. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WASHING, DRYING, AND STORAGE 198-29
j ;e~
4:0" 1"~4"~LAyJ
I II Li II • .-.~.GRAVE£ pIT /'- G" DL.tP LEVEL 2S: 4;"
~CT/O,'g A-A ELEVATION Fig. 613A. Hose Drying Rack.
(Lower rack is shorter than upper rack so drippings from hose on upper rack cannot fall on hose below.) From: War Department Technical Manual T3,15-6.~7, January 19d6. This is a simple rack to construct. Wood is used throughout. 2 x 4's are used to make the frame, and l"x 4" slats running lengthwise comprise the drying surface. It is suggested that a regular floor sump or drain be provided at lower end of rack in place of the gravel pit as shown. This rack can be in- stalled in a shorter space than the other racks shown.
[t.'-O" ? $~;0"
HO~£ RACK- ELEVATION
j 52'-0"
I "J "1 "1 "1 3 "1 21 "1 IIIHIflIIIHk II !] il iJ ii iJ
HO~E RACK- PLAN
Fig. 613B. Multiple-Deck Hose Drying Rack.
Rack is constructed of steel angle iron for the frame and wooden 2 x 4's for the drying surface. Carriage bolts are used to bolt wooden slats to side angle irons. Note that rack is so constructed that water from hose on upper deck will not come in contact with that on the lower decks. Each deck is 52 feet long but staggered so that the overall length of this rack is 54 feet. A total overall space ot 60 feet should be used to allow adequate working area at each end. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-30 CARE OF FIRE HOSE ~CE/L//VG ¢= 3:0"70 WAZ
• Z"
% 8"£ /3.2"$ ~
O£rA/z A-,~. PLAN ~ a£cr/o/v f
- ~i i -
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HO~E RACK HO,~ R,4CK ,3ECT/OIV PLAN DETAI,£ Fig. 613C. Hose Drying Rock.
This is an effective arrangement for drying fire hose where ample space is available inside the fire station and is adjacent to the apparatus. The rack facilitates the proper care of hose, which will prolong its life and thus reduce the cost of the one perishable part of the equipment. The cut shows a rack in three sections, three to four feet wide, and with slatted top so half a dozen lengths of hose may be dried at one time.
614. Mechanical driers are being used by many fire departments to dry hose and other equipment. In general, drying cabinets dry hose faster and more efficiently and occupy less space than hose drying racks. In some situations, it may be less expensive to provide the desired hose drying capacity in the form of cabinets than by building a hose drying tower. Where cabinets are to be used, it is important to provide adequate capacity to meet the needs of fire companies housed in the station. A single cabinet may have ca- Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. WASHING, DRYING, AND STORAGE 198-31
pacity for 500 feet of 2½-inch fire hose. A single fire station may require two or more cabinets. These should be vented to the out- side to keep excess moisture out of the station. Manufacturer's instructions should be followed.
Fig. 614. Shown are types of mechanical hose driers commercially available.
62. Storage 621. It is important to store hose in a suitable rack after hose is properly dried, brushed, and rolled. Commercial racks are avail- able but many fire departments have built their own to fit their particular need. They have been constructed mostly of wood or pipe. Figures 621A and 621B show storage racks used by fire de- partments.
Fig. 621A Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-32 CARE OF FIRE HO'~E
Fig. 621B. Hose Storage Racks
CHAPTER 7. NOZZLES, COUPLINGS, AND GASKETS*
70. Nozzles 701. All nozzles should be checked periodically and immediately after use. 702. If there is an obstruction that cannot be removed by fully opening the nozzle, the nozzle should be taken from the hose line and the obstruction removed through the female end, since any further attempt to force it out through the tip may damage the nozzle. 703. Care should be taken to avoid dents or nicks in nozzle tips, as this can seriously affect the reach of the stream. 704. To prevent mechanical damage, nozzles should be handled with care. They should not be dropped or thrown aside except in emergencies.
*See NFPA No. 194, Screw Threads and Gaskets for Fire Hose Couplings and Underwriters' Laboratories Inc., S~andard No. 236, Couplings for Rubber- Lined Fire Hose. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. NOZZLES, COUPLINGS, AND GASKETS 198--33
705. Nozzle control valves should be opened and closed slowly. This will eliminate unnecessary strain on the hose and coupling and reduce pressure surges. Except in the case of small volume streams at low pressure, nozzles should be shut off when the nozzle is being moved to a new position at the fire. 706. Nozzles should be washed out and thoroughly checked for any defects before being placed back in service following use. Nozzles should be washed in solution of soap and hot water. Submerge the nozzle and work the sleeve or roller until a free movement is ob- tained and rinse in water. Lubricate the shutoff with silicone grease. 707. When using a nozzle, care should be taken not to twist or bend the handle of the shutoff. Either of these conditions may pre- vent the valve from opening fully, or may permit the valve to go past the full opening. In both instances, the waterway would not be fully open, and the result would be a broken stream. 708. Nozzle valves should work freely. If for any reason a valve sticks, the nozzle should be immediately taken out of service and re- paired. It should never be necessary to hammer a shutoff valve to make it operate. 709. Cracked rubber-covered handles oil nozzles can be the source of accidents and should be replaced.
71. Couplings 711. Couplings should be kept in first-class condition, and each time after hose is used, the coupling threads should be examined. Couplings and fittings which have been standardized by use of sleeves, inserts or conversion adapters should be individually in- spected. Any lengths of hose with defective or damaged couplings should be removed from service and repaired. In most cases a machinist with proper facilities can repair damaged threads. Couplings should be adjusted so that they function easily by hand. 712. Couplings should not be greased or oiled if found to be stuck. Ordinarily, they can be freed satisfactorily by immersion in warm soapy water. 713. A degree of skill and experience is required to properly at- tach couplings to hose. Unless a fire department uses a large amount of hose and has a mechanic skilled and experienced in attaching couplings, this work should be done by the manufacturer of the hose or a coupling supplier who has trained personnel. If improper pressure is applied when attaching hose to coupling using expan- sion rings, the coupling bowl may be damaged or the coupling may be insecurely attached resulting in the coupling pulling off when the hose is in use. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-34 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
714. When "breaking" the line after use, care should be taken not to drop couplings on pavement or other hard surface. This can cause damage to the swivel section or exposed threads. On some couplings such abuse can cause the swivel to go out of line at the section which attaches to the bowl assembly, and as a result, the swivel will not turn. 715. If, for any reason, it is necessary to move apparatus after lines are in operation, care should be taken to avoid driving over couplings. This can cause couplings to go "out of round." In this condition, it may be difficult to break line after a fire is out. Cou- plings which are "out of round" should be repaired by a person who is experienced in this operation. In many instances, it would be pref- erable to attach new couplings to the hose rather than to reuse couplings which have been "out of round" and repaired. 716. Examination should be made to see that hose is firmly at- tached to the coupling so that the coupling and the hose do not come apart.
72. Gaskets* 721. Inferior gaskets create fire ground problems. High quality synthetic gaskets are preferred by many fire departments. 722. When couplings are examined, the gasket in the swivel should be checked. Rubber gaskets deteriorate with age and will break away from the washer or gasket seat. 723. Care should be taken that the gasket does not protrude into the waterway, particularly at the nozzle coupling as this can cause a ragged stream, thus reducing the effective reach of the nozzle. 724. Likewise it is important to use gaskets with an outside diameter large enough to fit the gasket recess properly. A gasket which is too small can cause leaky couplings when pressure is applied.
*See NFPA Standard No. 194. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 198-35
CHAPTER 8. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
80. Mildew Treatment 801. klan}" different types of lnildcw treated fire hose arc avail- able. However, proper drying of all hose is necessary since most treatments do not protect the cotton yarn completely from mildew growth, but rather slow down the process thereby affording longer life to hose. Unless both the inner and outer jackets are treated, mildew can form on the untreated cotton strands and cause damage. 802. Polyester filler threads are not affected by mildew, but in view of the fact that this type of hose lnay have cotton warp threads, which can be attacked by mildew, care must be taken to dr}' polyester hose properly. A polyester filled, mildew treated hose should give longer service with proper care.
803. A lnildew treatment which conforms to U.S. Forest Service Specification No. 182 for cotton forestry hose, and No. 183 for linen forestry hose, will give the maximum amount of mildew resistance that can be obtained at the present time with cotton hose .jackets.*
*The Canadian standard for Unlined Fire Hose for F(,restry Service differs as to tests for mildew treatment.
Size I No.Identificati°nofLength ] FIRE DEPARTMENT HOSE RECORD Kind [ Brand II Cost per foot I Date of Purchase Manufacturer ] Vendor Guarantee ] [ Length Tested Out of Service Couplings Remarks Date Reason
...... iii 2.11.11.121 :i!ii Fig. 813. Typical Hose Record Form. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted.
198-36 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
81. Hose Records 811. Good hose records are necessary in order to keep accurate data on hose performance. These records take different forms. 812. Some departments use a book with pages numbered to cor- respond with numbers stamped on the bowl or swivel of the cou- pling. In this connection, it should be pointed out that coupling bowls may be knocked out of shape by improper number stamping. The proper procedure may be to insert a steel plug with rounded edges in the waterway of the coupling to the end of the expansion ring. Sharp steel numbering dies should be used, and one sharp
DENVER FIRE DEPARTMENT ANNUAL HOSE TESTING ENGINE CO.
2;,~" Hose 1~,~" Hose
Amount SerlalNo. ] Condemned Cause Amount Serial No. Condemned Cause
...... iiii+iii+iiiiiiiiiiii +U if ...... IIUI.I..III~IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII ...... i ...... iiiiii+iiiiiii+iiiiiiiiiilr+iiiii+iii+ill ...... i ...... II,IIIII.III.I-IIIIUU+-.-I+;I ...... iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
...... ! ......
...... I ...... iiiiii..+/iiiiiiiiii+iii+ii+iiiiii.i+iiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii II+U...IIIIIIII.IIIIII-,,IIIIIIII-II+III+I ...... iii.i.ii/i-iii.iii~iiiiiiiiiiiiii.iii
...... +......
...... i ......
...... i ......
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...... i ...... i ...... ,iiiiiii..i+.ii.iiiiiiiiiilIiiiiii+iiiiii ...... i ....
Remarks : Condemned Code
A -- Acid
B- Burns
C- Cuts D -- Damaged O- Overage Fig. 814A. Hose Test Record. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 198-37
DENVER FIRE DEPARTMENT HOSE WORK REPORT
Company ! Amount Size Serial No. Cond. [ Replacement Remarks Date
....
•i
i
Fig. 814B. Hose Report Form.
blow should be enough to mark the number on the coupling. Num- bers should be placed as near the swivel as possible on the female coupling, and as near the nipple as possible on the male coupling. 813. One of the types of hose record cards employed is shown in Figure 813. There are others which will be just as satisfactory provided they give all of the information required for accurate records. Many departments keep accurate records as to age of hose, etc., but have no idea as to the cause of failure or reasons for con- demning a certain length of hose. This iniormation is just as im- portant as the age, vendor, fire company to which length of hose was assigned, etc. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-38 CAHE OF FIRE HOSE
814. Figure 814A shows annual test record sheets from the Den- ver, Colorado, Fire Department. This information is later trans- ferred to the master hose record (Fig. 814B). Notice on the sheet headed "Annual Hose Testing" the code for reasons which cause hose to be' condenmed.
82. Service Test for Fire Hose
821. Fire departments are expected to conduct service tests of fire hose at least annually and after repairs such as the attachment of new couplings. The recommended service test pressure for double- jacketed, rubber-lined fire hose is 250 psi. A few fire departments have been known to attempt to employ test pressures of upward of 300 psi for the purpose of acceptance testing of new hose. This is not recommended unless the fire department has a hose shop prop- erly equipped and staffed for such acceptance testing. It is recom- mended t]hat new fire hose be tested for compliance with NFPA No. 196, Standard for Fire Hose, by a recognized fire testing labora- tory equipped for this work. 822. The development of test pressures as high as 250 psi recom- mended for service testing introduces a serious accident potential unless recommended procedures are followed. Just because couplings have blown off infrequently or hose under test has seldom burst is no reason to neglect safe test procedures. 823. The following test employing a fire department pumper can be used: (see Par. 824 for use of hose testing machine): 1. Lay out hose to be tested in lines of convenient length. Make sure that lines are straight and without kinks or twists. Record identifying numbers of lenoths to be tested. 2. Connect a fire department pumper at a suitable location to provide the source of water and pressure for testing. 3. Connect lines to be tested to gated outlets of the pumper. Attach shutoff nozzles to the far end of the lines. Secure both ends of the hose line. Support the line being tested with a belt tie-in or rope hose tool at a point 10 to 15 inches from the butt coupled to the pumper discharge port. 4. Secure the nozzle (or the hose directly back of it) to avoid possible whipping or other uncontrolled reaction. 5. In attaching hose to the pumper, a hose test gate valve should be used which will prevent an excessive pressure surge should hose burst during testing (see Fig. 823). 6. With the test gate valve open and nozzle open, fill hose with water at a pressure not exceeding 100 psi. After the line is charged Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS IXFORMATIO N 198-39
Fig. 823. A hose test gate valve. The~-inch opening in the valve permits test pressure to be maintained after the hose has been filled and the valve closed, but will not permit a pressure surge should the hose burst while feinting.
(Milwaukee Fire Department Photo)
and all air has been exhausted from the hose, close the nozzle slowly and close the test gate valve at the pumper. 7. Check all couplings for leakage and tighten couplings with spanner wrench where necessary. Mark hose at each end of cou- pling with a crayon or pencil. This is to determine whether there is any coupling movement during the test. 8. With the test gate valve closed, raise the pressure slowly to 250 psi and hold the test pressure for five minutes. During this time, walk down the line and inspect for coupling leaks or pin holes. Never straddle a hose under pressure. Personnel should keep a distance of at least 15 feet from the hose except as necessary to in- spect couplings. 9. After five (5) minutes, reduce pumper to idling speed, close hydrant, disengage pump and open drain valve on pumper to re- duce pressure in line under test. When pressure drops below 100 psi, open nozzle slowly to finish relieving pressure, close gates, and disconnect lines. 10. Observe marks placed on hose at back of couplings. If couplings have moved during test, the length of hose should be sent to repair shop for removal of coupling and resetting. The identify- ing number of the length should be marked on the record card (see page 198-35). A tag or other distinguishing mark should be placed on the hose telling what the defect is. Any burst lengths should also be tagged and taken out of service. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-40 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
11. Hose records should be marked to indicate condition of each length tested. Necessary repairs should be made. 12. After testing, hose should be properly drained and dried. 824. In forest fire service it is not unusual after a fire for a central cache or depot to receive several miles of small diameter hose for cleaning and storage (see Fig. 824A). Hose testers, varying from
(United States Forest Service Photo) Fig. 824A. Several miles of forestry hose brought to a central depot, fol= lowing a fire, for cleaning, drying, testing and rerolling ready for reuse. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION" 198-41
one-line to five-line capacity, are often used in such work (see Fig. 824B). The following steps are suggested: 1. Lay out all hose in lines of not more than three hundred (300) feet long. Make sure that lines are reasonably straight with- out kinks or twists. Record identifying numbers of lengths tested as required. 2. Connect hose tester to source of water. 3. Connect lines to be tested to as many gated outlets as are available. Attach shutoff type nozzles, or special bleeder valves, to far end of line. Mark hose at end of each coupling with a crayon or pencil. This is to determine whether or not there is any cou- pling movement during test. 4. Fill hose with water. Hydrant pressure through a hose tester is adequate. Make sure nozzle end is open during the filling operation to permit all free air in the hose to escape. To insure that all air is driven out, the nozzle end of the hose should be elevated two or three feet above the rest of the hose, until the stream is solid without spurting air. While still elevated, the nozzle, or valves,
(United States Forest Service Photo)
Fig. 824B. Hose testing machine capable of testing five lines of 11/2-inch forestry hose simultaneously. The hose connection on the extreme right shows a special bleeder valve for use on the end of each line under test. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198 42 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
should be closed slowly. If the location of the test is paved, the nozzle or valve can be operated by one man. If test ground is not paved, two men should be on the nozzle, or valve, during filling operation. If nozzle is left on the ground where no paving is present, it can dig a hole in the area. After all air is exhausted from the hose, close nozzle slowly and place on ground. Check all couplings for leakage. Tighten couplings with spanner wrench where necessary. 5. Raise the pump and hose to the test pressure gradually in not less than one-half minute. Pressurize the hose line to 250 psi for rubber-lined hose and hold for five (5) minutes. Observe lines under test for any obvious defects. During this part of the test, make sure personnel remains at a safe distance, as a burst line can cause the nozzle end to snap back. 6. After five (5) minutes, reduce pressure gradually following equipment instructions. When pressure drops below 100 psi, open nozzle end to finish relieving pressure. Close gates, and disconnect lines. Observe marks placed on hose at back of couplings. If cou- plings have moved during test, that length should be set aside for resetting of coupling involved. A tag or other mark should be placed on hose indicating the defect. Burst lengths should be tagged or marked and taken out of service. An examintion of all gaskets should be made when the line is broken after the test. Any worn or badly cracked gaskets should be replaced. If any coupling shows leakage after tightening with spanner wrench, a new gasket should be put into the swivel. If the test or visual examination shows a coupling to be defective, it should be replaced with a good coupling. Threads on couplings should be checked to make sure they are not damaged. 7. Repeat Steps 3 through 6 until all hose carried is tested. 8. Tested hose should be rolled up and returned to drying facility. Clare should be taken to make sure this hose is properly drained and dried.
824. Tile apparatus should be loaded with previously dried hose and returned to service.
83. Typical Hose Loads on Fire Trucks
831. Horseshoe or U-Load. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 198--43
Fronf of Hose Body SJrarl load with male I.'F t end here /" L,ne is fiolded over" to 5farf second layer
La~er5 5tar I" af aHernafe corners
~ear
Fig. 831A. Horseshoe or U-Load. Fron Jr o~" Hose Body ---S'rarf load ~t'~ wifh male end here
Thts la5f encmclin~ line of hose comes up draclual I v toward ~roht fo 91-ar I" second laver
'--Bend ~'oe5 ~'o leFf on second layer
Fig. 831B. Horseshoe or U-Load. (Continued oT~ page 198-11.4) Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-44 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
Another form of the horseshoe or U-load. It is started in the right corner of the bed. The hose is laid around the inside of the bed and alternate rear folds are made shorter. The rear bends on the right half of the bed should be about 2 inches shorter than those on the left. The end of the first layer is led from the center around the ends of the right half and tucked between the hose and right side of the bed. It is raised gradually until reaching the right front corner. Here the second layer is begun by following the inside of the bed. This time the rear bends on the left half of the bed are made shorter to allow room for bringing the end of the second layer around to start the third layer. A di~- advantage of this load is that a kink may form at the rear corner when begin- ning to pay out another layer. (See also Fig. 831A.)
Front o£ Hose Body / ,--S~art load with male end here
Revers~ bend is made so fhat coup- li rl~ doe~ noflnave I'0 turn around when hose pay5 out
Lest line o£ h'ose at Rear this side is brou~hf up _~'radually to S~rar-f second layer in rear corner
Fig. 832. Accordion Load.
The accordion load is rather simple to place in the hose bed and is frequently used. However, all the bends are sharp(tending to cramp the rubber lining. This load is started with the coupling in the right front corner of the bed and hose is folded back and forth parallel to the length of the bed. Every other bend at each of the hose beds is made about 8 inches shorter than the preceding one so the bends will be less sharp and paying out will be made easier. When com- pleting the layer at the side of the bed the length is gradually raised from front to rear until at the rear it is on top of the first layer. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 198-45
As each layer is completed the remaining space between hose and side of body becomes narrower than the length of the coupling, and if the hose is placed in this space so the coupling will have to turn around in paying out it will jam. To avoid this, a small reverse bend may be made so tile coupling will lie where it does not have to turn around to pay out. This device may also be used to avoid placing two couplings in different layers immediately opposite each other.
Fronf of' S~art from ,.a--j"-.T- of" regular hose Ioa~l below
CoupI i n.~ _ r'~de on s~icl~-
About E Hand-hold Ivy r_ ~ar
Fig. 833. Skid Load-- Detail of Skid Load.
The skid load is placed on top of the regular load and made with about 125 feet of hose. The layer upon which the skid is placed should be level and free from protruding lugs. The skid load is started a little way back from the front of the hose bed. First, several cross folds are made to allow enough slack so load can be skidded off the truck. Then a pair of skids are made from the hose. The first skid is formed by laying the hose flat to the rear of the bed, giving it a half turn and bending the hose back on itself to form a handle about 8 inches in diameter. It overhangs the regular hose load. The second skid is made in a similar manner. Next, beginning toward the front, make several cross folds on the skids to com- plete the load. There should be plenty of clearance on the sides, and couplings should ride on the skids so they will not be damaged or become snagged when the skid load is pulled off. The nozzle should be placed well back on top of the cross folds. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 198-46 CARE OF FIRE HOSE
Fig. 834. Flat Load. Hose in the right-hand compartment is shown stowed on its side in a flat load rather than on edge as with the conventional accordion load in the left-hand compartment. Hose in a flat load tends to lay out easier but there is more danger of dropping a line accidentally if a fire fighter is not riding on the back step. Some fire chiefs believe that use of the flat load results in greater wear than where the hose is stored firmly on edge. Note that the hose in the two compartments is joined so that a continuous long line may be laid out. If two shorter lines are wanted the coupling would be "broken" and hose laid from both compartments.
.,-4ft -.,..,~._
r Male End
Fig. 835A. Donut Roll.
How to make a donut roll. To make the donut roll, place a section of hose flat on the ground Then carry the male end over on top of the hose about four feet from the swivel end. One man then rolls the loop end while a second man guides the slack hose to make the job of rolling easier. The center of the roll should not be made too tight because it is undesirable to cramp the rubber lining and a handhold should be left for carrying. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 198-47
A high incidence of outside rubbish or dump fires can be expected during holiday periods or especially dry weather. Then it is common practice to make a special deck load of old hose not connected to the regular hose load. Donut roils are very handy for this purpose. Several rolls can be carried connected together ready to be dropped off at a hydrant, saving good hose from unneces- sary wear. A donut roll may be easily unrolled in confined spaces. To unroll the donut roll inside a building, two men take couplings and walk in opposite directions. Normally, the man with the male coupling would go toward the nozzle end and the other man would go toward the hydrant. To carry a donut roll, stand the roll on edge with couplings toward the rear. Place the hand in the center opening and lift the roll up and press it against the body with the forearm. When a donut roll is used in making connection to a hydrant, considerable time is saved. It is not necessary for the apparatus to wait until sufficient hose has been pulled from the body to make a loop about the hydrant. As soon as the donut load is off, the driver can continue on. The roll provides a good anchor to prevent the line from being pulled away from the hydrant man while he makes a loop around the hydrant barrel.
Fig. 835B. A commercial hose roller in use at Yo- semite National Park. The machine is used for roll- ing hose after testing, washing, and drying. In some cases in forestry service, rolls of hose are placed on spindles and coupled together. This makes it possible to easily load and lay up to 1,000 feet of lY2-inch rubber-lined hose using tankers, tractors, and jeeps. A special hose roller can also be mounted on a vehicle for retriev- ing and rolling hose after use.
(United States Forest Service Photo) Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. 19848 CARE OF FIRE HOSE of HoseFront6o~/
Detail of Donut Load. When loading the ,) donut roll, care should be taken to place the roll so it will not catch between hose loops or coupling lugs. The roll should be Crossfo~ made so the pair of couplings will be well within the first coil, to prevent possible injury to others riding on the tailboard of the apparatus when the hydrant man drops off with the roll. The donut roll can be placed on the rpparatus with the swivel end at either side of the load.
Dou~rhnuf SwivelI end Rear
Fig. 836. Donut Load.
DEFINITIONS
WARP: Threads running longitudinally or lengthwise on a hose. FILLER:: Threads running transversely around a hose. These threads are also called woof threads. RUBBER: The term rubber as used in this pamphlet indicates the use of natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a mixture of natural and synthetic rubber. SYNTHETICRUBBER: The term as used in this pamphlet refers to a type of synthetic material which is resistant to oils, greases, and sunlight. Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. National Fire Protection Association International 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. 02110
The National Fire Protection Associ.~tion was organized in 1896 to promote the science and improve the meth.ds of fire tm)tection. Anyone interested inay become an Associate Member; the annual dues are 830.00. National and regional societies and associations are eligible to be Organiza- tion Members; annual clues are 8225. Full membership information is available .n request.
This is one of a large nulnber of publications on fire safety issued by tile Association. All NFPA eodes, standards, and rec,,mmended practices are prept~red by NFPA Technical Committees and mt.pted at an Annual Meeting of the Association. They are intended to prescribe reasonable measures for minimizing losses of life and property by fire.
This and ~ther N Ft'A codes, standards, and recommended practices are published in the National Fire Codes, a ten-volume compilation of NFPA's official technical material. Following are tile titles ~,f the ten- volume set : Vol. 1 Flammable Liquids Vol. 2 Gases, Oven~ and Boiler-Furnaces Vol. 3 Combustible Solids, Dusts and Explosives Vol. 4 Building Construction and Facilities Vol. 5 Electrical Vol. 6 Sprinklers, Fire Pumps and Water Tanks Vol. 7 Alarm and Special Extinguishing Systems Vol. 8 Portable and Manual Fire Control Equipluent Vol. 9 Occupancy Standards and Pr.cess Hazards Vol. 10 Transportation Write the Association for full information.
Discount Prices on this Pamphlet The following schedule of discount prices for multiple eopies of this pamphlet have been established: 1 to 4 copies: Unit price 25 copies and over: 25% 5 copies and over: 15% 50 copies and over: 30% 10 copies and over: 20% 75 copies and over: 35% 100 and over: Special quote Licensed to U.S. Dept. of Labor, MSHA, Dist. 3, Morgantown, WV. Only one paper copy may be printed. Networking not permitted. TYPICAL POCKET EDITIONS OF NFPA STANDARDS List revised as of June, 1969. Most of these standards also appear, with identical text, In the National Fire Codes, .epublished annually. Titles are abbreviated. For complete list of publications write NFPA.
2M Model Legislation '67 .... SO 491M Chem Reactions '68 . . . 2.50 96 Vapor Removal Cooking Equip- 4A Fire Dept. Organization %9 . 75 492 Ammom Nitrate, Sep. Dist. '68 .50 ment '69 ...... 50 4B Fire Dept Management '68 . 2 50 493 Process Control Equip '69 . 75 97M Glossary, Heating Terms '68 .50 6 Industrial Loss Prevent. '67 .50 494L State Fireworks Law '64 . .40 7 Controlling Fire Emerg. '67. . .50 495 Explosives, Stge, Use %9 . 1.25 101 Life Safety Code '67 . 1.50 8 Gem Management Responsibility 496 Purged Enclosures '67 .... 50 102 Tents, Grandstands, Air* '67 ...... 50 Supported Structures '67 .60 5CA Gaseous Hydrogen Syst. '69 . 50 10 Extinguishers, Instal. '69 . . 1.00 51 Welding and Cutting '69 . . .75 204 Smoke, Heat Venting '68 .50 10A Extinguishers, Maint. '69. . 1.00 50B LH-Syst., Consumer Sites %8 .50 206M Building Areas '65 . .40 IOL Model Enabling Act '69 . . .50 51B Welding Processes '62 . .40 211 Chimneys, Venting Syst. 'd9 1.00 11 Foam Ext. Systems '69 . . . 1 75 54 Gas Appliances, Piping '69 1.25 214 Water Cooling Towers %8 .75 12 Carbon Dioxide Systems '68 . 1 50 54A Indust. Gas Piping '69 . 1 00 220 Std. Types Bldg• Const. '61 .40 13 Sprinkler Systems '69 . . 200 56 Flam. Anesthetics Code '68 1.25 224 Homes Forest Areas '69 . . .75 13A Sprinkler Maintenance '69 . .75 56B Inhalation Therapy '68 , .75 231 Indoor General Storage '65 . .50 13E Sprinklered Prop•, F D. 56C Hospital Laboratories "69 • .75 231A Outdoor Gen'l. Storage '65 . .40 Operations at '66 .... 60 565 Nonflam. Med. Gases '67 . .50 231B Cellular Rubber, Storage '68 .75 14 Standpipe, Hose Systems '69 . .75 566 Bulk Oxygen Systems '65 . .50 232 Protection of Records '67 . 1.00 15 Water Spray Fixed Systems 57 Fumigation '68 ...... 75 241 BIdg• Constr. Operation '68 .SO '69 ..... 1.25 58 LP-Gas Storage, Use '69 . . 1.25 251 Fire Tests Bldg. Matl. %9 .75 16 Foam-Water Systems %8 . . 1 O0 59 LP-Gas, UtiHty Plants '68 . 1.25 252 Fire Tests Door Assem '69 .50 17 Dry Chem. Ext Systems '69 .75 59A LN-Gas, Utility Plants '67 . .60 255 Flamespread Tests '69 . . .50 18 Wetting Agents '66 ..... 50 256 Tests Roof Coverings '64 . .50 182M Vaporizing Liquid '65 . . .40 19 Fire Apparatus Specs. '69 . . 1.50 60 Pulverized Fuel Systs. '61 . . .60 61A Starch Factories '62 .... 50 302 Motor Craft '68 ..... 1.25 191 Portable Pump. Units '59 .35 303 Marinas and Boatyards '69 1.00 193 Ladders, Ground-Aerial '59 . .50 61B Terminal Elevators '59 . . .50 306 Gas Hazards on Vessels '69 .75 194 Hose Coupling Th-eads '68 . 75 61C Flour and Feed Mills '62 . . .60 307 Marine Terminals '67 . . .60 196 Fire Hose '69 ...... 50 62 Sugar and Cocoa '67 ..... 50 312 Vessels, Constr.-Repair '68 .50 197 Initial Fire Attack '66 . .50 63 Explosions Indus. Plants '64 .50 198 Fire Hose, Care of '69 . . . 1.00 64 Country Grain Elevators '59 .40 65 Aluminum Processing '63 . .50 402 Aircraft Rescue Proced. '69 2.00 20 Centrifugal Fire Pumps '69 . 2.00 651 Aluminum Powder '67 . • .50 403 Aircraft Rescue Services '69 1.25 21 Steam Fire Pump Maint. '63 . .60 652 Magnesium Powder '68 . .50 406M Handling Crash Fires '68 1.00 22 Water Tanks '67 ..... 1.50 653 Coal Preparation Plants '59 .SO 407 Aircraft Fuel Servicing '68 .1.50 24 Outside Protection '69 . . . 1.00 654 Plastics, Expl Prevent. '63 .75 408 Aircraft Extinguishers '65 .50 25 Rural Water Syster~s '69 . . .75 655 Sulfur Fires '68 ...... 75 409 Aircraft Hangars '69 . 1.25 26 Supervision Valves '58 .... 40 656 Spice Grinding Plants '59 . . .40 410A Elec. Syst. Maint. %8 .50 27 Private Fire Brigades '67 . . .50 657 Confectionery Plants '67 . . .50 410B Oxygen Syst. Malnt. '66 .50 292M Water Charges, Private '61 .40 66 Pneumatic Conveying '64 . . .60 410C Fuel Syst. Maint. '68 1.00 295 Forest Fire Contrcl '65 . .75 664 Woodworking, Wood Flour '62 .60 410D Aircraft Painting '66 .50 68 Explosion Venting '54 .... 75 410E Aircraft Welding '64 . .40 69 Inerting for Fire Prey. '56 . . .SO 30 Flam. Liquids Code '69 . . . 1.00 410F Aircraft Cabin Clean. '64 .40 31 Oil Burning Equipment %8 . 1.25 411 Aircraft Ramp Hazard '65 .50 32 Dry Cleaning Plant~ '64 . . .60 70 Nat'l Electrical Code '68 . . 2.00 412 Testing, Foam Vehicles '69 .75 321 Class. Flam. Liquids '69 . . .50 70A Dwelling Electrical Code '69 1.75 414 Rescue Vehicles '69 . . 2.00 325A Flashpoint Index of Trade 71 Central Station Sig. '69 . 1.00 415 Fueling Ramp Drainage '66 .50 Name Liquids %8 . . 2 50 72A Local Protective Syst. '67 .60 416 Airport Terminals '67 . . .SO 325M Prop. Flare. Liquids '69 . 3 00 72B Auxiliary Sig. Syst. '67 . .60 417 Loading Walkways '68 . . .50 326 Warning Labels '51 ..... 25 72C Remote Station System '67 .60 418 Roof-Top Heliports '68. . .50 327 Cleaning Small Tanks %4 . . .50 72D Proprietary Sig. Syst. '67 .60 419 Airport Water Systems '69 .75 328 Manholes, Sewers, Flare. 73 Municipal Alarm Syst. '67 .60 Liquids and Gases in '64 . . .50 74 Household Warning Syst. '67 .50 501A Trailer Courts '64 ..... 50 329 Leakage, Underground 75 Electronic Computer Syst. '68 . .75 501B Mobile Homes '68 . . . 2.00 Elam. Liquid Tan