DOCSLIB.ORG

Nutritional Impact of Phytosanitary Irradiation of Fruits and Vegetables

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nutritional Impact of Phytosanitary Irradiation of Fruits and Vegetables Nutritional impact of phytosanitary irradiation of fruits and vegetables February 2014 1 Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of information. Information in this presentation is provided under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY 3.0) Licence, except for the Food Standards Australia New Zealand logo. Attribution: You may copy, distribute, transmit and adapt the material in this publication by the CC BY 3.0 licence for commercial and non-commercial purposes; but you must attribute the work in the following manner: © Food Standards Australia New Zealand. This attribution must not, in anyway, suggest that FSANZ endorses you or your use of the work. For more information email [email protected]. Third party material: To the extent that information published in this presentation contains material in which copyright is owned by a third party, the CC BY 3.0 licence would not apply to such third party material and, if you wish to re-use third party material, you may have to seek permission from the copyright owner. 2 1 Table of Contents 1 Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 5 2 Terminology and abbreviations ................................................................................................... 7 3 Background .................................................................................................................................. 8 3.1 Regulatory Context and Objectives .......................................................................................... 8 4 Natural variation in vitamin content of fruits and vegetables .................................................... 9 4.1 Cultivar ..................................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Environment ...........................................................................................................................10 4.3 Ripeness..................................................................................................................................11 4.4 Post-harvest storage ..............................................................................................................11 4.5 Processing ...............................................................................................................................12 4.6 Analytical methods .................................................................................................................13 4.7 Summary ................................................................................................................................14 5 Nutrient sensitivity to irradiation ..............................................................................................15 5.1 Macronutrients and minerals .................................................................................................16 5.2 Vitamins ..................................................................................................................................16 5.2.1 Vitamin A ...................................................................................................................17 5.2.2 Vitamin C ...................................................................................................................17 5.2.3 Vitamin E ...................................................................................................................17 5.2.4 Thiamin......................................................................................................................18 5.3 Other non-vitamin bioactive compounds ..............................................................................18 5.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................19 6 Effects of irradiation on carotenoids, vitamin C and other bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetable groups ...................................................................................................................................19 6.1 Pome fruits .............................................................................................................................19 6.2 Stone fruit ...............................................................................................................................21 6.3 Berry fruit ...............................................................................................................................23 6.4 Citrus fruit ...............................................................................................................................25 6.5 Tropical fruit ...........................................................................................................................29 6.6 Other fruit ...............................................................................................................................35 6.7 Cucurbit vegetables ................................................................................................................37 6.8 Fruiting vegetables .................................................................................................................37 6.9 Other vitamins ........................................................................................................................39 6.10 Summary of data for phytosanitary irradiation doses ...........................................................40 3 6.10.1 Fruit ...........................................................................................................................40 6.10.2 Vegetables .................................................................................................................43 7 Nutritional implications of phytosanitary doses of irradiation .................................................44 7.1 Apples .....................................................................................................................................45 7.2 Apricots and Cherries .............................................................................................................45 7.3 Strawberry ..............................................................................................................................46 7.4 Kiwifruit ..................................................................................................................................47 7.5 Mandarin ................................................................................................................................47 7.6 Mango ....................................................................................................................................48 7.7 Guava and litchi ......................................................................................................................49 7.8 Other considerations ..............................................................................................................50 7.9 Summary ................................................................................................................................51 8 Conclusions and recommendations ..........................................................................................51 8.1 Recommendations for risk assessment of irradiated fruits and vegetables ..........................52 8.2 Considerations for other vitamins and other bioactive compounds .....................................52 8.3 Recommendations for data requirements .............................................................................53 9 References .................................................................................................................................55 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 4 1 Executive Summary Low level ionising irradiation can be used as a phytosanitary treatment for insect pest control on fruit and vegetables. FSANZ has previously assessed the safety and nutritional impact of using ionising irradiation for phytosanitary purposes on various tropical fruits as well as tomatoes and capsicums, and found that doses of ≤1 kGy do not present a safety or nutritional risk to Australian and New Zealand consumers. It is expected that in the near future FSANZ will receive a number of applications to irradiate a variety of other fresh fruits and vegetables for quarantine purposes. The objectives of this review were to: assess the impact of phytosanitary doses of irradiation on the nutritional quality of fruit and vegetables by: o Investigating the natural variability in vitamin levels in a range of fruits and vegetables o Documenting changes in vitamin composition of fruits and vegetables following irradiation with up to 1 kGy o Considering the dietary implications of any reduction in vitamin levels following phytosanitary doses of irradiation (up to 1 kGy). Make recommendations to amend data requirements for irradiation of fruits and vegetables. Extensive natural variation occurs in the nutrient composition of individual fruit and vegetable types. The main sources of variation are cultivar, season, growing location and degree of ripeness. Post-harvest storage and processing also affect nutrient composition. Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamin C and carotenes. Substantial data documents the natural variation in levels of these nutrients, with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Irradiated Foods-16
    PACKAGING OF IRRADIATED FOOD oods deteriorate as a result of physiological changes, activities of enzymes and attack by F insect pests and micro-organisms during post-harvest storage. Insect infestation and microbial activity are by far the most important factors that affect food spoilage. Among the newly emerging methods of food preservation, food irradiation is an effective method to inactivate micro-organism and destroy insect pests. Unlike other preservation techniques that often tend to produce unacceptable changes in the quality of food, radiation processing does not bring about serious organoleptic changes, as it is a cold process. Extensive studies have demonstrated that such food are toxicologically safe and nutritionally wholesome. In 1980, a Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee on the Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food concluded that the irradiation of any food commodity up to an overall average dose of 10 kGy presents no toxicological hazard and introduces no special nutritional or microbiological problems[1]. Since then, irradiated food has been given access to markets. In United States, new approvals for ground beef and fresh fruits and vegetables were granted[2]. Australia and New Zealand amended their food standards for use of irradiation for quarantine treatment of tropical fruits[3]. Food irradiation has also been approved in India and a number of commodities have been cleared under The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954 rules (Table 1). Food irradiation thus offers a proven and unique option to address the problems of food security, safety and trade issues. Food Irradiation Food irradiation is the use of ionizing radiation to increase food storage life, reduce post harvest food losses, and eliminate food borne pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Moisture and Properties Of
    foods Article Influence of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Moisture and Properties of Freshly Harvested and Sun-Dried Rice Lihong Pan 1,2,3,4, Jiali Xing 5, Xiaohu Luo 1,2,3,4,*, Yanan Li 1,2,3,4, Dongling Sun 6, Yuheng Zhai 1,2,3,4, Kai Yang 1,2,3,4 and Zhengxing Chen 1,2,3,4 1 Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan, Wuxi 214122, China; [email protected] (L.P.); [email protected] (Y.L.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (K.Y.); [email protected] (Z.C.) 2 National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 3 Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 4 Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China 5 Ningbo Institute for Food Control, Ningbo 315048, China; [email protected] 6 Wuxi EL PONT Radiation Technology Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214151, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 15 July 2020; Accepted: 17 August 2020; Published: 19 August 2020 Abstract: Moisture content is an important factor that affects rice storage. Rice with high moisture (HM) content has superior taste but is difficult to store. In this study, low-dose electron beam irradiation (EBI) was used to study water distribution in newly harvested HM (15.03%) rice and dried rice (11.97%) via low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR). The gelatinization, texture and rheological properties of rice and the thermal and digestion properties of rice starch were determined.
    [Show full text]
  • PACKAGING for FOOD IRRADIATION Andrzej G
    ISSN 1425-7351 PL0601828 RAPORTY IChTJ. SERIA B nr 1/2006 PACKAGING FOR FOOD IRRADIATION Andrzej G. Chmielewski '.V INSTYTUT CHEMII I TECHNIKI JĄDROWEJ INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY RAPORTY IChTJ. SERIA B nr 1/2006 PACKAGING FOR FOOD IRRADIATION Andrzej G. Chmielewski Warszawa 2006 AUTHOR Andrzej G. Chmielewski Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology; Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology ADDRESS OF THE EDITORIAL OFFICE Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warszawa, POLAND phone: (+4822) 811 06 56, fax: (+4822) 811 15 32, e-mail: [email protected] Papers are published in the form as received from the Authors UKD: 621.798+544.54 INIS: S38 SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: RADIATION PROCESSING, PACKAGING, POLYMERS, FOOD IRRADIATION Packaging for food irradiation Joint FAO/IAEA/WHO Expert Committee approved the use of radiation treatment of foods. Nowadays food packaging are mostly made of plastics, natural or synthetic, therefore effect of irradiation on these materials is crucial for packing engineering for food irradiation technology. By selecting the right polymer materials for food packaging it can be ensured that the critical elements of material and product performance are not compromised. When packaging ma- terials are in contact with food at the time of irradiation that regulatory approvals sometimes apply. The review of the R&D and technical papers regarding material selection, testing and approval is presented in the report. The most information come from the USA where this subject is well elaborated, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) reports are reviewed as well. The report can be useful for scientists and food irradiation plants operators.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Irradiation on the Quality Properties of Tarhana
    applied sciences Article The Effect of Irradiation on the Quality Properties of Tarhana Nermin Ta¸so˘gullarıand Ömer ¸Sim¸sek* Department of Food Engineering, University of Pamukkale, 20017 Denizli, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +90-258-296-3015 Received: 27 May 2020; Accepted: 3 July 2020; Published: 10 July 2020 Featured Application: Irradiation is a useful application to preserve tarhana by preventing microbiological risks and pest formation. An irradiation dose of 5 kGy and below can be applied for the preservation of the tarhana without quality loss. Abstract: Tarhana is a traditional food produced by the fermentation, drying and grinding of dough prepared with wheat flour, yoghurt, various vegetables and spices. Microbiological risks and pest formation are the major problems encountered during the storage of tarhana. In this study, the effect of irradiation was determined in order to eliminate microbiological risks and pest formation while preserving the quality features during the storage of tarhana. Depending on the irradiation dose, microbial inhibition occurred in tarhana samples, and the maximum protection was achieved with 10 kGy. Nevertheless, doses of 2.5 and 5 kGy inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus. Additionally, all irradiation doses prevented pest formation. The consistency coefficient of soups prepared with irradiated tarhana samples decreased depending on the irradiation doses. There was no difference in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and total phenol content in the control with irradiated tarhana samples. However, the 10 kGy irradiated tarhana sample included higher thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. In conclusion, irradiation was applied for the first time to preserve tarhana by reducing the microbiological risk and preventing pest formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Consumer Acceptance and Market Development of Irradiated Food in Asia and the Pacific
    IAEA-TECDOC-1219 Consumer acceptance and market development of irradiated food in Asia and the Pacific Proceedings of a final Research Co-ordination Meeting organized by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture and held in Bangkok, Thailand, 21–25 September 1998 May 2001 The originating Section of this publication in the IAEA was: Food and Environmental Protection Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P.O. Box 100 A-1400 Vienna, Austria CONSUMER ACCEPTANCE AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT OF IRRADIATED FOOD IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC IAEA, VIENNA, 2001 IAEA-TECDOC-1219 ISSN 1011–4289 © IAEA, 2001 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 2001 FOREWORD This publication covers the activities and accomplishments of eight countries that participated in a Co-ordinated Research Project (CRP) on Public Acceptance and Market Development of Irradiated Food in Asia and the Pacific, as presented at a final Research Co- ordination Meeting held in Bangkok, 20–25 September 1998. The CRP was implemented through research agreements with Bangladesh, China (one each for Shanghai and Beijing), the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam, from 1994 to 1998. The technical work undertaken to bring food irradiation technology to the marketplace to address food security, public health and trade needs, is described. This covered the establishment of quality assurance procedures, the determination of irradiation doses for non- traditional as well as traditional foods, the conduct of techno-economic feasibility, and the identification of industry and consumer needs. In the majority of cases, R&D activities were undertaken in partnership with industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Packaging Materials for Food Irradiation
    U P D A T E S E S S I O N Status of Packaging Materials for Food Irradiation Charles Barmore Irradiation Technology tion to raise the maximum dose and remove the packaging limitations. Food irradiation is the treatment of foods by gamma-pho- The USDA regulations pertaining to the irradiation of meat tons, fast (high velocity) electrons, or x-ray sources of energy. food and poultry products are cited in 9 CFR 424.22 (c) – These sources are portions of the electromagnetic spectrum Irradiation of meat food and poultry products. Irradiated food that is called ionizing radiation. The approved sources for packages must bear an irradiation statement such as “Treated gamma-photons for food irradiation are Cobalt-60 and Ce- by irradiation” or “Treated with irradiation” and the radura sium-137. Fast electrons and x-rays are produced by machines. logo. The labeling requirements are very specific and are ex- X-rays, which are also photons, are produced by fast elec- plained in 179.26 (c) (1), (2), and (3). Packaging materials for trons impinging a metal target such as tungsten. Gamma and use during the irradiation of prepackaged foods are specified x-ray photons have no mass or charge. Therefore, they tend to under both the general provisions of the Indirect Food Addi- exhibit deep penetration (>1 meter) into food. In contrast, fast tive regulation, 21 CFR 174, and under 21 CFR 179.45 – Pack- electrons are charged, have mass and interact readily with aging materials for use during the irradiation of prepackaged the orbital electrons of the food and packaging material.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Irradiation: Microbiological Safety and Disinfestation
    International Symposium “New Frontier of Irradiated food and Non-Food Products”22-23 September 2005, KMUTT, Bangkok, Thailand Food Irradiation: Microbiological Safety and Disinfestation Margaret Patterson Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science Division (Food Microbiology), Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and Department of Food Science, Queen’s University, Belfast, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, Northern Ireland, UK. Abstract Irradiation can kill microorganisms, insects and parasites and this is a fundamental reason for applying the technology to improve the safety and quality of many foods and food products. This paper will discuss how various organisms can be affected by irradiation treatment. Factors affecting radiation sensitivity will also be discussed and how the use of irradiation in combination with other treatments can be beneficial in improving quality and safety. Keywords: bacteria, spores, yeasts, moulds, insects, parasites 1. Introduction Consumers worldwide are demanding foods that are wholesome and nutritious. However, foodborne diseases continue to be a widespread global problem and it is estimated that over two million people die annually from diarrhoeal illness resulting from consuming food and water contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms (WHO, 2005). In addition, much food is lost post harvest due to spoilage. For example, it is estimated that 5-10% of gain is lost because of infestation between harvest and consumption (Satin, 1993). A variety of strategies will need to be used to tackle these problems and there will not be one easy solution. One approach could be to use irradiation as a method for the inactivation of microorganisms, parasites and insects and so improve the safety and quality of certain foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Food-Irradiation-Facts.Pdf
    Food Irradiation What You Need to Know Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Like pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for regulating the sources of radiation Debunking Irradiation Myths that are used to irradiate food. FDA approves a Irradiation does not make foods radioactive, compromise source of radiation for use on foods only after it has determined that irradiating the food is safe. nutritional quality, or noticeably change the taste, texture, or appearance of food. In fact, any changes made by irradiation are so minimal that it is not easy to tell if a food has been Why Irradiate Food? irradiated. Irradiation can serve many purposes. • Prevention of Foodborne Illness – irradiation How Is Food Irradiated? can be used to effectively eliminate organisms that cause foodborne illness, such as Salmonella There are three sources of radiation approved for use on foods. and Escherichia coli (E. coli). • Gamma rays are emitted from radioactive forms of the element • Preservation – irradiation can be used to destroy cobalt (Cobalt 60) or of the element cesium (Cesium 137). or inactivate organisms that cause spoilage and Gamma radiation is used routinely to sterilize medical, dental decomposition and extend the shelf life of foods. and household products and is also used for the radiation treatment of cancer. • Control of Insects – irradiation can be used to destroy insects in or on tropical fruits imported • X-rays are produced by reflecting a high-energy stream of into the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Irradiation: What You Need to Know
    FOOD FACTS From the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Irradiation: What You Need to Know Food irradiation (the application of ionizing radiation to food) is a technology that improves the safety and extends the shelf life of foods by reducing or eliminating microorganisms and insects. Like pasteurizing milk and canning fruits and vegetables, irradiation can make food safer for the consumer. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for regulating the sources of radiation that are used to irradiate food. The FDA approves a source of radiation for use on foods only after it has determined that irradiating the food is safe. Why Irradiate Food? Irradiation can serve many purposes. • Prevention of Foodborne Illness – to effectively eliminate organisms that cause foodborne illness, such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E. coli). • Preservation – to destroy or inactivate organisms that cause spoilage and decomposition and extend the shelf life of foods. • Control of Insects – to destroy insects in or on tropical fruits imported into the United States. Irradiation also decreases the need for other pest-control practices that may harm the fruit. • Delay of Sprouting and Ripening – to inhibit sprouting Irradiation does not make (e.g., potatoes) and delay ripening of fruit to increase foods radioactive, compromise longevity. nutritional quality, or noticeably • Sterilization – irradiation can be used to sterilize foods, change the taste, texture, or which can then be stored for years without refrigeration. Sterilized foods are useful in hospitals for patients with appearance of food. In fact, any severely impaired immune systems, such as patients with changes made by irradiation are AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Irradiation and Its Future Prospects
    FOOD IRRADIATION AND ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS By K.F.MacQueen Radiation for food preservation is a way of alleviating problems of food deficiencies in a large part of the world. A review of progress achieved and future prospects was made at the eleventh session of the General Conference in a scientific lecture by Kenneth F. MacQueen, Head of the Food Irradiation Section, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. A pioneer in the subject, Mr. MacQueen prepared the petition which led to official acceptance of irradiated potatoes for human consumption in Canada in I960. He said: MAGNITUDE OF THE WORLD FOOD PROBLEM Before discussing the progress and potential benefits of food irradiation, let us first consider the magnitude of the world food problem. The startling fact is that over 50 percent of the world's population suffers from either hunger, malnutrition or both. The low level of protein in the diets of the developing countries contri­ butes to an incidence of deficiency diseases which are rare in the developed countries. The view of the medical profession is that better food is the only cure for deficiency diseases. Adding to the present problem of food deficiency which affects over half the world, is the rapid rate of population growth. With the present population at 3.4 billion, United Nations experts estimate that the world's population will be 6 to 7 billion by the year 2000 and about four-fifths of this projected increase will occur in the less developed countries where food shortages already exist. A further aspect of the problem is the unbalanced distribution of agri­ cultural production and income in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Irradiation Technology That Can Enhance Food Safety and Hawaii’S Economy
    Cooperative Extension Service Foods and Nutrition Nov. 1998 FN-3 Food Irradiation Technology that can Enhance Food Safety and Hawaii’s Economy Papayas . starfruit . mangoes . guava . you Since 1995, Hawaii has used irradiation as a quar­ name the exotic fruit, Hawaii’s got it. Like a luscious antine treatment on tropical fruits such as papayas and fruit basket, the state has an abundance of produce. But lychees for test markets on the U.S. mainland. (A spe­ Hawaii also has serious pests, like the fruit fly, that force cial government permit allows limited quantities of these a quarantine treatment on these delicacies before they fruits to be exported, without prior quarantine treatment, can be exported to the U.S. mainland and Japan. to the mainland, where they are irradiated). Consumer Vapor-heat, high-temperature forced-air, and irra­ acceptance of these fruits has been very favorable. In diation are currently the only quarantine treatments avail­ fact, test marketing of irradiated mango and papaya in able. Because they use heat, vapor and forced-air treat­ Florida (1986) and in California (1987) showed that ments are inferior to irradiation regarding fruit quality consumers preferred irradiated fruits to non-irradiated both before and after treatment. Irradiation allows fruit ones by a ratio of 10 to one. to be treated at a riper, tastier stage than the heat treat­ Irradiation will not be a substitute for good agricul­ ments, which slightly cook produce, further reducing tural and manufacturing practices. Nor will it take away its savoriness and freshness. consumers’ and food-service workers’ responsibility to Irradiation, in contrast to heat treatments, does not properly handle food.
    [Show full text]
  • Facts About Food Irradiation
    Facts about food irradiation A series of Fact Sheets from the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation ICGFI is an international group of experts designated by Governments to evaluate and advise on global activities of food irradiation For further information contact: Head Food and Environmental Protection Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O.Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Telex:112645, Cable:INATOM VIENNA, Facsimile: (+43 1) 26007 Telephone:(+43 1) 2600-21640, E-Mail: [email protected] Also visit ICGFI-Web Page (http://www.iaea.org/icgfi/) Funds for graphic design of this document for the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI), Vienna, Austria, provided by PURIDEC Irradiation Technology, 6 Chiltern Court, Asheridge Road, CHESHAM, Buckinghamshire, England HP5 2 PX Design: WorldLinks/Vienna Illustrations: Camilo Melgar © 1999 International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation Facts about food irradiation A series of Fact Sheets from the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation (ICGFI) Contents Status and Trends ..........................................................................3 Scientific and Technical Terms ......................................................7 Benefits of Food Irradiation ..........................................................9 Food Irradiation Facilities ............................................................17 Safety of Irradiated Food ............................................................22
    [Show full text]