Degrowth for Transformational Alternatives As Radical Social Work Practice

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Degrowth for transformational alternatives as radical social work practice

By: Meredith C.F. Powers, Komalsingh Rambaree, and Jef Peeters

Powers, M. C. F., Tambaree, K., & Peeters, J. Degrowth for transformational alternatives as radical social work practice. Critical and Radical Social Work, 7(3), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1332/204986019X15688881497178

Abstract:

Historically, and in modern times, social workers have been culpable in perpetuating the very systems of oppression that we seek to eliminate. This happens as we are part of cultures and economies that operate out of the growth ideology. Acting in accordance with the growth ideology does not lead to the outcomes that we strive for as professional social workers. Rather, the growth ideology results in growing social inequalities and increasing ecological injustices around the world. Social work can, instead, embrace an ecosocial lens and promote degrowth approaches for transformational alternatives. Rather than reinforcing the existing systems of injustice and oppression, radical social work can take an activist role and bring about urgent and radical changes to promote ecological justice through social and ecological well-being. Examples from radical social work in local and international communities demonstrate the possibility of degrowth for transformational alternatives as radical social work practice.

Keywords: degrowth | ecological justice | ecosocial | ecosocial work | transformation

Article:

***Note: Full text of article below 2019 22October2019 19September2019 10.1332/204986019X15688881497178 2049-8675 2049-8608 © Policy Press 2019 434 417 3 7 andRadicalSocial Critical Work

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press [SDGs]) andother professionals, includingsomesocialworkers. This isbecause, historically, within the United Nations (UN)(for example,leaders the Sustainable Development Goals usually argueforthe need foreconomicgrowth. They are oftenjoined by journalists, With andinjustices in theworld, growing globaldisparities bothpoliticians and economists Introduction demonstrate the possibility of degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice. and ecological well-being. Examples from radical social work inlocalandinternational communities activist role andbringabouturgent andradical changes to promote ecological justice through social an work cantakesocial radical and oppression, reinforcinginjustice Rather than systems of theexisting instead, embrace an ecosocial lensandpromote degrowth approaches for transformational alternatives. in growing socialinequalitiesandincreasing ecological injusticesaround the world. Social work can, the outcomes that we strive for as professional social workers. Rather, the growth ideology results operate out of the growth ideology. Acting inaccordance with the growth ideology does notlead to and economiesthat part of culturesare seek to eliminate. we as of oppressionwe that happens This Historically, andinmodern times, social workers have been culpable inperpetuating the very systems without further permissionprovided the original work isattributed. The derivative works do notneed to be Print ISSN2049-8608• Online ISSN2049-8675•https://doi.org/10.1332/204986019X15688881497178 transformational alternatives asradical social work practice, Degrowth for transformational alternatives as key words To cite this article:Powers, M.C.F., Rambaree, K.andPeeters, J. (2019)Degrowth for SPECIAL ISSUE Accepted for publication19 September 2019•First published online 22 October 2019 Komalsingh Rambaree, Critical and RadicalSocial Work vol 7, no3,417–433,DOI:10.1332/204986019X15688881497178 degrowth • ecological justice • ecosocial work • ecosocial • transformation• ecosocial work • ecosocial justice • ecological degrowth University of North Carolina at Greensboro,North CarolinaUniversity USA of Meredith C.F. permits adaptation,alteration, reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use, NonCommercial 4.0license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which This article is distributed under thetermsof Creativeis distributed Commonsarticle This Attribution- radical social work practice •Revolutionary social work: Promoting sustainablejustice Jef Peeters, UniversitySweden of Gävle, KU Leuven, Belgium licensed on the same terms licensed onthe Powers, article • vol 7•no3417–433©Policy Press 2019 [email protected] [email protected] 417 [email protected] Critical and RadicalSocial Work

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press et al, 2018 ecological injustices aroundecological the world ( that create justice, togrowing but rathercontributes socialinequalitiesandincreasing growth economists haveecological that does notactually lead to theoutcomes confirmed our socialproblems. However, foralmost50years now, thisconcepthas beenchallengedas within thegrowth ideology, economicgrowth hasbeenrevered asgoodandtheanswer to workers to promote social and economicequalities, thedignityandworth ofpeoples, ‘The globalagenda ofsocialwork andsocialdevelopment’ incitesprofessional social Culpability: social work’s role inperpetuating injustices alternatives withinradicalsocialworkfor transformational practice. in whichsocialworkers are usingdegrowth aswe explore thepossibilityofdegrowth that opensspacefornew ecosocialpractices. Finally, we willofferexamplesof ways ofthegrowthwill elaborateondegrowth ideology as bothacritique andanapproach arestructures ultimately preventing usfrom achieving justice. ecological Then, we thevery andsystemswithinthegrowth structures and perpetuating ideology. These times,as well asinmodern socialworkers have to oftenbeenculpable incontributing Sweden andMauritius, andBelgium. Inwhatfollows, we willdiscusshow, historically, and socialpolicyinboth Western andnon-Western traditionsofsocialwork intheUS, We present our ideas from and professors of social work our positions aspractitioners growth ideology, but alsoasthealternative pathforward toglobal, justice. ecological sustainability forfuture generations ofhumansandnon-humansalike ( lens;an anthropocentric rather, itmust be broadened toanecosociallens, withafocuson on being ‘sustainable’ socialjusticeforhumansin inthesenseofsustainingorperpetuating of well-being between peopleandplanet. Thus, justice cannotonlyfocus seekingecological ecosocial lens, we acknowledge thatourreality consistsofinterwoven links andinextricable 2001 thegrowthseeks topromote ideology justiceand critiques ecological ( place.injustices inthefirst Increasingly, social work isembracingtheecosociallensasit without theunderlyingproblem thevery systemsthatcreate such ofperpetuating alternatives withinsocietyatlarge topromote sustainable, change. socialandecological thegrowth ideologyas itseekstocritique oftransformational andimplementanarray through whichwe make meaning’. Inessence, ofradicalsocialwork degrowth isaform sentient beingsandtheir(our)habitats, andthey serve the “unproductive” expenditures activity andwork are inadegrowth centred around imaginary care forotherhumans, economics toincludemeaningandrelationships, as approach, orsimply Rinkel andMataria, 2018 than focusingonlyonjusticeforhumans(thatis, for theentire systemandfuture ecological generations(thatis, promoted economiesofreciprocity andshared well-being, withanemphasisonjustice an social development’ ( it toconventional‘does notsubscribe wisdomthateconomicgrowth isaprerequisite for oftheglobaldefinitionsocial challenged inthecommentary work, whichstatesthat This article offers aconceptualexplorationofdegrowth, offers This article ofthe notonly asacritique Through adegrowth approach socialworkers canbetterachieve justice, ecological ecosocial ; Besthorn, 2002 ; world view orlenshave always rejected thegrowth ideology, andhave instead Krings etal,Krings 2018 degrowth IFSW, 2014 ; Gray etal, 2013 ; Scott, 2018 , justiceasitisconceptualisedbeyond seeksecological mere ; Powers andRinkel, 2018 Meredith C.F. Powers et al ). Indeed, many cultures andsocietiesoperatingoutof ). Situatedwithinthisecosociallens, thedegrowth Meadows et al, 1972 ; Miller etal, 2012 418 environmental justice Kallis, (2018 ; Rambare etal, 2019 ;

). In addition, this notion is McKinnon, 2013 , 117–18) ecological justice ) ( Närhi andMatthies, Boetto etal, 2018 Boetto etal, 2018 notes: ‘human ). Within this this ). Within ; ), rather Boetto Boetto ). ;

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press and global disparities. This is primarily the result of the historical origins ofsocialworkand globaldisparities. origins theresult ofthehistorical This isprimarily justice;outcomes of equality and ecological rather, injustices, it perpetuates conflict entrapped inthe growth ideology, which, as previously noted, does not lead to the ( community and environmental sustainability, and to strengthen human relationships such foods has been shown to lead to other long-term health problemssuch foodshas beenshown toleadotherlong-term (forexample, solution to immediate hunger,items are oftena short-term while the consumption of footprints, are oftensecured donationstofoodbanks. through corporate These food andlow value, goodsofhighcalorific manynutritional dry as well aslargeecological ultimately, of those injustices. they to the perpetuation are contributing Additionally, workers labourpractices withmigrant ortoxinsunfair usedforgrowing food), then, practices(forexample, are notemploying justiceintheirfarming ecological the farms food insecurity. facing ittocommunityin order members todistribute However, if tosecure theirproducehas afoodbankmay create connectionswithlocalfarmers instance, aradicalsocialworker whoisworking withalocalcommunity centre that success from the growth ideology, we injustices. ecological are stuckperpetuating For that even within a radical social work framework, without decoupling our ideas of work by for possible suchasrefugees, employment users forservice canbefoundintherecent of ecosocialinnovations, suchasurbangardening programmes andupcyclingshops of thegrowth ideology. Examplesofradicalsocial workers utilisingdegrowth models are justafew injusticesnoticeable examplesofecological from adegrowth critique problems for the employees and the community where these toxins are emitted. These thatiscreating problems additionalecological it may beatafactory thatcausehealth get a job. Yet, thejob likely doesnotofferaliving wage, itdoesnotofferbenefits and families. For example, a social worker may be working to help a newly resettled refugee employment sothatthey canpay theirown themselves billsandsupport andtheir goal of ( how itmay jeopardise future generations, letalonetheimpactsonecosystem may negativelysuch austerity impacttherest oftheworld beyond theirbordersor they considerlessvalued ( (that is, citizens), withintheirborders(thatis, whileexcludingothers refugees) who on helping individuals who they consider valued of their groups members primarily to become ‘self-sufficient’, andwhenthey do provide limited welfare, they focus economic growth ideology, gettingpeople assuchtheiraustere programmes prioritise protection programmes, orwelfare systems, are coupledwithaneoliberal, capitalist and communities oppressedusers and disenfranchised. Around the world, many social thevery andsystemsthatkeep structures service toandperpetuating in contributing justice),ecological of growth all in the pursuit ( and nomadic practicesof indigenous peoples (which had more propensity towards to eliminateentire peoplegroups, and/orthelanguages, andcommunal religions farming people andplanet. For example, colonisationintheUS, during thegovernment sought thinking, andwas oftenmade ‘possible’ through theinjusticesofcolonisationboth was basedonamodernist, economicgrowth modelandneoliberalcapitalist industrial Revolution.becoming aprofession alongsidetheIndustrial RevolutionThe Industrial IASSW etal, 2012 Jones etal, 2018 Let us look at more examples within multiple levels of social work practice to see Perhaps unknowingly, socialworkers andhistorical have current oftenbeenculpable Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice self-sufficiency Matthies, Stamm, andNärhi(2019) Hirvilammi ). There are problems withinsuchwelfare systemsasthey have the ). However, withinmainstream socialwork, we have become ,growth definedwithinthe ideology asmaintaininggainful Sewpaul, 2015 419 ). Additionally, they oftendisregard how Martin and Quiroga-Menéndez,Martin 2018 . ).

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press to improve andcreate innovative legislation fair-trade international policiesthathelp the Wichita Area SustainabilityInitiative. address injusticesinthefoodsystemsKansas, theseecological US, see, forexample, obesity, diabetes and hypertension). (For and radical social work seeking to critique of thestate degrowth discussion, see that attemptsto outlinethevocabulary foranalternative new era(foranoverview Degrowth justice movement (forexample, Autonomous University ofBarcelona withasolidfoundationintheenvironmental movement’s are economists from academic frontrunners a group of ecological the scholarlyjournals,international publications, blogs, conferences andtrainings. The workers, which has been gaining momentum for the past several years, including degrowth movement ofsocialactivists andintellectuals, including someradicalsocial problems within theecosociallens. withnew terms There isaworldwide emerging thenarrative;Degrowth transforms indeed, iteven includestheneedtoreframe ideology growthDegrowth: critiqueofthe growthto thefailing ideology. of thegrowth ideology, andhow socialwork canembracedegrowth asanalternative radical social work. However, first, we examine how critique degrowth a radical offers well-being.ecological Inthefollowing, we willprovide examplesofsuch further about urgentandradicalchangestopromote justicethrough ecological socialand situated withinthegrowth ideology, inbringing socialwork canbetransformational and both: alternative ways tolookatthelabourmarket, includingmeasures ofsuccess; work istodivest injustices, itselfofthisculpabilitywithecological itmust lookat totheinjusticesthatthey arecontribute working sotirelessly toaddress. Ifsocial within the growth ideology may, unknowingly or seemingly without options, as promoting healthy ecosystemsthrough organicgardening. for saleintheirown communities. This provides forurgenthealthcare needs, aswell products (forexample, soaps, lotions, creams, medicinesandsmoothies)toprovide project thattrainsindigenouswomen tocultivate leaders medicinalherbsandcreate degrowth approach, suchaswithEttaProjects inBolivia, hashelpedtocreate a injustices.ecological Alternatively, aradicalsocialworker usingatransformational social work thegrowth practiceisstillstuckinperpetuating ideology thatresults in justpracticesareecologically notbeingemployed. Thus, thisintervention asaradical environment andthepeopleincommunity where theproduct isbeingmadeif into the consumer culture and may of the purchasing party create a burden on the gain, andthusmore security, whoissellingtheirproducts, fortheperson itfeeds venuesinternational asnovelties ornon-essentialitems. While itprovides economic products.selling fair-trade However, these products may be marketed and sold in For instance, anorganisationmay ofmarketing beestablished and forthepurpose off welfare, itmay nottake intoaccountthebroader injusticesatplay. ecological result ina ‘win’ thatputmore asitcreates peopletowork jobopportunities and andcommunities withemployment users level.service atastructural While thismay Another exampleisthatofaradicalsocialworker whothinksthatthey are working From thepreceding examples, asocialworker, atany level ofpractice, operating systemicchange. Thus, ratherthanreinforcing theexistingsystemsofinjustices (D’Alisaet al, essays 2015) is acollection of short by worldwide scholars Meredith C.F. Powers et al Martinez-Alier, 2002 420 1 ) Kallis, 2018 ). Here, ‘degrowth’ refers toan ). Their 2015publication 2 Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press agenda –albeitwithregular upsanddowns –through thepublication ofareport embrace theecosociallens. away from thegrowth ideology; andthesearch forabroad shiftinworld view to approach oftwo at the interface lines of thinking: afundamental change in economics, gas emissions down to a level that the planet’s ecosystem can sustainably process. change requires theabsolute decouplingofeconomic production from greenhouse of thetotalvolume ofresources used. For example, preventing catastrophic climate ‘relative’ (a smaller impact per product unit), but ‘absolute’, which entails a decrease a result ofsaving money on fuel). (for example, now ascars consumelessgasoline, peoplemay decidetodrive more as rise inconsumption volumesknownefficiency often leadsto a asthe ‘rebound effect’ and necessary. However, practice hasshown that resource reduction through increased would allow for ‘sustainable growth’. As amatter of fact, improved efficiency is possible innovation is of key importance. This is the agenda of the economy’,‘green which growth from environmental impact. Here, increased efficiencythrough technological environment. Economic growth advocates put forward a way out by decoupling GDP impact through energyandresource consumptionandtherelated pressure onthe a necessitysincethelimitsofbiophysical feasibility have already beenexceeded. of the economy is shrinkage difficult to accept the consequence that the material self-evident theideamay now appeartothemajority, they stillfinditextremely therefore that never-ending growth isimpossible material andunsustainable. However explains why theeconomy cannotevade andecology, thelaws ofthermodynamics and demonstrated that the economicsystem is embedded in the earth’s biosphere. This based onthework oftheRumanianeconomist since they view ofmatterandenergyflows. theeconomy interms Theirview is economy’s impact? material The latter content is what interests economists ecological mean GDP growth, terms, aconceptinpurely monetary ordoesitrefer tothe Schmelzer, 2016 ‘degrowth’ movement isambiguousandthecorresponding isdiverse ( link between continued growth andhappiness. Unsurprisingly, theuseofterm inequality, itsproblematic connectionwithdevelopment thinking, andthetroublesome earth’s naturalresources, lateryears alsoaddressed therelation between growth and answer tothem. While theemphasisin1970swas mainlyonthelimitsto After all, ofeconomicgrowth ofviewpoints hasavariety acritique andsodoesthe more terminology, suchas ‘post-growth’, ‘a-growth’ and ‘anti-growth’, was added. the start, toanalternative to appeared referring anumber ofterms ‘growth’. Later, of theway inwhicheconomiststhinkaboutreality ( (GDP) growth from within economics; andaEuropean from who starts acriticism of growth: an domesticproduct theeconomicfocusongross Anglo-Saxon criticising adopted by SergeLatouche, amongothers). They represent two linesinthecriticism is, degrowth) was putforward by theFrench eco-philosopher André Gorz(later launched theconceptofasteady-stateeconomy, andtheterm ‘décroissance’ (that for ‘zero growth’. The sameyear, economist theecological to theClubofRome, In 1972, theeconomicgrowth debatewent public, never todisappearfrom the In order toachieve objectives, ecological decoupling should therefore notonlybe There isaclearlinkbetween increases inGDPandthe increasing ecological A constantquestioninthedebateiswhatexactlymeantby ‘growth’. Doesit Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice ). Limits togrowth ( Meadows etal, 1972 421 Georgescu-Roegen (1971 Kallis, 2018 ), whichincludedaplea Herman Daly(1972) Herman ). Therefore,from Eversberg and ) , who 3

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press empirical evidence thatGDP growthempirical canbedecoupledfrom growth inresource and ( the sametime, besignificantenoughtoenable theplanet’s ecosystemtobe restored enough to avoid catastrophicshould happen fast consequences and, short-term at Today’s practiceisstillalongway from reaching thatlevel. Indeed, decoupling and ecologically embedded.and ecologically Given thecomplexity oftheworld andthenecessary ofsocialmovementsvariety foradifferent economy, striving onethatissocially foralternatives’but amatrix ( societiesconverge.to build autonomousand frugal Degrowth isnot analternative, social movement ofthought, currents inwhichvarious and strategies experiences differences ofopinionaboutthename. Thenamestandsfor ‘apluralisticanddiverse that to thefact ‘degrowth’ peopletogether inamovement, brings whatever their word cannotpossibly beco-opted by capitalism: ‘less’ willnotsell. Kallisalsopoints talking aboutdegrowth isdefinitelysubversive. Unlike positively phrasedgoals, the the wealthy. Moreover, thegrowth ideology seemsstronger thanever before, so of reduce footprint, theglobalecological footprint withtheecological starting GDP growth, willhave while others anadverse effectonit. for success,when GDP is no longerthe criterion some initiatives will still lead to of adoughnut. Inheropinion, itisbettertobe ‘agnostic’ aboutgrowth becauseeven objectivesof thesocialandecological pursued, usestheimage forwhichshe herself change. that thenegative wording doesnotsoundvery appealingforapositive agendaof ofthedegrowth movementsupporters sinceitismisleading. Besides, somebelieve Since thisassociationisreadily made, isalsobeingcalledintoquestionby theterm an economicconceptfortheoppositeofgrowth, ‘negative growth’ or ‘recession’. world view. Although theterm ‘degrowth’ from economics, originates itisnot the dominantideology ofgrowth anddevelopment situatedintheanthropocentric world view or lens(including cultural, political, social and economic) as opposed to is precisely whattheterm ‘degrowth’ covers: thedevelopment ofanew ecosocial phrased theideaas ‘breaking theaddictiontogrowth’ (citedin which isaworld view orparadigmshiftratherthanamere economictask. Ivan Illich conventional are abandoned. terms monetary resource consumption,material invalue but creation notnecessarily –atleastwhen pursued. ‘Doughnut economics’ ( ( boundaries marking theplanetary a spacerepresented asadoughnut, delineatedby circles two respectively concentric Raworth (2012 meeting the needs of all within the planet’s capacities). This is exactly what Kate should beashiftoffocusfrom GDPgrowth toachieving ecosocialgoals(thatis, without growth’ ( the term ‘sufficiency economy’ isusedtoday ( Sachs (1999 Since efficiency (for example,‘green technology’) alone will not save us, Wolfgang economy’sthe green aimof ‘sustainable growth’ isanillusion. energy consumption( Raworth, 2017 Kallis (2015 The growth debateactuallyleadsusasasocietytorevise whatwe believe hasvalue, This leadsusbacktothoselinesofthoughtthattake biophysical limitsseriously. Raworth (2015 ) introduced the principle of introduced theprinciple ‘sufficiency’ intothedebate. Alongthatline, ) rejects this criticism since rejects thiscriticism ‘degrowth’ clearly reflects theneedto ) ). There isnodoubtthatpracticescanbeimproved, but there isno envisages inherconceptof ‘a safeand justspaceforhumanity’: itis Jackson, 2011 Hickel andKallis, 2019 ; 2017 ) Azam, 2017 Meredith C.F. Powers et al prefers thenameofagenda toberepresentative ). The bottomlineinallsuchproposals isthatthere Raworth, 2017 Steffen etal, 2015 422 ). This way, themovement joins the rich Dietz andO’Neill, 2013 ; Parrique etal,Parrique 2019 ), atany rate, impliesareduction in

) andasocialminimum tobe Azam, 2017 ). Inotherwords, ), asis ‘prosperity ). This

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press on the name. for social work More important is the position of degrowth in the ongrowth,economy andtheircritique withouttakingapositioninthediscussion willcatchonequallywellits related terminology inevery context. transition, pluralityispositive. After all, problems, isaparadox. Notonly–despite investments in technology’‘green –does achieve continued economicgrowth, isnever questioned. represent two sidesofthesamecoinsince thesubstantialissue, namely, theneedto market. Both positionsholdeachotherhostageinaconflictwith no way out. They controversy isbestplacedtocreate socialvalue: aboutwhichparty thestateor constraints toenhanceprivate investment. This canbeidentifiedasthemodern some people favour government investments, whereas advocate others public spending with two campsopposingeachother. Inorder toputtheeconomy backontrack, compromise that, asyet, doesnotwishtoerase ‘sustained growth’ from itsvocabulary. well as the enthusiasm that goes with it, must not make us forgetthat this is a political et al, 2017 development pays sustainability too little ( attention to ecological route. Moreover, Network theGlobalFootprint hasfoundoutthatthefocuson to aimforitasaglobalobjective is, asshown earlier, anundesirable andimpossible oftheworldShould growth insomeparts forsomelengthoftime, stillbenecessary sustainable way, thisphrasingconfusesthemeanswithaims, tosay theleast. economic growth’ asanobjective. ‘ profit line’, thedimensionsofsustainable development whichsummarises as ‘ economic growth. This isreflected, amongotherthings, intheso-called bottom ‘triple was placedwithinaneoliberal, capitalistframework, where hoperemains pinnedon Therefore, that development, itisnot surprising inthe then dominant interpretation, constituents, forthe ecosystem ( nottomention thelackofconcern typically reduce government socialprotection programmes attheexpenseoftheir than collective welfare ( wealth responsibility and in itsassumptionof personal foreconomicdownfalls, rather free market promoting individualisation, both in the goal to benefit from potential when neoliberalismwas already rising. by acapitalist Neoliberalismischaracterised that theagendaofsustainable development was launchedby theendof1980s wereinterpretations circulating from the Left to the Right. We should bear in mind very start, controversy the subject of ideological-political and a wide range of different simultaneously ( the endoflastcentury, asaproject totacklepoverty andenvironmental problems it iscalled ‘sustainable’. The world community launchedsustainable development, by ofdevelopmentA majordegrowth themeisthecritique ( throughDevelopment growth? development issueandthesearch foralternative pathways. profit Indeed, aplaceforsocialwork there iscertainly tojointhemovements foranother Conversely, the degrowth movement stresses that growth, even when meant to solve The focusongrowth through profit often resembles adancearound agoldencalf, Even theUN’s recent SDGsare stillpromoting ‘sustained, inclusive andsustainable ’. The laterattempttorename theeconomicdimensionas ‘ ’ never ( madeitasthestandard term Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice ). The majorprogress made, onthe17SDGs, thankstotheagreement as WCED, 1987 Sewpaul, 2015 ). What itmeant andhow itshouldbedonewas, from the 4 Iftheobjective istocreate ina prosperity ; Kallis (2015 423 Jones et al, 2018 Peeters, 2012 ) notes, notevery approach and ). ). Such neoliberal societies Escobar, 2015 prosperity Jones etal, 2018 Wackernagel ), even when people, planet, ’ ratherthan ). ).

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press expense ofanything related tocare andcommunity spirit. Indeed, thesedonotmesh (2014 expense ofequality –remember the studies by the French economist Thomas of economicgrowth from resource consumption, but growth isalsoachieved atthe increase withoutthere beinganabsolutedecoupling footprint the globalecological the world: pursue’ ( new “imaginary”: a different set of ideas about what society is and what it should measures. Therefore, degrowth must gobeyond economicdiscourse: it ‘signals a idea diverts from theconventional austerity andcorresponding economiclogic conditions improve, andGDPinevitably declinesasaresult’ ( meaningful lives. Economically, ‘degrowth iswhensocialandenvironmental distributive by designwhilerespecting theenvironment andleaving room for Such views are aleadfordegrowth toreflect onagenuine alternative thatis and madeapleafordifferent approach todevelopment: study calculatedtheoverall onthebasis of thedoughnut model needssatisfaction inequalities; itmerely postponesconfronting exploitation’ ( and the ecosystem is being put under irreversible pressure: ‘Growth cannot reduce keeps offtothefuture whilenew puttingsatisfaction inequalitiesare beingcreated ‘developing world’ nations)ismainlyatrap. The ideathatgrowth shouldcomefirst meet theirbasicneeds(forexample, individuals andcommunities, suchasso-called seems tobesheertorment. idle promise. In summary, achieving a better, more humane world through growth human life, thereby creating aninsatiable lifestyle. As aresult, happinessremains an always besustained, themarket continues to take over more andmore domainsof of(private) profit. ofthepursuit with thelogic Furthermore,growth since should Therefore, theargumentthat growth isindispensable for peoplewhocannot et al, 2015 development, ofsocio-economic system. alternative trajectories ( Economy ofPermanence inIndia. These visions express alternatives Buen Vivir inLatin America; Ubuntu in South Africa; ortheGandhian there isawealth ofalternative cosmovisions andpolitical projects suchas towhattheytheir own defineasthegoodlife. trajectories IntheSouth foremost inorder toliberate not in order to allow theSouth to follow the samepath, and but first developing South. However, degrowth intheNorth, shouldbepursued goods,resources andindustrial makingthemmore accessible tothe Degrowth willreduce thedemandfor, intheNorth of, andprices natural well-being. ( an economicmodelwhere the goalissustainable andequitable human would seetheSDGsshiftagendaawayscenario from growth towards ultimately depends. Butthisdoesnotneedtobethecase. A more hopeful processes theEarth-system upon whichdevelopmentto undermine development, which istheambitionofSDGs, hasthepotential Overall, ofuniversal ourfindingssuggestthatthepursuit human ) –through meansofunequalexchange. various Moreover, growth isatthe Kallis, 2018 : 5, emphasisinoriginal) O’Neill etal, 2018 : 10). This may meandifferent thingsindifferent places of Meredith C.F. Powers et al conceptual : 93) 424 space for countries there tofind spaceforcountries Kallis, 2018 Kallis, 2018 : 2). A recent D’Alisa : 9).: This Piketty to

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press on its historical origin, but willlimitourselveson itshistorical tothefollowing consideration. Several developedsocial construct in reaction tospecificconditions. We cannotfocushere Capitalism anditsgrowth dynamicsare notalaw ofnature, fact, but ahistorical a flourish in orderDegrowth to and several cultures celebrations. made large expenditures on grand These are instances to useitssurplus. Inthisway, medieval communities managed tobuild theircathedrals collective energy willnotbeexhausted. Therefore, every societyshoulddecidehow than competewitheachother, everybody’s needscanbemet. Inaddition, society’s by frugality. be characterised necessarily When people share and cooperate rather of luxury, by will be superseded the acknowledgement that the individual’s life will for adifferent, non-capitalisteconomicorientation. and celebrations). Basically, it is a world view or paradigm shift that lays the foundation domain andmeaningfulexpenditures inthepublic sphere (forexample, culture, art As ananswer, degrowth proposes adouble shiftofperspective: intheprivate frugality unjust outcomessinceitcannotbesustainedforeveryone’ ( andsocially harmful ‘Finding meaningaloneisanillusionthatleadstoecologically ever more areas oflife andto free the search for meaning from the paradox ofgrowth: al, 2015 where therealmstarts ofnecessityends’, of iswhattheeditors effect isproducing problems that as we can understand real scarcity. scarcity, and thus escalating social conflicts. However, as already said, the paradoxical phenomenon.constructed Economicgrowth, then, would bearemedy toprevent real produces and losers. winners Yet, in that competition, scarcity shows itself as a socially their own needs. With scarcity as apreconception, thisinvolves competition, which a process of individualisation. Meaning, it is every individual’s and meet duty to try tofindananswer tried toscarcity istorealise throughinterpretation thatmodernity astheconsumptionofcommodities.interpreted The key tosolvingthisconfusing However, thislineofthoughtstickswiththescarcity scopebecauseabundance is doesnotdecrease would footprint long astheecological require mitigationinstead. this may soundlike ofapossible collapseas ecological heresy since thinking interms rather than scarcity as itsprinciple. In thetraditionalenvironmental activist’s ears, meaning toourlives? Nowonder peoplegrow illfrom stress. order tospendsothatthegrowth machinekeeps turning. Isthiswhatshouldgive a laterage. Ontheotherhand, ourfree timein itwants during ustobeconsumers able toinvest inthefuture, andalways tobeindustrious, forinstance, byat retiring doing, shapedanew economicorder. This order soasto be wants ustobethrifty the accumulation of capital and,became a cultural leitmotif that legitimised in so action’ ( and to autonomously take upnew and more effective,growth-oriented, of courses satisfy theirunfulfilledneeds, tobreak bondswiththeircommunities individuals tried which the economy of traditional communities did not provide a solution: ‘In order to followed by apopulationboom. Lifewas feltasthreatenedscarcity byto permanent late Middle Ages to modernity, among other things due to the Black Death epidemic thetransitionfromanalyses pointtoanexistentialneedinEuropean the societyduring Perilous consumerism, whichistantamounttothegeneralisationand privatisation Degrowth istoembarkonatotallydifferent approach. ‘The realm ofmeaning In contrast, degrowth withinaradical, falls ecosocialparadigmshift, withabundance Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice : 220)stated. istoset limitstotherealmWhat matters ofscarcity devouring Romano, 2015 : 87). Fear ofnecessityandthemotivation toovercome scarcity 425 D’Alisa etal, 2015 Degrowth ( D’Alisa et : 220). Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press with regard totheever-increasing accumulation ofcapital. What isthusgaineda as deliberately holding back the ongoing investments must be understood surplus of theaccumulation ofcapital. Incontrast, meaningfulpublic spendingofthesocial Today, however, asafunction isspentinprivatised squandering thesocialsurplus of thecreation ofcollective meaningwithinthepublic sphere ( or not), asisoftenassumed, but alsoaspractices ofcommongovernance and useby ‘commons’ notmerely must beunderstood ascollective resources (whether material commons probably represent thedesired paradigmshiftthemostclearly. The ( the shift from profit for its own sake towards to the common good a contribution of thedesired transitionreveals themotivation fortheireconomicactivity, namely, cities,on sharing theopenexchange ofseeds, localfoodandsoon. Usually, thecore movement foracare-centred economy, inadditiontospecificmovements focusing movement, thecommonsmovement, economy andthe thesocialandsolidarity In additiontothedegrowth movement, forinstance, there are thecooperative neoliberal capitalism, eachwiththeirspecificemphases, andembeddedness. history social-economic forms. Ultimately, thisboilsdown socialchange. tostructural Moreover, tospread innovative opportunities oftheoldinstitutionsoffers acrisis institutions thatare lessdominantandsoallow forpeople’s say andinvolvement. ( of guilds and commons; and in the 19th century, cooperatives came into being private market todominate: forces begin thelateMiddle Ages saw theemergence present crisis. asarecurrentphenomenoninEuropean whenever Itappears history crisis. Yet, thisexplanationdoesnotsufficeasthey were already developing before the of view, awholedomainofvalue creation isre-explored anddeveloped. diverts from thehopelessoppositionofmarket andstate. From aneconomicpoint that citizensoperatefrom theperspective ofcivil societyandopenupasource that answer couldbefoundontheprivate market, oringovernment policy. Itisessential needsandchallengesforwhichnoadequate people tomeettheirsocialandecological ‘social innovations’ ( ofsocialrelations andare thereforesocieties constituteatransformation oftencalled commons is a worldwide phenomenon. Such initiatives in Western, industrialised ( for agriculture of reciprocity for well-being,common ecological such as communal property andsoon.land trusts Also, many indigenouscultures have long-established systems gardens, (CSA)farms, cooperatives, agriculture community supported community to embodythisalternative, forexample, giveaway shops, repair cafes, community Degrowth’s proposal may seemabstractbut anumber ofcivil initiatives are beginning Commons to cooperate and share degrowth expressed asarelationship ofcare. beings andtheearth, aswell asapossible source ofmeaning( limits impliestherecognition oftheunavoidable relatedness ofhumanswithother justice.This ultimatelyalsoopensaspaceforecological The recognition of(intrinsic) public space that enables lives. individuals and their communities to lead flourishing De Moor, 2013 Peeters, 2017a Today, plenty ofmovements worldwide are aimingforadifferent economy than It isnocoincidencethatcivil economic initiatives emergeintimesofeconomic ). As analternative tothescarcity economy, thepracticesof ). Eachtime, theobjective isforpeopletofindalternative economic Martin andQuiroga-Menéndez,Martin 2018 Peeters, 2017b Meredith C.F. Powers et al ). These are localisedactionsandinitiatives enabling 426 ; Scott, 2018 Peeters, 2012 Romano, 2015 ). Indeed, the ), with ). ).

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press a logic ofabundance:a logic ‘the proposition thatthere willbeenoughproduced forallif whole’ are allanintegrated rules ( when itistaken care ofby acommunity ornetwork. The community, resource, and themselves:communities thatdecideontherules ‘A resource becomesacommon listed earlier, radicalsocialworkers are alsousingdegrowth approaches tocreate andcommunities. users with service partnerships Inadditiontotheexamples the labourmarket andsystemicchange, possibilitiesfordecolonisation, andintentional implement radicalchangethrough degrowth, includingalternative ways tolookat Social work isperfectlypositionedasaprofession tolookatmultiple levels to Possibility: social work’s role inpromoting ecological justice society atlargeinorder topromote positive ecosocialchange. alternativessocial work within of transformational asitseekstoimplementanarray for whichthedegrowth movement isaiming. Inthisway, of radical degrowth isaform redistribute, itseemsessentialthateverybody shouldshare thenew way of flourishing promoting justicewithinsocialwork. ecological fromApart theclassicaldemandto households andthusalleviate theirburden ( community economy, includingcommonsinitiatives, have apotentialto co-support the householdasadomainofsociallyembeddedeconomy. As such, ofnearby forms as acore economictask( remove this work from the shadows. In this respect, it is relevant to recognise care Illich calledit ‘shadow work’. Therefore, novel thinkingabouttheeconomy should that itcreates isnotincludedin GDP, even thoughitisofvitalimportance. Ivan subjectsthemtoinequalityandoppression ( which further rewardmonetary andsoitiseconomically invisible, andoftenfulfilled by women, namely, the household economy ( these three domainsare recognised, domainisusuallyforgotten, crucial afourth asadomainofvalueoften interpreted creation beyond market andstate. Even when initiativesor are they ( commons-oriented genuinely aimed at sharing business modelswithinacapitalistmarket economy (forexample, Uberor AirBnB), we shouldquestionnumerous ofso-called forms economy’.‘sharing Are they new those thatwe withandthatwe are familiar have beentalked intoforsolong. Equally, range of new types of entrepreneurship, which take a totally different direction from profit, but care for what we are sharing. This perspective enables usto recognise a wide indeed, playing amajorrole. force isnotindividualThe centralandmeaningfuldriving of atypeeconomicrelationships different frommarket customary practicesare, and free software ( community gardens, aswell asinglobalnetworks suchas ontheInternet Wikipedia with market competition, practicesof abundance ofrelationships opening upprospects ofmeaningfulexistence. Incontrast ( limits ofgrowth governance. This kindofabundance canhelpusdevelop practicesthatrespect the we candevelop anabundance ofrelationships, networks, ofco-operative andforms Helfrich andBollier,Helfrich 2015 The commonscontrastswiththecommoditiesofmarket economy andapplies Economic initiatives from –are civil arising society–thecommonsinparticular We canseethishappeningatthelocallevel ininitiatives suchasrepair cafes and Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice and Kostakis andBauwens, 2014 enlargeeverybody’s way’ freedom toactinaself-determined Peeters, 2017a : 77). Here, asufficiencyeconomy isconnectedwithan Raworth, 2017 Helfrich andBollier,Helfrich 2015 cooperatio ). ). 427 Raworth (2017 Peeters, 2017a ). quality oftheintrinsic Experiences n and ). For this type of work, there is no sharing ), issuefor whichisacritical Raworth, 2017 ) , amongothers, pointsto are centralissues. : 75). Peeters, 2017a ). The value). The )? Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press began hostingannual togetknow community picnicsforneighbours eachother, opportunities, decoupledfrom thegrowth ideology of ‘sustainable development’. communities forclimatechangemarches andcreating alternative employment justicebyecological creating policychangethrough divestment campaigns, organising growth-focused tosociety. approach isdetrimental A key representative from the groups, lobbying, advocating andsoon. The organisation’s website highlights thata social andenvironmental impact assessments, community mobilisation, pressure Social workers within AKNL are involved inradicalmovements through critical, ‘development’ through anorganisationcalled Aret Kokin NouLaplage (AKNL). ( toemerge amongMauritians started sites.heritage As of2007, thenegative hadalready socioculturalimpactsoftourism United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world onsanddunes,to beconstructed wetlands andculturallandscapesthatare listedas iscontinuing toapproveof Mauritius theexpansionofhotels, withsomeofthem indeficit( millions ofdollars hotels are running Mauritius, 2019 in somecases, citizenship( Mauritian approximately US$500,000perunitare alsoentitledtohave and, aresidence permit is now being restricted. Foreigners foraminimum buying of suchvillas/apartments Consequently, public accesstobeachesinMauritius, whichusedtobeacommons, marketprivately owned toforeigners. tobesoldontheinternational villas/apartments involved stateland, inappropriating thatusedtobepublic beaches, fordeveloping of theecosystem’s resources andservices. Insomecases, multinational companiesare for the appropriation,being accused of beach grabbing exploitation and destruction community movements againstnew andproperty developers hotels/resorts asthey are boosteconomicgrowthfurther andemployment. as well as property development schemes to be sold to foreigners, asa strategy to havegovernments inMauritius beenpromoting theexpansionofnew hotels/resorts, peryear. tourists about 1.2millioninternational Over thelastfew years, successive plays akey role intheeconomicgrowth ofMauritius. Currently, receives thecountry GDP annual hasbeenabout4percent. growth rateofMauritius sector The tourism (SIDS), withabout1.2millioninhabitants. Over thelastfew decades, theaverage Mauritius, whichislocatedintheIndianOcean, isasmallislanddeveloping state Degrowth as Mauritius transformationalin alternative alternative andtodiscusssocialwork roles forpromoting justice. ecological to demonstrate the possibility of using a degrowth approach as a transformational the following, weinorder elaborateonthisexamplefrom willfurther Mauritius sector inMauritius,addressing injusticeswithinthetourism hisnationoforigin. In and organisationsoflow-income individuals. The finalauthor(Rambaree) hasbeen ‘repair andshare economy’, whichmakes linkswithcommunity work opportunities Moreover, another author (Peeters) is engaged in his city with initiatives to develop a oftools, libraries create socialcapitalandestablish sharing skillsetsandresources. One of the authors of this article (Powers) ofthisarticle One oftheauthors hasjoinedthedegrowth movement and Several social workers Mauritian (including Rambaree) are intervening against such Today, theaverage isabout70percentandseveral occupancyofhotelsinMauritius in thelastfew rise years,During asharp hasbeenexperiencing Mauritius ). Meredith C.F. Powers et al Nunkoo andRamkissoon, 2007 BBC, 2018 428 Vilbrin, 2017 ; Economic Development Board ). Still, thegovernment ). 5

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press of hotels/resorts onthebeaches. of hotels/resorts ofaproper shareMauritians oftheirown beachesthrough construction thefurther as an exotic destination for tourism, threaten the ecology of its lagoons and deprive Mauritius, 1997 organisation referstothe through whichsocialworkers are withdegrowth already engaging approaches to practice. areThe examplespresented just a glimpse of thepossibilities inthisarticle lens andembracingdegrowth, we dobelieve thatitispossible inradicalsocialwork injustices through thegrowth ideology. Despitechallengesin shifting toanecosocial social workers can employ, the without theunintended consequences ofperpetuating towardsis analternative possibilityfor transformation justicethatradical ecological that degrowth creates any new obstacle tothis challenge; rather, we that degrowth assert withchildcareprogrammes duties). suchastakingturns Thus, we are notsuggesting care andfoodsecurity, creating networks ofsocialsolidarity, andestablishing sharing and selfishness(forexample, creating practicesandpoliciessuchasuniversal health profession, socialwork’s missionhasalways beentoseekjusticeinaworld ofgreed growth ideology inwhichsocialwork issituated. However, sincethedawn ofthe odd asthey are perceived asradicalandcountercultural tothetypicallyaccepted and sustainable transformation. glance,At first suchdegrowth practices may appear work solutions thatreject growth andembraceadegrowth approach forradical problem that creates injustices, we in utilising radical can alsosocial be leaders travel orastourists). whentravelling footprints their ecological (forexample, professional conference toclimatejusticeprogrammes asawayfor policychangesandtocontribute toredress toconsiderways footprint,users/communities) theirecological toadvocate to shrink programme isadegrowth approach thathelpssocialworkers (andtheirservice the ClimateJustice Federation Program ofSocial oftheInternational Workers. This with otherradicalsocialworkers, have indeveloping beeninstrumental andlaunching In addition to the examples provided in this article, all three authors, in collaboration and conclusion Discussion ecosystem’s resources, governments initiatives cansupport like CoCoSE. high accumulation ofprofits ofthe for multinational companiesandthedestruction promote justice. ecological new hotels, Insteadofconstructing whichisbased onthe natural, social, financial, culturaland built capitalthatexistswithinacommunity) to and benefits. Social workers canintervene tomobilisecommunity capital(thatis, the CoCoSE, ofknowledge, whichare basedoncooperationandthesharing resources with localinhabitantsandhouseholdsincommunities inestablishing andrunning promote environmental sustainability. Community-based socialworkers canwork AirBnB) and ‘Guests’ Tables’ (forexample, lunchtimefoodinlocalhouseholds), and CoCoSE, localinhabitants/householdscansetup ‘Guests’ Rooms’ (thatis, like ‘Community-based Commons for Sustainable Ecotourism’ (CoCoSE). Through places, canmobiliseandempower localcommunities towards thecreation ofa tourism responsibility,and corporate but alsothedegrowth possibilitiesof Even ofthe beenandcontinues though socialwork tobepart hashistorically Some radicalsocialworkers are alsoseekingtoaddress notonlygovernmental ( Degrowth for transformational alternatives asradical social work practice Duff, 2019 ), where it was would already stated that the country destroy its appeal ). For example, socialworkers inMauritius, andother Vision 2020 report published report in1997( 429 Government of responsible

Delivered by Ingenta IP : 152.13.249.80 On: Wed, 29 Jan 2020 13:11:23 Copyright The Policy Press 1 Notes forthesuccessfulwell-being ofourplanetandforus,critical humans, asaspecies. promote justice. ecological Notonlyare suchdegrowth approaches possible, they are Eversberg, D. andSchmelzer, M. self-reflection asapathtoanti-capitalism, (2016)Critical Escobar, A. (2015)Development, of, critiques InG. D’Alisa, F. Demaria andG. Kallis (eds), Economic Development (2019) Property development Board Mauritius scheme, Duff, D. (2019) Promoting community andenvironmental sustainabilitythrough Dietz, R. andO’Neill, D. (2013) De Moor, T. (2013) Daly, H. (1972) D’Alisa, G., Demaria, F. and Kallis, G. (eds) (2015) Boetto, H., Bell, K. andKime, K. (2018)Holisticecosocialwork: amodelfor Besthorn, F.H. (2002)Radicalenvironmentalism self, andtheecological (2018)Mauritius: Broadcasting Corporation) payBBC (British $1million, getpassport, Azam, G. (2017)From growth todegrowth: history, abrief References declareThe authors thatthere isnoconflictofinterest. Conflict ofinterest 5 4 3 2 See: See: See: Goal 8(see: There are several approaches toexpress limits, ofecological thetransgression suchasthe insights (see: Further, of therecent scientificdetermination boundaries’ ‘planetary provides crucial footprint’‘ecological (see: cjp-project-latin-america-the-caribbean-region/ reflection-as-a-path-to-anti-capitalism-the-degrowth-movement/ the degrowth movement, Degrowth. A vocabulary foranewera www.edbmauritius.org/schemes/property-development-scheme/ Workers (IFSW). practitioners andeducators promoting community andenvironmentalsustainability: A workbookforsocialwork responsible/sustainable andM. Powers (eds), tourism, InM. Rinkel world offiniteresources society Abingdon andNew York, NY: Routledge. Federation ofSocial Workers (IFSW), pp. 46–57. workbook forsocialworkpractitioners andeducators M. 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