Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LOGOTHERAPY COUNSELING MODEL DEVELOPMENT TO IMPROVE LOW SELF-ESTEEM OF WOMEN VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING

Jacob Daan Engel and Syamsu Yusuf Satya Wacana Christian University - Indonesia University of

ABSTRACT The aimed to produce an effective developmental model of logotherapy counseling to improve the low self-esteem of women victims of traffi cking. The research employed descriptive- analytical method, using quasi- because it aimed to describe, analyze, and test the effectiveness of logotherapy counseling model. The activities of the research consisted of a series of model validity test, namely model rationality test, model practicability test, limited test and fi eld test; hence, the research used research and development, participatory approach, and a mix of qualitative and quantitative research. The techniques of data collection used were interview, questionnaire, and observation. The results of the research demonstrated that the use of logotherapy counseling as an intervention program for the experimental group was more effective and had given better results in the dynamics of changes among women victims of traffi cking. The effectiveness was also proven by the results of observation and interview, showing positive values in the dynamics of victims’ behavior changes. Logotherapy counseling model has its strengths in self-exploration, self-acceptance, dissociation, self-transcendence, attitudinal values, and self-awareness, which are integrated with self-potential, self-activity and self-evaluation, so that the model can trigger positive changes among the women victims of traffi cking. Therefore, there should be a training manual of logotherapy counseling model for social workers in order to improve both conceptual and empirical aspects of treatment, where the former focuses on material comprehension, problem and skill development; and the latter on technique, counseling strategy and approach. Keywords: Effectiveness, Model Development, Logotherapy Counseling, Low Self- Esteem, Women Victims of Trafficking

Introduction in an attempt of prevention, development, and Women victims of trafficking with improvement. Departing from Kartadinata’s low self-esteem became the focus of this understanding, guidance is needed by women research because the issue of low self-esteem who have healthy self-esteem in an effort experienced by women victims of trafficking of preventing conditions that can hinder is a gap that should be improved or abridged, development from happening, so that the so that the humanistic values of women, such women can develop themselves and become as justice and equality can be realized and agent of change. In the context of this the women will have a healthy self-esteem, research, women victims of trafficking require succeed, and survive. Education is thus needed counseling to improve their low self-esteem to improve or bridge the gap. In this research, into healthy self-esteem; furthermore, they education is oriented to a process of guidance will continuously need guidance as a lifelong and counseling. education process. According to Kartadinata (2009: 5-6), Conceptually, healthy self-esteem in the main focus of counseling and guidance is the perspective of Branden (1990: 6-7, 15) not the problem, but the personal-individual, is the aspects of thinking and self-value,

27 International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013 describing one’s ability to improve his or developmental issue and spiritual dimension her spiritual development, namely self- of the low self-esteem of women victims awareness, self-acceptance, self-assertiveness, of trafficking and which holds onto the purposefulness, self-responsibility, and spiritual values, only has three techniques self-integrity. The indicator of the spiritual and approaches (Frankl, 1985a: 129-179). development of healthy self-esteem is the Thus, a model development of logotherapy ability of one to improve his or her spiritual counseling should be conducted. On the other dimensions, namely self-potential, self- hand, the average educational background of activity, and self-evaluation, which according these female victims of trafficking that was in to Frankl (2000: 123-4), originate from three the low category, namely 70% were graduates kinds of humanistic values, which are creative of and did not finish primary school, became values, experiential values, and attitudinal the consideration of the need of model values. development in implementing logotherapy The results of field study showed that counseling service. the issues of women victims of trafficking Proceeding from the issues under at the Social Shelter for Women in Need research explained above, the research of Protection, Women’s Social Welfare question is formulated into “How does the Institution ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta, lie on the result of model development of logotherapy inability to improve the spiritual dimension and counseling effectively improve the low self- development to solve physical, psychological, esteem of women victims of trafficking at and sexual conditions. On the other hand, the Social Shelter for Women in Need of the actual counseling treatment for the issues Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare of spiritual dimension and development of Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta?” This the low self-esteem of female victims of main issue is elaborated into the following trafficking at ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta was only questions: for a short term of three months, oriented not 1. What are the problems of the low self- on the process and exploration, but tended to esteem of women victims of trafficking be on the symptoms observable among the at the Social Shelter for Women in Need victims referred to ”Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. of Special Protection, Women’s Social Therefore, there is a gap in the treatment Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta? for the developmental issue and spiritual 2. How actual is the counseling to the issues dimension of the low self-esteem of women of spiritual dimension and development victims of trafficking. of the low self-esteem of women victims Based on the understanding of of trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta? healthy self-esteem and the results of the 3. How is the logotherapy counseling aforementioned field study, it can be inferred model resulted from the development that the low self-esteem experienced by women appropriate for the improvement of the victims of trafficking illustrates their inability spiritual dimension and development of to improve their spiritual development, the low self-esteem of women victims of namely self-awareness, self-acceptance, trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta? self-assertiveness, purposefulness, self- 4. Is the logotherapy counseling model responsibility and self-integrity, and spiritual produced effective in improving the dimensions, so that there were seven problems spiritual dimension and development of requiring seven techniques and approaches to women victims of trafficking with low solve them. Meanwhile, logotherapy model self-esteem at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta? in the perspective of Frankl, which is seen as an appropriate approach to improve the

28 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

RESEARCH PURPOSE of trafficking in Indonesia under the Ministry The purpose of this research is to of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. “Produce an effective logotherapy counseling The population and sample of this research developmental model to improve the spiritual were women victims of trafficking as many as dimension and development of women 30 people, divided equally into experimental victims of trafficking with low self-esteem and control group, each consisting of 15 at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of women. Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare From the above table, it is found that the Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta.” This main majority of women victims of trafficking were aim is elaborated as follows: at a productive age (70%), single and divorced 1. To find the issues of low self-esteem (70%), with low educational background among women victims of trafficking at (70% for Primary School graduates and its the Social Shelter for Women in Need Dropouts). of Special Protection, Women’s Social The research method employed was Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. descriptive-analytical method and quasi 2. To find the actual conduct of counseling for experiment. Descriptive-analytical method the spiritual dimension and development was employed to systematically, factually, and of the low self-esteem of women victims accurately explain the facts and traits pertaining of trafficking at “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. to the substance of the research (Nazir, 2009: 3. To formulate a logotherapy counseling 54-55, 61). What described in this research is developmental model appropriate to the objective condition of the spiritual issues improve the spiritual dimension and of women victims of trafficking with low development of women victims of self-esteem and the actual implementation of trafficking with low self-esteem at “Mulya counseling service at the Social Shelter for Jaya” Jakarta. Women in Need of Protection, Women’s Social 4. To prove the effectiveness of the Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. produced logotherapy counseling model Meanwhile, the analysis focuses on the gap in improving the spiritual dimension in problem treatment, the need of counseling and development of women victims of treatment improvement and the impact of trafficking with low self-esteem at “Mulya logotherapy counseling intervention program Jaya” Jakarta. on the dynamics of behavioral changes among women victims of trafficking. Method The quasi experiment method with The Social Shelter for Women in Need nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group of Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare design (Heppner et al. 2008: 183) was Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta was chosen conducted in the field test of the hypothetical to be the research location because it was the model to gain a picture of the effectiveness only rehabilitation center for women victims of logotherapy counseling developmental

Table 1 Profiles of Women Victims of Trafficking No Category by Age Education Status 25–15 40–26 Primary Primary Junior Senior Married Single Divorced Years Old Years Old School School Secondary Secondary Dropouts School School 121 9 4 People 17 7 2 9 4 7 People People People People People People People People

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model. The criteria for the effectiveness of the ttable or seen from the value of α = 0.05 > result of model development of logotherapy sig (0.000). counseling, its practical significance and statistical significance, are described as Approaches follows: The approaches used were research and development, participatory, and a mixed Practical Significance method of qualitative and quantitative. 1) At the stage of model development, the The researcher selected Research and theory and basic principles should fulfill Development as developed by Borg and Gall the validity requirements for educational (1989; 2003: 570) because the research would products (Borg & Gall, 2003: 570) like to develop and validate educational through model assessment by experts, products, namely a developmental model of practitioners, and social workers. logotherapy counseling to improve the low 2) The instrument of logotherapy counseling self-esteem of women victims of trafficking. developmental model should fulfill the The stages and activities of the research and following requirements: development involved: (1) A preliminary a) Validity and reliability Tests (Nazir, study that consisted of two activities, 2009: 145; Sururi and Suharto, 2007: literary study and field study to produce a 51, 52) hypothetical model; (2) Model development b) Pretest and Posttest (Heppner et al., and validation, consisting of a series of model 2008: 183) validity tests, namely model rationality test, c) Data normality and homogeneity tests model practicability test, limited test, and (Sundayana, 2010: 87-89) model development and revision; (3) Field d) Mean and N-gain tests, two-mean test, consisting of feasibility test, effectiveness differential test (Hake, 1998: 65; test, revision, and analysis to produce a tested Sururi and Suharto, 2007: 24-27) model to be published. 3) The result of logotherapy counseling Jagosh et al. (2012: 3) defined developmental model should have the participatory research as collaborative research strengths and dynamics of behavioral through partnership between the researcher changes, characteristics, impacts, and and the people responsible for the actions and developmental efforts. issues under research. Participatory research as systematic investigation through collaboration Statistical Significance is intended for educational objectives and 1) Data of research results should show to make changes (Lgreen, 2012: 2). In this normality and homogeneity as research, the participatory approach gives demonstrated by the value of α = 0.05 more emphasis on the collaboration between < (sig. value) before statistic test to test the researcher and the social workers and the the mean and the N-gain and two-mean victims at the Social Shelter for Women in differential test are done. Need of Special Protection, Women’s Social 2) The mean and N-gain of pre- and posttests Welfare Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. The of the experimental group should be roles of the researcher and the social workers higher than those of the control group. are parallel, namely the social workers also 3) The improvement recapitulation of the play a role as researcher during research. In result of differential test should show this participatory research, the researcher also that the scores of pre- and posttests of the collaborated through partnership with three experimental group are higher than those experts in the field of counseling and guidance

of the control group, as proven by tcal > and with two practitioners in the process of

30 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy model validity test. covering three dimensions, namely potential, The qualitative and quantitative research activity, and evaluation. In this research, the is integrated and mutually supporting (mixed bipolar trait is formulated into one dimension methods design). According to Cresswell for each item of the research instrument (2008: 552), mixed methods design is a (Nazir, 2009: 344-345). On the other hand, procedure to collect data, analyze and mix observation is a process of observing the qualitative and quantitative in single research research subjects and is done structurally to understand the issues under research. The (Sugiyono, 2012: 145,146). stages of this kind of research involve: (1) Exploratory mixed methods design, where the Literature Review researcher gathers qualitative data to explore Human beings are posed with shifts and phenomena, and then collects quantitative changes of values in the society (Nurihsan, data to explain the correlation between the 2006: 2). According to Borrong (cited in findings in qualitative data through validity Kritis, 2007: 70), value refers more to an effort and reliability tests of the research instrument; of education viewed by one as goodness, (2) Explanatory mixed methods design, believed to be beneficial to be developed. where the researcher gathers quantitative data Education in this research is more oriented through pre-tests of the experimental and to the process of counseling and guidance. control groups and then collects qualitative According to Kartadinata (2009: 5-6), the data through interpretation and analysis of main focus of counseling and guidance is not the quantitative data made qualitative; in on the problem but the personal-individual this case, resulting in a hypothetical model as an attempt of preventing, developing, and of logotherapy counseling model developed improving. Guidance is needed by every through validation by experts, practitioners, woman who has healthy self-esteem in an effort and social workers; (3) Embedded mixed to prevent conditions hindering development methods design, in which the researcher to take place, so that the women can develop collects qualitative and quantitative data themselves. Meanwhile, among women simultaneously; (4) Triangulation mixed victims of trafficking, counseling is needed methods design, in that the researcher to improve low self-esteem to be healthy gathers the results of post-tests in the form of self-esteem, and they will continuously need quantitative data and the results of observation guidance as a process of lifelong education. and interview as the qualitative data to be Facts in the field show that there are interpreted and analyzed simultaneously. so many women victims of trafficking who suffered from physical, psychological, and Techniques sexual abuses. The statistic provided by Akor The techniques of data collection (2011: 89) showed that from 500,000 female used were interview, questionnaire, and migrant workers sent from Nigeria-Afrika observation. Free interview with the to the U.S. and Europe, 70% were traded guidelines that the interview focused on the as commercial sex workers, and only 30% underlying issues under question (Sugiyono, were employed as housemaids. According 2012: 140) was conducted. Questionnaire to Rafferty (2008: 14-15), women victims distribution employed semantic difference of trafficking, especially children, frequently scale to measure the aspects of negative experience cruel situation that causes physical, thinking and negative self-value in the low sexual, and psychological trauma. Loss of self-esteem of women victims of trafficking. hopes, no direction in life, and bleak future The scale is bipolar in nature (two opposite have caused these women to lose respect for poles, negative-positive) with a range of 0-10,

31 International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013 themselves and to experience low self-esteem. of spiritual dimension and development of The issue of low self-esteem the low self-esteem of women victims of conceptually departs from an understanding trafficking, logotherapy counseling that is of healthy self-esteem to highlight the facts developed from Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy, in the field based on preliminary study. It is is an appropriate approach to improve the these facts that prove whether the problems spiritual dimension and development of suffered by women victims of trafficking women victims of trafficking with low self- were their own inabilities to gain healthy self- esteem because logotherapy counseling holds esteem. Conceptually, in the perspective of onto spiritual values. Branden (1990: 6-7, 15), healthy self-esteem Lantz (1992: 129-131) conducted is the aspect of thinking and the aspect of research on life’s meanings behind the self-value, describing the ability of someone anxieties of 28 families in Applachian City. to improve his or her spiritual development, The results showed that Frankl’s logotherapy namely self-awareness, self-acceptance, could improve the meanings of life and was self-assertiveness, purposefulness, self- proven to help the families to have the ability responsibility, and self-integrity. The indicator to cope with anxiety, have a strong of spiritual development of healthy self- to search, find, and own the meanings and esteem is one’s ability to improve his or her aims of life. Melton and Schulenberg (2008: spiritual dimension, namely self-potential, 31, 33-34; 40-41) also conducted research on self-activity, and self-evaluation, which the impact and relevance of the measurement according to Frankl (2000: 123-4) originate of the meanings of life and concluded that from three kinds of humanistic values, logotherapy contributed empirically to the namely creative values, experiential values, human’s ability to respond to various internal and attitudinal values. Facts in the field and external problems, in order to have the showed that the issues of women victims of main motivation that enables human beings trafficking at the Social Shelter for Women in to search for the meanings they want, and Need of Protection, Women’s Social Welfare to highlight human’s ability to find and own Institution “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta lie in these meanings in any condition. In line with women’s inability to improve their spiritual them, Esping (2011: 59, 62-65) did research dimension and development in order to cope on autoethnography as logotherapy, and with their physical, psychological, and sexual proved that logotherapy was effective to find conditions. awareness of the meanings of life as a way Based on the understanding of healthy for one to achieve mental through the self-esteem and the facts found in this realization of the three source values and research, the issue of spiritually low self- spiritual dimensions. esteem experienced by women victims of Based on the theoretical review trafficking ilustrates their inability to improve and framework explained above, then the their spiritual development, namely self- formulated research question is “How effective awareness, self-acceptance, self-assertiveness, is the result of logotherapy counseling purposefulness, self-responsibility, and developmental model to improve the low self-integrity. The indicator of the spiritual self-esteem of women victims of trafficking development of low self-esteem is the at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of inability of these women victims of trafficking Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare to improve their spiritual dimensions, Institution ‘Mulya Jaya’ Jakarta?” namely self-potential, self-activity, and self- The development of logotherapy evaluation. counseling model in this research is more In an attempt of treating the issues oriented towards the improvement of the

32 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy spiritually low self-esteem among women development is effective to improve the low victims of trafficking. It is more on the process self-esteem of women victims of trafficking of realizing the victims’ self-potentials and at the Social Shelter for Women in Need of is oriented to the planning, conduct, and Special Protection, Women’s Social Welfare evaluation in an attempt of solving the issue Institition, “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta. of low self-esteem among women victims of trafficking (Leddick, 2001: 1). In its Results and Discussion execution, the approach is integrated with the From the questionnaires distributed to available human resources, by emphasizing the respondents to measure the development collaboration through partnership in work and spiritual dimension of women victims among the researcher and the experts and of trafficking, consisting of 51 validated practitioners and the social workers of statements, the average results of the pre- and “Mulya Jaya” Jakarta and the women victims post-tests of both the experimental and control of trafficking as well, based on the practical groups were obtained, and in order to test application, theory, and relevant research model effectiveness, the normalized N-gain results in the field. The specific orientation was calculated (Hake, 1998: 65) of the model is the implementation of a Table 2 shows the number of program in the form of a logo counseling respondents for the two groups, where each model design to facilitate the development consisted of 15 people. The mean for the pre- of self-potential among the women victims test of the experimental group was 166.07 of trafficking, involving personal, social, with a standard deviation of 23.59 and the educational, and spiritual aspects, as beings mean increased to 452.27, where the standard with biopsychosociospiritual dimension deviation of the posttest decreased instead (biological, psychological, social, and to 14.89. Meanwhile, the ratio of N-gains spiritual) (Department of National Education, of the pre- and posttests of the experimental 2007: 10-11). group and the control group is 0.75 > 0.15. Based on the understanding of the model This indicates that logotherapy counseling development of logotherapy counseling, the model is effective as an intervention program hypothesis formulated for this research is to improve the low self-esteem of women ”The result of logotherapy counseling model victims of trafficking.

Table 2 The Means and N-gain of Pretest-Posttest Results Experimental and Control Groups Sources of Data n (mean) Std. Deviation N-gain Experimental Pretest 15 166,07 23,59 0,75 Posttest 452,27 14,89 Control Pretest 15 205,93 18,60 0,15 Posttest 251,80 12,71

Table 3 Recapitulation of Two-Mean Differential Test for Pretest and Posttest Experimental and Control Groups

Groups Mean df tcal ttable (Sig (2-tailed Experimental Pre-posttests -259,000 14 -43,851 2,144 0,000

Control Pre-posttests -45,600 14 -8,546 2,144 0,000

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In relation to the differences of the two well as Table 5 and Table 6 are as follows: groups, t-test for paired sample test was used The causal factors in the problem of as the statistical tool for two-mean differential low self-esteem depict the inability of women test. trafficking victims to improve their spiritual

Table 3 shows the tcal (43.851) > ttable development through self-awareness, self- (2.144) for the experimental group, and seen acceptance, self-assertiveness, life goals, self- from the value of α = 0.05 > sig (0.000), responsibility, and self-integrity. The causal it indicates that the use of logotherapy factor indicators in the problem of low self- counseling intervention program among the esteem spiritual development are the inability experimental group is effective compared to of someone to improve one’s spiritual the control group. dimension through self-potential, self-activity, Next, the recapitalization of the average and self-evaluation. Through the logotherapy differences of pretest-posttest increases counseling intervention program and statistical and N-gain problem development and low test results, achieving improvements in low self-esteem spiritual dimension in women self-esteem can be seen in attitude values and trafficking victims in Graph 2 and Graph 3 as the dynamic of positive behavior changes in

Graph 1 Average Differences of Pretest-Posttest Increases in the Spiritual Development of Experimentpp Group Women Trafficking g Victims

Graph 2 Means Differences in Pretest-Posttest Increases of the Low Self-Esteem Spiritual Dimension in Experimentpp Group Women Trafficking g Victims

34 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy women trafficking victims. This affirms that the primary principle of self-control in women the logotherapy counseling model is proven trafficking victims. effective in fixing low self-esteem in women trafficking victims as described and analyzed Self-Acceptance as Problems and Strengths below. of the Logotherapy Counseling Model Development The Problem of Self-Awareness and Self- Graph 1shows that the problem of low Exploration as Strengths of the Logotherapy self-esteem spiritual development in women Counseling Model Development trafficking victims at the self-acceptance level Graph 1shows that the problem of is 32.07%. This is related with negative self- low self-esteem spiritual development in control and negative self-identity. In line with women trafficking victims at the level of this research, Hughes (2003:116) proclaims self-awareness is 34.15%. This is due to low that information technology causes and education, an imbalance in socialization in creates global media to exploit male sexuality society, and different treatment in the family and misuse of women and children, so that can even become victims in family and an identity crisis is formed and the level of social situations. In line with this research, self-control becomes low. This destroys their the statistical data explained by Joshi and lives and futures, because they cannot accept Srivastava (2009:33-34) of research results of their existence. Through the self-acceptance 200 city teenagers and 200 village teenagers technique of the logotherapy counseling from Varansi Regency, 12-14 years old, intervention program, an increase in spiritual shows that there is a significant difference development self-acceptance from a pretest related with academic achievement of village average of 32.07% increased to become teenagers, who tend to experience low self- 84.37% in the posttest, because women esteem due to the problem of formal and non- trafficking victims were able to control and formal education in the family. Through the develop themselves to become individuals self-exploration technique in the logotherapy with achievements and abilities. In line counseling intervention program, an increase with this research, Tate et al. (2013:79,83) in spiritual development self-awareness from conducted research on 50% of students who the pretest average of 34.15%, increased felt they were wrong because of negative to become 83.70% in the posttest, because life experiences in the past. This shows women trafficking victims are able to do that logotherapy is successful as a method empowerment for attitude and heath behavior to overcome feelings of guilt by trying to changes. Related with this research, Kyung- disregard the problem phenomenon, finding Ah et al. (2009:136) conducted research on work values to reach goals and life , 29 teenagers suffering from cancer. They by assuming that looking for meaning is a were divided into an experiment group with primary human motivation to understand the 17 individuals and a control group with abilities owned through self-acceptance. In 12 individuals. This research showed that this research, self-acceptance is related with logotherapy is effective in reducing existential self-commitment towards the abilities and suffering, improving the quality and life achievements reached, as well as the initiative meaning, through self-exploration to empower to take responsibility for failures, mistakes, or an attitude change and healthy behavior deficiencies possessed by women trafficking change. In this research, empowerment is victims. related with the ability to create ideas, create works, make decisions, and have the ability to solve problems, because self-awareness is

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The Problem of Self-Assertiveness and excessive fears and desires. Victims are not Paradoxical Intensity as Strengths of equivalent with their pasts, obsessions, low the Logotherapy Counseling Model self-esteem, unsafe feelings, depression, Development addiction, physical diseases, or emotional Graph 1 reveals that the problem of low outbursts, but have inner life values that self-esteem spiritual development in women are strengths that can be used to keep their trafficking victims at the self-assertiveness boundaries and attitudes towards their level is 30.67%, due to not being valued in existence. the eyes of others, unworthy to receive family support for what they have done, feel valuable The Problem of Life Goals and Self- because they are praised by others, have to do Transcendence as Strengths of the something that is valuable to appease others, Logotherapy Counseling Model which is related with self-control and self- Development . Related with this research, the survey Graph 1shows that the problem of low data that was explained by Erol and Ulrich self-esteem spiritual development in women (2011:607-608) had research results of 7,100 trafficking victims at the life goal level is young between 14-30 years old, who 32.38%, related with bad expectations and were black, white, and Hispanic. Hispanic negative self-criticism. Related with this people had low self-esteem because of anti- research, the statistical data explained by social characteristics, difficulty to respect Abdulraheem and Oladipo (2010:37) about others, and difficulty to respect themselves. the effects of women trafficking on the Through the paradoxical intention technique and of women with a self-detachment approach in the trafficking victims is 90.5%, depression logotherapy counseling intervention program, is 83.6%, emotional trauma is 72.4%, and an increase in self-assertiveness of spiritual lack of sleep is 67.4%, resulting in biased development from a pretest average of expectations and negative thinking. Through 30.67% increased to become 85.00% in the the dereflection technique with the self- posttest, because women trafficking victims transcendence approach in the logotherapy were able to have and actions counseling intervention program, an increase based on standards, aspirations, goals, or in spiritual development life goals from values of others. Related with this research, pretest averages was 32.38% and increased according to Kimble and Ellor (2000:20,21) to become 82.76% in the posttest, because ontologically logotherapy handles high level women trafficking victims are able to develop humanity problems to understand meaning a of self-commitment values by doing and values, freedom and responsibility, various real activities that are more directed conscience and commitment, and decisions towards achieving meaning and their life goals. and life goals behind the suffering of someone Analogous with this research, a research done through paradoxical intention. In this by Julom and de Guzman (2013:357, 369- research, paradoxical intention is a personal 371) on 32 paralyzed patients (16 experiment standard that covers attitude standards, group patients and 16 control group patients) speaking standards, regulation standards, and who experienced no life meaning proved that appearance standards related with the desired effective logotherapy increases life meaning character of someone, as well as related with in the 16 experiment group paralyzed patients the goals, values, and achievements that are through self-transcendence to reach their desirable to be achieved. Women trafficking life goals. In this research, life goals reflect victims with their own abilities can distance the figure of women trafficking victims who themselves and have self-detachment towards have dignity and personal values to reach life

36 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy meaning and self-respect. Attitude values, towards someone’s attitude values. In this feelings, and spirituality are relative but these research, attitude values as a strength in values appear from the awareness of victims the logotherapy counseling model have to do activities and skills based on their proven when women trafficking victims are abilities. The talents and interests that have motivated to take responsibility in a situation been hidden and can be explored will result that is advantageous or disadvantageous, that in self-confidence in the victims, so that they situation produces attitude values that life have the ability to do something that they have values can be found in any situation. This previously not done before. meaning produces faith, hope, and . With that, attitude values can especially be used to The Problem of Self-Responsibility encourage, provide urgency, give comfort, and Attitude Values as Strengths of and assist women trafficking victims to return the Logotherapy Counseling Model to have balance and inner peace. Development Graph 1depicts that the problem of The Problem of Self-Integrity and low self-esteem spiritual development in Self-Awareness as Strengths in the women trafficking victims at the level of Logotherapy Counseling Model self-responsibility is 32.08%, related with the Development negative family needs and negative self-roles. Graph 1reveals that the problem of low In accordance with this research, according to self-esteem spiritual development in women Khowaja et al. (2012:1-3), women trafficking trafficking victims at the self-integrity level victims are physically beaten, sexually is 34.26%, related with low self-respect abused, experience psychological trauma, and (negative self-value) and negative self-image. have economic loss to create dependence on In accordance with this research, Beyrer et al. traffickers, resulting in them having to work (2003:106) stated that the sexual exploitation hard with all the associated risks to fulfill of women trafficking victims has an effect on their family needs. Through the attitude the victims becoming pregnant, infertility as modification technique in the logotherapy a result of sexually spread chronic infections counseling intervention program, an increase that are left untreated, and failures or abortions in spiritual development self-responsibility that have destroyed their self-integrity and from the pretest average of 32.08% self-confidence. Through the Sokrates dialog increased to become 82.17% in the posttest, technique with the self-awareness approach because women trafficking victims are able in the logotherapy counseling intervention to understand their tasks and principles program, an increase in spiritual development from the self-responsibility of women self-integrity from the pretest average is trafficking victims, based on demands from 34.26%, which increases to become 82.33% others (family, society, friends, boyfriends, in the posttest, because women trafficking neighbors, or the country). Analogous with victims can access their abilities and develop this research, Esping (2010:1,3) conducted their self-confidence to find meaning and research about the experience of Lorena, an goals in their lives. Related with this research, international student who was pursuing a according to Hutchinson and Chapman PhD in the United States, who showed that (2006:57-59), logotherapy as an existential logotherapy as a approach approach, exploration, and process-oriented, could facilitate Lorena to find life meaning with a primary focus on spirituality and life to finish her studies through creative values, meaning can empower humans to manage experience values, and attitude values situations that are extraordinary in life and act together, which focused on reorientation as unique human experiences like joy, guilt,

37 International Journal of Education, Vol. 7 No. 1 Desember 2013 and discover meaning that arises from self- the fact that women trafficking victims have confidence as a strength in the logotherapy learned how to respect life, respect victims’ counseling model has proven that life abilities as a grace, and release themselves meaning comes through the words of women from unfulfilled desires. In accordance trafficking victims, showing their thinking with this research, Melton and Schulenberg ability and self-integrity which reveals a (2008:31,33-34; 40-41) did a research on the respectful attitude honestly, sincerely, and effects and relevance of measuring life meaning earnestly, having a positive behavior pattern as a logotherapy empirical contribution for that increases self-confidence, in order that , so that with free will, they do not return to being trafficking victims. the will to acquire meaning, and the meaning The Spiritual Dimension as Problems and of life, logotherapy can be integrated with Strengths of the Logotherapy Counseling psychotherapy and humanistic psychology Model Development forms to accommodate and provide empirical Graph 2 depicts that the problem of the contributions about human abilities in response low self-esteem spiritual dimension in women to various internal and external problems, trafficking victims at the self-potential level is having a primary motivation to facilitate 30.69%, related with a fatalistic attitude and humans to search for their desired meaning, over-forcing. Self-activity is 35.68%, related as well as monitor human abilities to discover with a fanatic attitude and over-avoidance. and possess meaning in whatever conditions Self-evaluation is 32.24%, related with a through the spiritual dimensions they possess. collective attitude and being overly attentive. In this research, the spiritual dimension In accordance with this research, the statistical empowers women trafficking victims to find data that was explained by Jordan et al. truth, beauty, and love, because these values (2013:356) shows that women who become have provided life meaning in encountering trafficking victims have increased in the United victims with the world outside themselves, States with approximately 15,000 to 50,000 evoking inner attitude values, so that victims victims annually, experience actual wounds can make adjustments, do , and because they are often abused, are sexually open themselves to new and innovative things assaulted, experience psychological trauma, to find meaning and life goals. and feel their lives and futures are destroyed. According to Hughes (2000:625-630), women Conclusions sexual trafficking is characterized by a forced The logotherapy counseling method work situation, physical and sexual abuse, development is effective to fix low self- limited movements and isolation, dependence esteem in women trafficking victims, because on debt, and more appalling rejection by the the model possesses: family and society. Through the meaning 1. Strength in self-exploration, self- realization technique with the meaning acceptance, paradoxical intention, self- discovery approach in the logotherapy transcendence, attitude values, self- counseling intervention program, the pretest awareness, self-potential, self-activity, means spiritual dimension self-potential and self-evaluation. increased from 30.69% to become 83.80% 2. Special characteristics in self- in the posttest. The pretest means spiritual transcendence. dimension self-activity of 35.68% increased to 3. Good effects towards: (a) the behavior become 82.82% in the posttest. The spiritual change dynamic in victims; (b) dimension self-evaluation experienced an viewpoints, handling techniques, and increase from 34.24% to become 83.39% counseling strategies for social workers; in the posttest. These increases are due to (c) work environment and commitment

38 Jacob Daan Engel & Syamsu Yusuf, The Effectiveness of The Logotherapy

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