Salvinia Molesta Information Sheet

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Salvinia molesta Information Sheet Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia, karibaweed) is a perennial floating aquatic fern that is native to Brazil, and thrives in nutrient rich, warm slow-moving freshwater. It was first introduced to the State of Hawaii as an ornamental aquatic plant, but it quickly spread by unintentional means through aquarium releases, fishing and boating gear. Giant Salvinia grows in dense mat structures and can double in size in under a weeks’ time. To compound this issue, it may reproduce from tiny spores as well as from small fragments. Giant Salvinia has no predator in Hawaii to keep its growth rate in check. In 2002 Lake Wilson (Wahiawa Reservoir) Oahu, Salvinia had completely covered the entire surface of the 325-acre lake. It took only two months to go from 30% coverage to 100% coverage within the lake. The Salvinia was so thick that it hindered boat movement within the game fishing lake. Salvinia posed a threat to the ecosystem of the lake by reducing oxygen levels and sunlight to the rest of the lake below. If left unchecked the mats degrade the water quality for fish and other organisms, and shade out native plants. By 2003 the state invested more than a million dollars in a clean-up effort that involved multiple interagency and volunteer efforts to manually remove the weed from the lake. The remaining weeds were sprayed with aquatic herbicides. No Salvinia has been reported in Lake Wilson since this cleanup effort. Salvinia molesta has since been banned for sale within Hawaii. Giant Salvinia has proven to be incredibly invasive in other parts of the United States and is regulated by the Federal Noxious Weed Program. In 2013 Salvinia was added to the List of 100 of the World’s Worse Invasive Alien Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Water Spangles (Salvinia Minima) ERSS
Water Spangles (Salvinia minima) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, December 2014 Revised, April 2018 Web Version, 8/19/2019 Photo: Kurt Stüber. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_minima_1.jpg. (April 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range GISD (2018) lists Salvinia minima as native to Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. From Howard Morgan (2018): “Native Range: Central and South America; common and wide-ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina and Brazil (Mickel a[n]d Beitel 1988, [Stoltze] 1983). De la Sota (1976) 1 remarked that, in Argentina, the natural range of Salvinia minima could not be precisely determined due to its frequency in the watergarden and aquarium trade.” Status in the United States GISD (2018) lists Salvinia minima as alien, invasive and established in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Minnesota, New York, and Texas. Howard Morgan (2018) list Salvinia minima as present in the wild in Alabama (first report in 1982), Arkansas (first report in 1998), California (first report in 2008), Florida (first report in 1930), Georgia (first report in 1936), Idaho (first report in 2004), Louisiana (first report in 1980), Maryland (first report in 1984), Massachusetts (first report in 1992), Mississippi (first report in 1999), New Mexico (first report in 1999), New York (first report in 1990), Ohio (first report in 2017), Oklahoma (first report in 1989), Puerto Rico (first report in 1998), South Carolina (first report in 1997), and Texas (first report in 1992).
[Show full text]
The Adventive Status of Salvinia Minima and S. Molesta in The
The Adventive Status of Salvinia minima and S. molesta in the Southern United States and the Related Distribution of the Weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae Author(s): Colette C. Jacono, Tracy R. Davern and Ted D. Center Source: Castanea, Vol. 66, No. 3 (Sep., 2001), pp. 214-226 Published by: Southern Appalachian Botanical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4033946 . Accessed: 29/09/2014 14:51 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Southern Appalachian Botanical Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Castanea. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 158.135.136.72 on Mon, 29 Sep 2014 14:51:58 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions CASTANEA 66(3): 214-226. SEPTEMBER 2001 The Adventive Status of Salvinia minima and S. molesta in the Southern United States and the Related Distribution of the Weevil Cyrtobagous salviniae COLETTE C. JACONO,1 TRACY R. DAVERN,2 and TED D. CENTER2 'USGS, Florida Caribbean Science Center, 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, Florida 32653; 2USDA-ARS,Invasive Plant Research Laboratory,3205 College Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33314 ABSTRACT The recent introduction of Salvinia molesta constitutes a serious threat to aquatic systems in the warm temperate regions of the United States.
[Show full text]
Salvinia Molesta. Retrieved From
Aquatic Plant Salvinia I. Current Status and Distribution Salvinia molesta, S. minima, S. herzogii, S. natans a. Range Global/Continental Wisconsin Native Range S. molesta: South America (Southern Brazil)1 S. minima: Central and South America2 S. herzogii: South America3 S. natans: Eurasia4 Not recorded in Wisconsin Figure 1: U.S and Canada Distribution Map5 Also reported from Virginia & Colorado6 (S. molesta, S. minima, S. herzogii, and S. natans) Abundance/Range Widespread: Tropics, subtropics Not applicable Locally Abundant: Warm temperatures, high nutrients7 Not applicable Sparse: Frost-limited Not applicable Range Expansion Date Introduced: Late 19th century8; 1930s2; late 1970s to early Not applicable 1980s9 Rate of Spread: Extremely rapid; doubling time of 2.9 days (S. Not applicable herzogii)10 Density Risk of Monoculture: High; capable of 30,000 plants/m2; can result Unknown in mats 3 feet thick9 Facilitated By: High temperatures, nutrients Unknown b. Habitat Lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, low energy systems Tolerance Chart of tolerances: Increasingly dark color indicates increasingly optimal range11,12 Preferences Low energy freshwater systems; high nutrient input (nitrogen) and high temperatures10,13; intolerant of salinity8 Page 1 of 5 Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources – Aquatic Invasive Species Literature Review c. Regulation Noxious/Regulated5: Federal Noxious Weed List; AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, FL, MA, MS, NV, NC, OR, SC, TX, VT Minnesota Regulations: Prohibited; One may not possess, import, purchase, propagate, or transport Michigan Regulations: Prohibited; One may not knowingly possess or introduce Washington Regulations: Secondary Species of Concern II. Establishment Potential and Life History Traits a. Life History Floating leaf aquatic fern; subtle differences exist between species but in general they are very closely related13; S.
[Show full text]
Salvinia Molesta D. Mitch. (Salviniaceae): Impact and Control
CAB Reviews 2020 15, No. 033 Salvinia molesta D. Mitch. (Salviniaceae): impact and control Julie A. Coetzee1* and Martin P. Hill2 Address: 1Botany Department, Centre for Biological Control, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, P.O. Box 94, 6140, South Africa. 2Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Biological Control, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, P.O. Box 94, 6140, South Africa. ORCID information: Julie A. Coetzee (orcid: 0000-0002-0364-3349); Martin P. Hill (orcid: 0000-0003-0579-5298) *Correspondence: Julie A. Coetzee. Email: [email protected] Received: 15 November 2019 Accepted: 07 July 2020 doi: 10.1079/PAVSNNR202015033 The electronic version of this article is the definitive one. It is located here: http://www.cabi.org/cabreviews © CAB International 2020 (Online ISSN 1749-8848) Abstract Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) (giant salvinia), a floating aquatic fern of Brazilian origin, has been dispersed to much of the tropical and subtropical parts of the world since the mid-1900s, where it is invasive and damaging. Herbicide application and mechanical control of this weed are labor intensive and expensive, but biological control using the host-specific weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Calder and Sands), provides an effective and sustainable solution. The weevil was first released as a biological control agent onto S. molesta in Australia in 1980 and has subsequently been released in further 22 countries affected by the weed. The biological control program against S. molesta has been an extraordinary success story where a single weevil species has resulted in the weed no longer being considered invasive in most countries in a relatively short time of under 3 years.
[Show full text]
2 Floating Fern (Salvinia)
2 FLOATING FERN (SALVINIA) M. H. Julien,1 T. D. Center,2 and P. W. Tipping2 1 CSIRO Entomology, Indooroopilly, Australia 2 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA PEST STATUS OF WEED tats for vectors of human disease with serious socio- economic impacts. Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell is a floating fern na- In developing countries, the impact of salvinia tive to South America that in the last half of the twen- can be devastating because weed mats block the use tieth century spread widely throughout the tropics of waterways for transportation, cutting off access and subtropics, moved in part by the trade in orna- to important services, farm lands, and hunting mental plants for fish tanks and ponds. It forms dense grounds. The harm from salvinia mats to fisheries also mats over lakes and slow moving rivers and causes can be very significant to communities dependent on large economic losses and a wide range of ecological fish for local consumption (sometimes as the main problems to native species and communities. It is of source of protein) or in areas where fish sales are the interest in the United States because of its recent es- main source of cash income (Bennett, 1966; Thomas tablishment in east Texas. and Room, 1986). Salvinia also is a weed of paddy Nature of Damage rice that reduces production by competing for wa- ter, nutrients and space (Anon., 1987). Economic damage. Mats of S. molesta (referred to Ecological damage. The ability to grow very hereafter as salvinia) impede access to and use of wa- quickly (Cary and Weerts, 1983; Mitchell and Tur, terways for commercial and recreational purposes 1975; Mitchell, 1978/9; Room, 1986) and blanket wa- and degrade waterside aesthetics (Fig.
[Show full text]
Cyrtobagous Salviniae) (Salvinia Molesta), a Free-Floating
Salvinia Weevil A natural enemy of SALVINIA (Cyrtobagous salviniae) (Salvinia molesta), a free-floating fern, in South Africa. 25 DOSSIERS ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS AVAILABLE TO AID ALIEN PLANT CONTROL Description The adult weevils are small, about 2mm in length and black. Newly emerged adults are light brown on emergence and then turn black. Life Cycle Adults can live for several months. On salvinia they are found on Cyrtobagous salviniae or near the growth tips or amongst the roots. Eggs are deposited singly on salvinia in cavities chewed by the female in unopened buds or amongst roots. Eggs hatch in about 10 days. Females lay 2-5 eggs per day over 60 days. On average the white crescentric larvae complete three instars (stages) in 23 days before pupating in a cocoon. The cocoon is spun beneath the water surface in close contact with or amongst the roots. The prepupae and pupal stage is completed in 10-15 days. The total life cycle, dependant on temperature, is completed in 31-68 days. Dispersal of adults is rarely by flight, but mostly by the weevils walking or dispersed with their free-floating host plant. Feeding Damage Salvinia molesta. Inset shows weevil damage. Young larvae feed on the buds (growth tips) and roots while older larvae tunnel into the rhizomes causing leaves to darken and drop off. Adult feeding damages the growth tips and young leaves. Damaged plants become waterlogged and sink. The presence of damaged growth tips is the most characteristic indicator of the presence of the weevils. Effect on Salvinia (Salvinia molesta).
[Show full text]
Giant Salvinia Including an Aquatic INVASIVE SPECIES FACT SHEET Grasshopper (Paulinia Acuminate De Geer), the Pyralid Moth (Samea Multiplicalis Guenee)
MANAGEMENT Biological Control: A few biological control agents exist for the potential control of giant salvinia including an aquatic INVASIVE SPECIES FACT SHEET grasshopper (Paulinia acuminate De Geer), the pyralid moth (Samea multiplicalis Guenee). The moth and the grass- hopper were primarily investigated in Australia and currently are not approved for use in the United States. Herbivo- Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell) rous fish including the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.), and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Trewavas); the last has shown promise as a biological control agent (Table 1). However, the salvinia weevil (Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder Description, Distribution, and Management and Sands) is the most notable and only organism that has demonstrated success in giant salvinia control. Both adult and larval damage can reduce giant salvinia infestations when conditions are optimal for weevil growth. Optimal condi- Ryan M. Wersal and John D. Madsen, Ph.D., GeoResources Institute, Mississippi State University tions include water temperatures between 61 and 86°F. Water temperatures outside this range results in decreased GRI Publication #5006 weevil performance. Similarly, feeding and larval damage depend on levels of nitrogen in plant tissues; low levels of plant nitrogen result in low densities of the salvinia weevil. Mechanical Control: Manual (hand pulling) or mechanical (wire nets and floating booms) control of giant salvinia is only INTRODUCTION practical during the early stages of growth (Table 1). After giant salvinia is established in a given area, increased bio- Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitchell) is an aquatic fern native to southern Brazil. Giant salvinia is free-floating mass and rapid growth makes harvesting and hand pulling unfeasible.
[Show full text]
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Biological Control of Invasive
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States Roy Van Driesche Bernd Blossey Mark Hoddle Suzanne Lyon Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team—Morgantown, West Virginia United States Forest FHTET-2002-04 Department of Service August 2002 Agriculture BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INVASIVE PLANTS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Technical Coordinators Roy Van Driesche and Suzanne Lyon Department of Entomology, University of Massachusets, Amherst, MA Bernd Blossey Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Mark Hoddle Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA Richard Reardon Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, USDA, Forest Service, Morgantown, WV USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the authors of the individual chap- We would also like to thank the U.S. Depart- ters for their expertise in reviewing and summariz- ment of Agriculture–Forest Service, Forest Health ing the literature and providing current information Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, West on biological control of the major invasive plants in Virginia, for providing funding for the preparation the Eastern United States. and printing of this publication. G. Keith Douce, David Moorhead, and Charles Additional copies of this publication can be or- Bargeron of the Bugwood Network, University of dered from the Bulletin Distribution Center, Uni- Georgia (Tifton, Ga.), managed and digitized the pho- versity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, (413) tographs and illustrations used in this publication and 545-2717; or Mark Hoddle, Department of Entomol- produced the CD-ROM accompanying this book.
[Show full text]
Giant Salvinia, Salvinia Molesta (Salviniaceae)
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 10-30-2017 Giant Salvinia, Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae): Evaluation Of Sub-Optimum Temperatures on Survival of the Giant Salvinia Weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Integration of Management Practices with Aquatic Herbicides Lauren W. Cozad Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Biology Commons, Entomology Commons, Other Plant Sciences Commons, and the Weed Science Commons Recommended Citation Cozad, Lauren W., "Giant Salvinia, Salvinia molesta (Salviniaceae): Evaluation Of Sub-Optimum Temperatures on Survival of the Giant Salvinia Weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Integration of Management Practices with Aquatic Herbicides" (2017). LSU Master's Theses. 4329. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4329 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GIANT SALVINIA, SALVINIA MOLESTA (SALVINIACEAE): EVALUATION OF SUB-OPTIMUM TEMPERATURES ON SURVIVAL OF THE GIANT SALVINIA WEEVIL, CYRTOBAGOUS SALVINIAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) AND INTEGRATION OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES WITH AQUATIC HERBICIDES A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences by Lauren W Cozad B.S., Northwestern State University, 2010 December 2017 To my best friend and husband, without your love and support throughout this journey, this dream could not have become a reality.
[Show full text]
Anatomical-Histological Observations Conducted on Aquatic Ferns in the Danube Delta
ANCA SÂRBU & al. J. Plant Develop. 24(2017): 3-21 ANATOMICAL-HISTOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS CONDUCTED ON AQUATIC FERNS IN THE DANUBE DELTA Anca SÂRBU1*, Daniela SMARANDACHE1, Antonia Teona MARINESCU2, Anca Monica PARASCHIV3, Clara MIHAI1, Andreea Maria VELICU4 Abstract: This paper analyses aquatic ferns from the genera Azolla Lam., Marsilea L. and Salvinia Séguier, which occur in the Danube Delta, Romania, and comprises a series of anatomical and histological observations of taxonomical, chorological and eco-morphological importance. The research conducted on specimens collected between 2005-2013 from the natural habitats of the Danube Delta, but also from the extra-deltaic artificial habitats have enabled: i) a reconsideration of some chorological aspects regarding the species of the genus Azolla in Romania; ii) a greater understanding of the adaptive plasticity relative to the factor water for the taxon Marsilea quadrifolia L. collected from natural and artificial habitats; iii) the enrichment of the data regarding the structural characteristics of the taxon Salvinia natans (L.) All., particularly around the adaptive elements associated with living on the surface of the water. Keywords: adaptability, anatomy, aquatic ferns, chorology, taxonomy. Introduction This paper discusses the aquatic ferns in the Danube Delta, namely the species of the genera Azolla Lam., Salvinia natans (L.) All. and Marsilea quadrifolia L. The representatives of the genus Azolla in Romania are Azolla filiculoides Lam., A. caroliniana Willd. and A. mexicana C. Presl., aquatic-natant adventive hydrophytes [SÂRBU & al. 2013]. As regards the presence and the distribution of these taxa in the flora of Romania, numerous bibliographical references have been made over time. Initially, only Azolla filiculoides and A.
[Show full text]
Salvinia Molesta (SALVINIACEAE) a NEW RECORD for the FLORA
International Journal of Science, Environment ISSN 2278-3687 (O) and Technology, Vol. 8, No 1, 2019, 132 – 140 2277-663X (P) Salvinia molesta (SALVINIACEAE) A NEW RECORD FOR THE FLORA OF SUDAN * Ikram Madani , Faisal Sinada and Talal Mohammed Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Khartoum University, Khartoum, Sudan E-mail: [email protected] (*Corresponding Author) Abstract: This is the first documentation for the presence of Salvinia molesta in the White Nile, Sudan. Floating Salvinia molesta were encountered in the open water for the first time in Sudan near Kosti town (N 13° 11' 15.50" E 32° 40' 20.37"). Specimens of Salvinia were positively identified consulting relevant taxonomic keys, illustrations and descriptions. Leaf areolation patterns, sporocarps morphology, and types of hairs on the abaxial surface of the leaf were considered as key characters for identification. Keywords: Salvinia molesta; White Nile; Sudan; new record. Introduction Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell (Salviniaceae) is a floating water fern which infest tropical and subtropical wetlands worldwide. Several authors reported that S. molesta is native to South America, particularly south-eastern Brazil (Mitchell and Thomas, 1972; Forno, 1983). It has been spread widely throughout the world during the past 80 years. In Africa it has been reported in Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d’Ivoire, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe (Julien et al., 2009) and recently in Uganda (Andama et al., 2017). It spread to the Indian sub-continent, south-east Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico and southern USA ( Forno and Harley, 1979; Thomas and Room, 1986 .) The family Salviniaceae has only one genus Salvinia and 10 species reported worldwide, eight of which grow in South America (de la Sota, 2001).
[Show full text]
A Guide to Mass Rearing the Salvinia Weevil for Biological Control of Giant Salvinia
A Guide to Mass Rearing the Salvinia Weevil for Biological Control of Giant Salvinia A Guide to Mass Rearing the Salvinia Weevil A Guide to Mass Rearing the Salvinia Weevil for Biological Control of Giant Salvinia Allen Knutson and Julie Nachtrieb Project Coordinators Chapter Authors Chapter 1 Giant Salvinia, Salvinia Weevil, and Biological Control of Giant Salvinia Allen Knutson and Abhishek Mukherjee Chapter 2 Water Quality Parameters Important to Growing Giant Salvinia Allen Knutson Chapter 3 Rearing the Salvinia Weevil for Biological Control of Giant Salvinia at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Lewisville Aquatic Ecosystem Research Facility Julie G. Nachtrieb Chapter 4 Rearing the Salvinia Weevil in Outdoor Tanks at Caddo Lake, Texas Patrick Ireland, Allen Knutson, and Lucas Gregory Chapter 5 Rearing the Salvinia Weevil in the Greenhouse Lee J. Eisenberg and Seth J. Johnson Chapter 6 Rearing the Salvinia Weevil in Ponds Dearl Sanders, Wendell Lorio, and Keith Whitehead Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service Special Publication ESP-475 A Guide to Mass Rearing the Salvinia Weevil Table of Contents List of Figures .........................................................................................................................iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................v Preface ....................................................................................................................................vi
[Show full text]