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Gizaw Megersa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October, 2014

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Gizaw Megersa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October, 2014 Climate Change impact on Food Security and Farmers Coping Mechanisms: in Ginir Woreda, Bale Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia Gizaw Megersa A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa, Ethiopia October, 2014 Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Gizaw Megersa, entitled: Climate Change impact on Food security and Farmers Coping Mechanisms: in Ginir Woreda,Bale zone ,Oromia Region ,Ethiopia and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Art Geography and Environmental Studies (Climate Change and Adaptation) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee: Signature Date Chairman, Department Graduate committee ______________________________________ ___________ _________ Examiner, Internal ______________________________________ ___________ _________ Examiner, External ______________________________________ ___________ _________ Advisor ______________________________________ ___________ _________ Abstract This study examined climate change impact on food security and farmers coping mechanisms in Ginir woreda, Bale zone, Oromia Region. The study aimed at assessing the climate change condition and its impact on framers food security. It assessed perception of local people on climate change, impact of climate change on food security, and farmers coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies. The study utilized semi-structured questioner, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and discussion with government officials in collecting primary data and secondary data collected from published and unpublished sources, and qualitative and quantitative studies were employed in data analysis. The study results showed that temperature and rainfall have shown change trend. As the analyzed 31 years (1982- 2012) meteorological data indicated, in the area, rainfall was declining with 3.72 mm while maximum and minimum temperatures were increasing by 0.043°C and0.001°C respectively. Farmers and government officials in the area also agreed with the meteorological data result. All FGDs and 98% of the interviewed farmers recognized as climate change already occurred in the area. About 95% and 100% of the interviewed farmers respectively thought that temperature and rainfall were changing in the area comparing with that of 10-20 years ago. The study showed that climate change affect food security condition of the area through affecting crop production and livestock rearing. 100%, 50% and 20% of the respondents respectively reported that climate change resulted in declined in food production, increased in food item prices and decreased in food item availability in a market. In respond to climate change impacts, different coping mechanisms and adaptation strategies have been utilized. 36%, 11% ,5% and other 5% of the respondents respectively reported that they have been using drought resistant crops, early cropping/planting, livestock migration, casual labor and petty trade as their coping mechanisms and other 42% reported as they have been using combination of two or more mechanisms in respond to climate change impacts. Diversify income source, use improved agricultural input, sale livestock, temporarily migrate to other areas for casual labor or in getting assistance and use irrigation were major adaptation strategies employed by farmers. In study, various analyses indicated that the area is severally impacted by climate change and the climate change is negatively affecting the food security of the community. Thus, the study suggests, improving agricultural production and productivity, enhancing irrigation agriculture and promoting establishment of market networking to minimize climate change impact on food security. i Acknowledgment First of all I would like to thank the Almighty God for His great help during the entire study period and every aspect. There are a number of persons I would like to express my gratitude towards for supporting me during the research and writing process. My appreciation and thanks goes to my advisor Dr.Assefa Abegaz for his assistance throughout research work. I would like to thanks the Ethiopia Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus Development and Social Service Commission (EECMY DASSC) two projects (Rayitu - Sawena Reproductive health and Rayitu Community Development project) managements for their support in arranged vehicle for field works during data collection and the two projects’ staff who assist me in data collection. My special thanks also go to the Bale zone Finance and Economic Development Office (FEDO), Bale zone Agriculture and Rural Development Office (ARDO) and Ginir Woreda ARDO and FEDO officials who provided me with data and other inputs. Finally, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my beloved wife, Genet Adugna for her continuous encouragement and support throughout this study. ii Table of contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of contents .......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... v List of Table ................................................................................................................................................. vi List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................ vii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the study ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objective of the study ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.1. General objective ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.3.2. Specific Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research questions .................................................................................................................................. 6 1.5. Significance of the study ........................................................................................................................ 6 1.6. Scope of the Study ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.7. Organization of the paper ....................................................................................................................... 7 2. Literature Review .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1. Climate Change and its impacts ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2. Climate change and food security ........................................................................................................ 10 2.3. Vulnerability and adaptation concepts ................................................................................................. 14 2.3.1. Vulnerability ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.3.2. Adaptation ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.4. Conceptual framework ......................................................................................................................... 16 3. Description of the study area and research Methodology ....................................................................... 18 3.1. Description of the study area............................................................................................................... 18 iii 3.1.1. Location .................................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.2. Relief and drainage ................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.3. Climate ...................................................................................................................................... 20 3.2. Research design and Data needs .......................................................................................................... 21 3.2.1.
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