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Evaluation of the Potential of Macrobrachium Lar As a New Culture

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Evaluation of the Potential of Macrobrachium Lar As a New Culture A NEW SPECIES FOR CULTURE IN THE PACIFIC: EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF THE INDIGENOUS Macrobrachium lar (Fabricius, 1798) Satya Nandlal A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Copyright©2010 by Satya Nandlal School of Islands and Oceans Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment The University of the South Pacific May, 2010 DECLARATION Statement by Author I, Satya Nandlal, declare that this thesis is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published, or substantially overlapping with material submitted for the award of any other degree at any other institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Signature................................................. Date......................... Name: Satya Nandlal Student ID No. S78018910 Statement by Supervisor The research in this thesis was performed under my supervision and to my knowledge is the sole work of Mr. Satya Nandlal Signature.................................................... Date............................. Name: G. Robin South Designation: Visiting Professor Institute of Marine Resources The University of the South Pacific Acknowledgement I express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Peter Mather, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) for his guidance and constructive criticism throughout my research: he continually conveyed a spirit of adventure and excitement in regard to this research. I would not have taken on or completed this research without his belief in me. I would also like to thank my supervisors at The University of the South Pacific (USP) especially my principal supervisor, Prof. Robin South for his continuous encouragement throughout my research including Dr. Kenneth MacKay, Dr. Cameron Hay, Prof. Leon Zann and Dr. Tim Pickering. I would like to acknowledge and thank for the various forms of support from my sponsors: The Canadian Government for providing financial assistance through Canada South Pacific Ocean Development Program 11 (CSPOD11) to carry out this study. In addition, I would like to thank the Australian Government for their support and understanding in supporting research carried out on genetic characterization of M. lar (Chapter 3) as part of John Allwright Fellowship. I would also like to extend my sincere appreciation and thanks to the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC), Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Department of Fisheries-Vanuatu and French Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Department- Territory of the Islands of Wallis and Futuna for allowing me to use the results of the project: “Monoculture of the Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium lar in Vanuatu and Wallis and integrated prawn-taro farming in Wallis and Futuna” part of the bigger ACIAR project FIS2001/075 “Sustainable aquaculture development in Pacific Islands region and northern Australia” which forms part of Chapter 5. Special thanks to Faculty of Science and Technology, QUT; Marine Studies Program (MSP), USP; Ministry of Fisheries and Forests, Fiji- Naduruloulou Aquaculture Station (NAS) for their kind support for the use of their facilities throughout the study period. I would also like to thank my colleagues and friends for their help and assistance in collecting samples (chapter 3), hatchery operations (chapter 4) and grow-out trials (chapter 5). Some of them are: at Fiji Fisheries- Jone Vasuca, Maleli Dawai, iii Tavenisa Vereivalu, Maciu Lagibalavu, Cherie Morris, Rajendra, Jone Ratubalavu, Litiana, Maika Ciqo; QUT: Merylin Wyatt, Dr David Hurwood, Angela Duffy, Vincent; MSP-USP: Dr. Joeli Veitayaki, Dr Vina Rambidesi, Lynnette Kumar, Sunia Lavaki, Shiv Sharma, Jone Lima, Nanise Bulai; SPC: Ben Ponia, Dr.Tim Admas, Mariangeh; Department of Fisheries, Vanuatu: Robert Jimmy, Sompert Gereva, Felix Nguyen, Glen Alo, Aru Ase; French Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Department, Territory of the Islands of Wallis and Futuna: J. Barbier, Samino and farmers: Mr. Simione Vanai, Mr. Nissefolo Finau, Mr. Ateliano Keletanoa, Mr Esekiele Lie; Ministry of Marine Resources, Cook Islands: Ian Bertram and Kori Raumea; National Fisheries Authority, PNG: Jacob Wani; Samoa Fisheries Department: Antonio Mulipola, Malwine Lober and the late Patele; and American Samoa fisheries staff. I convey special thanks to ‘brothers’ who gave me encouragement and motivation along the way, in particular, Brothers V.U. Thomas and K.M Thomas of Montfort Boystown, Savuvasu and Suva, respectively. I thank my mother and father, brother Jugun Kishore, sister-law Sarojani, sisters: Shilona and Sumintra, for their love and support throughout my study. Also thanks to Balram Bali, Pranesh Kishore, Ritinesh Kishore, Ram Jattan, Rakesh Jattan, Jitendra Kumar and Ram Dulare for their assistance and help in field activities. Words fail me to express my appreciation to my wife, Lalita, whose dedication, love and persistent confidence in me has taken the load off my shoulder. I owe her for being by my side all the time along with my sons, Sidharth and Kaushik. Their love, patience and understanding have sustained me throughout the years of my study. Lastly, but in no sense the least, I am thankful to all colleagues and friends who made my study a memorable and valuable experience. iv Abstract Keywords: Fisheries, aquaculture production, exotic species, environmental effects, indigenous freshwater prawn, natural distribution, genetic structure, Pacific Islands, region, Macrobrachium lar, hatchery trial, artificial propagation, breeding, temperature, salinity, zoea, larvae, juvenile, grow-out, monoculture, taro-freshwater prawn integrated farming system. Aquaculture represents an alternative for sustainable development of aquatic resources, especially in developing countries. In fact, aquaculture production currently contributes substantially to global fisheries production, and there is significant potential for this industry to meet increasing demand for aquatic products in most regions of the world. The production of Giant river prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and other Macrobrachium species have great economic importance for aquaculture, but can also have environmental implications when M. rosenbergii is present as an exotic species. In Pacific Island Countries and Territories, M. lar is indigenous and has been suggested as a potential local candidate species for culture in the region. In this study, aspects of population genetic structure, parameters required for completing the larval stages and growth in simple culture systems of this species were studied. A study of the population genetic structure of wild freshwater prawn M. lar populations using a mtDNA marker suggested potential for genetic structure at a number of geographical spatial scales. The study investigated genetic relationships among M. lar populations from discrete natural drainages across the natural range in the western and eastern Pacific, using 16S RNA and CO-I gene sequences. Sequence analysis of both genes resolved 2 distinct genealogical lineages namely the Cook Islands and remaining sampled islands. M. lar populations sampled in the western Pacific were genetically similar with the exception of the Cook Island populations. While the potential reasons why Cook Islands populations were genetically divergent were not resolved, the Cook Islands are the most easterly of the Pacific island chains assessed here and large geographical distances separate them from more westerly islands. v Examination of specimens collected within Fiji showed 16 unique haplotypes. The distribution of unique haplotypes was not correlated with geographical location and pairwise Fst values at different hierarchical scales were not significantly different from zero suggesting that all sites constituted a single panmictic population. Thus Fiji populations of M. lar are essentially homogeneous. At the regional scale, populations separated by 1000s of km showed little variation except for the populations in the eastern most islands- the Cook Islands. Variation in Cook Islands samples was significant with pairwise Fst’s indicating populations were significantly divergent from all other sites. The data indicate that wild populations of M. lar in the western and eastern Pacific regions are discrete populations. M. lar larval stages show tolerance to full marine conditions at an early stage, implying that larvae are naturally adapted to long periods of exposure to marine conditions that would allow for wide geographical dispersal by ocean currents. During times of lowered sea levels in the past, some PICTs were more closely linked geographically and aquatic organisms with pelagic marine larvae theoretically may have been able to disperse then more easily via reduced ocean distances. The close genetic relationships among western Pacific M. lar indicate that dispersal is extensive and hence ongoing gene flow occurs among M. lar populations in most of the western Pacific. A series of larval rearing trials were carried out to assess requirements for reaching various stages of ontogenetic development. In trial 2, larvae underwent 6-7 molts across 45-50 days at 28.0 ± 0.5ºC. The growth rate of larvae was very slow and irregular, and larvae molted to the 7th stage with a body length ranging from 2.0 ± 0.07- 4.6 ± 0.10 mm. Density and survival of larvae were related inversely, indicating that larvae may be sensitive to overcrowding. Larval development was not uniform with individuals molting at different times.
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