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Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australian Alps Protected Areas

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Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australian Alps Protected Areas Mountain Research and Development Vol 23 No 3 August 2003: 247–254 Catherine Marina Pickering, Janice Harrington, and Graeme Worboys Environmental Impacts of Tourism on the Australian Alps Protected Areas 247 Judgments of Protected Area Managers This article exam- ines the judgments of staff from protect- ed area agencies responsible for man- aging tourism and its environmental impacts in the largest area of snow country in Australia. In surveys, staff identified as having major responsibility for tourism management in the Australian Alps protected areas consider that tourism has important negative environ- mental impacts; the impacts of ski resorts on adjacent natural areas are often more important than impacts of more general tourism activities further away from ski resorts; the most important environmental impacts were on water quality; native fauna was adversely affected through tourism activities that resulted in increased numbers of feral animals and habitat reduc- tion and fragmentation; there was a wide range of FIGURE 1 Australian Alps protected areas. Modified from AALC (1999). adverse impacts from tourism on vegetation; air quality was affected, particularly around the ski resorts, but it was a less important issue than impacts on water, fau- Namadgi National Park in the Australian Capital Terri- na, and flora. The judgments of protected area man- tory along with the Brindabella National Park in New agers as to the importance of environmental issues South Wales are the northernmost reserves of the Aus- arising from tourism use of the Australian Alps protect- tralian Alps (Pulsford et al 2003). ed areas correspond well with the documented impacts Over 1.5 million people visit the Australian Alps in research papers and management reports. national parks annually (Good and Grenier 1994; Good 1995). Winter tourism is focused on ski resort-based Keywords: Tourism management; Australian Alps; protect- activities, such as alpine skiing and snowboarding. Sum- ed areas; environmental impacts. mer tourism is more dispersed in location, and activities principally consist of bushwalking, sightseeing, car- Peer reviewed: January 2003. Accepted: March 2003. touring, picnicking, camping, fishing, mountain-bike riding, horse riding, photography, as well as more spe- Introduction cialized activities, such as hang-gliding, etc (Good 1992; Good and Grenier 1994; Buckley et al 2000). The Australian Alps protected area network Winter and summer tourism and recreation activi- Winter seasonal snow in Australia is restricted to the ties can have negative environmental impacts, such as southeastern corner of the mainland and parts of Tas- trampling of vegetation, introduction and spread of mania (Green and Osborne 1994). On the mainland, weeds, littering, and nutrient enrichment of soils and snow cover is regularly found only on a series of linked water (Good 1992; Good and Grenier 1994; Buckley et ranges and peaks know as the Australian Alps. The area al 2000; Pickering et al 2001; Eagles et al 2002; New- is of outstanding biological importance, containing some et al 2002). Ski resorts in and adjacent to the pro- many endemic plants and animals as well as geological tected areas in the Australian Alps have negative envi- features of high conservation value (Mosley 1988). The ronmental impacts that can often be more detrimental protected area network of the Australian Alps includes than those of backcountry activities (Buckley et al Kosciuszko National Park, which contains the conti- 2000). Tourism and recreation in resorts and in back- nent’s highest mountain (Mt Kosciuszko, 2228 m), the country areas are important for management of pro- entire alpine area, and most of the subalpine areas of tected areas (Buckley et al 2000). New South Wales (Pulsford et al 2003). In Victoria, the high country is conserved in Alpine National Park, the Issues in assessing environmental impacts Avon Wilderness, Snowy River National Park, and Mt Protected area management agencies responsible for Buffalo National Park (Figure 1; Pulsford et al 2003). the Australian Alps have a dual mandate to maintain Catherine Marina Pickering, Janice Harrington, and Graeme Worboys 248 the natural and the cultural heritage values of protect- Notable weaknesses include some 13 types of bias that ed areas while facilitating public enjoyment of these may influence intuitive judgment, nonrational respons- areas (NSW NPWS 1988; Good 1992; Worboys and Pick- es to uncertainty, escalation of problems arising from a ering 2002). Sustainable use of protected areas by poor initial decision, inconsistencies in evaluation of tourists is therefore reliant on recognizing potential fairness, self-serving motivations, and joint gain in 2- impacts of tourism, introducing effective management party negotiations (Bazerman 1998). practices, and encouraging tourist awareness and In making decisions in the Australian Alps, protect- responsible use of park facilities (Buckley 1999; Wor- ed area managers do have a number of advantages. boys et al 2001; Worboys and Pickering 2002). These Their decision-making framework is set within statutory tasks are the responsibility of management staff of the plans of management. Policy guidelines have been protected area agencies (Worboys et al 2001). developed by the protected area agencies. External This study examines the assessed level of impor- reviews of performance are frequent, including coronial tance placed by these managers on various environmen- hearings examining fire-management performance, tal impacts of tourism. It compares judgments made by water quality management performance through exter- managers about tourism impacts (as assessed in an nal licensing requirements, and public scrutiny for all operational environment) relative to contemporary aspects of management, thanks to democracy and avari- published research to determine how well such judg- cious media. Regular competency-based training work- ments match known tourism impacts demonstrated by shops also are held across the Australian Alps; these research. The judgments of managers are important have helped streamline management standards for the 3 because they are accountable for the protected area management agencies. Managers are expected to stay on decision-making process in terms of planning and iden- top of their job. They need to be familiar with current tifying the types of tourism activities permitted; pre- literature and they need to have an understanding of scribing policies about the way they are managed; the on-ground effects of use such as tourism. It is in this implementing such policies; and planning and institut- context that this research project was developed. ing work programs to prevent, rehabilitate, and amelio- Judgments about the nature and degree of tourism- rate impacts (Worboys et al 2001). related environmental impacts were sought. Such judg- Judgment refers to the cognitive aspects of the deci- ments would be used as a basis for operational decision sion-making process (Bazerman 1998). The rational making within the Australian Alps. It was important to model for decision making recognizes 6 fundamental see how such judgments actually compared with the steps including defining the problem, identifying the findings of scientific research on tourism impacts in the criteria, weighting the criteria, reviewing alternative Alps, even though there was a basic expectation that courses of action, weighting each alternative on each managers would be familiar with the literature. criteria, and computing the optimal decision (Bartol et al 1998; Bazerman 1998). Monitoring implementation Survey methods of the decision is also important (Bartol et al 1998). Such an ideal model never really works in reality, and All designated Australian Alps protected area staff decision makers typically forgo the “best solution” in responsible for tourism management were surveyed. favor of what is acceptable or reasonable. This is partic- Approval for the survey was obtained (in April 2000) ularly so when decision makers in an operational envi- from the Australian Alps Liaison Committee (AALC) ronment are making multiple decisions daily (Bazer- before surveying potential respondents in May 2000. man 1998). Time constraints, lack of information, or The AALC coordinates cooperative cross-border man- lack of capacity to analyze information ensure that the agement programs between individual parks within the rational model will not work (Bartol et al 1998). Alps. Seventeen managers were identified by the AALC The alternative is to use “nonrational” model as the key staff responsible for the management of approaches including “satisfying” (managers seek alter- tourism within the Australian Alps protected areas. natives until they find one that looks satisfactory), Thirteen out of 17 managers (76.5%) responded to the “incremental” (managers make the smallest response to survey. reduce the problem to a tolerable level), and the “rub- The survey was based on a previous study in the bish-bin” model (nonprogrammed decisions are made United States (Wang and Miko 1997), with questions randomly, and decision outcomes occur by chance) modified to incorporate issues relevant to the Aus- (Bartol et al 1998). Decision makers, however, are tralian Alps, as outlined in the work by Buckley et al encouraged to follow the rational model as closely as (2000). Because of the substantial use tourists make of possible, given that it is far better than the alternatives the ski resorts and because the ski resorts
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