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The Role of the Veterinary Surgeons in Developing Theoretical and Clinical Immunology Rolul Medicilor Veterinari În Dezvoltarea Imunologiei Teoretice Şi Clinice

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The Role of the Veterinary Surgeons in Developing Theoretical and Clinical Immunology Rolul Medicilor Veterinari În Dezvoltarea Imunologiei Teoretice Şi Clinice 50 Rev Rom Med Vet (2017) 27 | 1: 50-60 THE ROLE OF THE VETERINARY SURGEONS IN DEVELOPING THEORETICAL AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY ROLUL MEDICILOR VETERINARI ÎN DEZVOLTAREA IMUNOLOGIEI TEORETICE ŞI CLINICE R. IFTIMOVICI1) For more than 150 years (1850-2010) veterinary De mai bine de 150 de ani (1850-2010), medicii surgeons made a crucial contribution to laying the veterinari au avut o contribuție esențială în punerea basis of and developing immunology. Starting with bazelor şi dezvoltării imunologiei. Pornind de la pri- the first attempts at immunizing bovine pleuropneu- mele încercări de imunizare a pleuropneumoniei bovi- monia (Louis Willems; 1852-1880), and continuing ne (Louis Willems, 1852-1880) și continuând cu apa- with the advent of the germ theory of infectious and riția teoriei germenelui bolilor infecțioase și contagi- contagious diseases of Louis Pasteur and Robert oase ale lui Louis Pasteur şi Robert Koch, medicii vete- Koch, veterinary surgeons like Henri Bouley, Henri rinari precum Henri Bouley, Henri Toussaint, Pierre- Toussaint, Pierre-Victor Galtier and William Schutz Victor Galtier și William Schutz au colaborat îndea- worked closer with doctors and biochemists in giving proape cu medici şi biochimişti pentru conturarea shape to contemporary immunology. imunologiei contemporane. The article also deals with the second generation Articolul de faţă se ocupă de asemenea, cu a doua of veterinary immunologists such as Edmond Nocard generație de imunologi veterinari, cum ar fi Edmond with his research on human and animal tuberculosis, Nocard cu cercetările sale asupra tuberculozei umane Camille Guerin who co-authored the BCG vaccine, și animale, Camille Guerin, care a fost co-autorul vac- Gaston Ramon, the inventor of anatoxin vaccination, cinului BCG, Gaston Ramon, inventatorul vaccinării Romanian Alexandru Ciucă who introduced the diag- cu anatoxină, românul Alexandru Ciucă, care a desco- nosis of aphthous fever serotypes, or his colleague perit diagnosticul serotipurilor de febră aftoasă, sau Alexandru Vechiu, the first researcher to have lapi- colegul său, Alexandru Vechiu, primul cercetător care nized classic swine fever roots. a lapinizat rădăcini de pestă porcină clasică. The tidal wave of cellular biology and molecular Valul de biologie celulară şi genetică moleculară genetics that swept medicine after 1930 brought care a cuprins medicina după 1930 a adus noi gene- forth new generations of veterinary surgeons who raţii de medici veterinari care au deschis noi teritorii opened up new territories governed by widely appli- guvernate de legi aplicabile pe scară largă. Cum ar fi cable laws. Such is chimerism, a concept introduced himerismul, un concept introdus de Ray Owen în 1945 by Ray Owen in 1945 and expanded into immunologi- și care s-a extins în conceptul de toleranţă imunologi- cal tolerance since 1960, or the immune system's dy- că din anul 1960, ori răspunsul dinamic al sistemului namic response to alien cells explained by the 1996 imunitar la celule străine, explicat de Peter Doherty - Nobel Prize winner Peter Doherty. laureatul Premiului Nobel din 1996. Keywords: theoretical and clinical immunology Cuvinte cheie: imunologie teoretică şi clinică Today immunity is seen as a complex, humoral and mulating the immune system; cellular action of recognition and rejection of the non- c) immunological diagnosis in human and veteri- self. But until 1960 the immune system was under- nary medicine; stood to be exclusively a body response to infectious d) the emergence and development of theoretical germs. The two-millennia-long history of immunology immunology: “the reverse path” from a natural or lab could be divided into at least four stages, each mar- created phenomenon seen with naked eyes to gene- king a revolutionary breakthrough: ralized theory and, finally, to the manufacture of im- a) pure empiricism; munity stimulants and depressants (in cases of auto- b) early accounts of prevention and treatment sti- immune disorders). I. PURE EMPIRICISM 1) Academy of Medical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania e-mail: [email protected] This period, extensively commented by medical Rev Rom Med Vet (2017) 27 | 1 51 historian, can be traced back both in human and vete- scarify sheep ears and smear the incision spot with ca- rinary medicine. prine variola pus or pustular scabs. It started with Mithridates VI Eupator Dionysus, In the 18th and 19th centuries surgeons introduced the legendary King of Pontus in Asia Minor (120 BC to smallpox inoculation to the European cities mostly by 63 BC) who fought three woeful wars against the imitating old practices. However, by the turn of the 18th Romans (88-85 BC; 83-81 BC; 74-66 BC). Fearful of century academic reports could be circulated among being assassinated, the king regularly ingested small surgeons and physicians. non-lethal amounts of various poisons to make himself Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife to the British immune. ambassador to Turkey, was brave enough to allow her Human variola (smallpox) and caprine variola children to be “variolated”. The operation was carried (sheep and goat pox) are the best known examples of out by a highly skilled old Greek woman (Lady Mary's prophylaxis and therapy. boy was inoculated in 1721 and her daughter in 1721). As is known, variolation is the first stage, based on In a letter to a friend, in the spring of 1721, an two findings made in antiquity: enthusiastic Lady Mary described the inoculations a) human and caprine variola is a highly conta- done with fresh, powerful smallpox material. Later on, gious and malignant virus; she embarked on a campaign to popularize inoculation b) those who suffer from smallpox will never by writing memoirs and promoting it to the court of acquire it again. They make the best nurses during George I. At her insistence, six condemned felons at variola epidemic. Newgate prison were offered the alternative of han- It did not take long before doctors started to intro- ging or their freedom if inoculated, on 9 August 1721. duce small amounts of viral matter from slightly ill pa- They all preferred to be inoculated and all survived to tients to children and adults in order to prime the be released on 6 September. immune system to recognize and destroy that virus. Greek surgeons Iacob Pilarino (1659-1718) and However, it was a most difficult step that required Emanoil Timoni (1670-1718) were also making efforts great courage. To all appearances, the first attempts to popularize “inoculation” (the term used at that at inoculation were made by the ancient Chinese, the time). Timoni managed to publish a substantial article Koreans, the Japanese and the Indians. on variolation in Philosophical Transactions of the The Chinese used nasal insufflation by blowing Royal Society in London, in 1713, even before Lady powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the Mary could plead with Voltaire in favor of the inocula- children's nostrils, with the help of bamboo pipes. tion of children. Pilarino and Timoni spent some time in Indian children under two years of age were the service of Wallachian and Moldavian princes, with wrapped in shirts splattered with pus taken from hu- Pilarino reaching as far high as physician in Peter the man smallpox papules. Scottish children would wrap Great's retinue. their scratched arm skin with wool tissue smeared with By 1720 aristocrats in nearly all of Europe's capital pus. cities sought inoculation for their children as well as for Similar methods of inoculation were reported in themselves. At Versailles, for instance, King Louis XVI the Middle Ages (300-600 AD) in areas now encom- and Maria Antoinette led several noble families to passed by Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Den- smallpox inoculation in 1774. The king's decision to mark and even Russia, thanks to Viking inroads. submit himself to inoculation came shortly after the The Abyssinians, Berbers and Arabs used to treat Faculty of Medicine's professors had voted 75%-25% pustular scabs with water or milk, while South-Euro- in favor of the saying “Ce qui pouvait etre utile aux pean Slavs (Bulgarians and Serbs) would mildly spank hommes ne pouvait offenser Dieu” (“Things useful their children with pus-smeared twigs. to man will not insult God”). The inoculation saved In the 13th and 14th century, the inhabitants of what Louis XVI, the “king craftsman”, from sharing the fate is now Romania would prick their arm or thigh skin of his predecessor, King Louis XV, who scoffed at the with needles dipped into pustules, wash their children procedure and died of smallpox in 1774. in the water previously used by a carrier of the infec- Finally, British country physician Edward Jenner tion, or attach to their earlobes earrings dipped in (1749-1823) managed to introduce the smallpox vac- smallpox pus. cine (from Variolae vaccinae – smallpox of the cow) at Variolation was also practiced on animals. She- a time when the virus was devastating his country. He pherds living in the Carpathians and the Balkans would made the passage from empiricism to science. 52 Rev Rom Med Vet (2017) 27 | 1 The empirical part of his work was his simple ob- geons graduating from schools in Lyon, Charrenton- servation that milkmaids were generally immune to Alfort, Leipzig, Vienna and Torino were asked to join smallpox. Jenner concluded that the pus filled blisters the process of preparing the smallpox vaccine. Each of acquired by milkmaids from cowpox (a disease similar them worked successfully, improving the method of to smallpox, but much less virulent) made them resis- cultivating the virus on calves' thoracic skin. tant to smallpox. It is true that human and veterinary vaccines came The scientific part came with his realization that to be widely used more than 80 years after Jenner's smallpox vaccination could be put to mass use. As is 1785-1800 discovery set the stage for the eradication known, Jenner fought stoically against the prejudice of smallpox.
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