Vol. 22 No. 100 Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 Pages 8, Price 2.00 NFA

Commemoration of Operation Fenkil Message of President Isaias on the conducted with great patriotic zeal Occasion of Fenkil celebrations Independence Day celebrations. Allow me to first express my profound gratitude to all those who have contributed to the celebrations of the 26th anniversary of Operation Fenkil. Noting that Operation Fenkil Let me also pay tribute, on this auspicious day, to the heroic martyrs played a crucial role in paving who sacrificed their lives 26 years ago to make history. May your heroic the way for the total liberation feats be glorified forever! For the members of Eritrea’s Defense Forces of Eritrea, the General Director who fought with dedication in the liberation of the country yesterday and of Culture and Artifacts in the who continue to tirelessly toil in today’s challenges of nation building to Northern Red Sea region and write tomorrow’s history, I wish them redoubled gratification. Above Chairman of the Holiday’s all, I wish progress and prosperity, as a reward for their unparalleled Coordinating Committee, Mr. endeavours, to the Eritrean people at home and abroad who constitute a Suraj Haj, also indicated that the veritable model of patience, resilience, hard work and victory. commemoration coincides with the Independence torch tour, which is Fenkil 26 is being celebrated in a year of above normal precipitation currently moving across the nation and lush green coverage of the entire area from Ras Kiesar to Dumera. and adding further emphasis to The good rains that engender hope and inspiration remind us what celebrations. could have been achieved, beyond temporary delight, had we managed to harness the rainfall by constructing dams, diversion canals, and, by The event was highlighted embarking on afforestation programmes throughout the Northern Red Sea by various military parades, and Southern Red Sea Regions On the other hand, this fact underscores exhibitions, cultural shows, and the magnitude and complexity of the challenges of development that we a visit to the Patriot’s Cemetery. have to undertake without complacency. That we need to ramp up our th The commemoration of the 26 of Massawa city, respectively Participants at the celebration efforts and ensure that they measure up to our challenges is indeed too anniversary of Operation Fenkil, also laid wreath at the Patriots expressed their joy and also vivid to merit emphasis. th- which was held from February 12 Monument. remarked that the commemoration th 14 under the theme, “Operation is important in sharing history with Another point that requires attention on this occasion is the vital Fenkil 2016: On the Eve of the Present on the occasion were the younger generation. importance we need to attach to the preservation of our historical Silver Jubilee of Independence Ministers, regional Administrators, heritage. The Northern Red Sea Region is a particular place where most Day Celebration” was conducted Army Commanders, senior Mr. Osman Hasebela, a and the biggest historical events had occurred; where most of our heroic with great enthusiasm. government and PFDJ officials, Sudanese visitor, said that it gave patriots were laid to rest. In spite of this fact, the indispensable task of as well as participants of the him great pride to attend the preservation and maintenance of our historical heritage has not been In the morning hours of commemorative event. Also, Fenkil commemoration and that undertaken with the requisite rigour. In the event, I reiterate the need to February 13, President Isaias President Isaias pay a visit to the the vibrant celebrations of Eritrean launch serious and phased programmes of preservation in tandem with Afwerki laid wreath at Tiwalet Free zone area, where he was given public holidays are a testament the infrastructural and development projects that are underway. Monument in connection with the briefings by respective officials. to the unity and harmony of Commemoration of Operation nationals. Eternal Glory to our Martyrs! Fenkil. The Minister of Local On the official commemorative Victory to the Masses! Government, Mr. Woldenkiel event attended by high level Abrha, Gen. Filipos Woldeyohanes, government and PFDJ officials, Chief of Staff of the Eritrean Armed military commanders, and numerous Forces, Ms. Tekha Tesfamichael, pilgrims and local inhabitants, the Chairperson of the National Union Mayor of the port city of Massawa, news brief of Eritrean Women, the Governor Mr. Kidane Weldesilasie, reflected of the Northern Red Sea region, on the significance of the event, Ms. Tsegereda Woldegergis, and which is being held on the eve Eritreans Residing Abroad Reiterate Readiness to Succeed National Mr. Kidane Woldeselasie, Mayor of the country’s Silver Jubilee Development Programs In meetings recently conducted across the United States, Eritreans reiterated their readiness to enhance their state of consciousness and strengthen unity in support of national development programs. Eritrea’s Foreign Minister delivers Pointing out that huge sacrifices have been paid to bring about national independence and preserve the nation’s message to Egyptian President sovereignty and territorial integrity, Eritreans in Seattle, WA and surrounding areas expressed their readiness to support the development programs being undertaken under the principle of self-reliance.

Afwerki to Mr. Abdulfatah Al-Sisi, Meanwhile, noting that Eritreans around the world have a strong bond with their country, Eritreans in the the President of the Arab Republic state of Minnesota and in San Diego, CA pointed out that Eritrea’s enthusiastic preparation for the Silver Jubilee of Egypt. Independence Day reflects the close unity and steadfastness of the people and government. Attendees vowed to play constructive roles in ongoing political, economic, and social developmental efforts in Eritrea. President Isaias’ message focuses on strengthening bilateral ties As well, Eritreans in Nashville, TE and Portland, OR Eritrean discussed the need to transfer Eritrea’s rich, deep between the two countries and on history to the next generation, and also to encourage and cultivate role-oriented youngsters. regional issues of mutual interest. Participants at the various meetings raised $US5600 to support national development efforts and various programs. At the meeting held at the State House in Cairo, President Al-Sisi expressed his appreciation for the Training for Youth in Logo-Anseba message from President Isaias Training programs were organized for 379 youths in Logo-Ansaba sub-zone, Gash Barka Region. The programs, Eritrea’s Foreign Minister, Mr. and reiterated Egypt’s readiness covering video and still camera shooting, first aid, beauty salon training, and journalism, amongst others, aim at Osman Saleh, has delivered a to further deepen existing ties of upgrading the skills of the youth in Logo-Ansaba. message from President Isaias cooperation with Eritrea. Previously, 60 youth in the sub-zone had received training in bee breeding. Vol. 22 No. 100 Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 2

STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR GIRMA ASMEROM, PERMANENT REPRESENTATIVE OF ERITREA TO UNITED NATIONS, DURING THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL DEBATE ON “WORKING METHODS OF THE SUBSIDIARY ORGANS OFTHE SECURITY COUNCIL”

Mr. President chaos.

Distinguished Representatives; 3. The unjust sanction imposed against Eritrea has no linkage I would like to thank the to Eritrea and Ethiopia conflict. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, However, in a manner that ignores in particular Ambassador Rafael and disregards context, perspective Darío Ramírez Carreño, for and ramification and in violation organizing this important and of its mandate and in an attempt timely debate on the Working to move the goalpost, the SEMG Methods of the Subsidiary Organs continues to deal with Eritrean of the Security Council. Ethiopian conflict. Once again Eritrea underlines that the conflict Given the complex and between Eritrea and Ethiopia is an dynamic global environment issue between the occupied and improving the working methods the occupier. Ethiopian official’s of the Subsidiary Organs of the constant military threat against Security Council has paramount Eritrea must be also taken into importance. Eritrea strongly consideration. believes that a transparent and credible process in the Security It has been six years since the assessments as well as the draft Somalia Eritrea Monitoring For example: Council is not a matter of an UN Security Council imposed and final report of the Monitoring Group (SEMG) has been reporting option but a necessity. unjustified and politically Group. baseless allegations collected from - On 7 July 2015 the Prime motivated sanction against nameless and faceless sources. Minister of Ethiopia speaking to Mr. President, Eritrea. To continue maintaining 3. Undertake rigorous In the context of maintenance of his Parliament said that “Ethiopia the unjust sanctions against examination of experts and regional and international peace will be forced to take appropriate For the sake of brevity, I would Eritrea when the two allegations monitoring groups’ reports: and security, the Group is only action against Eritrea.” like to highlight the following for the imposition of the sanctions This is an important aspect of the and clearly mandated to look into three points: are clearly presented by the work of the Sanction Committees. whether Eritrea supported al- - On 9 August 2014 Somalia Eritrea Monitoring Eritrea strongly believes that Shabab in Somalia and the border during an interview with the 1. Ensuring Comprehensive Group (SEMG) to be nonexistent Sanction Committees must ensure dispute between Eritrea and Washington D.C based Radio assessment of the impact of it is not only a travesty of justice that the reports of the experts Djibouti. However, overstepping Tsenat, the Prime Minister of sanctions regimes: Once the but collective punishment against or monitoring groups meet the its mandate, the SEMG continues Ethiopia clearly stated that “the causes for the sanctions are proven the people of Eritrea. However, highest evidentiary standard as to routinely deal with Eritrean no-war no-peace situation with non-existent and their intended and more importantly, with the stipulated in the Report of the and Ethiopian conflict, and Eritrea is over. Ethiopia from now purpose is negatively affecting current political and security Informal Working Group of the does so in a manner that ignores on is ready to take military action regional and international peace, realities in the Horn of Africa and Security Council on General context and ramifications. against Eritrea” security and development as well the Red Sea region maintaining Issues of Sanctions (S/2006/997) Another equally important aspect as the life of the people, the UN unjustified sanctions against which, inter alia, underscores is, at least in Eritrea’s experience, - On 17 April 2012, Security Council is duty bound to Eritrea undermines and limits the the need for expert panels to the monitoring group have speaking to the Ethiopian immediately and unconditionally capacity of a UN member state to rely on verified information and routinely reported uncorroborated Parliament the late Prime lift sanctions. Legal and factual implement UN Security Council documents, as well as ensure that allegations and refused to rectify Minister Meles Zenawi stated issues must be separated from resolutions in combating global their “assertions are corroborated them when those allegations were that “the Ethiopian government politically and diplomatically extremism and terrorism as well by solid information and that found not to be true. has now decided to carry out motivated agendas. Let us not as meaningfully contribute to their findings are substantiated a more active policy, taking mix Oranges and Apples. the maintenance of regional and by credible sources”. The sources Mr. President, actions against Eritrea. The action international peace and security. of the reports must be clearly In conclusion: will involve using all means at identified and known. Sweeping Ethiopia’s disposal to change the 2. Transparency and statements such as “information 1. Since the SEMG has clearly Eritrean government. The other information sharing: Sanction gathered from reliable sources, stated “it has found no evidence major area where Ethiopia will Committees, especially those former officials” etc. must be of Eritrean support to alshabab” further strengthen its activity is in supporting Eritreans in Published Every dealing with country-specific rejected and cannot be the bases and Djibouti Eritrea issue is being sanction, need to regularly upon which the UN Security handled by the government of their campaign to change the Saturday & Wednesday interact and share information and Council take decisions. The Qatar and the Qatar forces are government.” allegations with the concerned Sanction Committees must ensure deployed at the common border country. Countries under sanction the contents of the reports of panel between Eritrea and Djibouti The use or threat of use of force Acting Editor against any country big or small Amanuel Mesfun have every right to receive the of experts are within the purview there is no imagined or real threat full contents of the draft and of the mandate and must ensure to international peace and security is a violation of the UN Charter [email protected] final report compiled by experts that experts strictly respect and that Eritrea is involved. The and international law that should or monitoring groups in a timely stick to their mandate. Whenever Security Council must, therefore, be condemned by the Security P.O.Box: 247 manner. This will allow the experts overstep their mandate, immediately and unconditionally Council. If the SEMG and the Tel: 11-41-14 Sanctions Committee to hear the they should be instructed not to lift the sanction against Eritrea. Security Council want to be Fax: 12-77-49 views of the concerned country, do so by the Committee and in involved under the current agenda E-mail: which is consistent with the legal the same vein when information 2. Given the current fight against item their option is one and only [email protected] principles of “equality of arms” provided by them found to be global terrorism and extremism, one that is to urge Ethiopia to Advertisement: 12-50-13 and “you are innocent until proven false must be corrected publicly lifting the unjust sanctions will unconditionally and immediately guilty”. These methods will and as soon as possible. enhance peace and security in the withdraw from the sovereign Layout definitely ensure transparency. It Horn of Africa and the Red Sea Eritrean territories, including the Azmera Berhane must be underlined that Eritrea as Again this has not been Region. On the other hand, the town of Badme. Sara Alem a concerned country continues to Eritrea’s experience. In addition maintenance of the sanctions can be denied access to the monthly to overstepping its mandate the only be a recipe for disaster and I thank you, Mr. President. Eritrea Profile,Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 3

Roundtable Discussion on Natural Rsource Development in Eritrea Held in London

stability inside the country and the attractive environment for businesses. Briefly touching upon how media reporting on Eritrea is sensationalized, she went on to point out the proper expropriation of mining revenues by the Eritrean government.

Next, Ms. Ruby introduced Dr. Tim Williams for his presentation on his experiences in Eritrea.

Dr. Williams is the CEO of Andiamo exploration, which has been operating in the country since the early 1990s. His presentation focused on A roundtable discussion on H.E. Estefanos Habtemariam, giving an overview of the Natural Resource Development Ambassador of the State of Social Responsibility for Nevsun vision to generate shared mining industry and background in Eritrea organized by the Eritrea in the United Kingdom Resources Limited. Mr. Romaine prosperity through its business on Eritrea’s nascent mining Embassy of the State of Eritrea and Ireland. He welcomed guest echoed Dr. Tim about the lack of operations. He explained that industry together with a positive was held in London with industry speakers and updated participants corruption and went on to explain company concerns were not review of Eritrea’s mining law. experts, representatives of on investment opportunities and the nature of Bisha Mining only about generating profits Dr. Williams stressed Eritrean financial institution and potential the Embassy’s future plans to Share Company’s operations in but also about protecting the government’s commitment to investors. Also taking part in the engage with potential investors. Eritrea vis-à-vis the Government safety and health of employees, honoring the contract and the discussions were members of of Eritrea. He also discussed mitigating environmental good governmental working the diplomatic community from The ensuing discussion was Nevsun’s experience regarding impacts from mining, respecting environment that emphasizes South Africa, Equatorial Guinea, chaired by Ms. Ruby Sandhu, a corporate social responsibilities the human rights of workers a zero tolerance policy on Rwanda, German, Italy, Bolivia, Business Ethics & Human Rights and human rights in Eritrea, and local community residents corruption. He later indicated that and Venezuela along with a host Lawyer. Ms. Sandhu, who has indicating that the main human and contributing to the there were reliable machineries of press organizations. Eritrean travelled to Eritrea multiple times rights challenge in the country sustainable development of local and operators in the country, professionals from various fields in the past on various fact-finding was poverty. communities. making it easy to trust operations also attended the event. missions, gave her impression of on the ground. ground realities in the country Mr. Romaine also discussed Following the presentations The next presentation was The aim of the event was to and discussed her experience and business operations in Eritrea, were a number of interesting given by Mr. Todd Romaine, create an effective platform for findings. Ms. Ruby highlighted the recent Human Rights Impact questions from participants the Vice President of Corporate communication and information the conditions of peace and Assessment and the company’s and subsequent feedback that sharing. The event brought highlighted the strengths and together a number of high-profile weaknesses of Eritrea’s natural investors with specific interests resources sector. Moderated in Eritrea. by Ms. Ruby, the Q&A session drew examples and experiences These include representatives acquired from other countries. from mining firms already operating in Eritrea as well Giving his closing remarks and as potential investors who acknowledgements, Mr. Yared have expressed a keen interest noted the aim to actively identify in exploring the lucrative and build relationships with opportunities that lay ahead. potential investors as well nurture and solidify the relationship with Ms. Yohana Paulos, from existing partners. the Eritrean Embassy in UK, In effect, he noted, the Embassy introduced participants to the would act as a bridge between the program and gave attendees a relevant institutions in Eritrea digital information package that and interested investors so as to provided them with a more holistic ensure a smoother investment picture of Eritrean achievements process. Lastly, he pointed out and challenges and the current that this process will be facilitated situation in the country. by greater communication and information sharing between all Opening remarks were given stakeholders. by Mr. Yared Tesfay, Director Media center of Media Affairs, representing Eritrean Embassy in UK Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 4

Cruising through the golden coasts of the Dahlak Archipelago

Scattered like a string of pearls Later, during the Ottoman Empire, upon the azure, the Dahlak the archipelago—especially the Archipelago and its coast were Dahlak Kebir—was the chief once described by Eritrean port for pearl fishing in the Horizon as one of “the last, great southern part of the Red Sea. and unspoilt destinations in the Another remarkable feature is the world.” With more than 200 of necropolis of gravestones, curved Eritrea’s islands which belong with beautiful Kufic scripts, to the Dahlak archipelago, this which stand out as evidence of island chain forms the natural the historical creative culture gateway to Eritrea, guarding the and economic significance of the approaches to the modern port of region. Massawa and the ancient one of Adulis. The Dahlaks are true desert islands, with barren soils, and Topographically, the Dahlaks many of the islands are simply rise above a shallow continental flat, sandy bars or barren rocks shelf lying off the coast. Unless which jut out of the sea. Early boat with a decent engine. corals and anemones, around the more than a sand bar. During one is blessed with an unlimited inhabitants of the Dahlaks dealt tops and sides of columns, are certain seasons, tens of thousands amount of time, it is hardly with the problem of a shortage of Off the coast of Dahlak Kebir, tiny clown fish, trigger fish with of seabirds come here (and many feasible to explore the over 200 drinking water by carving large at the mouth of the Gulf of Zula, pursed lips, big-eyed and shy red other islands within the Dahlaks) islands within a short time period. cisterns out of the rock, each of lays the island of Dissei, formed squirrel fish and brilliantly hued to breed. Lesser crested terns and Nevertheless, even a few hours which contained a day’s ration for by a narrow ridge of little volcanic wrasses—the submarine world’s brown boobies lay their eggs on can provide a rewarding and rich the settlement. One cistern was hills which tapers off at either equivalent to hummingbirds or the beach itself above the high snippet. carved for every day of the year end. The jagged rocks give it a tropical butterflies. water mark. When the chicks – an extraordinary triumph of barren, inhospitable appearance. hatch, they are nurtured in the Few regions in the world human ingenuity over the harsh However, around every little point Additionally, as a part of the sand. In addition to the lesser offer a greater opportunity for environment. of land is a cove or bay ringed Dahlak archipelago, Dissei’s crested terns and brown boobies, yacht cruising, and the Dahlak Meanwhile, of the 1,000-plus with a crescent of white sand. The beaches are so quiet and remote other commonly seen species archipelago is bestowed with species or sub-species of fish deserted beaches are scattered that when the island’s only village are white-fronted sand plovers, innumerable specialties to satiate known to inhabit the Red Sea, with driftwood, the chalky comes into view in a wide, sandy reef herons, seagulls and, most the insatiable appetites of cruisers some 15% are unique to the exoskeletons of cuttlefish, pumice bay, it appears like a settlement of magnificent of all, the pink- and divers. area. Moreover, some corals and stones formed from submarine survivors from a long-forgotten backed pelican. echinoderms, such as certain star volcanoes, fragments of rose- shipwreck. Huts constructed from In waters that are generally fish, are also only found there. red coral, and even the bones driftwood and stung with old The birds are generally tame to tranquil, and never too far from Similarly, many of the Dahlak of dolphins. Compared to most fishnets strengthen the impression a degree which suggests limited the Arabian and African mainland, reefs had not been visited by divers beaches around the world, there is that this is a community of several contact with human populations. the gold coasts of the Dahlak prior to the 1960s. Depending on remarkably little pollution. dozen Robinson Crusoes. Off the shores of the islands, one archipelago are an undisturbed their depth and coral formations, can often observe them at close marine paradise and offer an different reefs are suited to either Equipped only with a snorkel, The villagers live by fishing quarters. unforgettable experience.Pearl fully-equipped scuba divers or mask, and flippers, one can out of their wooden crafts, known Another significant mammal fishing has flourished around the snorkelers. To get to both the observe a tapestry of marine as sambukhs. Their nets catch a species found in the Dahlaks is the Dahlak islands since the time of populated and uninhabited islands, life swimming just below the variety of grouper, reef fish, and dugong, or sea cow. This creature, the ancient Egyptians, who held with their spectacular marine and surface. Playing about among the small sharks (whose fins are dried which is greyish, cylinder-shaped, influence over the archipelago. birdlife, however, one requires a and eventually sold in the Far East up to four meters long, and can for shark fin soup). Depending weigh 900 kilograms, gave rise to on the season, these waters also fishermen’s tales about mermaids abound with shoaling pelagic fish and is rarely seen. such as tuna and jacks, which must be caught on a line. Swimming at night, it is possible to observe another Just a few meters from the incredible wonder of nature. As beach, little reef fish, sporting an you move through the dark water, explosive array of electric or neon- greenish sparkling light explodes like colors, cluster around small around your fingers and limbs. flowerings of branching coral This amazing light show, called and sea anemones. A short swim bioluminescence, is produced by further out from the shore, still tiny living creatures. within the shallow water, multi- colored pillars appear, covered The Dahlaks are indeed a world with soft, branching and rounded of their own. The rich, unique corals, seaweeds and anemones. features and array of biodiversity These coral heads are centers for underscores that the Dahlaks are a wide variety of marine life. a priceless environmental treasure that must be protected. Across from Dissei lies the island of Madot, which is little Yosief Abraham Z. Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 5

Water and Development

Dr. Fikrejesus Amahazion that, amongst numerous other For Eritrea, a low-income, important developmental benefits, developing country within the In July 2010, the United Nations improved access to basic water fractious Horn of Africa, water has GeneralAssembly (UNGA) adopted and sanitation services and good long been a significant concern. a resolution (A/RES/64/292) which management of water resources Located within the arid and “recognized the right to safe and brings “more certainty and semi-arid Sahelian region and clean drinking water and sanitation efficiency in productivity across characterized by harsh, challenging as a human right that is essential economic sectors,” and helps climatic conditions, Eritrea is not for the full enjoyment of life and lead to “immediate and long-term endowed with considerable water all human rights.” According to economic, social and environmental resources. the United Nations (UN), water benefits.” As well, according is a fundamental component of to a World Health Organization It has two perennial river systems, development and it is vital for (WHO) study on meeting the the Setit River and the Gash Barka socio-economic progress, the UN Millennium Development system, while all other rivers in the health, sustainability, and vitality Goals (MDGs), the economic loss country are seasonal, only carrying of ecosystems, and for human from the inadequate access to or water after rainfall. However, survival itself. Additionally, water delivery of water and sanitation Eritrea’s rainfall patterns are social equity, be beneficial for the Gebreweld, a mother of six. Once is crucial in reducing the global is approximately 1.5 % of gross extremely erratic. Average annual local environment, and promote the well was reached – a journey of burden of a range of diseases and domestic product (GDP). rainfall is only approximately human development. two to three hours – people had to it is significant in improving the 380 mm, and rainfall is usually wait in line to haul water up from a health, welfare and productivity of Notably, the lack of access to torrential, being high in intensity Notably, the International depth of 12 metres before trudging populations. Moreover, it is central water also extends to harm efforts and short in duration, thus raising Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), back home with their heavy loads. to the production and preservation to promote gender equality and the possibility of unpredictable a humanitarian institution based in of a broad array of benefits and women’s empowerment, therefore and destructive floods. Moreover, Geneva, Switzerland and a three- Easy access to clean water services for populations, while it additionally severely limiting rainfall is highly variable from time Nobel Prize Laureate, recently also remains essential to adaptation potential for broad development. year to year, with droughts featured an article highlighting a Now, thanks to a solar water to climate change, serving as an Girls spending valuable time occurring every three to five grassroots-level water project in supply system installed by the important link between the climate fetching water may not attend years. Consequently, most rivers Aytera, a small border village in ICRC in June 2015, the water system, human society and the school, thus missing out on in Eritrea remain dry throughout Eritrea. Significantly, the project situation is much improved. A environment. education that may propel socio- most of the year. Furthermore, helps provide vital water and fountain built in the middle of the economic transformation, while Eritrea possesses limited sources relief to the village, while also village gives residents easy access During a speech she gave last women who spend hours fetching of fresh surface water, and while serving as an apt reminder of the to clean water. year on the UN’s new Sustainable water have less time to engage groundwater can be tapped, it may tangible developmental outcomes Development Goals (SDGs), in productive income-generating be small in quantity and poor in emanating from the access to The village has established a Helen Clark thoroughly detailed work and activities. quality (IFAD n.d.). water. three-member water committee to the numerous mechanisms oversee the upkeep of the solar- through which water is interrelated Women’s economic In this context, access to water Eritrea: A solar powered well powered well. Residents each pay to global poverty eradication empowerment is increasingly has been a central focus of Eritrea’s brings water and relief a small fee to fill up a jerrycan of and sustainable development. recognized as amongst the most national developmental objectives. International Committee of the water after waiting no more than a First, water is directly linked significant factors in promoting In recent years, access to clean Red Cross (ICRC) and featured couple of minutes to access one of to sanitation and health. Water- gender equality. However, drinking water in rural and urban on https://www.icrc.org the well’s ten faucets. related illnesses disproportionately economically strengthening communities in Eritrea has risen affect disadvantaged, vulnerable, women is not only a fundamental to a total of 85%, dramatically Eritreans living in the border More time for chores and marginalized populations, moral imperative, in terms of higher than the meager figure at the village of Aytera know how hard especially poor women and encouraging the realization of onset of independence (Ministry life can be. During the 1998–2000 Gathering the water needed for children. Globally, it is estimated inherent, inalienable women’s of Land, Water and Environment; war between Ethiopia and Eritrea daily life is often a chore that falls to that approximately 2,000 children and human rights, it also serves Pose and Samuels 2011). Much most fled to makeshift camps. women and girls. Fiyori Maekele, under the age of five die every to stimulate economic growth and of the country’s improvement is Since the conflict ended, they have a seventh grade schoolgirl, said: single day from diarrheal diseases. prosperity, ultimately tangibly down to considerable investments, been rebuilding their lives from the “The solar water project is very Frustratingly, the vast majority of improving societies. For example, cooperative projects and ashes of war. important for girls and mothers these deaths are relatively easily in the 1970s, as Norwegian integrated approaches that cut as it only takes us a few minutes preventable, often being connected women entered the labor force en across ministries and sectors, a Aytera’s 600 residents depend to fetch water, so I now have more to problems with and inadequate masse, overall productivity greatly simultaneous focus on both rural heavily on their crops and farm time to spend on chores and school access to water, sanitation, and improved, while the country’s tax and urban populations, and broad animals to survive. This is a test in work.” hygiene. As well, illnesses and base nearly doubled, helping to community involvement. itself, but the biggest challenge to diseases arising from a lack of undergird a generous, universal life in this region – known as Gash The ICRC has been working in water and sanitation also lead to welfare state that supports all Moving forward, it is imperative Barka, situated in the southwest Eritrea since the outbreak of the considerable losses in productivity, segments of Norwegian society. that Eritrea continue to place water of the country – is water. For two border conflict, helping vulnerable burden individuals, families, at the centre of its development years, after Aytera’s water pump people and the victims of violence. communities, and healthcare Overall, the right to water is policy. This will necessitate renewed broke, residents had to walk four Its most recent projects include the systems with massive costs, a fundamental human right, and firm political will and commitment, kilometres to a hand-dug well to installation of about 80 solar water and ultimately stunt national the lack of access to water leads as well as the cooperation and fetch water. supply systems, construction of economies. to a broad array of far-reaching support of the international The children from other villages ponds for livestock, distribution negative economic and social community, development partners, who attend Aytera’s school always of foot-pumps for small-scale Articulating the close link impacts, including general poor and local communities and groups. had to scramble to find something irrigation projects, animal between water and the economy, health, greater mortality, lower Ultimately, focus and investment to drink. “It was very sad to see vaccination services, and assisting Sanctuary, Tropp, and Berntell school enrolments and decreased in water (and related sectors) will children move from house to house Ethiopians who wish to be of the Stockholm International educational achievement, and help to radically transform the in search of water,” said Nebiat repatriated. Water Institute (SIWI) find greater gender disparities. country’s economy, encourage Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 6

Asmara International Community School

setting • Internationally recognized teacher certification/qualification AICS is currently accepting applications for full time teaching positions. • Flexibility and qualifications to teach in other areas as needed • Experience living in a foreign country (Preferred) The deadline is March 4, 2016. ONLY Applicants who meet or exceed • Certificate of exemption from national service (Eritrean) these requirements should apply: successful applications will be notified. Send CV with contact information and references by postal mail to: 1. Primary ES (Grades 2) AICS, P.O. Box 4941, Asmara. 2. Intermediate ES (Grade 4) 3. Secondary English Teacher Please mail a second copy of your application to ministry of Labor addressed: - Work permit section P.O. Box 5252, Asmara.

Successful candidates Should have: • Bachelors Degree No telephone call or appointment please. Candidates will be notified by March 14, 2016. • Minimum 2 years teaching experience preferably in an international

Photo:Mhreteab Gebremichael Photographers Corner 2008 Asmara Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 7

The Light at the End of a Dark Tunnel

Zahra Ahmed Baduri Education offers many benefits, with her teachers and family. including building personality and However, the challenge would Since the 1980s, fighting character, allowing individuals be in completing the remaining civilian illiteracy has been a to contribute to national series of exams…how would she continuous effort. Importantly, development, and promoting do it? The thought of waiting for the Eritrean Teacher Training employment opportunities. For another year was of great worry. Institute (TTI) has long been example, 46 women out of the Consequently, Amna bravely offering matriculation exam 81 matriculation participants decided to continue her exams in opportunities to women seeking of Afabet now work in diverse the hospital. Local authorities and to improve their education. To fields including health, her instructors agreed to grant her be exact, efforts began during the telecommunications, banks, the opportunity, and thus Amna Eritrean armed struggle in 1983; education, and administration, wrote her exams while receiving at that time, approximately 80% amongst others. treatment and care (along with of the population was illiterate. her child)! However, through the commitment If you graduate today and stop junior schooling program. This participants whom succeeded in of the Ministry of Education learning the tomorrow, you are After scoring remarkably well was important towards offering passing. During the occasion, the (MoE), the National Union of illiterate… and completing her ESECE expanded access to opportunities president of the NUEW, Tekhea Eritrean Women (NUEW), and exams, Amna began teaching for more individuals. In Afabet, Tesfamicheal, contributed by other organizations, the rate of Many of the participants’ stories at a local school in Afabet numerous civilians and a massive cheering and commending those illiteracy rapidly decreased to are inspirational. For example, until the summer of 2015. number of women were included women who continued to pursue 25% after independence. In 1993- consider Amna Mohamed Omer. Subsequently, she enrolled at the in the evening class programs. their education. 94, the Northern Red Sea region After finishing her middle Eritrean TTI at Asmara, taking Importantly, with nearly 90% enrolled about 1114 students in school studies, she chose to get her unshakable confidence and of the region’s women being Significantly, one reason many 10 districts for literacy programs. married and left her studies for her newly born daughter, Nejat highly active in such initiatives, women lacked education was Remarkably, by 2014-15 the a period. However, the thought (or as her roommates named there was greater acceptance that many communities viewed number increased to 44,714 of continuing her education was her in Tigre “Welet matric’’, in among communities and families the idea of educating women as students in 186 districts. never a distant sight. After some reference to being born during toward the education of girls and a taboo or even as a push factor time, and through discussions the matriculation exams). women. that diverts women from the Crucially, much of the with her husband, she enrolled in Impressively, Amna advanced legendary cultural views and improvement was through evening class programs available in the one year freshman course In AGEZO, a local magazine, norms. For example, many saw the efforts of and targeting of in her home town. Even pregnancy at TTI, presenting a wonderful an article on education and women as required to serve their women. Notably, in 2005, NUEW didn’t stop her from commitment example of excellence, NUEW displayed impressive father or husband. However, organized class programs for to her studies, and she remained perseverance, and courage. figures for the 2013-2015 period. with women being a main former fighters, many of whom focused on preparing for the The article noted that 81 elders, strength of Eritrea’s struggle for had left their education during final exams of secondary school Education and literacy represent 74 of them women, participated in independence, NUEW and the elementary levels in order to applicants (ESECE). fundamental rights, and they are matriculation exams. Moreover, government organized various join the struggle. The program, critical tools for development on September 8th 2015, a day women’s empowerment programs which signed up both women and While the first exam was of little and equality. It is important and that annually celebrates the both to fulfil women’s rights and men, played a positive role in difficulty for her, problems began positive that many women across nationwide fight against illiteracy, allow them to contribute fully to improving their literacy. to arise once she got back home. Eritrea continue to take a strong during festivities in Afabet, society. It was the baby. Ultimately, she stand against illiteracy, even in the NUEW extended awards and cash With the program’s finance and was taken to the nearest hospital, face of pressures like marriage, prizes to students who scored To take an example, a woman teachers’ monthly pay covered and gave birth to a happy, healthy pregnancy, and outdated cultural highest on the middle school from the subzone of Afabet, by the MoE, in 2007-08 the daughter. Amna welcomed her notions. final evaluation tests (General Rayet Afa Mahmoud, completed program expanded to feature a daughter into the world along exams) along with ESECE a diploma program and is now working in the telecommunication department (Eri-Tel) of the subzone. Additionally, Ms. Asha Mohammed Nur Ali reached 11th grade, despite facing challenging age differences among classmates and other peer pressures, and for that she was awarded the MENDELAY prize. Just by being a part of the NUEW program, about 2,130 women of Afabet subzone enrolled in regular schools. The head of the educational department of Afabet, Abdullah Saleh, said that the progress in eliminating illiteracy doesn’t mean that it is fully conquered, but rather that it illustrates what is possible in Amna taking.ESECE Exams in the hospital moving forward. Eritrea Profile, Wednesday, 17 February, 2016 vol 22. no.100 8

“You don’t know about the Asmara toad ?!” Billion Temesghen

Dr. Theodore J. Papefuss has been a Research Scientist the University of California since 1980, specializing in the study of reptile and amphib- ians. He is particularly interested in the conservation of these animals and biodiversity. Dr. Papefuss recently visited Eritrea for three weeks, and right before he left I had the opportunity to interview him. We had a wonderful discussion and I went home with so much knowledge about several of Eritrea’s unique animals.

Dr. Theodore, tell us about some of the species were also ‘Asmari’ and it was found in 1982, yourself. segregated. I did some research in 34 years ago. But nobody knows Arabia and felt the need to expand about it. Call me Ted, please. I am a my inquiry to the Horn of Africa. research scientist at the University Do you know that the ‘Asmara of California, and I have worked So, this is why I had to return toad’ is the only one animal named there for over 35 years. My to Africa. And particularly your after a city? specialty is the study of amphibians country, Eritrea. and reptiles. It could be a national treasure... In Eritrea? Our university has the biggest In Green Island, Massawa, I museum of its kind, the Museum Eritrea is rich in biodiversity of met three young boys, all college of Vertebrate Zoology. small animals. Many years ago, a students from Asmara. One was biologist was here to conduct some in the College of Business, and I How did it start? I mean your research, mostly in Massawa and don’t remember the others. But entry into the profession. a bit in Asmara. Remarkably, they they were there just having a good found some new species. This was time and enjoying themselves, and My friend earlier on in grammar one of the factors that pushed me to they were also really interested in “People are always eager to know and learn”. Ted showing a school, his father specialized in the come and do research of my own. what I was doing. So we talked young man a sweet turtle of 1827 same profession, and so I basically a lot and they were immersed in wanted to be like him. You know, the When I asked for a permission to what I was telling them. They told that I found so many species…we bags! That is beautiful. Where I same man, much later on, was my come and work in your country, I me that they would tell all of their will conduct further DNA studies. come from, they only just recently advisor while I was doing research was fortunate to find some amazing friends about these tiny species And I have even found a toad that I banned the use of plastic bags, but for my Ph.D. Subsequently, I’ve people, including Fitsum, the which exist in abundance in Eritrea don’t really know what it is. you have already done so for many worked with him for so many years director of wildlife in your country. and have a vital role in biodiversity Also, in Massawa I found gecko years. And it is more of a tradition at the University of California. He arranged so many things with and the food chain. lizards that come out at night. They than a rule for you. the Ministry of Agriculture… caught my interest because they And I have long been interested and here I am. I’ve been here for You do the same now, you need were first found by the same person What else? in Africa, probably back to when I almost three weeks and everything tell your friends! Well, then again that described the sweet water turtle was 19 years old. has been beyond fantastic. you will write about it, won’t that I talked about earlier, found in Aside from the toads and lizards, you? I wish for people to hear and 1827. what I appreciated most was Why Africa? One of our goals was to study know about such things. It is really your culture and tradition. I was some of the unusual species. In important. These small animals, like I said, welcomed in ways that I will never When I was an early college 1827, a freshwater turtle and a are very important and they should forget. Everyone is friendly, kind, student, I lived in Ghana for six very unusual type of lizard were Mostly people think of elephants be protected. But I also noticed that generous, and so eager to learn and month. Then 10 years ago, I began discovered in the area towards and leopards, because Eritrea your country has taken, for now a know. to have a growing and immense Massawa. And there is something is in Africa. But you even have long time, some serious steps in the interest in the species of East else which is unique to Eritrea…do this small animal that is named conservation of nature. Wildlife, [Before coming to Eritrea] I was Africa, many who are related to you know of the ‘Asmara toad’? after your city! They exist almost greenery, and forestry are well misinformed. I am glad I came to those of the Arabian Peninsula. everywhere around you because preserved…I now know that your see for myself. Outside we hear You know, something like 40 No, I don’t. they are well-suited for wet areas. forestry was devastated because of that Eritrea is a closed country. But million years ago, the land masses You don’t know about the the war, but national enclosures and in reality it is a place of vibrant of Arabia and Africa were actually ‘Asmara toad’?! One of the many pleasures of similar approaches will certainly people. I also used to believe physically connected together. This specific species name is being in your country was the fact bring you great outcomes. I have that you had no contact with the Later, when they got separated, also seen that you don’t use plastic outside world, but I noticed that almost every house has a satellite dish panel and BBC is on almost everywhere.

Author’s note: after the formal interview, I had a pleasant chat with Ted. He told me that he enjoyed “mies,” a traditional Eritrean liquor. Ted also expressed astonishment and disbelief at seeing dancers doing the traditional Tigrinya dance routine – in which they move with elegant, rapid steps while balancing long- necked bottles of “areki” atop their heads. Our fella: the Asmara Toad! female & male. Ted’s ‘je ne sais quoi yet’