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Mottramite Pbcu(VO4)(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic
Mottramite PbCu(VO4)(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As crystals, equant or dipyramidal {111}, prismatic [001] or [100], with {101}, {201}, many others, to 3 mm, in drusy crusts, botryoidal, usually granular to compact, massive. Physical Properties: Fracture: Small conchoidal to uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = ∼5.9 D(calc.) = 6.187 Optical Properties: Transparent to nearly opaque. Color: Grass-green, olive-green, yellow- green, siskin-green, blackish brown, nearly black. Streak: Yellowish green. Luster: Greasy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–), rarely biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Weak to strong; X = Y = canary-yellow to greenish yellow; Z = brownish yellow. Orientation: X = c; Y = b; Z = a. Dispersion: r> v,strong; rarely r< v.α= 2.17(2) β = 2.26(2) γ = 2.32(2) 2V(meas.) = ∼73◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P nma. a = 7.667–7.730 b = 6.034–6.067 c = 9.278–9.332 Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Mottram St. Andrew, England; close to descloizite. 3.24 (vvs), 5.07 (vs), 2.87 (vs), 2.68 (vs), 2.66 (vs), 2.59 (vs), 1.648 (vs) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) CrO3 0.50 ZnO 0.31 10.08 P2O5 0.24 PbO 55.64 55.30 As2O5 1.33 H2O 3.57 2.23 V2O5 21.21 22.53 insol. 0.17 CuO 17.05 9.86 Total 100.02 100.00 (1) Bisbee, Arizona, USA; average of three analyses. (2) Pb(Cu, Zn)(VO4)(OH) with Zn:Cu = 1:1. -
Descloizite Pbzn(VO4)(OH) C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Descloizite PbZn(VO4)(OH) c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. As crystals, equant or pyramidal {111}, prismatic [001] or [100], or tabular {100}, with {101}, {201}, many others, rarely skeletal, to 5 cm, commonly in drusy crusts, stalactitic or botryoidal, coarsely fibrous, granular to compact, massive. Physical Properties: Fracture: Small conchoidal to uneven. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3–3.5 D(meas.) = ∼6.2 D(calc.) = 6.202 Optical Properties: Transparent to nearly opaque. Color: Brownish red, red-orange, reddish brown to blackish brown, nearly black. Streak: Orange to brownish red. Luster: Greasy. Optical Class: Biaxial (–), rarely biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Weak to strong; X = Y = canary-yellow to greenish yellow; Z = brownish yellow. Orientation: X = c; Y = b; Z = a. Dispersion: r> v,strong; rarely r< v.α= 2.185(10) β = 2.265(10) γ = 2.35(10) 2V(meas.) = ∼90◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P nma. a = 7.593 b = 6.057 c = 9.416 Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Venus mine, [El Guaico district, C´ordobaProvince,] Argentina; close to mottramite. 3.23 (vvs), 5.12 (vs), 2.90 (vs), 2.69 (vsb), 2.62 (vsb), 1.652 (vs), 4.25 (s) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) SiO2 0.02 ZnO 19.21 10.08 As2O5 0.00 PbO 55.47 55.30 +350◦ V2O5 22.76 22.53 H2O 2.17 −350◦ FeO trace H2O 0.02 MnO trace H2O 2.23 CuO 0.56 9.86 Total 100.21 100.00 (1) Abenab, Namibia. -
Lead Sequestration in the Soil Environment with an Emphasis on the Chemical Thermodynamics Involving Phosphate As a Soil Amendment: Review and Simulations
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Research ISSN 0973-2683 Volume 13, Number 1 (2018) pp. 9-19 © Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com Lead Sequestration in the Soil Environment with an Emphasis on the Chemical Thermodynamics Involving Phosphate as a Soil Amendment: Review and Simulations Michael Aide* and Indi Braden Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University, USA. (*Corresponding author) Abstract Soil lead (Pb2+) contamination is a global issue and in many instances the extent of the impact is intense. In Missouri (USA) the legacy of lead mining and processing has resulted in widespread soil impact. We present a review of lead research focusing on the use of phosphate soil amendments to reduce the biological availability of lead and to illustrate how simulations of soil solution chemistry may guide researchers in defining their experimental designs. We demonstrate (i) the simulation of lead hydrolysis arising from the dissolution of galena and pyromorphite, (ii) the simulation of lead hydrolysis and the thermodynamically favored precipitation of lead species across selected pH intervals and (iii) provide activity diagrams showing the stability fields for selected soil chemical environments. Thermodynamic simulations are addressed as an important preparatory process for experimental design development and protocol selection involving field-based research. Keywords: Lead, hydrolysis, ion-pair formation, pyromorphite, galena. INTRODUCTION In the eastern Ozarks of Missouri (USA), Mississippi Valley Type lead ores occur in Paleozoic carbonate rock as galena (PbS), with sphalerite (ZnS) and pyrite (FeS2) as important auxiliary minerals [1]. On a world-wide basis, lead (Pb2+) abundances vary with the rock type, ranging from 10 to 40 mg Pb kg-1 in felsic and argillaceous sediments [2]. -
Mottramite, Descloizite, and Vanadinite) in the Caldbeck Area of Cumberland
289 New occurrences of vanadium minerals (mottramite, descloizite, and vanadinite) in the Caldbeck area of Cumberland. By ART~VR W. G. KINGSBURu F.G.S., Dept. of Geology and Mineralogy, University Museum, Oxford, and J. HARTLnY, B.Sc., F.G.S., Dept. of Geology, University of Leeds. [Taken as read 10 June 1954.] Summary.--Four new occurrences of vanadium minerals are described. New X-ray powder data are given for descloizite and mottramite, and show appreciable differences. Evidence is brought that the original occurrence of mottramite was not at Mottram St. Andrew, Cheshire, but Pim Hill, Shropshire, and that most if not all specimens labelled Mottram St. Andrew or Cheshire really came from Pim Hill. ANADIUM minerals are rare in the British Isles, and only two V species, mottramite (Cu, Zn)PbV0tOH and vanadinite Pbs(VO4)aC1, have so far been recorded from a limited number of localities. We do not include the vanadiferous nodules from Budleigh Salterton in Devon, as the vanadiferous mineral has not been identified. Mottramite, supposedly from Mottram St. Andrew in Cheshire, was first described in 1876,1 but we have evidence (below, p. 293) that the locality was in fact Pim Hill in Shropshire. ~ Vanadinite has so far only been found at Leadhills and Wanlockhead in Scotland. Vauquelinite has been de- scribed from Leadhills and Wanlockhead,a but the specimens have since been shown to be mottramite. 4 As a result of our investigations in the Lake District, we have found several new localities in the Caldbeck area for raottramite, deseloizite, and vanadinite. Higher part of Brandy Gill, Carroek Fell. -
Cu-Rich Members of the Beudantite–Segnitite Series from the Krupka Ore District, the Krušné Hory Mountains, Czech Republic
Journal of Geosciences, 54 (2009), 355–371 DOI: 10.3190/jgeosci.055 Original paper Cu-rich members of the beudantite–segnitite series from the Krupka ore district, the Krušné hory Mountains, Czech Republic Jiří SeJkOra1*, Jiří ŠkOvíra2, Jiří ČeJka1, Jakub PláŠIl1 1 Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, National museum, Václavské nám. 68, 115 79 Prague 1, Czech Republic; [email protected] 2 Martinka, 417 41 Krupka III, Czech Republic * Corresponding author Copper-rich members of the beudantite–segnitite series (belonging to the alunite supergroup) were found at the Krupka deposit, Krušné hory Mountains, Czech Republic. They form yellow-green irregular to botryoidal aggregates up to 5 mm in size. Well-formed trigonal crystals up to 15 μm in length are rare. Chemical analyses revealed elevated Cu contents up 2+ to 0.90 apfu. Comparably high Cu contents were known until now only in the plumbojarosite–beaverite series. The Cu 3+ 3+ 2+ ion enters the B position in the structure of the alunite supergroup minerals via the heterovalent substitution Fe Cu –1→ 3– 2– 3 (AsO4) (SO4) –1 . The unit-cell parameters (space group R-3m) a = 7.3265(7), c = 17.097(2) Å, V = 794.8(1) Å were determined for compositionally relatively homogeneous beudantite (0.35 – 0.60 apfu Cu) with the following average empirical formula: Pb1.00(Fe2.46Cu0.42Al0.13Zn0.01)Σ3.02 [(SO4)0.89(AsO3OH)0.72(AsO4)0.34(PO4)0.05]Σ2.00 [(OH)6.19F0.04]Σ6.23. Interpretation of thermogravimetric and infrared vibrational data is also presented. The Cu-rich members of the beudan- tite–segnitite series are accompanied by mimetite, scorodite, pharmacosiderite, cesàrolite and carminite. -
Mimetite Pb5(Aso4)3Cl C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal
Mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m. Crystals are usually prismatic to acicular k [0001], to 12 cm, may be tabular, showing {1010}, {0001}, {1011}, rarely {1121}, {2131}, others; rounded, barrel-shaped, mammillary, stalactitic, granular. Twinning: On {1122}, very rare. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {1011}, interrupted. Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3.5–4 D(meas.) = 7.24 D(calc.) = 7.26 Piezoelectric; may fluoresce reddish yellow under LW or SW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Pale to bright yellow, yellowish brown, yellow-orange, white, may be colorless; colorless or pale yellow in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Resinous to subadamantine. Optical Class: Uniaxial (–), commonly anomalously biaxial (–), sectored. Pleochroism: Weak. Absorption: O < E. ω = 2.147 = 2.128 Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/m (synthetic). a = 10.250(2) c = 7.454(1) Z = 2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 3.06 (100), 3.01 (90), 2.962 (66), 3.36 (38), 2.110 (30), 1.994 (22), 1.905 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) P2O5 0.14 As2O5 23.17 23.17 PbO 74.58 74.99 Cl 2.39 2.38 −O=Cl2 0.54 0.54 Total 99.74 100.00 (1) Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA. (2) Pb5(AsO4)3Cl. Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with clinomimetite. Mineral Group: Apatite group. Occurrence: A common secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing lead deposits. Association: Cerussite, anglesite, smithsonite, willemite, pyromorphite, wulfenite. Distribution: Many localities. A few for well-crystallized material include: Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony, Germany. -
Minium Pb Pb4+O4
2+ 4+ Minium Pb2 Pb O4 c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Tetragonal. Point Group: 4/m 2/m 2/m. Scaly; commonly earthy, pulverulent, massive. Physical Properties: Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 8.9–9.2 (synthetic). D(calc.) = [8.92] Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Scarlet to brownish red, may have a yellowish tint; red in transmitted light. Streak: Yellow-orange. Luster: Dull to slightly greasy. Optical Class: Uniaxial; may be weakly birefringent with anomalous green interference colors. Pleochroism: Strong; X = deep reddish brown; Z = nearly colorless. Orientation: Extinction parallel; elongation negative. n = 2.42(2) (Li). Cell Data: Space Group: P 42/mbc (synthetic). a = 8.811(5) c = 6.563(3) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 3.38 (100), 2.903 (50), 2.787 (45), 2.632 (30), 1.775 (30), 3.113 (20), 1.903 (20) Chemistry: (1) (2) PbO2 34.89 Pb3O4 97.02 Fe2O3 2.70 ZnO 0.26 PbO 65.11 CaO trace SiO2 trace Total 99.98 100.00 2+ 4+ (1) Santa Marta, Spain. (2) Pb2 Pb O4. Occurrence: A rare secondary mineral in some highly oxidized lead-bearing mineral deposits; may form during mine fires. Association: Galena, cerussite, massicot, litharge, lead, wulfenite, mimetite. Distribution: Many localities, but only in small amounts. In Germany, at Langhecke, Hesse; Badenweiler, Baden-W¨urttemberg; Bleialf, Eifel district; Horhausen, Rhineland-Palatinate, and many other places. At Mies (Meˇzica),Slovenia. From Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland. At Castelberg, near St. Avold, Moselle, France. From L˚angban,V¨armland,Sweden. At Sarrabus, Sardinia, Italy. -
Spectroscopic Study of Mimetite-Vanadinite Solid Solution Series - Preliminary Results
Geophysical Research Abstracts Vol. 16, EGU2014-5193-2, 2014 EGU General Assembly 2014 © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Spectroscopic study of mimetite-vanadinite solid solution series - preliminary results Urszula Janicka, Tomasz Bajda, Justyna Topolska, and Maciej Manecki AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environment Protection, Kraków, Poland ([email protected]) Mimetite Pb5(AsO4)3Cl and vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl are minerals from the Pb-apatites family which belong to the apatite supergroup. Most often they crystalize under hypergenic conditions, in oxidation zones of Pb ore deposits, where they form paragenesis with pyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3Cl. These minerals are used in the techniques of soils reclamation. Their crystal structure allows substituting of metal cations as well as of anionic complexes. Natural mimetite often contains admixture of phosphates and/or vanadates. Similarly, vanadinite contains admixtures of phosphates and/or arsenates. Among the lead apatites, properties of the minerals from pyromorphite-mimetite solid solution series are well known, while the knowledge about the mimetite-vanadinite series is incomplete. The aim of this research was synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of mimetite-vanadinite solid solution series. Mimetite, vanadinite and their solid solution were synthesized from aqueous solutions by dropwise mixing of Pb(NO3)2, Na3VO4, Na2HAsO4•7H2O and NaCl at 25 ºC and pH = 3.5. Products of the syntheses were analyzed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared absorption spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The precipitates formed in the syntheses were identified by the XRD method as mimetite, vanadinite and their solid solutions. Other crystalline phases were not present in synthetic precipitates within the detection limit of XRD. -
Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
Mineral Resources Tasmania TASMANIA DEVELOPMENT REPORT 1993/21 AND RESOURCES Mineralogical examination of some mineral samples from Tasmania, for the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery by R. S. Bottrill and R. N. Woolley The following samples. from the Petterd collection held by phosgenite in appearance, but was not tested due to its high the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, were quality. The cerussite was confirmed by XRD. examined to confirm the presence of several rare minerals reported in Tasmania (Department of Mines. 1970). The X1115: "Phosgenite, Dundas, Tasmania" samples were examined stereomicroscopically and by This sample varies from white to a moderate purplish X-ray diffraction (XRD, with a Philips PW 17 IOIPW 1050 brown in colour. It is largely a coarse-grained crystalline automated X-ray powder diffractometer). The results of aggregate, with crystals in vughs varying from bladed to these examinations are given below. fibrous aggregates. Much of the sample is smooth and etched or waterworn, and there is a partial red-brown X160: "Native lead, Mt Dundas, Tasmania" limonitic coating on some crystals. XRD indicates the This sample is grey and irregular to dendritic, and partly sample to be cerussite. decomposed. XRD indicated only litharge and minor hydrocerussite, but the sample is slightly malleable and X1116: "Phosgenite, Magnet, Tasmania" there is probably lead metal present in its core. There is no The sample actually consists of two quite different matrix, and it is not possible to confirm the natural specimens. One (Specimen A) contains a large grey, occurrence of the sample. glassy, blocky, partly broken crystal in a cavity in fine-grained, massive galena, with some massive to X624: "Matlockite on galena, Magnet, Tasmania" crystallised cerussite. -
Crystal Chemistry of Mimetite, Pb10(Aso4)
research papers Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystal chemistry of mimetite, Science Pb10(AsO4)6Cl1.48O0.26, and finnemanite, ISSN 0108-7681 Pb10(AsO3)6Cl2 Tom Baikie,a* Cristiano The crystal chemistries of synthetic mimetite, Received 22 October 2007 a,b a,c 5+ Accepted 11 December 2007 Ferraris, Wim T. Klooster, Pb10(As O4)6(Cl2 À xOx/2), a neutral apatite, and finnemanite, a a 3+ S. Madhavi, Stevin S. Pramana, Pb10(As O3)6Cl2, a reduced apatite, were characterized using Allan Pring,d G. Schmidtd and a combination of X-ray powder diffraction, neutron diffrac- T. J. Whitea tion, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelec- tron spectroscopy. Both phases conform to hexagonal P63/m symmetry; however, the temperature-driven transformation of a School of Materials Science and Engineering, clinomimetite to mimetite described earlier was not Nanyang Technological University, Block N4.1, confirmed. The average mimetite structure is best described 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, bLaboratoire de Mine´ralogie, USM 201, through the introduction of partially occupied oxygen sites. A Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 52, better understanding of the mixed arsenic speciation in 61 Rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France, cInstitute of apatites can guide the formulation of waste form ceramics Materials Research and Engineering, 3 Research and improve models of long-term durability after landfill d Link, Singapore 117602, and Department of disposal. Mineralogy, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia Correspondence e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Anthropogenic releases of lead and arsenic oxides from mineral resources present a health risk to surrounding popu- lations and the environment. -
Major, Minor and Trace Element Composition of Pyromorphite-Group Minerals As Recorder of Supergene Weathering Processes From
1 Major, minor and trace element composition of pyromorphite-group minerals as 2 recorder of supergene weathering processes from the Schwarzwald mining 3 district, SW Germany 4 5 6 REVISION 1 7 8 9 10 Gregor Markl*, Michael A. W. Marks, Johannes Holzäpfel, Thomas Wenzel 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, 18 Universität Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany. 19 20 *corresponding author: [email protected] 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Keywords: pyromorphite, mimetite, vanadinite, fluorophosphohedyphane, hedyphane, 28 trace elements, solid solution, “hydroxylmimetite” 29 30 31 Abstract 32 33 More than 150 samples of pyromorphite, mimetite, vanadinite and minerals of the 34 hedyphane-group (which collectively are summarized here under the term PyGM for 35 pyromorphite-group minerals) from the Schwarzwald mining district, SW Germany, 36 have been analyzed by electron microprobe and LA-ICP-MS. In this largest study of its 37 kind, the relations of PyGM composition to host rock and fluid compositions and the 38 amount of solid solution between the various endmembers were investigated. In 39 addition, we report the colors of the many analyzed mineral compositions. The most 40 important results are: 41 - pyromorphite and mimetite are completely miscible; 42 - at conditions of the oxidation zone in ore deposits, the solvus between pyromorphite 43 and vanadinite appears to asymmetrical with up to about 3 mol% of vanadinite 44 component in pyromorphite and up to about 39 mol% -
AN X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY of SYNTHETIC NIEMBERS of the PYROI{ORPHITE SERIES W. E. B.Q,Rny, Broken Hill Diaision, the Unioersity of L{Ew South Wales, Auslralia
THE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST, VOL. 51, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER. 1966 AN X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF SYNTHETIC NIEMBERS OF THE PYROI{ORPHITE SERIES W. E. B.q,rny, Broken Hill Diaision, The Unioersity of l{ew South Wales, Auslralia. Atsrnecr Twenty-five compounds within the composition field covered by the pyromorphite series were prepared by simple hydrous synthesis at 60 80" C. x-ray powder difiraction examination was used to record compositional difierences and to examine the solid solution characteristics of the series. Contrary to the views expressedin modern texts, complete solid solution between the end members was found to exist. cell dimensions for the Dure com- pound Pb5(POa)aClwere found to be a:9.987 L, c:7.330 A; for pb5(AsO+){l'a:10.251 it, c:7 .442A and for pbr(VOa) zCla:10.323 A, c:7 3a6 A. fNrnooucrroN Although there is considerableliterature on the pyromorphite series, which includes minerals varying in composition between the end mem- bers pyromorphite Pbb(pOn)rCl,mimetite pbr(AsO+)aCland vanadinite Pbb(VO4)BCl,there is a number of features that require further study. Severaltexts (Palache el a\.,1951; Berry and Mason, 1959;Dennen, 1959) comment on solid solution characteristics of the series.There is reported to be completesolution between pyromorphite and mimetite but incom- plete solution between vanadinite and the former two minerals. These views are apparently based upon analysis of minerals of the series,since there are no experimental data applicable to solid solution studies. Many of the published *-ray data for members of the seriesare not supported by chemical analysis, and this limits their usefulness.Barnes (1962) noted a lack of agreementbetween single crystal and powder data for vanadinite.