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Gerhardt, A. & C. Palmer (1998): Copper Tolerances of Adenophlebia

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Gerhardt, A. & C. Palmer (1998): Copper Tolerances of Adenophlebia The Science of the Total Environment 215Ž. 1998 217]229 Copper tolerances of Adenophlebia auriculata Ž.Eaton 1884 Ž.Insecta: Ephemeroptera and Burnupia stenochorias Cawston 1932Ž. Gastropoda: Ancylidae in indoor arti®cial streams U A. Gerhardt , C. Palmer Rhodes Uni¨ersity, Institute for Water Research, Box 94, 6140 Grahamstown, South Africa Received 14 November 1997; accepted 15 January 1998 Abstract Copper tolerances of two potential African model species for toxicity testing, the may¯y Adenophlebia auriculata Ž.Eaton 1884 Ž exposed to 10 different concentrations in the range of 0.02]65 mg ly1. and the limpet Burnupia stenochorias Cawston 1932Ž exposed to eight different concentrations in the range of 0.02]3 mg ly1. were determined in continuous ¯ow-through indoor arti®cial streams. The following parameters were monitored daily: Cu, pH, temperature, oxygen, survival and location of each individual in the channels. Behavioural effects after 96 h exposure y1 on the may¯ies were measured with impedance conversion technique. B. stenochorias ŽLC50 : 0.36 mg lŽ. 24 h , 0.10 y1 y1 y1 mg lŽ. 48 h , 0.07 mg lŽ.. 72 h was more sensitive to copper than A. auriculata ŽLC50 : 1.78 mg lŽ. 24 h , 0.79 mg ly1 Ž. 48 h , 0.18 mg ly1Ž.. 96 h . A. auriculata occurred most frequently under the stones, however moved up to the top of the stones just before death at G0.5 mg Cu ly1. With increasing exposure time the may¯ies signi®cantly preferred the stones close to the out¯ow Ž.Ps0.016 . B. stenochorias reacted to Cu-exposure by moving out of the water Ž.Ps0.009 and towards the in¯ow or out¯ow of the channels at G0.06 mg ly1 . After 96 h of exposure, Cu-exposed may¯ies ventilated more than the controls Ž.P-0.05 . A dose-dependent sequence of different behaviours was seen with increasing Cu-concentrations: increased abdomen undulations ŽG0.046 mg ly1.Ž. , increased locomotion escape at G0.231 mg ly1 and increased ventilation ŽG0.277 mg ly1. combined with increased variance in the data sets. In both species the Cu body burdens increased proportionally with copper exposure. Q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. Keywords: Copper; Tolerance; Arti®cial streams; Adenophlebia auriculata; Burnupia stenochorias U Corresponding author: Oststrasse 24, D-49477 Ibbenburen,È Germany. Tel.rfax: q49 5451 2065. 0048-9697r98r$19.00 Q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII S0048-9697Ž. 98 00121-1 218 A. Gerhardt, C. Palmer rThe Science of the Total En¨ironment 215() 1998 217]229 1. Introduction Sublethal effects of Cu include the valve clo- sure of juvenile Unionidae at 20 mgly1 and In South Africa, aquatic toxicology is a rather shortening of activity phases at 100 mgly1 new research ®eld. The development of water and Ž.Jacobson et al., 1993 , reduced ®ltration rate of sediment quality criteria is based on toxicity mussels at 94 mg ly1 Ž Blaxter and Ten Hallers bioassays with standard and indigenous test Tjabbes, 1992. , fewer movements and reproduc- species. The aim of the present paper is to reveal tive success in Lymnaea truncatula at G1mgly1 short-term lethal and sublethal toxicity of Cu for Ž.Rondelaud, 1988 , changes in macroinvertebrate two new potential African test species, the may¯y species composition and abundance at G6 mg Adenophlebia auriculata Ž.Eaton 1884 and the gas- ly1 Ž. Clements et al., 1989, 1990 and reduced tropod Burnupia stenochorias Cawston 1932. emergence of Clistoronia magni®ca Ž.Trichoptera Short-term toxicity tests using survival and sub- Ž.Nebeker et al., 1984 . lethal responses of macroinvertebrates are an im- The variety in tolerances for survival and other portant component of the routine battery of tests toxicity endpoints indicates that it is necessary to to evaluate toxicity of chemicals, support registra- perform several toxicity bioassays with different tion of pesticide products for outdoor application, parameters, such as survival, behaviour and monitor ef¯uents, establish water quality criteria growth for each species to be considered as in- and provide aquatic safety assessments for chemi- digenous test species. calsŽ. Bitton et al., 1995 . Benthic macroinverte- brates are particularly suited as model species for 2. Materials and methods such tests due to the relative sedentary habits of some taxaŽ. e.g. molluscs and their wide range of 2.1. Test species sensitivities to contaminantsŽ. e.g. may¯ies ŽPontasch and Cairns, 1991; Kifney and Cle- Compared to standard toxicity test species such ments, 1994. as Daphnia magna, toxicity assessment with in- CopperŽ. Cu is an essential micronutrient for digenous species has the advantage of increased most living organisms, being incorporated in at ecological relevance. The disadvantage is, how- least 30 different enzymes mediating metabolic ever, the results are restricted to the area of processes and oxygen transportŽ e.g. haemo- distribution of the test species. Apart from geo- cyanin.Ž Flemming and Trevors, 1989 . Copper graphical distribution, abundance, availability and has been considered as a priority pollutant by the ecological importance are key factors for the USEPAŽ. Suedel et al., 1996 . Its wide use as an choice of indigenous toxicity test speciesŽ APHA, algicide, aquatic herbicide, fungicide and mollus- 1992.Ž . Adenophlebia auriculata Ephemeroptera: cicide re¯ects selective toxicity at high concentra- Leptophlebiidae. has been chosen because it is tions. There are numerous short-term toxicity easily naturally available throughout the year studies which reveal a wide range of tolerances to Ž.O'Keeffe and Palmer, 1995 , comparatively large ] m Cu amongst aquatic invertebrates: LC50 : 5 86 g Ž.up to 3 cm length , and easy to feed and rear in ly1 for Daphnia sp.Ž. Crustacea , 17]98 mg ly1 for the laboratoryŽ. Haigh and Davies-Coleman, 1996 . Chironomus tentans Ž.Diptera , 10]890 mg ly1 for The species is abundant in `deadwater' areas of Tubifex sp.Ž.Ž Oligochaeta Flemming and Trevors, many headwater streams such as behind big stones 1989. , 44 mg ly1 for Villosa iris Ž.Unionidae , 83 and pools in the Eastern Cape Province, South mg ly1 for Anodonta grandis Ž.ŽUnionidae Jacob- AfricaŽ. Palmer et al., 1994 . A. auriculata is classi- son et al., 1993. , 30]64 000 mg ly1 for caddis¯ies, ®ed as an omnivorous brusher collectorŽ Palmer 37 mg ly1 for Gammarus pulex Ž.ŽCrustacea Taylor et al., 1993. It survived well between 15 and 258C et al., 1991. , 1.7 mg ly1 for Dugesia tigrina in still water and in recirculating systems with Ž.Ž.Turbellaria See, 1976 and 0.075 to 1.1 mg ly1different food sources such as detritus, commer- for different species of freshwater ®shŽ Atchison cial ®sh food, leaves, and algaeŽ O'Keeffe and et al., 1987. Palmer, 1995. The taxonomy is rather easy as A. Gerhardt, C. Palmer rThe Science of the Total En¨ironment 215() 1998 217]229 219 South African Leptophlebiidae comprise three Table 1 genera, of which Adenophlebia contains two Water quality parameters of the sampling sites and of the tapwater used for the experiments speciesŽ. Mc Cafferty, 1990 . Burnupia stenochorias Ž.Gastropoda: Ancylidae Parameter Water body Ž.y1 is sedentary and easy to breed in the laboratory mg l Blaaukrantz PalmietrBerg Tapwater on different sources of arti®cial food. A starving period of 4 days can be survived without negative pH 7.8 6.7 7.6 Ž NH4 -N 0.76 0.03 0.04 effects Davies-Coleman, personal communica- r . NO32NO -N 0.8 0.01 0.1 tion . The species is found on stones in the cur- PO -P 0.49 0.008 0.43 rent in many streams of the Eastern Cape 4 SO4 56 37 28 ProvinceŽ. O'Keeffe and Palmer, 1995 . The An- Na 282 23 54 cylidae are distributed worldwide, comprising K 6.7 0.9 3.9 seven generaŽ. Hubendick, 1964 , three of which Ca 66 1 14 Mg 50 3 10 occur in Africa and one of them, Burnupia being F 0.4 0.1 0.1 restricted to Africa, however little is known about Cl 426 16 95 their ecology and ecotoxicologyŽ. Brown, 1980 . ECŽ. mSrm 188.3 16.3 47.9 The ancylid freshwater limpets have lost nearly all traces of pulmonary cavity and instead have developed well-vascularized, extensive neomor- rent and that their behaviour might be seriously phic gills, resulting in cutaneous respirationŽ Rus- affected by being kept in lentic conditions. Exper- sel-Hunter, 1978. The limpets seem to have an imental systems with current maintain the largest especially high oxygen demand, as they are con- species diversity and numbers of organisms ®ned almost entirely to small, stony streams and Ž.Pontasch and Cairns, 1989 . All toxicity tests the wave-washed shores of lakesŽ. Brown, 1980 . were therefore performed in a ¯ow-through sys- tem. Dechlorinated tapwater was pumped from 2.2. Sampling sites 25-l aerated reservoirs into white PVC channels Ž.1.5 m length at 10 mlrmin with peristaltic A. auriculata was collected from the pumps. The water passed from each channel via BergrPalmiet River system, ;12 km south west an over¯ow pipe, covered with nylon nettingŽ 500 m of GrahamstownŽ.Ž 338229 S, 268289 E Eastern m. and was collected in 100-l containers for Cape. using hand nets in June 1996. The river is treatment and safe disposal. Four hand-sized r unpollutedŽ. Table 1 , has a stony bed and ¯ows stones from the Berg Palmiet River system and r through natural Valley Bush vegetation. B. steno- two Whatman GF C ®lterpapers covered with chorias was collected from the Blaaukrantz River, ®ne detritus according to GerhardtŽ. 1992a were ;13 km outside Grahamstown,Ž 338209260 S, added in each channel as substrate and food for 268409450 E.
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