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Review of Existing Precast Concrete Gravity Load Floor Framing Systems

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Review of Existing Precast Concrete Gravity Load Floor Framing Systems Review of Existing Precast Concrete Gravity Load Floor Framing Systems Stephen Pessiki, Ph.D. This paper reviews 19 precast structural floor Assistant Professor Department of Civil and systems from North America and overseas Environmental Engineering that are suitable for office building con­ Lehigh University struction. This review includes a discussion of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania the impact of the structural system on the non­ structural systems. This review was conducted as part of a research project directed towards the development of new precast concrete floor systems for gravity loads for application in occupied office buildings having a regular spacing of columns. A companion paper presents the assessment of these floor Richard Prior systems. The research addresses the need for Design Engineer innovation in the design and construction of Frederic R. Harris, Inc. precast concrete buildings. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Richard Sause tructural floor systems represent a major portion of Ph.D., P.E. both the cost and weight of precast concrete building Assistant Professor S frames. Structural floor systems in multistory build­ Department of Civil and ings also have a significant impact on overall building Environmental Engineering Lehigh University height and on the design and installation of service systems, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania including plumbing (i.e., supply, drain-waste-vent, and fire protection), HV AC (i.e., heating, ventilation, and air condi­ tioning), and electrical (i.e., power, security, and communi­ cation) systems. Significant improvements in overall build­ ing system efficiency can be gained by improving precast structural floor systems to reduce weight, depth, and cost, and to better accommodate service systems. Traditional approaches to improving floor system effi­ ciency have sought to minimize the weight, depth, and cost of Sarah Slaughter, Ph.D. structural floor systems through the use of new or higher Assistant Professor strength materials and improved construction techniques. Au­ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering tomated fabrication and erection technologies offer additional Lehigh University potential for reduced fabrication and erection cost and time. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania In addition, a third opportunity exists in improved accommo- " 52 PCI JOURNAL dation of service systems. In order to spaces, building function, materials, Table 1. Precast systems incl uded in address these opportunities, new and partitions, exterior enclosures, noise the survey of systems. innovative concepts for precast con­ control, thermal storage, and safety Current Systems crete floor systems are needed. system. Floor System - The structural floor Ia. U.S. Conventional system and the space below the floor with hollow-core slabs SCOPE OF PAPER (and above the finished ceiling of the I b. U.S. Conventional with double tees This paper and a companion paper' level below) that is required for service summarize progress made on research systems and architectural systems. 2. Duotek (Canada) conducted at the Center for Advanced 3. Dycore (United States) Technology for Large Structural Sys­ 4. Dyna-Frame (United States) SURVEY OF EXISTING tems (ATLSS) on gravity load floor 5. Filigree Wideslab (United States, systems for precast concrete buildings. PRECAST SYSTEMS United Kingdom, and Japan) The main objective of the research is Numerous proprietary and non­ 6. PG Connection to develop new precast concrete floor proprietary precast structural systems 7. RC Layered Construction systems for gravity loads for applica­ have been developed in the United 8. RPC-K (Japan) tion in occupied office buildings with States and abroad in the last 30 years. 9. IM S (Yugoslavia) a regular spacing of columns. This re­ For clarity, office buildings are de­ 10. PD2 Frame (U nited Kingdom) search evolved from a Precast/Pre­ fined as multistory, occupied struc­ stressed Concrete Institute (PCI) re­ tures, requiring square or rectangular II. Prestressed Joist (Unjted States) search project statement titled bay sizes of 7.5 m (25 ft) or greater. 12. Quicktloor (Australia) "Economical Framing Systems for The 19 systems (see Table 1) origi­ 13 . Structurapid (Italy) Floors and Roofs." nated in the United States, Great 14. Swedish (Sweden) This paper summarizes the essential Britain, Canada, Sweden, Hungary, 15. Thomas (United States) elements of 19 precast structural sys­ Italy, Japan, and Australia. 16. Tri/posite (United States) tems that are suitable for office build­ A distinction is made between cur­ ing construction. The companion rent systems and emerging systems. Emerging Systems paper presents the assessment of these Current systems are those precast sys­ 17. Conti frame (United Kingdom) systems. Together, these two papers tems that have been used in the con­ indicate the current state-of-the-art in struction industry. Emerging systems 18. Span light (United Kingdom) precast concrete structural systems are those systems that are still under 19a. Un iversity of Nebraska A and identify opportunities for the de­ development or awaiting patent ap­ (United States) velopment of new systems and the im­ proval. Information was not collected 19b. University of Nebraska B provement of existing systems. A on loadbearing wall structures. (United States) more detailed presentation of the find­ ings is given in a report by Prior et al. (1993). 2 A second report by van Current Building Systems topping, the topping acts as the di­ Zyverden et al. (1994)3 describes the U.S. Conventional System - The aphragm, if it is adequately reinforced. concepts that have been developed for conventional precast concrete system HV AC , plumbing, and electrical new systems. for office structures in the United services are typically suspended be­ States consists of precast inverted T­ neath the structural floor system using beams, L-shaped spandrel beams, standard hardware. When hollow-core TERMINOLOGY multistory columns, and hollow-core slabs are used, holes can be drilled for The following terminology is used slabs or double tees as floor members. toggle or expansion type bolts or an­ throughout this paper and the compan­ The system generally uses cast-in­ chors. If double tees are used as pre­ ion paper: place concrete only for a floor top­ cast floor members, the duct system Building System - The structural, ping. In general, simple span members can run longitudinally between tee service, and architectural systems of are employed, with connections resist­ stems without contributing to the total the building. ing shear and not moment. depth of the floor system. Structural System - All struc­ Gravity loads are transferred from In the transverse direction, the ducts tural components of the building, in­ floor members to inverted T -beams pass under the tee stems and may add cluding precast members, cast­ and then to column corbels. Horizon­ to the total depth of the floor system. in-place members, cast-in-place con­ tal loads are usually transmitted to These transverse crossings are often at nections, welded connections, and shear walls through the roof and floors the exterior perimeter of the building, bolted connections. acting as horizontal diaphragms. In thus requiring a lower ceiling in this Services - Plumbing, HV AC, and floors without composite topping, the location only. Other designs use a electrical systems. shear transfer between floor members deeper total floor depth (and a lower Architectural System - Architec­ is usually accomplished by weld plates ceiling) in central corridors. Another tural elements including interior or grout keys. In floors with composite alternative is to design the HV AC duct March-April 1 995 53 system to pass under the primary beams in just one location, where a utility closet is placed to hide the duct system and to allow the total floor depth to remain shallow in other areas of the building. Duotek System - The Duotek sys­ tem was developed in the late 1960s (a) Inverted T-beam (Type A) with 711 x 356 mm (28 x 14 in.) openings on a by the Ontario Precast Concrete Man­ 1.52 m (5 ft) module ufacturers Association and the Ontario Division of the Portland Cement Asso­ ciation.• The system was designed specifically for office or institutional structures, although it is unclear to what extent the system has been used by the precast concrete industry. Duotek is a modular structural sys­ tem that accommodates building ser­ vices and components. The system consists of three precast concrete ele­ ments: columns, prestressed beams, (b) Partial inverted T-beams (Type C) with 1270 x 356 mm (50 x 14 in.) and double tees, with cast-in-place openings on a 1.52 m (5 ft) module connections between primary beams and columns. A 63 mm (2.5 in.) thick Fig. 1. Duotek system. cast-in-place concrete topping com­ pletes the floor system. Beams and double tees are a constant depth, and the floor system has a constant 1.22 m (4 ft) total floor depth from underside of ceiling to top of floor finish. Openings through primary beams and tee stems are provided at 1.52 m (5 ft) modular centers to accommodate the HV AC, plumbing, and electrical services. The system can be used for structures up to five stories in height. Structural bay sizes vary in 1.52 m (5 ft) modular increments up to 9.15 x 19.81 m (30 x 65 ft). Roof spans can be up to 24.4 m (80 ft). Three types of beams are used with this system. Type A is an inverted T -beam with horizontal openings of 711 x 356 mm (28 x 14 in.) on a 1.52 m (5 ft) module [see Fig. l(a)]. Spandrel beams, Type B, support tee slabs on one side and also include openings of 711 x 356 mm (28 x 14 in.) on a 1.52 m (5 ft) module. Type C primary beams allow services to run over the beam and under the double tee floor slab. The result is an opening provided for the services of 1270 x 356 mm (50 x 14 in.) on a 1.52 m (5 ft) module [see Fig.
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