Der Große Schlussverkauf Ob Fernsehsender, Maschinenbauer Oder Autozulieferer: Internationale Finanzinvestoren Kaufen Immer Größere Teile Der Deutschen Wirtschaft Auf

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Der Große Schlussverkauf Ob Fernsehsender, Maschinenbauer Oder Autozulieferer: Internationale Finanzinvestoren Kaufen Immer Größere Teile Der Deutschen Wirtschaft Auf ANDREAS HERZAU / LAIFANDREAS TIM WEGNER Fondsmanager Krenz, Huth, Übernahmeobjekt ProSiebenSat.1 (in Unterföhring): Mächtiger als viele Top-Manager Der große Schlussverkauf Ob Fernsehsender, Maschinenbauer oder Autozulieferer: Internationale Finanzinvestoren kaufen immer größere Teile der deutschen Wirtschaft auf. Die neuen Herren verfolgen vor allem drei Ziele: Profit. Profit. Profit. Doch die Kritik an den „Heuschrecken“-Methoden wächst. as Auffälligste an Männern wie gewaltigste Fonds, den es in Europa gibt. zahlen. Wenn Öffentlichkeit, dann nur das Thomas Krenz ist wahrscheinlich Der viertgrößte weltweit. Wer so viel Geld Nötigste. Dihre professionelle Unauffälligkeit. bewegt, kann in jedem Industriezweig mit- Die beiden Käuferfirmen gehören zu Meist scheuen sie Kameras und das grelle reden, wenn er nur will. Und je weniger jenen internationalen Finanzinvestoren, Licht des öffentlichen Interesses. darüber Bescheid wissen, umso besser fürs die – ausgestattet mit vielen Milliarden – Manchmal taucht der Name von Krenz Geschäft. durch die Welt stromern, um noch mehr in der Finanzpresse auf, was er nicht ver- Manchmal indes lässt sich ein bisschen Geld zu machen. Landläufig werden sie hindern kann. Aber das geht vorüber. Er Öffentlichkeit nicht vermeiden. Am Freitag Heuschrecken genannt. steht nicht im Feuer der Kritik. Er muss war so ein Tag. Da verkündete Thomas Oft sind sie ein Segen – weil sie dringend sich nicht rechtfertigen für Job-Abbau oder Krenz zusammen mit seinem Permira- benötigtes Kapital mitbringen. Oft sind sie Gehaltssprünge. Partner Götz Mäuser und seinen Mitstrei- aber auch ein Fluch – wenn sie die Objek- Er heißt ja nicht Klaus Kleinfeld, Dieter tern Johannes Huth und Lord Clive Hollick te ihrer Begierde bedenkenlos auspressen. Zetsche oder René Obermann. Der 47- von Kohlberg Kravis Roberts (KKR) die Zu den Erfindern des Gewerbes gehört Jährige ist weder Vorstandschef von Sie- mehrheitliche Übernahme von Deutsch- die Firma KKR, die in diesem Jahr ihr mens oder DaimlerChrysler noch von der lands größtem kommerziellen Fernsehan- 30-jähriges Bestehen feiert und jetzt bei Telekom. bieter, der ProSiebenSat.1 Media AG mit ProSiebenSat.1 mit zum Zuge kam, Mit- Und doch ist der unscheinbare Herr ihren Kanälen ProSieben, Sat.1, Kabel eins, gründer Henry Kravis ist eine der Ikonen Krenz viel mächtiger und einflussreicher N24 und Neun Live. Die Herren aus der der Branche. Erst in diesem Sommer konn- als viele deutsche Top-Manager. Hochfinanz luden dazu nicht wie im te man verkünden, mit mehr als 15 Mil- Das Wirken im Verborgenen ist Teil sei- Mediengeschäft und anderswo üblich zu liarden Dollar den weltgrößten Fonds auf- nes Erfolgs, der wiederum viel mit Geld zu einer Pressekonferenz. Sie verlautbarten gelegt zu haben. tun hat. Krenz sitzt zurzeit auf einem den Medien-Mega-Deal per Telefonschalte Die Ziele, die Krenz und der KKR-Eu- Schatz von elf Milliarden Euro. Es ist der – so wie andere ihre neuesten Quartals- ropa-Chef Johannes Huth am Freitag aus- 64 der spiegel 51/2006 ULRICH BAUMGARTEN / VARIO IMAGES (L.); CASPIAN (R.) (L.); CASPIAN IMAGES / VARIO BAUMGARTEN ULRICH Jahrestreffen der Private-Equity-Branche (in London): Aus viel Geld noch viel mehr machen riefen, sind denn auch alles andere als be- Doch die Verantwortlichen der RTL- Bundesstaat einzahlen. Dazu zählen aber scheiden. Durch eine Zusammenführung Mutter Bertelsmann nehmen die Ankün- auch die Regierung von Singapur oder eine mit der Sendergruppe SBS Broadcasting, digungen ernst – schließlich verfügen Per- amerikanische Elite-Universität wie Har- die Permira und KKR schon im vorigen mira und KKR über die notwendigen Mil- vard sowie ein buntes Sammelsurium noch Jahr für 2,1 Milliarden Euro inklusive Schul- liarden für weitere Zukäufe. Krenz und zurückhaltenderer Superreicher. den erworben hatten, wolle man „zum eu- Huth können nicht nur viel ausgeben, ir- Sie alle eint über Länder- und Glau- ropäischen Fernsehkonzern Nummer eins“ gendwie müssen sie es sogar. bensgrenzen hinweg, dass sie aus ihrem aufsteigen, sagte KKR-Mann Huth. Ein am- Das Geld wird ihnen derzeit geradezu vielen Geld noch mehr machen wollen, bitioniertes Vorhaben – immerhin erreicht aufgedrängt von Investoren, die ebenso viel mehr. Leute wie Krenz und dessen die RTL Group bislang deutlich mehr Haus- global wie bunt zusammengewürfelt sind. Firma Permira locken mit dem Verspre- halte und macht über zwei Milliarden Euro Zum Kreise seiner Anleger zählt Krenz ka- chen, aus drei Euro vier zaubern zu kön- mehr Umsatz als SBS und ProSiebenSat.1 lifornische Pensionskassen, in die Lehrer, nen. Mindestens 20-prozentige Renditen zusammen (siehe Kasten Seite 68). Beamte und Feuerwehrleute aus dem US- gehören in der umstrittenen Branche zum 797** Die neue 800 262 EINGESAMMELTES MITARBEITER KAPITAL 261 von Unternehmen in Deutschland, 704 Geldmacht der Private-Equity-Fonds in die Private-Equity-Firmen investiert haben* 700 weltweit, in Mrd. ¤ in tausend Quellen: EVCA, PWC, PEI 600 177 500 154 400 133 131 312 108 300 93 87 200 *nur Mitgliedsunternehmen des BVK **alle Private-Equity-Firmen 100 Quelle: Bundesverband Deutscher Kapitalbeteiligungsgesellschaften (BVK) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 1995 2000 2005 der spiegel 51/2006 65 Titel guten Ton. Manchmal sogar deut- IGLO lich mehr. Es sind Zahlen, die nach Im August über- Casino-Glückssträhne klingen. Mit nahm Permira vom den Fonds wächst aber auch der britisch-niederländi- Anlagedruck. Es sind deshalb schen Lebensmittel- traumhafte Zeiten für Unterneh- konzern Unilever mensverkäufer wie Haim Saban die Tiefkühlsparte und seine Co-Investoren bei Pro- inklusive der Tradi- SiebenSat.1. tionsmarke Iglo. Im Angelsächsischen nennt sich das Gewerbe der großen Verspre- chen Private Equity (PE), was so viel heißt wie „privates Beteiligungskapital“. Der Begriff ist nicht viel mehr als ein verwa- schenes Etikett. Auch die global operie- rende Krenz-Firma Permira definiert sich in Deutschland als „Beteiligungsgesell- schaft“. Die Vokabel kaschiert mehr, als sie erklärt. Am liebsten kaufen die Fondsmanager komplette Unternehmen. Dann wird aus- gelagert und umgebaut, am Ende mit Auf- MAXIMILIAN STOCK / BW PHOTOAGENTUR STOCK MAXIMILIAN schlag weiterverkauft. So weit der Idealfall. Die Traum-Renditen, die sie RODENSTOCK ihren Investoren verheißen, sind Permira kaufte dabei keine Hexerei, sondern 2004 die Mehrheit Resultat bisweilen brachialer Ma- am Münchner Bril- nagementmethoden. Das Geld lenhersteller. Jetzt räumen die PE-Profis überall ab. soll das Unterneh- Ihre ganze Kreativität ist vor al- men an einen ande- lem aufs geräuschlose Auspressen ren Investor weiter- gerichtet. gereicht werden. Sehr beliebt ist beispielsweise, die übernommenen Betriebe nach dem Deal überhöhte Kredite auf- nehmen zu lassen, mit denen die dann quasi ihren eigenen Verkauf bezahlen. Banken spielen das Spiel nur zu gern mit, denn es verheißt auch ihnen gute Zins- geschäfte. Die PE-Leute können aufkau- fen, ohne allzu viel eigenes Kapital zu riskieren. Gern auch werden den übernommenen Firmen Beratungsgebühren aller Art ab- verlangt. Blackstone etwa kassierte im Rah- FRANK MÄCHLER / DPA MÄCHLER FRANK men seiner chaotischen Übernahme des Chemiekonzerns Celanese allein MÄRKLIN im Jahr 2004 65 Millionen Dollar Der Modelleisen- „Beratungshonorar“. Im Folgejahr bahnbauer wurde waren es weitere 45 Millionen. im Mai vom Und es werden stille Reserven britischen Investor aus den Bilanzen gepresst, bevor Kingsbridge Capital sich die Beteiligungsgesellschaft übernommen. Der nach wenigen Jahren mit deftigem Betriebsrat hatte Gewinn verabschieden kann – den Kauf begrüßt. vom Objekt der einstigen Begier- de, der Belegschaft und der eige- nen Verantwortung dafür. Das ganze Instrumentarium finanztechnischer Folterinstrumente lässt sich wunderbar an der Übernahme der Henkel-Tochter Cognis studieren (siehe Seite 74). Manche der Geschichten aus dem Me- tier kommen einem dabei vor, als müsse da ein zum Tode Verurteilter noch Guillo- tinen-Gebühr berappen, Sterbehonorar und seine Lebensversicherung vor dem Ableben ordentlich für seinen Henker be- NORBERT FÖRSTERLING / PICTURE-ALLIANCE/ DPA / PICTURE-ALLIANCE/ FÖRSTERLING NORBERT leihen. Und alles ganz legal. 66 der spiegel 51/2006 Ohne dass die Bundesbürger es recht merken, übernehmen Krenz & Co. die Sammler und Jäger Das Geschäft der Private-Equity-Unternehmen Kontrolle über Unternehmen und Arbeits- plätze, Leben und Alltag. Die Dusch- Mittelaufkommen europäischer 1. Fonds auflegen Pensions- armaturen von Grohe und die Autobahn- Private-Equity-Fonds restaurants von Tank & Rast, die Werk- Private-Equity-Unternehmen legen 2005, nach fonds stattkette ATU, die Mietwagen von Hertz ständig neue Fonds auf und werben Herkunft Sonstige 24,8 % dafür weltweit Kapital ein. 17,5% und Europcar? Jede Woche werden neue 2006 flossen schätzungsweise rund Private Übernahmen gemeldet. Investoren 6,0% Allein am vorigen Freitag hatten Permi- 300 Milliarden Dollar Staatliche 9,9% Banken ra und KKR die Schlagzeilen der Wirt- in diese Anlageform. Einrichtungen 17,6 % schaftsblätter mit ihrer ProSieben-Über- 11,1% nahme keineswegs für sich allein. Gleich- Versicherungen 13,1 % zeitig wurde die Übernahme der australi- schen Fluggesellschaft Qantas und der Quelle: EVCA Fondsgesellschaften österreichischen Gewerkschaftsbank Ba- wag bekannt – und alle gehen an Finanz- Eigenkapital- investoren. 2. Unternehmen kaufen Was darf’s denn sein? Die Sportstudios anteil bei 36 Mit dem eingesammelten Kapital kaufen Übernahmen von Fitness First, die Kaufhäuser von in Prozent
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  • Annual Report
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