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Edmond Isidore Nocard (1850-1903), Vétérinaire, Pasteurien Et Hygiéniste Au Xixème Siècle

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Edmond Isidore Nocard (1850-1903), Vétérinaire, Pasteurien Et Hygiéniste Au Xixème Siècle Année 2020 EDMOND ISIDORE NOCARD (1850-1903), VÉTÉRINAIRE, PASTEURIEN ET HYGIÉNISTE AU XIXÈME SIÈCLE THÈSE Pour obtenir le diplôme d’État de DOCTEUR VÉTÉRINAIRE Présentée et soutenue publiquement devant la Faculté de Médecine de Créteil (UPEC) le 18 juin 2020 par Charlène, Géraldine, Marie, Jennifer Née le 19 janvier 1989 à Paris 14ème Sous la direction de Delphine LE ROUX Et avec la participation en tant qu’invité de Pascal BOIREAU Président du jury : M. Sébastien MAURY Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine de CRÉTEIL 1er Assesseur : Mme Delphine LE ROUX Maître de conférences à l’EnvA 2nd Assesseur : M. Henri-Jean BOULOUIS Professeur à l’EnvA REMERCIEMENTS À Monsieur le Professeur Sébastien Maury de la faculté de médecine de Créteil, qui nous a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de cette thèse. Hommage respectueux À Madame la Docteur Delphine Le Roux de l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, pour son soutien indéfectible, pour sa grande implication et sa disponibilité de tous les instants, enfin pour m’avoir fait découvrir une page de l’Histoire dans laquelle Edmond Nocard et nos illustres confrères ont fait preuve d’un dévouement sans faille dans une « guerre » contre les maladies virulentes, dont je ne soupçonnais pas encore l’importance. Elle résonne tout particulièrement aujourd’hui au regard de l’actualité sanitaire. Hommage reconnaissant À Monsieur le Professeur Henri-Jean Boulouis de l’École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, pour avoir accepté de participer à notre jury de thèse, Hommage respectueux À Monsieur le Docteur Pascal Boireau, pour les documents qu’il m’a prêtés mais aussi pour le temps qu’il m’a consacré à réfléchir sur le plan de cette thèse, pour sa présence, enfin, lors de la soutenance. À ma famille pour sa présence et son soutien indéfectible. Quelques mots ne sauraient suffire à retranscrire l’étendue de ma gratitude. Tout mon amour et ma reconnaissance À mes amis À Toi enfin sans qui rien de tout cela n’aurait été possible. TABLE DES MATIÈRES TABLE DES MATIÈRES ........................................................................................................................... - 1 - INDEX DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. - 4 - INDEX DES ABRÉVIATIONS .................................................................................................................... - 5 - INDEX DES ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................. - 5 - INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... - 7 - PREMIÈRE PARTIE : LE PROFESSEUR DE CHIRURGIE À ALFORT ................................................................ - 7 - A. DEVENIR VETERINAIRE .......................................................................................................................... - 7 - B. L’ENSEIGNEMENT DE LA CHIRURGIE ET LES PREMIERS SUCCÈS PROFESSIONNELS ............................... - 8 - 1. LE CHEF DE CLINIQUE (1873-1878) .................................................................................................. - 8 - a. Les premières responsabilités ................................................................................................................ - 8 - b. La rédaction de revues ............................................................................................................................. - 9 - 2. LE PROFESSEUR DE PATHOLOGIE ET DE CLINIQUE CHIRURGICALE (1878-1887) ........................... - 10 - C. SES PRINCIPALES CONTRIBUTIONS EN CHIRURGIE, MÉDÉCINE GÉNÉRALE ET OBSTÉTRIQUE ............. - 12 - 1. EN CHIRURGIE ................................................................................................................................ - 13 - a. L’opération du « clou de rue » (1879) ................................................................................................. - 13 - b. La névrotomie plantaire haute (1883) ................................................................................................ - 15 - 2. EN MÉDECINE GÉNÉRALE ............................................................................................................... - 16 - a. La maladie épileptiforme des chiens de meute (1882) .................................................................... - 16 - b. L’emploi du chloral dans le traitement du tétanos (1882) .............................................................. - 17 - c. L’emploi de l’ésérine (1883) .................................................................................................................. - 17 - 3. EN PATHOLOGIE DE LA REPRODUCTION ET OBSTÉTRIQUE ........................................................... - 18 - DEUXIÈME PARTIE : LE MICROBIOLOGISTE PASTEURIEN ...................................................................... - 19 - A. LA RÉVOLUTION PASTEUR ................................................................................................................... - 20 - 1. LA FIN DE LA GÉNÉRATION SPONTANÉE ........................................................................................ - 20 - a. Qu’est-ce que la génération spontanée ? ........................................................................................... - 21 - b. Spontanéistes contre Spécifistes ......................................................................................................... - 22 - i. Deux visions divergentes ...................................................................................................... - 22 - ii. Pasteur contre Pouchet ...................................................................................................... - 22 - iii. Des débats passionnés. ...................................................................................................... - 24 - c. L’élaboration des « virus-vaccins » ............................................................................................... - 24 - i. Des études sur la fièvre charbonneuse... ............................................................................. - 25 - ii. …En passant par le choléra des poules ................................................................................. - 25 - - 1 - iii. …Jusqu’à la vaccination antirabique ..................................................................................... - 26 - 2. L’ÉPOPÉE PASTEURIENNE ET LA VÉTÉRINAIRE ............................................................................... - 27 - a. Les écoles vétérinaires, de précieux incubateurs de découvertes scientifiques………. …………. ….- 27 - i. L’ère pré-pasteurienne ......................................................................................................... - 27 - ii. Une profession majoritairement spontanéiste .................................................................... - 30 - iii. La « Grande Conversion » ..................................................................................................... - 31 - b. Les vétérinaires, de précieux alliés au service du Maître ................................................................. - 32 - i. Les ravitailleurs ..................................................................................................................... - 33 - ii. Les détracteurs et les sceptiques ......................................................................................... - 33 - iii. Les militants .......................................................................................................................... - 35 - B. NOCARD, À LA CROISÉE D’ALFORT ET DE PASTEUR ............................................................................. - 38 - 1. UNE RENCONTRE DÉCISIVE ............................................................................................................ - 38 - a. L’heure de la conversion ........................................................................................................................ - 38 - b. Une amitié entre un médecin et un vétérinaire………………………………………………………………………. - 39 - 2. L’ALFORIEN DEVIENT PASTEURIEN ............................................................................................ - 40 - a. Les débuts de la notoriété : la Mission Pasteur ................................................................................. - 40 - b. L’incarnation du Pasteurien .................................................................................................................. - 41 - i. Une philosophie : « l’esprit pasteurien » ............................................................................. - 42 - ii. Un lieu symbolique : l’Institut Pasteur ................................................................................. - 44 - iii. Une méthodologie ................................................................................................................ - 46 - c. L’École d’Alfort, son « port d’attache » ............................................................................................... - 47 - i. La « pasteurisation » de l’école vétérinaire ......................................................................... - 47 - ii. De forts liens qui l’unissent à son « école » ......................................................................... - 48 - iii. La consécration : la création du Laboratoire de santé animale ...........................................
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