Salvinia Molesta Information Sheet

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Salvinia Molesta Information Sheet Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Salvinia molesta Information Sheet Salvinia molesta (Giant Salvinia, karibaweed) is a perennial floating aquatic fern that is native to Brazil, and thrives in nutrient rich, warm slow-moving freshwater. It was first introduced to the State of Hawaii as an ornamental aquatic plant, but it quickly spread by unintentional means through aquarium releases, fishing and boating gear. Giant Salvinia grows in dense mat structures and can double in size in under a weeks’ time. To compound this issue, it may reproduce from tiny spores as well as from small fragments. Giant Salvinia has no predator in Hawaii to keep its growth rate in check. In 2002 Lake Wilson (Wahiawa Reservoir) Oahu, Salvinia had completely covered the entire surface of the 325-acre lake. It took only two months to go from 30% coverage to 100% coverage within the lake. The Salvinia was so thick that it hindered boat movement within the game fishing lake. Salvinia posed a threat to the ecosystem of the lake by reducing oxygen levels and sunlight to the rest of the lake below. If left unchecked the mats degrade the water quality for fish and other organisms, and shade out native plants. By 2003 the state invested more than a million dollars in a clean-up effort that involved multiple interagency and volunteer efforts to manually remove the weed from the lake. The remaining weeds were sprayed with aquatic herbicides. No Salvinia has been reported in Lake Wilson since this cleanup effort. Salvinia molesta has since been banned for sale within Hawaii. Giant Salvinia has proven to be incredibly invasive in other parts of the United States and is regulated by the Federal Noxious Weed Program. In 2013 Salvinia was added to the List of 100 of the World’s Worse Invasive Alien Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. .
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    Water Spangles (Salvinia minima) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, December 2014 Revised, April 2018 Web Version, 8/19/2019 Photo: Kurt Stüber. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported. Available: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Salvinia_minima_1.jpg. (April 2018). 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range GISD (2018) lists Salvinia minima as native to Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, and Venezuela. From Howard Morgan (2018): “Native Range: Central and South America; common and wide-ranging from southern Mexico to northern Argentina and Brazil (Mickel a[n]d Beitel 1988, [Stoltze] 1983). De la Sota (1976) 1 remarked that, in Argentina, the natural range of Salvinia minima could not be precisely determined due to its frequency in the watergarden and aquarium trade.” Status in the United States GISD (2018) lists Salvinia minima as alien, invasive and established in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Minnesota, New York, and Texas. Howard Morgan (2018) list Salvinia minima as present in the wild in Alabama (first report in 1982), Arkansas (first report in 1998), California (first report in 2008), Florida (first report in 1930), Georgia (first report in 1936), Idaho (first report in 2004), Louisiana (first report in 1980), Maryland (first report in 1984), Massachusetts (first report in 1992), Mississippi (first report in 1999), New Mexico (first report in 1999), New York (first report in 1990), Ohio (first report in 2017), Oklahoma (first report in 1989), Puerto Rico (first report in 1998), South Carolina (first report in 1997), and Texas (first report in 1992).
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