CHAPTER 1 Introduction
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Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced
Article Cite This: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 7092−7100 pubs.acs.org/est Metabolomics Reveals the Molecular Mechanisms of Copper Induced Cucumber Leaf (Cucumis sativus) Senescence † ‡ § ∥ ∥ ∥ Lijuan Zhao, Yuxiong Huang, , Kelly Paglia, Arpana Vaniya, Benjamin Wancewicz, ‡ § and Arturo A. Keller*, , † Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China ‡ Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States § University of California, Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States ∥ UC Davis Genome Center-Metabolomics, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Excess copper may disturb plant photosynthesis and induce leaf senescence. The underlying toxicity mechanism is not well understood. Here, 3-week-old cucumber plants were foliar exposed to different copper concentrations (10, 100, and 500 mg/L) for a final dose of 0.21, 2.1, and 10 mg/plant, using CuSO4 as the Cu ion source for 7 days, three times per day. Metabolomics quantified 149 primary and 79 secondary metabolites. A number of intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were significantly down-regulated 1.4−2.4 fold, indicating a perturbed carbohy- drate metabolism. Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and shikimate- phenylpropanoid biosynthesis (antioxidant and defense related pathways) were perturbed by excess copper. These metabolic responses occur even at the lowest copper dose considered although no phenotype changes were observed at this dose. High copper dose resulted in a 2-fold increase in phytol, a degradation product of chlorophyll. -
Studies of the Effects of Flavonoids on Roentgen Irradiation Disease
STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS John B. Field, Paul E. Rekers J Clin Invest. 1949;28(4):746-751. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI102127. Research Article Find the latest version: https://jci.me/102127/pdf STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON ROENTGEN IRRADIATION DISEASE. II. COMPARISON OF THE PROTECTIVE INFLUENCE OF SOME FLAVONOIDS AND VITAMIN C IN DOGS' By JOHN B. FIELD 2 AND PAUL E. REKERS (From the Department of Radiation Biology, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York) (Received for publication February 22, 1949) The nature of dietary factors contributing to Thus, it has been proposed that rutin either de- the maintenance of vascular integrity has not, creases the rate of vascular disintegration, or in- as yet, been satisfactorily elucidated. However, creases its repair (12). vitamin C appears to play a specific role (1-3) by The purpose of this report is to summarize functioning in some manner to incorporate the vas- briefly observations on the activity of other sub- cular cement substance. The significance of other stances of the flavonoid and related groups and agents in alleviating "vascular purpura" has re- to indicate the relationship of these substances mained inconclusive. with vitamin C in the irradiated dog. It has been claimed that "vascular permeability" is dependent upon regulation by the entire class of METHODS "vitamin P" substances. Since 1936, the experi- Dogs of the beagle strain, identical to those utilized in mental device of eliminating "vitamin P" from the the previous study (12) were used throughout. -
European Patent Office of Opposition to That Patent, in Accordance with the Implementing Regulations
(19) TZZ _¥_T (11) EP 2 791 366 B1 (12) EUROPEAN PATENT SPECIFICATION (45) Date of publication and mention (51) Int Cl.: of the grant of the patent: C12R 1/01 (2006.01) A01H 3/00 (2006.01) 26.04.2017 Bulletin 2017/17 (86) International application number: (21) Application number: 12805902.9 PCT/US2012/070036 (22) Date of filing: 17.12.2012 (87) International publication number: WO 2013/090884 (20.06.2013 Gazette 2013/25) (54) BRADYRHIZOBIUM STRAINS BRADYRHIZOBIUM STÄMME SOUCHES DE BRADYRHIZOBIUM (84) Designated Contracting States: • SUGAWARA MASAYUKI ET AL: "Functional Role AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Trehalose GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO Biosynthesis and Metabolism Genes during PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR Physiological Stress and Nodulation", APPLIED ANDENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 76, (30) Priority: 16.12.2011 US 201161576470 P no. 4, February 2010 (2010-02), pages 1071-1081, XP002694519, (43) Date of publication of application: • STREETER J G: "Effect of trehalose on survival 22.10.2014 Bulletin 2014/43 of Bradyrhizobium japonicum during desiccation.", JOURNAL OF APPLIED (73) Proprietors: MICROBIOLOGY 2003, vol. 95, no. 3, 2003, pages • Novozymes Bioag A/S 484-491, XP002694520, ISSN: 1364-5072 2880 Bagsvaerd (DK) • CYTRYN EDDIE J ET AL: "Transcriptional and • Novozymes Biologicals, Inc. physiological responses of Bradyrhizobium Salem, VA 24153 (US) japonicum to desiccation-induced stress.", JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY OCT 2007, vol. (72) Inventors: 189, no. 19, October 2007 (2007-10), pages • KANG, Yaowei 6751-6762, XP002694521, ISSN: 0021-9193 Christiansburg, VA 24073 (US) • MARY P ET AL: "Differences among Rhizobium • TRAN, Anh melilotiand Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains in Roanoke, VA 24019 (US) tolerance to desiccation and storage at different • SEMONES, Shawn relative humidities", SOIL BIOLOGY AND Salem, VA 24153 (US) BIOCHEMISTRY,PERGAMON, OXFORD,GB, vol. -
GRAS Notice (GRN) No.901, Glucosyl Hesperidin
GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 901 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory ~~~lECTV!~ITJ) DEC 1 2 20,9 OFFICE OF FOOD ADDITI\/c SAFETY tnC Vanguard Regulator~ Services, Inc 1311 Iris Circle Broomfield, CO, 80020, USA Office: + 1-303--464-8636 Mobile: +1-720-989-4590 Email: [email protected] December 15, 2019 Dennis M. Keefe, PhD, Director, Office of Food Additive Safety HFS-200 Food and Drug Administration 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy College Park, MD 20740-3835 Re: GRAS Notice for Glucosyl Hesperidin Dear Dr. Keefe: The attached GRAS Notification is submitted on behalf of the Notifier, Hayashibara Co., ltd. of Okayama, Japan, for Glucosyl Hesperidin (GH). GH is a hesperidin molecule modified by enzymatic addition of a glucose molecule. It is intended for use as a general food ingredient, in food. The document provides a review of the information related to the intended uses, manufacturing and safety of GH. Hayashibara Co., ltd. (Hayashibara) has concluded that GH is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) based on scientific procedures under 21 CFR 170.30(b) and conforms to the proposed rule published in the Federal Register at Vol. 62, No. 74 on April 17, 1997. The publically available data and information upon which a conclusion of GRAS was made has been evaluated by a panel of experts who are qualified by scientific training and experience to assess the safety of GH under the conditions of its intended use in food. A copy of the Expert Panel's letter is attached to this GRAS Notice. -
Isoflavones As Modulators of Adenosine Monophosphate
Appl Biol Chem (2016) 59(2):217–225 Online ISSN 2468-0842 DOI 10.1007/s13765-016-0149-8 Print ISSN 2468-0834 ARTICLE Isoflavones as modulators of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase Hyeryoung Jung1 . Seunghyun Ahn1 . Beum Soo Kim1 . Soon Young Shin2 . Young Han Lee2 . Yoongho Lim1 Received: 2 November 2015 / Accepted: 9 November 2015 / Published online: 29 January 2016 Ó The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry 2016 Abstract Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein Introduction kinase (AMPK) is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and can therefore be found in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase Since AMPK participates in the regulation of homeostasis (AMPK) is expressed in all eukaryotic cells and is present on various levels, small compounds that can modulate in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants (Ghillebert et al. AMPK activity could be valuable research tools. Several 2011). It was first identified in 1988, and mammalian flavonoids can modulate AMPK. Here we investigated the AMPK was purified and sequenced in 1994 (Munday et al. modulatory effect of 37 isoflavones on AMPK activity 1988; Mitchelhill et al. 1994). Although AMPK was dis- using an in vitro kinase assay. Because the relationship covered only recently, a large body of knowledge exists on between the structural properties of flavonoids and their its function because it plays various roles in the regulation modulatory activities has not been elucidated yet, we used of homeostasis. AMPK regulates carbohydrate metabolism, comparative molecular field analysis to derive the struc- including glycolysis, glycogen metabolism, and glucose tural conditions for modulation of AMPK activity. The uptake, sensing, and production. -
Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS)
Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) A to Z Index Follow FDA FDA Voice Blog Most Popular Searches Home Food Drugs Medical Devices Radiation-Emitting Products Vaccines, Blood & Biologics Animal & Veterinary Cosmetics Tobacco Products Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) FDA Home Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) - The list below is an alphabetical inventory representing only five of 196 fields in FDA/CFSAN's PAFA database. Definitions of the labels that are found in the inventory are: Label Definition DOCTYPE An indicator of the status of the toxicology information available for the substance in PAFA (administrative and chemical information is available on all substances): A Fully up-to-date toxicology information has been sought. S P E There is reported use of the substance, but it has not yet been assigned for toxicology literature search. A F N There is reported use of the substance, and an initial toxicology literature search is in progress. E W NI Although listed as a added to food, there is no current reported use of the substance, and, therefore, L although toxicology information may be available in PAFA, it is not being updated. N There is no reported use of the substance and there is no toxicology information available in PAFA. U L B The substance was formerly approved as a food additive but is now banned; there may be some toxicology A data available. N DOCNUM PAFA database number of the Food Additive Safety Profile volume containing the printed source information concerning the substance. -
Evaluation of Anticancer Activities of Phenolic Compounds In
EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN BLUEBERRIES AND MUSCADINE GRAPES by WEIGUANG YI (Under the Direction of CASIMIR C. AKOH) ABSTRACT Research has shown that diets rich in phenolic compounds may be associated with lower risk of several chronic diseases including cancer. This study systematically evaluated the bioactivities of phenolic compounds in blueberries and muscadine grapes, and assessed their potential cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effects using two colon cancer cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2), and one liver cancer cell line (HepG2). In addition, the absorption of blueberry anthocyanin extracts was evaluated using Caco-2 human intestinal cell monolayers. Polyphenols in three blueberry cultivars (Briteblue, Tifblue and Powderblue), and four cultivars of muscadine (Carlos, Ison, Noble, and Supreme) were extracted and freeze dried. The extracts were further separated into phenolic acids, tannins, flavonols, and anthocyanins using a HLB cartridge and LH20 column. In both blueberries and muscadine grapes, some individual phenolic acids and flavonoids were identified by HPLC with more than 90% purity in anthocyanin fractions. The dried extracts and fractions were added to the cell culture medium to test for cell growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis. Polyphenols from both blueberries and muscadine grapes had significant inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth. The phenolic acid fraction showed relatively lower bioactivities with 50% inhibition at 0.5-3 µg/mL. The intermediate bioactivities were observed in the flavonol and tannin fractions. The greatest inhibitory effect among all four fractions was from the anthocyanin fractions in the three cell lines. Cell growth was significantly inhibited more than 50% by the anthocyanin fractions at concentrations of 15-300 µg/mL. -
Analysis of the Binding and Interaction Patterns of 100 Flavonoids with the Pneumococcal Virulent Protein Pneumolysin: an in Silico Virtual Screening Approach
Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (16):40-51 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Analysis of the binding and interaction patterns of 100 flavonoids with the Pneumococcal virulent protein pneumolysin: An in silico virtual screening approach Udhaya Lavinya B., Manisha P., Sangeetha N., Premkumar N., Asha Devi S., Gunaseelan D. and Sabina E. P.* 1School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science & Information Systems, JAZAN University, JAZAN-82822-6694, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Pneumococcal infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children below 2 years of age in under-developed countries. Current study involves the screening and identification of potent inhibitors of the pneumococcal virulence factor pneumolysin. About 100 flavonoids were chosen from scientific literature and docked with pnuemolysin (PDB Id.: 4QQA) using Patch Dockprogram for molecular docking. The results obtained were analysed and the docked structures visualized using LigPlus software. It was found that flavonoids amurensin, diosmin, robinin, rutin, sophoroflavonoloside, spiraeoside and icariin had hydrogen bond interactions with the receptor protein pneumolysin (4QQA). Among others, robinin had the highest score (7710) revealing that it had the best geometrical fit to the receptor molecule forming 12 hydrogen bonds ranging from 0.8-3.3 Å. Keywords : Pneumococci, pneumolysin, flavonoids, antimicrobial, virtual screening _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive pathogenic bacterium causing opportunistic infections that may be life-threating[1]. Pneumococcus is the causative agent of pneumonia and is the most common agent causing meningitis. -
Interpretive Guide
INTERPRETIVE GUIDE Contents INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1 NUTREVAL BIOMARKERS ...........................................................5 Metabolic Analysis Markers ....................................................5 Malabsorption and Dysbiosis Markers .....................................5 Cellular Energy & Mitochondrial Metabolites ..........................6 Neurotransmitter Metabolites ...............................................8 Vitamin Markers ....................................................................9 Toxin & Detoxification Markers ..............................................9 Amino Acids ..........................................................................10 Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids .........................................13 Cardiovascular Risk ................................................................15 Oxidative Stress Markers ........................................................16 Elemental Markers ................................................................17 Toxic Elements .......................................................................18 INTERPRETATION-AT-A-GLANCE .................................................19 REFERENCES .............................................................................23 INTRODUCTION A shortage of any nutrient can lead to biochemical NutrEval profile evaluates several important biochemical disturbances that affect healthy cellular and tissue pathways to help determine nutrient -
Note Preparation of a Lemon Flavonoid Aglycone and Its
Food Sci. Technol. Res., 15 (1), 83–88, 2009 Note Preparation of a Lemon Flavonoid Aglycone and its Suppressive Effect on the Susceptibility of LDL to Oxidation Following Human Ingestion 1* 2 2 3 2 Yoshiaki MIYAKE , Chika SAKURAI , Mika USUDA , Masanori HIRAMITSU and Kazuo KONDO 1 Faculty of Human Wellness, Tokaigakuen University, Nagoya 468-8514, Japan 2 Institute of Environmental Science for Human Life, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan 3 Pokka Corporation Ltd., Kitanagoya City, Aichi 481-8515, Japan Received July 4, 2008; Accepted September 5, 2008 Lemon flavonoid (LF) prepared from lemon peel predominantly contains eriocitrin as an antioxidant. It is indicated to have low bioavailability compared with lemon flavonoid aglycone (LFA), which predomi- nantly contains eriodictyol. This study attempted to prepare LFA which has high bioavailability, using enzymes that are commonly used in the citrus industry, such as cellulase, naringinase, hesperidinase, and pectinase. LFA containing the highest amount of eriodictyol (19.4%) was prepared with naringinase, a debittering enzyme for citrus juice. Ten male normolipidemic subjects ingested LFA (3.7 g) after an over- night fast, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was prepared from 0-4 h plasma after intake of LFA. The LDL oxidizability was measured with lag time of the conjugated diene formation induced by an oxidative inducer. LDL in 0.5 h plasma after ingestion of LFA was shown to have a significantly longer lag time for oxidation than that before ingestion (P<0.05). LFA was suggested to have the resistance effect of LDL to oxidation ex vivo. Eriodictyol, homoeriodictyol, and hesperetin were not detected in plasma by HPLC analysis, but they were detected in plasma treated with β-glucuronidase and sulfatase. -
C&T ® Key Points
Research | C&T ® KEY POINTS • Oxidative stress caused by UV radiation and pollution causes damage to the hair follicle and contributes to premature hair loss. • In response, a yerba santa extract was assessed for its capability to protect hair follicles from oxidative damage and to reduce premature hair loss. facebook.com/CandTmagazine Cosmetics & Toiletries @cosmeticsandtoiletries Reproduction in English or any other language of 22 | www.CosmeticsandToiletries.comReproduction in English or any other languageall or partof all of or this part article of this is articlestrictly isprohibited. strictly prohibited. © 2020 Allured BusinessVol. Media.135, No. 6 | June 2020 © 2020 Allured Business Media. Hair Loss, UprootedFollicle Protection with Yerba Santa Christina Pickel, Ph.D., Franziska Wandrey, Ph.D., Daniel Schmid, Ph.D., and Fred Zülli, Ph.D. Mibelle Biochemistry, Buchs, Switzerland Marta Bertolini, Ph.D. Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany ith the body, skin and scalp being the outermost boundaries of the body, they are exposed to a myriad of external stresses and pollution every day. Extensive studies over the years have shown that pollution and UV radiation can lead to premature skin aging, as they are W 1 some of the primary causes of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These highly reactive molecules cause damage to DNA, such as the formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosin (8-OHdG) or the oxidation of fatty acids or amino acids in proteins, thereby potentially causing DNA mutations and impairing cell mem- brane or enzyme function. Detoxification of ROS is mediated by several cellular enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase or glu- tathione peroxidase.2 A key transcription factor involved in Cosmetics & Toiletries® | 23 Hair Loss, Uprooted Plants rich in polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids have been shown to possess antioxidant activities. -
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Isoflavone Derivatives from Chickpea As Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents
Molecules 2015, 20, 17016-17040; doi:10.3390/molecules200917016 OPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Article Synthesis and Biological Activity of Isoflavone Derivatives from Chickpea as Potent Anti-Diabetic Agents Pengshou Li 1,2, Xiaojuan Shi 1,2, Ying Wei 1,2, Lingling Qin 2, Wen Sun 2, Guangyuan Xu 2, Tunhai Xu 1,2,* and Tonghua Liu 2 1 School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (P.L.); [email protected] (X.S.); [email protected] (Y.W.) 2 Health Cultivation Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; E-Mails: [email protected] (L.Q.); [email protected] (W.S.); [email protected] (G.X.); [email protected] (T.L.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +86-10-6428-6935. Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 20 July 2015 / Accepted: 3 September 2015 / Published: 17 September 2015 Abstract: A set of novel isoflavone derivatives from chickpea were synthesized. The structures of derivatives were identified by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon-13 (13C)-NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) spectral analyses. Their anti-diabetic activities were evaluated using an insulin-resistant (IR) HepG2 cell model. Additionally, the structure-activity relationships of these derivatives were briefly discussed. Compounds 1c, 2h, 3b, and 5 and genistein exhibited significant glucose consumption-enhancing effects in IR-HepG2 cells. In addition, the combinations of genistein, 2h, and 3b (combination 6) and of 3b, genistein, and 1c (combination 10) exhibited better anti-diabetic activity than the individual compounds.