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Tadpole Shrimp (Triops Longicaudatus) Responses to Acute and Developmental Hypoxic Exposure

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Tadpole Shrimp (Triops Longicaudatus) Responses to Acute and Developmental Hypoxic Exposure UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2002 Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) responses to acute and developmental hypoxic exposure Stacey Lynn Harper University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Harper, Stacey Lynn, "Tadpole shrimp (Triops longicaudatus) responses to acute and developmental hypoxic exposure" (2002). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2513. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/cxda-9q1p This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TADPOLE SHRIMP {Triops longicaudatus) RESPONSES TO ACUTE AND DEVELOPMENTAL HYPOXIC EXPOSURE by Stacey Lynn Harper Bachelor of Science Mesa State College, Grand Junction 1993 Masters of Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 1998 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Science Department of Biological Sciences College of Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada Las Vegas May 2003 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3091802 Copyright 2003 by Harper, Stacey Lynn All rights reserved. UMI UMI Microform 3091802 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dissertation Approval The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 7 ,20Q3_ The Dissertation prepared by _______ Stacey Lynn Harper Entitled Mechanisms of the Cardlo-Respiratory System in Tadpole Shrimp Triops longicaudatus is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Biological Sciences Examination Coœwîffee < Dean of the Graduate Gollege Examination Committee Member Examination Committee Member Graduate College Faculty Representative 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Tadpole Shrimp {Triops longicaudatus) Responses to Acute and Developmental Hypoxic Exposure by Stacey Lynn Harper Dr. Carl Reiber, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Tadpole shrimp Triops longicaudatus (Crustacea: Branchiopoda; Notostraca) were reared under normoxic (19-21 kPa O 2 ), moderate (10-13 kPa O 2 ) or severe (1-3 kPa O 2 ) hypoxic conditions to investigate the effects of developmental P 0 2 (partial pressure of oxygen) on adult metabolic, respiratory and cardiovascular physiology. Growth rates were independent of developmental P 0 2 , although adult body size was significantly smaller in tadpole shrimp reared under severe hypoxic conditions relative to those reared under normoxic conditions. Most organisms increase respiratory surface area in response to hypoxic exposure. Yet growth of the epipodites (proposed respiratory structure) relative to mass (Y=aM*) was significantly reduced in tadpole shrimp reared under severe hypoxic {b- \ . 17) conditions relative to those reared under normoxic (6=1.78) or moderate hypoxic (6=1.56) conditions. Despite the reduction in respiratory surface area, iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Û2 consumption rates and metabolic response to hypoxic exposure did not differ among rearing groups. All groups reduced O 2 consumption in response to hypoxic exposure. The primary function of the epipodites may not be respiratory gas exchange given that development of the epipodites was limited by developmental hypoxic exposure and the reduction did not alter O 2 consumption rates. Alternatively, hypoxic exposure throughout development may promote the allocation of limited resources (O 2 ) toward hemoglobin synthesis instead of respiratory surface anabolism. Hypoxia-induced hemoglobin synthesis appears to be a compensatory mechanism that tadpole shrimp utilize to regulate O 2 uptake and transport in euryoxic environments. Although hemoglobin concentrations differed among rearing groups, they were not dependent on developmental P 0 2 because hemoglobin synthesis could be induced by hypoxic exposure in adults. Adult tadpole shrimp reared under normoxic conditions increased hemoglobin concentration within seven days of exposure to severe hypoxic conditions. Within ten days, hemoglobin concentration increased to the levels observed in tadpole shrimp reared under severe hypoxic conditions. Tadpole shrimp reared under severe hypoxic conditions had an enhanced ability to maintain cardiac parameters when exposed to 2 kPa O 2 due to their higher hemoglobin concentration and 0 2 -binding affinity. The results of this study indicate that increased hemoglobin concentration, increased 0 2 -binding affinity, and transient decreases in metabolic demand may account for tadpole shrimp hypoxic tolerance. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...........................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................1 Environmental Hypoxia ............................................................................................................2 Physiological and Morphological Hypoxic Response Paradigms ......................................3 Acclimation ............................................................................................................................ 6 Developmental Plasticity ..................................................................................................... 6 Evaluating the Effects of Developmental Stress on Adult Physiology .............................. 7 Branchiopod Crustaceans ..................................................................................................... 7 Triops longicaudatus.......................................................................................................... 10 Triops Natural Habitat: Brownstone Basin .....................................................................12 Research Goals and Hypotheses ............................................................. 12 Hypotheses............................................................................................................................13 CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENTAL HYPOXIC EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE ALLOMETRY OF RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE SURFACE AREA IN TADPOLE SHRIMP...................................................................................................................14 Summary................................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................15 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................................ 18 Study Organism and Rearing Conditions ........................................................................ 18 Respiratory Surface Area ................................................................................................... 19 Podite Length .......................................................................................................................20 Oxygen Consumption ........................................................................................................ 20 Results....................................................................................................................................... 22 Respiratory Surface Area ...................................................................................................22 Podite Length .......................................................................................................................22 Oxygen Consumption ........................................................................................................ 23 Discussion .................................................................................................................................23
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