EDITORIAL Organization Committed to Direct Action Supporting Animal Research Formed at Berkeley Reach Out and Touch Someone Charles S. Nicoll Once again, the forthcoming IUPS Con- Department of Physiology-Anatomy, University of California, Berkeley gress in Helsinki provides an opportunity for physiologists to strengthen old ties and build new collaborations with associates The University of California at Berkeley information on the plans of ARA groups for in other countries. Such collaborations are has been under attack by animal rights their “Lab Animal Liberation Week” during an essential element in the continued vi- activists (ARAs) for many years-probably April. They had scheduled activities at var- tality of science in laboratories throughout longer than any other institution in the ious universities and research facilities in the world. country. There are several reasons for this our area; we were targeted for their “direct In October 1986, I urged APS members situation. First, Berkeley has a long stand- action” on April 2 1. to “Lend a Helping Hand” to scientists in ing history as a center of activism, and At our university, Sproul Plaza is desig- developing countries to help strengthen there are numerous ARA groups in the San nated as a “free speech” area that can be their research programs. While many of Francisco area. Second, until recently the reserved by any registered campus orga- you heeded the call, much still remains to animal quarters on our campus were anti- nization for demonstrations of various be done. The XXX1 IUPS Congress is an- quated and not in keeping with modern kinds. This is the plaza from which the other opportunity to provide assistance as standards. In addition, the organization renowned Free Speech Movement of the scientists from both developed and under- and supervision of the animal care person- 1960s generated many of their demonstra- developed countries meet to exchange nel were suboptimal. Because the univer- tions and other activities. We knew that the scientific information. sity planned to construct new animal hold- ARAsplanned to reserve the plaza for their Not only have physiologists lent a help- ing facilities (which the local ARAs op- day of direct action, and one of our col- ing hand since the last Congress, but the posed vehemently), the administration leagues suggested that we form our own Society has done the same. At the direc- was reluctant to spend scarce funds to up- organization and reserve it ahead of them. tion of Council, the APS has donated grade the old quarters in a period of severe We formed a group called the Students and books and journals to our colleagues in budgetary restraint. As a result, the univer- Staff for Biomedical Research (SSBR) and developing countries. sity was cited for numerous deficiencies reserved the plaza. At this time it was un- Excess book stock, arising from the by the USDA. The local ARAs portrayed certain whether we would actually organ- transfer of our book program to Oxford, these deficiencies in the physical plant and (Continued on p. 173) was donated to Project HOPE for distribu- the supervision of animal care personnel tion to developing countries (see letter, as cases of severe animal abuse and ne- page 169). Additional copies were do- glect, We foolishly assumed that if we sim- nated for distribution by the Third World ply ignored these misguided people, they Academy of Sciences located in Trieste. would eventually go away. However, we Similarly 50 subscriptions to each of the finally realized that such a happy event Society’s research journals were donated would not occur. to the Third World Academy of Sciences In the fall of 1987, the ARAs began in- and the American Association for the Ad- creasing their attacks on some of our es- vancement of Science for distribution to teemed colleagues, particularly in the de- libraries in developing countries. These partments of Psychology and Optometry. programs are designed to strengthen the Their campaigns to discredit, malign, and research infrastructure of institutions in vilify world-renowned researchers con- developing countries to assist them in vinced many of us that we could no longer THE AMERICAN PHYSIOLOGICAL (Contmued on p 154) remain silent. Early in 1988 we obtained SOCIETY

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 153 EDITORIAL Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology in CONTENTS (Continuedfrom p. 153) Moscow. EDITORLAL dealing with health problems endemic to For individual physiologists, the oppor- their region. tunity to work with Soviet scientists began Reach Out and Touch on November 1st as a result of the bilateral Someone. M. Frank 153 Opportunities to develop collabora- tions with our colleagues in South Amer- exchange agreement between the APS and Organization Committed to Direct ica and the Soviet Union have also in- Pavlov’s All-Union Physiological Society. Action Supporting Animal creased since the last IUPS Congress. As a Members of APS wishing to invite a Soviet Research Formed at result of the participation of the ALACF in physiologist to their institution will now Berkeley. C. S. Nicoll 153 the 1987 Fall Meeting in San Diego, Au- be eligible for assistance from the Society. Recent Changes in NIH Peer brey Taylor and Harvey Sparks were in- Similarly, APS members will be able to Review System. A. Demsey 155 vited to participate in the ALACF meeting visit physiologists in the U.S.S.R. as a re- APS Opposes Legislation Granting in Buenos Aires and to visit other Latin sult of invitations issued by Pavlov’s All- Standing to Animal American countries. As reported by Dr. Union Physiological Society. Activists. A. E. Taylor 157 Sparks in October, investigators in South The opportunities to provide assistance APS NEWS America would like the opportunity to to our colleagues in developing countries APS/FASEB 1989 Spring Meeting visit with colleagues in the United States. are plentiful as a result of recent APS ini- Symposia Preview 159 They urged APS to work to develop sister tiatives. Whether through the donation of APS and Section Awards 166 departmental linkages and to set up a books and journals or through direct inter- Honorary Members 167 clearinghouse that would identify poten- actions between physiologists, it is appar- Comparative Physiologists Honor tial sites for training of Latin American sci- ent that we are moving to reduce the bar- C. Ladd Prosser 167 entists. Past experience indicates that riers to productive interactions. Not only Committee Report 167 Latin American departments can be do we strengthen research institutions in APS Reaching Out to Developing strengthened through such collaborations. developing countries through such efforts, Countries 168 To assist the Society in its effort to but we also enhance our own research News From Senior Physiologists 169 match scientists and departments, I would programs. Second Century Founders 170 like to urge you to turn to page 168 and “Reach out and touch someone” by complete the “Clearinghouse Information completing the form on page 168. Let’s PUBLIC AFFAIRS Form” and return it as soon as possible. make it happen and work to strengthen NAS Lab Animal Study Offers With your assistance, the APS can serve as the institutions in developing countries. Recommendations; APS Member a matchmaker for an extremely important Martin Frank Writes Minority Report 171 venture. APS Testifies Before House Committee in Opposition The visit of Dr. Franklyn Knox and my- to Standing Bill 171 self to the Soviet Union has provided an Comments of Arthur Guyton additional opportunity for the develop- on NAS Animal Study 172 ment of fruitful collaborations. During our Executive Director Writes About visit, numerous investigators expressed a Concerns With Pet Theft Act 173 desire to meet and interact with col- leagues in the United States. The desire PEOPLE AND PLACES 175 for interactions has already resulted in the BOOKS RECEIVED 175 preliminary linkage of the UCLA Brain Re- ANNOUNCEMENTS 175 search Institute and the Institute of Higher

Publications Committee: Chairman, Paul C. John- The Physiologist son; ‘Vembers, Francois Abboud, John S. Cook, Melvin Published bimonthly and J. Fregly, and Stephen H. White. Publications .Rm- distributed bv a&r, Brenda B. Rauner: Editorial St& Laura North The American Physiological Society and Lorraine Tucker. 9650 Rockville Pike Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part of Bethesda, Maryland 20814 their membership; nonmembers and institutions, ISSN 0031-9376 $25.00 per year in the United States; elsewhere $35.00. Single copies and back issues when available, $5.00 Martin Frank, Editor and Executitle Director each; single copies and back issues of Fall Abstracts issue when available, $20.00. In 1988 subscribers to Aubrey E. Taylor, President The Physiologistwill receive it and the abstracts of the Harvey V. Sparks, Jr., Past President Fall Meeting of the American Physiological Society. Vernon S. Bishop, President-Elect The American Physiological Society assumes no re- sponsibility for the statements and opinions advanced Councillors by contributors to The Physiologist. Beverly Bishop, Shu Chien, Allen W. Cowley, Jr., Deadline for submission of material for publica- Gerhard H. Giebisch, Norman C. Staub, and Peter tion: Dec. 5, February issue; Feb. 5, April issue; 4pril D. Wagner; 5, June issue; June 5, August issue: Aug. 5, October issue; Oct. 5, December issue. If you change your lk O$icio address or telephone number, please notify the central Carl V. Gisolfi, Francis J. Haddy, Paul C. Johnson, offtce as soon as possible. R. Blake Reeves,and W. S. Spielman Headquarters phone: (301) 530.7164. TELEFAX: (301) 571.1844. I I

154 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Recent Changes in NIH Peer Review System

Anthony Demsey Division of Extramural Activities and Review Branch, NIDDK, NIH

The peer review system of the National differently: an application that receives a section received equal or better scores. Institutes of Health has been considered 140priority score in one study section may (Note that this is a reversal of the usual by many, for better or worse, to be immut- be equivalent to an application that re- percentile interpretation in order to cor- able. However, recent internal studies have ceives a 160priority score in another. How respond to the NW priority score rating led to a number of experiments with the does one compare scores from study sec- system in which lower scores indicate bet- system, and these in turn have led to a tion to study section? ter applications.) number of changes in the way study sec- In response to these concerns, several Those NIH Institutes using percentiles tions do business, Furthermore, the exper- Institutes at the NIH began using a percen- to assist in making funding decisions might imentation with the system continues, and tiling system to modify the priority scores then set a percentile cut-off of, for exam- one can expect to see more changes in the given by each study section. The percentile ple, the 30th percentile, meaning that, future. represents the relative position or rank of from study section to study section, all A major problem that has precipitated each priority score (along a 100,O percent- applications up to the 30th percentile much of the desire for change has been ile band) among the scores assigned by would be considered for funding, regard- “priority score creep.” That is, over the the particular study section. If applications less of the actual priority score numbers. years, priority scores (which go from 100 of each study section are assigned a nu- Therefore, an application receiving a 140 for the best approved applications to 500 merical rank in ascending order of priority priority score from one study section and for the worst approved applications) have score, then the percentile equals 100/N an application receiving a 160 priority been constantly improving. Thus, for ex- times the numerical rank, where N is the score from another study section would ample, the average score for successful number of applications approved by the have an equal chance of being funded if (i.e., funded) applications has dropped study section. The percentile is the same they were both within the 30th percentile from 188 to 148 over the past decade, and as the cumulative percent distribution of for their study sections. the median score of approved applications the scores for each study section and indi- A major decision was made recently by has gone from 238 to 193, cates the percent of applications with the Director of NIH that, beginning in Some simply attribute this shift to the scores equal to or better than that particu- FY89, all Institutes at the NIH would em- belief that, in general, applications are just lar application, For example, a percentile ploy the percentiling system when making getting better, and certainly they are. But rank of 25.0 indicates that 25 percent of funding decisions. In practice this means most feel that this is not the wholeanswer. the applications approved by that study that it is immaterial wbcniscores study sec- It has been suggested that study section members have to some degree been inflat- ing the scores they give to applications in an attempt to give “their applications” a TABLE 1. Adjectival Descriptors better chance for funding. This application is Regardless of the reasons, priority score creep has presented the applicants and (1.0) of the highest quality-really superb, wish I’d written it. Bravo! NIH with a number of problems. As far as (1.1) really, really, outstanding. the applicant is concerned, he/she now (1.2) a genuinely outstanding application, but not really, really, outstanding. has the very unsettling knowledge that (1.3) an outstanding application. only outstanding scores will receive fund- 0.4) of very high quality. I liked it a great deal. 0.5> of very high quality. I liked it alot. ing. Also, because increasing numbers of of very high quality. I liked it. applications are receiving essentially sim- (1.6) (1.7) of high quality. ilar scores, it is becoming increasingly (1.8) above above average; almost, but not quite of high quality. common to miss being funded by only a 0.9) detectably above above average. single priority score point. Consequently, cm above average in quality. Definitely so. applications that receive excellent priority (2.0 just barely misses being definitely above average. scores are often the subjects of very emo- 0.2) truly above average, but not really above average, if you know what I mean. tional and detailed rebuttal letters in at- (2.3) just slightly above average, but definitely not much more than that. tempts by the applicants to gain a bit more (2.4) a wee bit above average. of a “competitive edge” for funding. (2.5) average. Dead center average. So-so as hell. cm almost, but not quite, average. Priority score creep presents problems a little bit below average. to the N1H that are just as unsettling as (2.7) (2.8) more than just a little bit below average. those presented to the applicant. For ex- 0.9) not really as good as average, but not quite reakly below average. ample, having to make funding decisions (3.W below average. Precisely, exactly, and unequivocally below average. among applications of essentially the same (3.5) substantially below average. apparent quality on the basis of only one (4.0) way below average. or two priority score points is of serious (4.5) pretty close to wretched. concern to Advisory Councils and Institute 6 -0) terrible, but with a hint of redeeming social or scientific merit. staff. This decision is further complicated Developed by Walter R. G ibbons during a stint on the Physiology Study Section, October 31, when different study sections are behaving 1981.

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 155 tions give to applications they review so and 50th percentiles equate to priority sense of providing applicants with specific long as each study section remains inter- scores of 186 and 239 respectively, as com- recommendations to improve their re- nally consistent in its scoring behavior. pared to 155 and 193 one round earlier. search projects. Consequently, in conjunction with the The important message for the applicant While there are divergent positions on mandate for universal use of percentiles, a to understand is that a 180 priority score these two points, both outside and within number of operating procedures for study this round may be funded, while a I60 the NIH, the legal and technical consensus sections have undergone revision. priority score lust round may not have of opinion is that the applicant is neither The most important concept that has been. entitled to a review (unless the application been communicated to study section mem- In addition to priority score creep, an- will be funded, in which case review and bers is that since the raw priority scores other problem recently addressed is that approval are legislatively mandated) nor is they assign to applications are of little im- of the increasing workload on NIH staff: he/she entitled to a tutorial (the study portance in making funding decisions, it the numbers of applications are increasing section members are consultants to the would be helpful to “spread out” the at a much faster rate than staff are being NIH, not to the applicant). scores,that is, make real distinctions in the added. In addition, there is more and more Obviously, the concept of a shortened quality among applications by using the demand for “accelerated review” of appli- summary statement is also controversial if full range (100 to 500) of priority scores. cations Measures being considered to ad- one holds to the tutorial nature of peer To assist in this endeavor, new and uniform dress these pressures include use of elec- review. Nevertheless, the NIH is experi- adjectival descriptors are being applied to tronic mail/computerization, triage of ap- menting in a number of study sections with various, relatively broad regions of the plications, and shortened summary “structured review.” That is, study section scoring scale. For example, applications statements. The last two are the most con- members are asked to fill out a multipage judged “outstanding” should receive troversial. “questionnaire” for each application they scores from 100 to 150; applications that Triage is being used now to a limited review, which asks for specific and rela- are “excellent” are between 150 and 200; degree by some Institutes in reviewing tively brief comments about major etc. Study section members score applica- responses to Requests for Applications strengths and weaknesses,and for check- tions in tenths (e.g., 1.5 = 150>, and these (RFAS) but promises to become more a-box types of ratings (e.g., fair, good, out- are averaged and multiplied by 100 to give commonly used in the future. Triage is a standing) for a number of review criteria. the customary three-digit priority score. process of screening out “noncompetitive” The consequences of this type of review Reviewers have been allowed to score to (not necessarily disapprovable) applica- would hopefully be less work for the re- any tenth (e.g., 1.4, 1.5, 1.6). A recom- tions so that those applications would not viewers as well as less work for the NIH mendation that they begin scoring only in require full peer review. This decision is staff in preparing the summary statements, halves (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, etc.) has not been generally made by a subset of the review- which should be much shorter and less implemented because a study has shown ers meeting prior to the meeting of the full detailed than before. Results of this exper- no noticeable effect in outcome using half- initial review group, and an abbreviated iment are due this winter. digit scoring. “summary sheet” is sent to the applicant The experimentation and changes just The results after only one round of re- detailing why his/her application received described demonstrate that the NIH does views (i.e., the October 1988 Council less than full review. This is controversial not consider the peer review system im- round) are significant. If the scores of all because most applicants believe that sub- mutable. However, as change occurs, the qualified study sections for this round are mission of an application “entitles” them overriding concern is that the changes do taken together and percentiled (this is to a comprehensive review by their peers, not compromise the quality of peer re- known as the “all-DRG curve”), the 30th and that this review is to be tutorial in the view. @

156 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS Opposes Legislation Granting Standing to Animal Activists

Testimony of the American Physiological Society on House Resolution 1770, an Amendment to the Animal Welfare Act

Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee: My name is Aubrey Taylor and I am chairman of the Department of Physiology at the University of South Alabama School of Medicine where I am actively involved in medical education and cardiovascular research. Today, however, I am here as president of the American Physiological Society, which is the nation’s senior med- ical sciences society and whose member- ship of 6,600 includes Nobel laureates and members of the National Academy of Sci- Lefr to right: Rep. Barney Frank (D-MA), chairman of subcommittee; Rep. Howard Coble (R-NC);committee staff ences person; Aubrey Taylor. The American Physiological Society op- poses House Resolution 1770, which, if ually denied antivivisectionist organiza- allegations of noncompliance. This is in enacted, would amend the Animal Welfare tions and individual animal activists the addition to the Department’s expenditures Act to allow any citizen to file a civil suit right to file civil suits on behalf of animals. of its already scarce resources for its de- against the U.S. Department of Agriculture Moreover, the U.S. Supreme Court in April fense of allegations of failing to enforce for any alleged failure to enforce the Ani- 1987 upheld the decisions of the lower provisions of the Animal Welfare Act. mal Welfare Act. The Society’s testimony courts that these organzations and individ- Moreover, such suits would be counter- in opposition to H.R. 1770 is endorsed by uals lack standing, which is the recognition productive in assuring the public and the 17 national associations and societies of granted by the courts to private citizens or Congress that animal welfare standards are the medical sciences. The names of the 17 organizations as plaintiffs with legally pro- being met because there would be fewer are appended to this statement. tectable and tangible interests at stake in inspections of animal facilities inasmuch The Society’s opposition is based on the litigation. as the inspectors of the Animal and Plant grounds that enactment of this amendment In its decision to deny standing the U.S. Health Inspection Service would be tied will without doubt lead to a general dis- Court of Appeals said that allowing animal down by the judicial process. ruption of research involving laboratory advocates to bring suit “ . . . might open Among the questions raised by H.R. animals and clinical education programs the use of animals in biomedical research 1770 are requiring the use of animal models. to the hazards and vicissitudes of court- l Does the amendment create a conflict Animal research has made possible ma- room litigation. It may draw judges into with the separation of powers policy in jor scientific advances that have led to the the supervision and regulation of labora- that it would give the courts the power to treatment, cure, and prevention of disease tory research. It might unleash a spate of conduct executive branch functions? and trauma afflicting both humans and an- private lawsuits that would impede ad- l How does a court decide whether an imals. It is estimated that more than one- vances made by medical science in the inspector did his or her duty when such third of the people in the world born since alleviation of human suffering.” duties are largely discretionary and fre- 1950 are alive today because of modern The Society agrees with the reasoning quently are based on professional judg- research, most of which was done with the of the appeals court and believes that the ments? use of animal models. And a greater num- same reasoning applies to H.R. 1770 de- The Society believes that it is a function ber of pets and farm animals are alive today spite the implied caveat that the proposed of the executive branch to assure the pub- because of that same research. amendment does not authorize suits lic that federal agencies are doing their The sole purpose of H.R. 1770 is to against universities, research facilities, or jobs and that it is a role of Congressional legislate what the courts have refused to any other alleged violator of the Animal appropriation committees to review each do for nearly a decade: the granting of Welfare Act. The truth of the matter is that agency annually as to job performance and judicial standing to the advocates of animal universities and research facilities would to determine whether more or fewer funds rights. Since 1981 the courts have contin- be involved in any litigation because any and personnel are needed. legal action charging a lack of enforcement The agency at issue here is the Depart- of the Animal Welfare Act can only be ment of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant based on allegations of noncompliance by Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which Presentedby AubreyE. Taylor, Ph.D., before the regulated facility. is charged with the enforcement of the the U.S. House of RepresentativesJudiciary A suit against the U.S. Department of Animal Welfare Act. What must be noted is Committee’s Subcommittee on Administrative Agriculture is in reality a suit against the that the Administration has tried annually Lawand Governmental Relations, September16, regulated facility, thus forcing the facility to reduce APHIS’ functions by requesting 1988. to invest time and money in its defense of a reduction of funds, but each year the

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 157 scientific community and the antivivisec- of evaluation in assuring the proper usage Lastly, the Society believes there is no tionists have joined together in support of and handling of laboratory animals. justification to enact a law that adds to an APHIS and to ask for increased funding for Of concern to animal research institu- overburdened court system since both na- its enforcement program. tions is what effect the amendment, should tional and local safeguards are in place and Furthermore, APHIS’ record for enforce- it become law, will have on the institu- are working effectively. Civil suits asking a ment, by and large, is good considering it tional animal care and use committees in- judge and/or jury to consider and rule has a budget of only $6 million to conduct asmuch as the language in H.R. 1770 states upon discretionary judgments made by annual inspections of more than 8,000 fa- ‘1 . . . any person or persons charged with qualified individuals and scientists are not cilities. It is a matter of common accord the duty by statute or regulation to enforce justified and will increase significantly the among both the scientists and the antivi- the provisions of the Act . . . ” are liable for judicial caseload. visectionists that a budget of at least $10 civil action. Since the local committees are House Resolution 1770 is one of several million would expedite greatly APHIS’ required by statute and, therefore, re- efforts before the Congress in the last eight ability to fulfill the charge mandated by quired to enforce provisions of the Act, years aimed at restricting the use of labo- the Congress. these committees would be involved in ratory animals for purposes of research and A stated intent of the Congress is to any litigation alleging noncompliance. clinical education. Should Congress grant assure the public that animals are treated Thus, the intent of the Congress to provide private citizens the privilege to file civil humanely. The Animal Welfare Act pro- local monitoring of animal research facili- suits on behalf of animals, then the opinion vides such assurancesbecause it includes ties will be greatly weakened because of the U.S. Court of Appeals may be most safeguards at both the national and local many qualified individuals-from both the prophetic in that “It [standing] may draw judges into the supervision and regulation of laboratory research. It might unleash a spate of private lawsuits that would impede advances made by medical science in the alleviation of human suffering.” Mr. Chairman, I thank you for allowing the American Physiological Society this op- portunity to share its views with you and your colleagues and I will be pleased to answer any questions you or the members of the committee may have at this time.

l The following national associations and societies in the medical sciences have en- Aubrey Taylor testifies before Judiciary Committee of U.S.House of Representawes dorsed the testimony of the American Physiological Society concerning H.R. levels. At the national level the Act sets the institution and the public-will decline to 1770, an amendment to the Animal Welfare standards for animal welfare and APHIS serve on a local committee to avoid a pos- Act. provides external inspections to verify the sibility of being involved in litigation. animal facility’s compliance with federal It is the considered opinion of the Amer- American Association of Immunologists regulations and to define what may be ican Physiological Society that the enact- American Heart Association needed to upgrade the facility. ment of H.R. 1770 would soon erode the American Institute of Nutrition Safeguards at the local level were estab- many strides made by the Congress to as- American Pediatric Society lished in 1985 when the 99th Congress sure the public that laboratory animals are American Psychological Association amended the Act to require all animal re- treated and cared for humanely. The work American Society for Cell Biology search facilities to have an institutional of both the institution’s researchers and American Society for Microbiology animal care and use committee. These lo- the APHIS inspectors also will be lost- American Society for Pharmacology cal committees, which also include public their time unsurped by litigation-and im- and Experimental Therapeutics members, are charged with conducting at portant animal research will be halted. American Society of Animal Science least two inspections a year of the institu- The grating to antivivisectionist organi- Association of American Medical Colleges tion’s animal facilities, approve all projects zations and animal activists the right to file Association of Chairmen of Departments involving the use of animals, and monitor civil suits on the behalf of animals will of Physiology the institution’s use of animals. without doubt lead to an increased number Association of Medical Schools All matters concerning animal usage are of break-ins of research facilities by covert Pediatric Chairmen evaluated by the local committee on a reg- antivivisectionists searching for docu- Association of Professors of Medicine ular basis and no investigator can use an ments and evidence in which to base Federation of American Societies animal in a research program unless the charges of failure to enforce the Animal for Experimental Biology research has been approved by the com- Welfare Act. It should be noted that since Federation of Behavioral, Psychological, mittee. Moreover, no federal grant is re- the establishment of institutional animal and Cognitive Sciences viewed without prior approval of this com- care and use committees, charges of labo- Society for Neuroscience mittee concerning animal usage, and, as a ratory animal mistreatment have been Society for Pediatric Research matter of fact, the federal grant review proven, by and large, to be unfounded after committee also serves as yet another line investigation by federal authorities.

158 THE PHYSIOLOGIST APS/FASEB 1989 Spring Meeting Symposia Preview New Orleans, LA March 19-23, 1989

Myocardial Function interaction.Lee Limbird will provide an over- gatingto the membranelipid environmentwill in Shock and Sepsis view, includingG proteincouhling to adenylyl be exploredand resultsdiscussed in termsof cyclase,and will discussher work on alpha- ischmeiaand arrhymogenicity.Regulation of Chair: F. L. Abel and H. R, Adams. Speakers: F. adrenoceptorsand Na+/H’ transportand the channelgating by second-messengerpathways L. Abel, R. D. Goldfarb,M. L. Hess,M. S, Liu, S. possiblecoupling by G proteins,Arthur M. andreceptor coupling to thesepathways will be B. Jones,and H. R. Adams, Brownwill dealwith ionic channels,and, be- discussed.Propagation from cell to cell within Thissymposium will focuson the functionof tweenhim and Limbird, the two modesof mem- the ventriclesis characterizedand its depend- the heartin shock,both septicand endotoxin braneionic transportcarriers and channels will enceon alteredgating behavior examined. The shock.This area has become relatively well de- be discussed.Ken Harden will discussreceptor role of gap junctionsin generationof arrhyth- finedin the past10 years after much early work couplingto phospholipasesand the cellularsec- miasand other pathologies of the heartwill be that suggestedthat thistype of shockwas asso- ond messengersinvolved in this pathway,and discussed. ciateda directmyucardial depression by means FrancescoBelardetti will dealwith couplingvia Theparticipants will share,in the contextof of circulatingsubstances or other undefined phospholipaseA2and the arachidonic acid path- the symposiumand in informalmeetings before mechanisms.Although still somewhatcontro- way. andafter the symposium,their latestdata and versial,most workers agree that there is a direct discussin globalterms possible directions for depressionof the myocardium,probably be- futureresearch, The mixtureof basicand clini- causeof areduction in coronaryblood flow, The cally trained scientists,and scientistswith exactmechanisms involved are not completely Congestive Heart Failure: broadlydiverse approaches to the sameset of understood;this symposium will focuson alter- Molecular Mechanisms questions,which the participantsrepresent, ationsin the sarcoplasmicreticulum, alteration and the Rationale shoul’dcreate an exceptionalenvironment for in phospholipaseand phosphorylationin the for Inotropic Intervention discubsion.The participants will benefitby wid- myocardialmembrane and the role of beta-ad- eningtheir horizons with respectto theirunder- renergicreceptors and adenylatecyclase. Spe- Cb&; N, Alpert.Speakers: To be Announced, standingof cardiacfunction and the importance cific attentionwill be given to the necessary The presenceof congestiveheart failure sig- of gapjunction channel function to cardiacfunc- methodsof evaluatingfunction to see the nificantlyincreases the probabilityof death.Al- tion depressionduring statesof alteredafterload, thoughmajor advances have been made in ad- heartrate and preload. dressingthe curableetiology, correcting ame- nablerisk factors or treatingthe symptoms, once Regulation of Renal Cellular congestiveheart failure develops, a substantial Function and Signal Identification, Regulation, numberof patientsdo nut respondto the inter- ventions.This suggeststhat the fundamental Transduction and Molecular Biology nature of the myocardialproblem is incom- Chairs:W. S. Spielmanand D. Ausiello,Speak- of Epithelial NaCl pletelyunderstood. ers:W. S. Spielman,D, Ausiello,K. A. Hruska, Transporting Proteins In congestiveheart failure the cardiacoutput T. Dousa,and W, L. Smith. is inadequateto meetthe metabolicneeds of Cbuirs:M. Donowitzand G. W. G. Sharp.Speak- Thissymposium deals with signaltransduc- the peripheraltissues. The depressionmay re- tion pathwaysin renalcells. Topics include in- ers:M: Donowitz,G, W. G. Sharp,D, J. Benos, sultfrom alterations in ejectionor filling. In this H. F. Lodish,P. Aronson,and J. Pouyssegur. teractionsamong receptors, second messengers, day-longsymposium, two aspectsof the prob- and proteinphosphorylation as the relateto Thepurpose of the symposiumis to present lemare addressed: I) the fundamentalnature of what is knownabout epithelial Na and Cl ab- endocrine,paracrine, and autocrine effecters of the problemresulting in depressedperformance renalcellular transport function a sorbingproteins as far astheir regulation,iden- and2) the targetsfor inotropicintervention, tification, and molecularbiology. Common The symposiumis designedto addressthe structures,regulation, and molecularbioiogic importantquestions of the causesof congestive definitionsmay demonstrate that thereare some heartfailure and potentialways for improving Integrative Factors similaritiesas well asdifferences in the proteins the performanceof the failingheart. in Gut Function usedto transportthese ions in epithelia.Most informationis known about regulation,next Chair: S. K. Sarna.Speakers: S, K. Sarna,S, F. aboutidentification, and leastabout molecular Phillips,H, Cooke,N. W, Read,D. N. Granger, biology,and it ishoped that this symposium will The Cardiac Gap Junction P. R. Kvietys,and K, H, Soergel. help this field truly chargeinto the molecular Channel: From Protein Gastrointestinalphysiologists have somewhat biologicear. artificiallyisolated themselves into groupsdeal- to Pathologies ingwith intestinalmotility, transport,and blood Chair:J, M, Burt. Speakers: J. M, Burt, E. C. flow. However,the gut requiresall thesefor its G Proteins and Ionic Transport Bayer,D. C. Spray,R. Weingart, J. Jalife,and L, normalfunction. Furthermore, all three major Leinwand& functionsare closely interrelated. For example, Chair:A. M. Brown.Speakers: A. M, Brown,L. Conductionof the electricalimpulse from adequateabsorption of nutrients,electrolytes, Limbird,T. K, Harden,H. Hamm,and F. Belar- cell to cell in the heartoccurs via the gapjunc- andwater could not occurif there isa motility detti. tion. The structure,gating behavior, and regu- disorderbecause there may be too muchor too Therehave beengreat advancesmade re- lation of the individualchannels that compose little exposureof the contentsto the mucosa. centlyin ourknowledge of howguanine nucleo- the gapjunction and the impactof abnormalities Efficientpropulsion could not occurif the gut tidebinding, or G proteins,regulate ionic trans- in theseproperties of the channelat the level of wallis not adequatelylubricated or if theviscos- portduring signal transduction. This symposium the intactheart are the subjectsof this sympo- ity of the luminalcontents is too high or tuo givesa broadcontemporary presentation of the sium.The primarysequence of the proteinand low. Likewisedesired changes in secretionor subjectby expertswith the leadingresearch its possibleconformation within the membrane absorptionmay not be accomplishedwithout a programsin thefield. Heidi Hamm will describe will be discussedand comparisons to other gap correspondingchange in bloodflow to the gut her recentwork on receptor-Gprotein sites of junctionproteins made. Sensitivity of channel or a partof it. Not only that but eachone of the

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 159 major gut functions may act to compensate an- Thissession will providea forumto discusshow muchwork in the industrialsector and the ex- other function in case of a disorder. For exam- changesin afferentimformation might contrib- penditureof massiveamounts of funds,There ple, in the presence of excessive secretion in a ute to maturationof respiratoryreflexes and hasbeen practicalspin-off in the areaof the pathologic state, the motor activity may attempt responses.Since relatively few receptorsystems releasinghormones, the mostimportant exam- to slow down intestinal transit to allow more havebeen analyzed longitudinally during devel- pleof whichwould be LHRH,which is probably time for absorption On the other hand, in the opment,this sessionwill interestindividuals the treatmentof choicefor metastaticprotatic presence of undesirable substances in the lu- whoare concerned with processesof maturation cancerand also can be utilized to enhanceand men, increased secretion and giant migrating in the nervoussystem. inhibit fertility. Thereare manyimportant ex- contractions may both coordinate to effectively ampleswith other hormones,Obviously, this and quickly get rid of it. Because of a lack of symposiumhas wide basic,clinical, and practi- understanding and interaction between subdis- Bronchial Circulation calsignificance. ciplines in gastrointestinal physiology, these in Lung Edema questions have not been investigated so far, However, we all know for a fact that in several Cb&: J. Butler.Speakers: J. Butler,A. Taylor,J. types of diarrhea intestinal transport, blood flow Hogg,S. Lakshminarayanan,N. Charan, J. Wid- and motility play a major role. dicombe,and N, Staub, Recent Advances Keeping this in mind, the symposium will Pulmonaryedema is an importantclinical in the Physiology have a multidisciplinary participation. The ob- problemthat continuesto fascinatephysiolo- of Vascular Endothelium jectives will be 1) to acquaintthe investigators gistsin the pulmonary,cardiovascular, electro- in other sectionswith basicconcepts of each lyte, andfluid exchangedisciplines; it alsohas Cbai~; S. C+Silverstein. Speakers: S. C. Silver- discipline;2) to providean in-depth understand- relevanceto exerciseand high altitudephysiol- stein,J. Harlan,J. Pober,D, Stern,J, Schnitzer, ing of the primarycontrol mechanismsof each ogy. Much hasbeen learned about the role of andP, van Houette. function;and 3) to unify the conceptsof each the pulmonarycirculation in lungedema. How- Vascularendothelium can be viewed as a sectionby consideringa diseasedstate such as ever, the role of the bronchialcirculation in linearorgan system positioned at the interface diarrhea. forminginflammatory edema and in reabsorbing betweenthe bloodand the tissues.The endo- it hasonly recentlybeen appreciated. There are thelial cells that comprisethis organregulate now many groupsinterested in studyingthe and participatein a numberof physiologically The Proximal Tubule bronchialcirculation, and this symposiumwill impoflantpathways. Recent studies show that Interaction With the Renin- allowthem to discussthe techniquesthat have thesecells play a central role in controlling beendeveloped for the very difficult measure- leucocytetraffic, in the assemblyand lysisof Angiotensin System mentsof flow andedema in the lungsand give blood clots, in the transportof albuminand C&r: L. G. Navar.Speakers: L. G. Navar,R, an opportunityfor other groupsto appreciate otherblood proteins into the extravascularcom- Blantz,K. D. Mitchell,M, C Cogan,J. R. Doug- recentadvances in lungand airway vascular fluid partment,and in the controlof vasculartone and las,and J, R, Xngelfinger. fhixes. permeabilityto waterand ions. Endothelial cells Thissymposium focuses on the interactions alsofunction as antigen-presenting cells and as of the renin-angiotensinsystem with the proxi- targetsfor cytokinesand for mediatorsof im- mal tubule.Topics range from effectsof both munopathology.Participants in thissymposium People and Ideas havemade important contributions to our un- extra-and intrarenallyformed angiotensin on in Endocrinology proximaltubule reabsorption and on the Na/H derstandingof endothelialcell function and de- exchangerto intracellularactions and the mo- Chair: S, M, McCann.Speakers: S. M. McCann, scribethe currentstate of knowledgein eachof lecularbiology of proximaltubule renin-angio- G. F. Erickson,J. Tepperman,H, Rasmussen,J. theserapidly advancing areas, tensinsystem. Roth,and A, J. de Bold. The ideafor this symposiumgrew out of the recentlypublished book Peopleand Ideasin Receptor Mechanisms EndocrinoZo~,which hastraced the develop- Regulation of Synthesis in the Development mentof ideasand important areas of progressin of Membrane Transporters of Respiratory Control a numberof areasof endocrinology.The present symposiumis not all inclusivebecause of the Chair: A. A. McDonough.Speakers: A, A, Mc- Chair: J. PaFarber, Speakers: J. P. Farber,J. T. limitationsof timebut will examinethe devel- Donough,G. Mandel,L. Y. Jan,M. Hediger,and Fisher,0. P, Mathew,D. F. Donnelly,E. M. opmentof the ideasand conceptsin endocri- K. Geering. Mulligan,and M. A. Hanson nologyin the followingareas: TheAPS has, at recentmeetings, made efforts Respiratoryoutput dependsin part on che- 1. The Sagaof the HypothalamicReleasing to informand instruct their membersabout re- moreceptorand mechanoreceptorfeedback to andInhibiting Hormones cent techniquesin molecularbiology through the respiratoryareas of the brainstem.In recent 2, EndocrineFunction of the Ovary workshopsand lectures. This symposium, which yearsresearch has revealed that the newborn 3. A View of the Historyof BiologyFrom an illustratesthe applicationof suchtechniques, mammaloften generatessubstantially different Isletof Langerhans will examinethe regulationof variousmem- ratesand patternsof action potentialsduring 4. Mechanismof HormoneAction branetransporters at the molecularlevel. In- chemoreceptorand mechanoreceptorstimula- 5. Developmentof Our Ideasof Hormone cludedare talks concerning Na+-K+-ATPase as- tion whencompared with adults;such results Receptors semblyand regulation,expression and regula- suggestthat transduction properties of receptors 6. Atria1Natriuretic Factor: A HormoneFrom tion of two ion channels,and regulation of the candiffer substantiallybetween young and adult the Heart sodium/glucosecotransporter, These mem- animals.In addition,influences of suchrecep- The areaof endocrinologyhas been one of branetransporters are of centralimportance to tors on nervoussystem functions are often the mostdramatically developing areas in all of the housekeepingor specializedfunctions of changedduring development, This symposium physiology,and it ishopeful that this symposium epithelialtissues such as kidney and intestine, will bring togetherinvestigators who will dis- will showthe developmentof the mainconcepts aswell as excitabletissues such as nerveand cussimportant recent datafrom newbornand in the field. muscle.The synthesisand regulationof these developingmammals concerning I) stimulus- Thissymposium should be of considerable transportersundoubtedly share common ele- responserelationships for mechanoreceptorsof interestto drugcompanies in view of the fact ments.By bringingtogether investigators from the lungsand upper airway;2) terminationof that considerablepractical application has been diversebackgrounds to present their work, these fibersfrom upper airwayreceptors in the me- madeof manyof thesehormones, For example, commonelements may emerge and will be rec- dulla; and 3) the responsesof carotid body the atria1natriuretic peptides that are covered in ognizedto be of generalimportance to mem- chemoreceptorsto hypoxiaand other stimuli. the final talk by Dr. de Bold haveencouraged branetransporter regulation.

160 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Human Colonic Fermentation zymecontrol features determined in vitro to the the behaviorare innate, and there isalso facilia functionsof the purine nucleotidecvcle reac- tatedpropensity to learn. of Dietary Carbohydrate: tions in contractingmuscle in vivo. Evaluation The symposiumwill reflectsome of thegreat Physiological, Nutritional, of AMPdeamination during contractions in nor- advancesin thisfield in the pastS-10 years and, and Clinical Implications mal individualsand patientswith AMP deami- no doubt someof the large gapsin present knowledgewill alsoemerge. Chit C. L. Kien. Speakers: C. L. Kien, J. H. nasedeficiency, differences between skeletal Cummings, M. D. Levitt,J. A. Perman,and R. D. musclefiber types,and the influenceof adapta- Murray. tionsin aerobiccapacity on the processof AMP deaminationwill be presented.Critical evalua- Sexual Dimorphism Colonicbacterial fermentation of carbohy tion of theevidence, obtained primarily with the drateis relevant to the followingareas of human in Regulation of Blood phvsiologyand nutrition:energy balance and use of metabolicinhibitors, assessing the func- tion of the sequentialreactions of the purine Pressure and Water laiose utilizationby the prematureinfant; lac- nucleotidecycle in activemuscle will beconsid- toseintolerance; relationship of fiber intaketo and Electrolyte Homeostasis the risk of coronaryheart diseaseand colon ered.The molecularbases for ATOPdeaminase deficiencvin humanswill be developed. Chair:I,. Share.Speakers: L, Share,W. E. Stumpf, cancer;the effectsof complexcarbohydrate , J. T. Crofton,M. D. Lindheimer,0. Ganten,P. and/orfiber enricheddiets to glucosetolerance, W. Ramwell,and C. Baylis. hvpertriglvceridemia,and hvpercholesterole- Althoughthere are important sex-related dif- iia; nutritionof the colonepithelia; and trans- Function and Modulation ferencesin cardiovascularfunction and water portof electrolvtesand water in the colon.This of Glutamate Receptors andelectrolyte homeostasis, e.g., the incidence symposiumwili bringtogether, as speakers and andseverity of manyforms of hypertension,the audienceparticipants, scientists interested in Chair:E. Costa3nd D. Choi.Spenkem E. Costa, cardiovascularresponses to some vasoactive fermentationfrom a varietvof perspectives.It is D. Choi,M. L. Mayer,S. Vicini, 3ndD. Lodge. agents,osmoregulation, and the dispositionof a hopedthat the interactioisresulting from this Excitatorvamino acids operate various types salt load, this subjecthas not receivedwide- symposiumwill enhanceresearch activity in this of receptors’inthe CNS.In somereceptors signal spreadattention. Recentdevelopments make field. The symposiumwill addressthe follow- transductionis operated by the openingof high- this symposiumtimely for the stimulationof ing:dietary carbohydrate utilization and fermen- conduct3ncecationic channels;in othersthe researchin this area.The followingtopics will tationin the colonand its relationshipto health openingof low-conductancec3tionic ch3nnels be discussed:1) the significancefor cardiovas- andenergy balance; breath hydrogen testing and tr3nsducesthe signal.Still in other glutamate cularand body fluid regulationof estrogenand lactoseintolerance; lactose assimilation in the receptorsthe signaltransduction occurs via the androgenreceptors in bloodvessels, heart, and prematureinfant; and effectsof fermentation activationof phosphatidylinositol turnover, centersof the brain involvedin cardiovascular productson colonfunction. whichdetermines a cascade of eventsincluding 3ndbody fluid regulation,2) sex-relateddiffer- activationand translocationof proteinkinase C encesin controlof secretionof vasopressinand andthe expressionof nearlyinduce3ble genes. its ;Ictions,3) osmoticregulation in pregnancy, Endothelial Barrier Function Bothmetabolotropic and inottopicreceptors are 4) implicationsof sex-relateddifferences in the regulatedallosterically by positiveand negative peripheraland brain renin-angiotensinsvstems Chair:A. B. Malik, Speakers:A. B. Malik, F.-R. modulators.The physiologicalrole of these for cardiovascularregulation and hvpertinsion, Curry,J. A, Cooper,G. E. Palade,P. N. Belloni, mechanismsand their pharmacologic31impli- 5) sex-relateddifferences in renil hemody andJ. L. ,Madara. c3tionswill be discussed.Brain ischemizls cause namicsin he3lthand disease, and 6) sex-related Thissymposium will dealwith neweraspects edemaand prolongedunregulated rele3se of differencesin EDRFactivitv. , of endothelialdarrier function. Specific issues glutamate,which m3v be responsiblefor de- to be addressedwill includethe mechanismsof lavedneurotoxicitv including neuronal death. It albumintransport across the endothelium,i.e., will be discussedis currentknowledge c;ln help the contributionof receptor-mediatedalbumin devisetherapeutic tnech3nisms to limit post- Physiological Mechanisms transport.Data relating to receptorson the en- ischemicneuron31 damage. of Hypertonic Resuscitation dotheliumthat may be involved in albumin Cbar’rs:G. C. Kramerand C. E. Wade.Speakers: transportwill be discussed.Other presentations G. C. Kr;lmer,C. E. Wade,R. J. Mullins,M. Rocha will dealwith modeof transportof wateracross Genetic Determination e Silva,Jr., G. L. Nav3r,and T. E. Pisarri. the endothelium;in particular,the contribution Hpovolemia with associatedcirculatory of “fiber matrix”in transendothelialwater trans- of Ingestive Behavior shockremains a commonlife-threatening com- port andthe regulationof endothelialhvdraulic Chair:D, A. Denton.Speakers.: 0. A, Denton,A. plicationin critically ill patients.Recent re- conductivityby the interactionof albuiin with searchfrom several laboratories has shomhat endothelia1components wiII be discussed.The Epstein,I). J. Ramsay,P. Rozin,J. Schuikin,3nd G. de Care. very smallvolumes of hypenonicsaline/hper- regulationof zonula occludenstructure and oncoticcolloid formulzltions npidly normalize permeabilitvmay be integratedto epithelial Survivalof an organismis directly deter- minedby the capacityto select3nd ingest nutri- cardiovascularfunction in hemorrhagedanimals transportprocesses and may be regulatedby tioussubstances and to rejectmaterials that 3re and humans.The remarkableeffectiveness of intracellularmessengers and alterationsin cy- poisonous.The formerprocess involves choice theseregimens 3ppears to resultnot only from toskeletalelements. The conceptof paracellular osmoticallyinduced fluid movementsbut also transportacross the epithelialbarrier will also of foodappropriate to the metabolicconstitution of the species.Gs well asthis, animals have an fromother directand reflex effectsof hvperos- be discussedin light of thesenew data. elaborateorganization of introreceptorsand molality.There is substantialevidence ‘that in brain sensorsthat detectdeviation from con- additionto rapidvascular volume expansion the stancyof the milieuinterieur and generate hun- infusiono,f hwertonicsaline increases cardiac Functions of the Purine ger,thirst, or specificappetite for a panicular contractilityand promotes a briskdiuresis/natri- Nucleotide Cycle substance(e.g., sodium),of whichthe creature uresis.More controversial is the importanceof isdepleted. Collateral mechanisms contrive that hvpertonic-inducedhormonal changes, redistri- in Skeletal Muscle intakeis quantitatively appropriate in theface of butionof cardiacoutput, stimulation of pulmo- Chair; R. L. Terjung. Speakers: TO Be ti- the needthat generatedthe appetite. naryosmoreceptors, and reflex-induced changes nounced. Thesevegetative systems controlling inges- in venouscapacitance. This symposium brings Thissvmposium will considerthe functions tion, like thoseof sex and maternalbehavior togethercardiovascular, renal, neural, and en.- of the pu~inenucleotide cycle in skeletalmus- and temperatureregulation, are subserved by docrinephvsiologists to presentdifferent views cle. Thiswill includea developmentof the basic complexgenetically programmed neural cir- on the ddiinant physiologicalmechanisms of sequenceof reactions,applicability of the en- cuitry in the hypothalamus+Major elementsof hvpertonic. saline resuscitation.

vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 161 Cellular and Molecular ion onfrom where and how these FFA are being Debate: ANP Plays a Aspects of Growth liberated, the secondarydetrimental conse- Significant Role in quencesof their liberation,and how these and Contractile Activity changesin the membranemight be reflectedin Body Fluid Homeostatis in Vascular Smooth Muscle membranefunction. Moderator: G. F, DiBona,Pro: E, H, Blaine;Cola: Chair: R, C, Webb.Speukers: R. C. Webb,N. E. K. L. Goetz, Owen,K. G. Owens,B. C. Berk,M. S. Sturek,C, Atria1natriuretic peptide (ANP) produces a Rembold,J. D, Johnson,and D. F. Bohr. diuresisand natriuresiswhen appropriately ad- The purposeof thissymposium is to provide Biologic Responses ministeredto animaland humansubjects. The a forumfor interactionbetween two subspecial- to Prolonged Increase secretionand plasma concentration of ANPap- tiesin the areaof vascularsmooth muscle phys- in Circulating Atria1 pearsto be regulatedby the level of atria1pres- iology.The two subspecialtiesto be featuredare surewhen this is manipulatedby alterationsin 1) growthregulation and 2) contractilemecha- Natriuretic Factor dietarysodium intake and intravascular (cardio- nisms.Funher, the symposiumwill bring to- Chair:N. C.Trippodo. Speakers: N. C. Trippodo, pulmonary)blood volume. These findings have getheryoung investigators in the UnitedStates J. P. Granger,J, E, Hall, S. E, Kaufman,J. P, givenrise to the hypothesisthat ANP playsa who are placingtheir researchenergies into Koepke,and B. A. Scoggins. significantrole in body fluid homeostasisby understandingthese two subfieldsat a cellular The atria1natriuretic factor (ANF), a peptide mediatingthe appropriaterenal excretoryre- and/or molecularlevel. Eachparticipant tends hormonesecreted by the heart,has a numberof sponseto a changein body fluid volume,The to be an expertin oneor the othersubspecialty, actionswhen administered for the short term evidenceconcerning this hypothesishas been yet becauseeach process is part of anintegrated that appearto be aimedat loweringcardiac conflicting.In thissession, a debate format will cellularsystem it isessential that the investigator filling pressure,These hormonal, renal, and cir- be usedto criticallyanalyze the publishedevi- be informedabout current research on the other culatoryactions, if persistent,could havepro- dencefor and againstthe hypothesis.In addi- component.Another rationalefor this sympo- foundinfluences on the long-termregulation of tion, therewill be shortpresentations concern- sium is that the pathophysiologyof vascular body fluids and arterialpressure. Possible im- ing morerecent observations supporting or re- smoothmuscle in hypertension,atherosclerosis, portantphysiologic actions of ANF mediated futing the hypothesis,There will be an andseveral other disease states involves both a throughmodulation of long-termregulatory sys- opportunityfor questionsfrom the audience.It growth responseand a changein contractile temscan only determinedthrough experiments is hopedthat this formatwill providea timely function in the blood vesselwall. Thus this basedon the continuingeffects of ANF. It is andcritical assessment of the hypothesis. symposiumwill providean examinationof cur- likely that severaldifferent approacheswill rentknowledge about basic cellular and molec- eventuallybe requiredto ascertaina complete ularevents that underliethe biologyof vascular understandingof the long-termphysiologic ac- smoothmuscle. This topic hasgeneral appeal tions of ANF, includingexperiments designed Debate: Is Nitric Oxide EDRF? sincesmooth muscle physiology overlaps re- to ,bluntthe releaseof the hormone,“immuno- searchareas related to respiration,reproduction, neutralize”endogenous ANF, or inhibitthe ac- Moderator:H. Kontos. andgastrointestinal physiology. tionsof the circulatingpeptide, The studiesin this symposiumwere aimed at determiningthe biologicactions of prolongedelevations of cir- culatingANF. This was accomplished by infus- Debate: Is Myucardial Hypoxia Membrane Mechanisms ing the syntheticpeptide, by slowingthe meta- Necessary for Coronary bolic clearanceof ANF or by prolongedstimu- Blood Flow Regulation? of Ischemic Brain lationof endogenousrelease of ANF. Damage Moderator: R. Olsson. Chair: E. M. Nemoto.Speakers: E. M. Nemoto, D. F. Wilson,N. G. Bazan,G&Y. Sun, L. Horrocks, P. Kochanek,M. Ginsberg,and M. Spatz. The Influence of Temperature Rapidliberation and accumulationof free on Muscle and Locomotory Debate: The Morass of fatty acids(FFA) during brain ischemia of up to Performance Terminology in onehour duration has led to the hypothesisthat Gastrointestinal Motility it reflectsthe evolutionischemic brain damage. Chairs: L, C, Romeand A. F. Bennett.Speakers: and Electrical Activity The liberationand accumulation of FFAduring L. C. Rome,A. F. Bennett,J. C, Montgomery,R, cerebralischemic insults poses at leastthree- Woledge,E. D. Stevens,R. L. Marsh,and J, A. Moderator: R, W, Summers,Participants: N. W, fold threatto neuronalrecovery: 1) components Faulkner, Weisbrodt,K. M. Sanders,and S. K. Sarna. severelycompromise membrane function; 2) Temperatureis an environmentalvariable Terminologyis often a highlycomplex and FFA suchas 20:4and 183 with detergent-like that hasa greatinfluence on physiologicalfunc- difficult problemin biology. In the field of effectson cell membranesmay directly disrupt tion, Over the past 10 yearsthere hasbeen gastrointestinalmotility, nomenclaturehas or inhibit membranefunction; and 3) arachi- considerablework done on the influenceof evolvedin an erraticand highly individual fash- donicacid (20:4)serves as a precursorfor pros- temperatureon musclemechanics, muscle en- ion Scientificwriters describetheir observa- taglandinsand leukotrienes,potent hormones ergetics,locomotory energetics,locomotory tionsfrom unique perspectives based on organ, thatmay adversely affect neuronal recovery. Elu- performance,and nervousfunction. Important species,recording technique differences or sci- cidationof the mechanismsand sources of FFA generalizationsare coming out of the work and entific disciplines,Failure to addressthis situa- liberationduring ischemiaand other cerebral this symposiumrepresents the first opportunity tion causesconfusion and misunderstanding for insultscould provide important insights into the to discussthese generalizations and for scien- the neophyteand the experiencedinvestigator. membranedefects leading to membranedys- tists from differentdisciplines to sharetheir On the otherhand, terminology cannot be leg- functionas well asmeans of preventingor re- perspectivesa islated;it evolvesout of consensusand common pairingsuch defects. Subcellular differentiation Thismeeting will alsobe coordinatedwith a usage,changes in technology,and enhanced of the mechanismsand sources of FFAliberation smallersymposium to be held at the Interna- understandingof basicmechanisms. and membranedegradation could explain why tionalUnion of PhysiologicalSciences meeting Thispoint/counterpoint discussion will not synaptictransmission appears more vulnerable in Helsinki,To insureintellectual links between be a truedebate but afteran introductionof the to ischemicdamage than mitochondrial oxida- the symposia,the manuscriptsfrom both will be problem,three speakers will discusstheir indi- tive phosphorylation.Thus the ultimategoal of publishedtogether in the American Journal of vidualpoints of view on how the problemof thissymposium isto obtaina consensusof opin- Physiology. terminologymight be addressed.

162 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Debate: Accommodation of canalso be describedwith mathematicalrigor. and cellular concomitantsof undernutrition Increased Pulmonary Blood Biologicalsystems, however, often defy the de- without malnutrition,evidence for selective scriptivepower of mathematics.Irregular and geneaction in micesubjected to undernutrition Flow: Recruitment Versus quasi-periodicevents are poorly characterized withoutmalnutrition, the virologicand molec- Distension by traditionalmathematical expressions. Fractal ularconcomitants of preventionof breastcancer Moderator: A. E. Taylor, Recruitment: S. Per- geometryis a new branchof mathematicsthat by undernutritionwithout malnutrition, crucial mutt; Distension; J, B. West. describesthe resultof repeateddivision or the nutritionalcomponents involved in prolonga- For many years, pulmonaryphysiologists processof self-similarreplications. Like fractal tion of life and healthby diet,and the rolesof havebeen awarethat wheneither pulmonary shapes,biological systems are composed of bits diet and exercisein preventingexperimental arterial(Ppa) or venous(P,) pressuresare ele- andpieces whose form is repeatedmany times cancers+ vated,pulmonary vascular resistance decreases. on severaldifferent scales These forms can be Thisfinding is seenclearly in Zone III blood the branchingpattern of bloodvessels or the flow conditionsin the uprightlung (P, > P, > temporalpattern of a membranepotential. Ex- P& becausethe pressuregradient between P, amplesof naturalphenomena that clearly ex- Modified Hemoglobins andP, isconstant, but flow increasesS. Permutt hibit fractalproperties include the surfacesof as Blood Substitutes (BMES) will presentconvincing arguments that blood subcellularorganelles, the electrocardiogram, andthe distributionof bloodflow in microvas- Chair: A. G. Greenburgand H. W. Kim. Speak- vesselrecruitment causes increased blood flow ers:A. G. Greenburg,H. W. Kim, L. Sehgal,Y. while J. Westwill presentequally convincing cularbeds. This symposiumgathers experts who have Nose,M. Feola,C. A. Hunt, R. Valeri,T. M. S. argumentsthat blood vessel distension increases Chang,and C. Hsia. blood flow. Meanwhile,A, Taylor will try to appliedfractal mathematics to the interfacebe- tween physicaland biologicalsystems. Their Interestin developinghemoglobin (Hb) as refereethis evenlymatched contest. After each an oxygen-carryingresuscitation fluid (blood discussanthas an initial but lengthyturn, they goal is to obtaina new understandingof the structure,function, and disfunction of living sys- substitute)has recently been rekindled because will then be givenan additionalshort time in of concernsabout availability and safety of do- whichto rebutthe other’sopinion. This portion temsThe aims of thesymposium are to illustrate the applicationof fractalmathematics and ge- natedblood for transfusionAlthough Hb isthe of the debateis designedfor audiencepartici- idealoxygen carrier, previous attempts to de- pationsince this is wherethe glovescome off ometryto living systems.to demonstratecom- mon propertiesshared by diversebiomedical velopunmodified Hb as a bloodsubstitute have and cheersand cat callsfrom the audienceare notbeen successful because of problemsinclud- allowed!Finally, the audiencewill be askedto systems,and to gain new insightsinto their organizationand workings. inginefficient oxygen offloading characteristics, join in the fray with their opinionsand nasty short#intravascular retention time, andundesir- questions.So, roll up your sleevesand join in ableeffects on the kidneysand vascular system. the barroombrawl that is likely to be precipi- In recentyears, however, significant advances tatedby Drs.West’s and Permutt’s lively debate, Modern Analysis of Complex Systems (BMES) havebeen made toward solutions of theseprob- and Dr. Taylor,who will hide undera nearby lemsthrough intramolecular and/or intermolec- table,will try andorchestrate this eventin the CLwir: R.Sclabassi, Speakers: To BeAnnounced. ularmodification of Hbmolecules. The purpose finesttradition of aJohn Wayne movie filmed in Approximationof nonlinearbehavior of phys- of this symposiumis to assessnew develop- old NewOrleans. iologicalsystems using linear techniques may mentsin the field andto discussadvantages and introducemisleading generalizations and cre- remainingproblems of thesemethods. This atesthe needto recharacterizebehavior at every symposiumshould provide audience with gen- differentoperating point. Recentdevelopments eralknowledge on bloodsubstitutes, some key in analysisof nonlinearsystems not only provide methodsof hemoglobinmodification, in vitro Tutorial: Using the Microcom- a compactdescription of integrativebehavior andin vivo (animaland/or clinical)character- puter in the Classroom but alsopresent more insight into fundamental isticsof so-preparedHb, andtheir currentstatus physiologicalmechanisms, The purposeof this towardpractical use. &cuZ&: H. Model1and S. Robinson. symposiumis to reviewthese newer methodol- The thrustof mostcomputer-based educa- tional efforts is aimedat interactionbetween ogiesand explore their applicationsto a variety one to three studientsand one computeror of physiologicalproblems. terminal.In practicalterms, however, broad ap- THEMATIC SYMPOSIA plicationof theseapproaches must wait until a Cellular and Molecular Bases criticalmass of computerswith appropriatesoft- Central Nervous Mechanisms wareis available for classroomsat all educational for the Influence of Nutrition of Host Defense Responses levels.The computer, in conjunctionwith large on Aging and Longevity screenvideo output, can also serve, however, as (SEBM) Chairs: C. M, Blatteisand C. A. Dinarello.Speak- a valuabletool in providingan active learning ers: C. M. Blatteis,C. A, Dinarello,L. B. Lachman, experienceto studentsin a group setting.In Cbuirs:R. A. Goodand B. C.Johnson. Speakers: D. Saphier,J# T. Stitt,H. Shibata,M. J. Kluger,J. theseapplications, multiple machines are not R. A. Good,B. C. Johnson,R. L. Walford,R. M. Krueger,E. W. Bernton,J, M. Lipton,and J. necessary.This session will explorethe poten- Weindruch,G+ Fernandes, N. K. Day, E. J, Ma- J. Oppenheim. tial of usingone computer as a presentationand soro,and D. Kritchevsky. The study of the interactionsbetween the feedbackdevice to promotean active learning On the 50th anniversaryof Clive McCay’s nervousand immune systems isnow one of the environmentin the classroomor lecturehall. discoverythat decreasedfood intakeprolongs mostrapidly developing areas in physiological life-spanof rats,a symposiumwill be heldunder andimmunological research, The recentdem- the joint auspicesof the Societyfor Expetimen- onstrationthat a negativefeedback loop may tal Biology and Medicineand the American existfrom macrophagevia the centralnemous PhysiologicalSociety. This symposium will ex- andneuroendocrine systems to macrophagefor Fractal Description plore the cellularand molecularbases for the the productionby peripheralmacrophages of influenceof nutrition on agingand longevity, the monokineinterleukin 1 establishesclearly of Bio-Medical Systems (BMES) Speakerswill includeinvestigators who are lead- that the two systemsare linked in hostdefense Chair: J. E. McNamee.speakers: J. E. McNamee, ing inquiryinto physiological,biochemical, mo- againstinfectious pathogens. In this way and J. B. Bassingthwaighte,B. Onaral, A, Goldber- lecularbiological, and cell biologicalbasis of severalothers, the brainplays an importantrole ger,and 8. J. West. this extraordinarydietary influence. Presenta- in modulatingand integrating an arrayof host Mathematicsprovides precise and concise tionswill focuson the influenceof nutritionon defensemechanisms, previously thought to be descriptionsof physicalsystems. Living systems life-spanand spanof health,on the enzymatic processesunrelated to the CNS.Other cyto-

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 163 kines, such as the interferons and tumor necrosis biochemicalcharacteristics of the compounds Speakers: J. S. Brody,C. Bauer,R. W. Winslow, factor, may be similarly involved, although their usedfor osmoticregulation, mechanisms of up- R. S. Fitzgerald,J# B. West,E. R. Weibel,J. M. roles in this context have not yet been as fully takefrom the externalenvironment and meta- McCord,D. F. Wilson,D I P. Jones,J. W. Fisher, studied. However, all have been shown also to bolic pathwaysfor osmolytesynthesis both in J, Caro,C. Lacombe,R. Levi-Montalcini,J, V. be produced in the brain. A series of questions plantsand animals.Osmotic regulation at the Weil, N. S. Cherniack,N, H. Edelman,H. W. have, therefore, arisen; e.g., are the cytokines cellularand organismallevel will be discussed Farber,P. Cerretelli,and P, W. Hochachka. that induce host defense responses centrally for two systemswhere the role of organicos- Mechanismsof responseand adaptationto those that are elaborated in the brain or those molytes has only recently been elucidated: hypoxiais the themeof this symposium.The that are secreted peripherally? But, if produced aquaticinsects and vertebrate kidney. By bring- mechanismsand manifestationsof adaptations in the brain, where and how are they released? ing togetherworkers in diversefields working appearto be diversedepending on the cell And if they enter from the circulation, how do on similarproblems, this symposiumis certain types.However, it is expectedthat a common they cross the blood-brain barrier? Where and to provide a useful review of physiological link existsbetween all the oxygen-sensitivere- how in the brain do they induce their various mechanismsaswell asnovel experimental and sponses.Accordingly, several oxygen-sensitive effector actions? What is the functional organi- conceptualinsights for both theparticipants and tissuesare included for presentationand discus- zation of the neuronal circuitry involved? The the audience, sion.In selectingthe topicsemphasis has been purpose of this symposium is to address these placedon bothmorphology and mechanisms of questions in an interdisciplinary manner. Thus cellularand subcellular responses. The oxygen the most current work in this field will be pre- sensortypes include erythropoietic tissue, ca- sented by both physiologists and immunolo- rotidbody, and vascular tissue and the metabolic gists, Such an integrated approach should not Adaptation to Asphyxia: type particularlyinclude skeletal muscle. The only provide a comprehensive overview of this Lessons From Diving Animals consensusthat the metaobliceffects of oxygen field but also point to future, cooperative re- initiateand control the responsesmay emerge search from the perspectives of both disciplines. Chairs: R. Elsnerand S. K* Hong.Speakers: R. at the symposium. Elsner,S. K. Hong,D. Leith, M. Castellini,G. The symposiumwill provide a common Kooyman,W, Zapol,and P. Hochachka. forumwhere the expertsfrom diverse fields and Animalsvary in their ability to tolerateas- disciplineswill be ableto interactand offer the Factors Determining VOzmax phyxia,the progressivedevelopment of cellular audiencethe opportunityto absorband integrate hypoxia, hypercapniaand acidosisresu I ting the currentstate of the knowledge.The interdis- in Humans from the cessationof respiratorygas exchange. ciplinaryinteraction is expected to generatenew Chair: P.Cerretelli. Speakers: P. Cerretelli,P. E. Amongaquatic species, some are well adapted ideasand open up newareas of research. di Prampero,J. T. Reeves,J, Piiper,H. Hoppeler, to asphyxiaassociated with apneaof their diving G+Ferretti, and P. Dejours. behavior. The related mechanismsare not Frontiers in Environmental VOzmaxisusually considered to be limitedby uniqueto divinganimals, rather they areexten- circulatingfactors. However, from a recentana- sionsof similarreactions noted in terrestrial Physiology Lectures lytical approachVO 2max appears to be deter- species.Our understandingof asphyxiahas Chir: E. R. Nadel. minedby a morecomplicated system described grown in large part from researchon aquatic asa seriesof resistancesalong the O2pathway vertebratesand by comparingthe responsesof The Theory of Adaptation thesenatural specialists with thoseof other an- fromthe lungsto the muscles.These resistances Speaker: C. L. Presser, are basicallymaximal hemoglobin flow, maxi- imals.Both natural history and laboratory studies mal muscleblood flow, musclemitochrondrial contributeto this knowledge.The divershave Acclimation to Salt Stress: massand morphometry,and muscleoxidative beenshown to rely ultimatelyon oxygencon- Neuroendocrine Adjustments enzymeactivity. In this symposium,the theory servationand enhanced anaerobic reserves re- Assessedin Birds sultingin astrategic retreat into a hypometabolic of VOzmaxcontrol as well aseach of the contrib- With Salt Glands utingfactors will be discussed.Changes in the state.Respiratory and cardiovascular systems are controlof VO2ma induced by adaptationto var- the primarytargets for the requiredadaptations. Speaker: E. Simon. iousstresses, such as chronic hypoxia or exer- Regulationof the processesin diversis funda- cisetraining, will alsobe presented. mentallysimilar to thatof their terrestrialcoun- Gravitational Physiology terparts.The productof thesestudies yields in the 1990s improved understandingof the biology of Speaker: H. Bjurstedt. aquaticanimals. Furthermore, because of the potentialfor severeasphyxial pathology, new The Uptake, Synthesis medicalinsights can be gainedthrough these and Physiological Function studies. of Organic Osmolytes in Biological Systems Cb&: T, J, Bradley.Speakers: T, J. Bradley,G. Somero,A. Hanson,S. Bishop,D. Manahan,S. Wright,and L. Goldstein. Response and Adaptation to A very broadtaxonomic array of organisms Hypoxia-Organ to Organelle (includingbacteria, algae, higher plants, marine invertebrates,insects, and vertebrates) modulate Organizer: S. Lahiri. the osmoticconcentration of the intracellularor SessionI: WP Biology extracellularcompartment through the use of Chair: J‘* s . Brady, NRTIONRC organicosmolytes. Very few compoundscan accumulateto highconcentrations in the blood SessionI I : ErythropoieticResponse SCIENCE or cytoplasmwithout adversely affecting protein Chair: C. Bauerand R. W. WinslowI TEarNijcoGv andmembrane structure. As a result,despite the SessionIII: PeripheralChemoreceptors UJEK 89 taxonomicbreadth of organismsemploying this Chair: R, S.Fitzgerald. mechanism,the compoundsused and the mech- ApRlc23-29 anismsof synthesisand accumulation are highly SessionIV: MetabolicAdaptation conserved.The speakers will addressthe unique Chit J. B. West.

164 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Physiology in Perspective Walter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture Wednesday, March 22, 1989

Ernest M. Wright Special Pre-Meeting Workshop: “The Law and “Intestinal Glucose Transport: Animal Care Committees” From Molecules to Man”

Litigation involving state sunshine laws ing in various states, discussions by the Ernest M. Wright, Professor and the impact upon institutional animal courts, and animal care committee mem- Department of Physiology care committee policies for research will bers and researchers who are affected by UCLA School of Medicine be explored on Sunday, March 19, 2:00 courts decisions requiring that meetings Los Angeles, California P.M. at the New Orleans Hilton Hotel. and/or records be open to the public. This special pre-meeting program will The program is for those attending the 4:45 P.M. feature a panel of winners and losers in FASEB meeting and is sponsored by The New Orleans Hilton litigation promoted by animal activists to American Physiological Society. Registra- make animal care committee records and tion fee is $35.00. APS Business Meeting meetings open and public. To register or for more information con- Aubrey E. Taylor, President A panel discussion will include an over- tact Mr. Bill Samuels, APS, 9650 Rockville 5:45 P.M. view of what has happened and is happen- Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814.

Return to American Physiological Society 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20814 Attn: Mr. Bill Samuels

- I am interested in attending the Workshop on “The Law and Animal Care Committees”

- Please send additional information

- My check is enclosed.

NAME

ADDRESS

PHONE NO.

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 165 APS and Section Awards

Society Student Awards Awardis presentedto a younginvestigator under the ageof 36 showing outstandingpromise in his/herfield of cardiovascularresearch, The recip- The annual Caroline turn Suden Professional Opportunity Award (pro- ient,who receives a certificateand a $200check, is selected by the Wiggers vides$500, complimentary registration for the meeting,and a waiverof awardeeof the previousyear. The CarlJ. WiggersAward honors a founder placementservice fees) will be grantedto asmany as six maleor female of the sectionwho hasmade outstanding and lastingcontributions to graduatestudents or postdoctoralfellows who presenteda contributed cardiovascularresearch. paperat the meeting.To be consideredfor the award,the candidatemust be the first authorof anabstract submitted to AK An accompanyingletter, The Cell and General Physiology Section will offer an awardto one signedby the sponsorof the abstract,must contain 1) certificationthat the undergraduatestudent ($200) and one postdoctoralstudent ($300) after authoris a studentor postdoctoralfellow and 2) the approximatedate the threeyears of obtainingan M.D. or Ph.D.degree. Thisaward will be made nomineewill be availablefor employment.Awardees will be notifiedby to the studentwhose research in the field of cell physiologyis judged to the SelectionCommittee prior to January31, 1989 and will be presented be an outstandingcontribution. 1) A recipientmust be first authoron an with their awardsduring the APSBusiness Meeting, abstractsubmitted for the FASEBmeeting; 2) a recipientmust be perform- ing researchin the field of cell physiology;3) a recipientmust be a The Procter & Gamble Professional Opportunity Award (provides$500 graduateor mustbe within threeyears of receivinghis/her degree; and 4) andcomplimentary registration for the meeting)will be granted to at least a recipientmust submit with his/herabstract a letterfrom the Department 17 predoctoralstudents who presenta contributedpaper at the meeting. Chairmanconfirming his/her eligibility. Recipients will be selectedfrom To be considered,the candidatemust be the first authorof an abstract thosecandidates who submitabstracts to ProgramChairman of the APS submittedto APSand within 12-18months of completinghis/her Ph.D. Cell Section,Dr. LazaroMandel, Department of Physiology,Duke Univer- degree.All recipientsmust be U.S.Citizens or hold a PermanentResident sityMedical Center, Box 3709, Durhdm,NC 27710. visa.An accompanyingletter, signedby the sponsorof the abstract,must contain1) certificationthat the authoris a predoctoralstudent and 2) the The Comparative Physiology Section Scholander Award is presented approximatedate of degreecompletion. Awardees will be notifiedprior to annuallyto recognizean outstanding young investigatorpresenting a paper February15, 1989. Selection of the awardeeswill be madeby the Sections as first authorin a comparativephysiology slide session at the SpringFASEB of the APS.When submitting your abstract for consideration,please indicate Meeting.Candidates must be graduatestudents or postdoctoralfellows, (by appropriatenumber) which sectionshould consider your abstractas not morethan five yearsbeyond their highestdegrees. The recipient indicatedin the list below: receivesa cashaward of $100and a certificatefrom the AmericanPhysio- logicalSociety. 1. Cardiovascular 7. NervousSystem 2. Celland General 8. NeuralControl TheYoung Investigator Award of the Environmental, Thermal and Exer- 3. Comparative & AutonomicRegulation cise Physiology Section is for the recognitionof excellencein researchby 4. Endocrinology& Metabolism 9. Renal a graduatestudent. Candidates must be first authoron a paperpresented 5. Environmental,Thermal 10, Respiratory at a previousAPS Fall Meeting or the SpringMeeting at whichthe awardis & Exercise 11. Teaching presented.Honoring Harwood S, Beling,an award of $150is presented at 6. Gastrointestinal 12. Water& Electrolyte the TemperatureRegulation Dinner. Homeostatis TheGastrointestinal Physiology Section Student Prize ($300)is designed NIDDK Travel Fellowships for Minority Physiologists are opento ad- to challengeand rewardstudents and postdoctoralfellows who are con- vancedundergraduate, predoctoral, and postdoctoral scientists who have centratingtheir researchefforts in gastrointestinalresearch. Two awards obtainedtheir undergraduateeducation in Minority BiomedicalResearch will be madeat the APSSpring (FASEB) Meeting in 1989. One will be Programs(MBRS) and MARCeligible institutions, as well asstudents in givenfor work donewhile enrolledas a studentfor a doctoraldegree. A the APSPorter Development Program. Applications may also be submitted secondaward will be givenfor work performedduring the first through by minorityfaculty members at the aboveinstitutions. Funds will provide the third postdoctoralyears. In orderto be considered,the applicantmust transportation,meals, and lodging. The specificintent of this awardis to be first authoron an abstractsubmitted for the FASEBMeeting. A copy of increaseparticipation of the pre-and postdoctoral minority students in the this abstract,accompanied by a letter fromthe applicant’sadvisor, indicat- physiologicalsciences. Applicants need not be membersof the APSbut ing whetherthe applicantis a graduatestudent or a postdoctoralfellow, shouldbe a U.S.Citizen or hold a PermanentResident Visa. Applications shouldbe sent to Dr. JosephFondacaro, Department of Pharmacology, shouldinclude information on I) academicbackground and experience; Smith,Kline and FrenchLabs, L520 P.O. Box 1539, Kingof Prussia,PA 2) a writtenstatement of interestin researchin physiology;3) a letter of 19406, by December15,1988. recommendationfrom the applicant’smentor; 4) a list of publications,if available;5) a statementindicating the underrepresentedminority (Black, Hispanic,or AmericanIndian) with whichthe applicant identifies himself/ The Van Harreveld Memorial Award of the Nervous System Section is to herself;6) an estimateof requiredtravel and per diem expenses. Awardees honorthe bestAPS student presentation at the SpringFASEB Meeting. The will be notifiedprior to January31, 1989. first annualcash award will bepresented at the 1989 FASEBSpring Meeting at a sectionmeeting, dinner, or reception.

Section Student Awards TheRenal Physiology Section Award for Excellence in Renal Research is to promoteand developexcellence in researchrelated to molecular, The Cardiovascular Section presentsthree annual awards-Fellowship, cellular,and organ mechanisms expressed by the kidneys.Annual awards the LamportAward, and the Carl J. WiggersAward. Nominationsfor arepresented to a graduateand a postdoctoralstudents with judgingbased FellowshipAwards must be madeby at leasttwo existingfellows with on abstractsubmission (25%) and meetingpresentation (75%) a Papers supportingletters sent to the steeringcommittee for vote.The total number areevaluated by threejudges in renalhemodynamics, epithelial transport, of fellowscannot exceed 5% of the APSregular members who have and metabolism.A certificateand prize of $200are presentedto the publishedmeritorious research in cardiovascularphysiology. The Lamport recipientsat the annualrenal dinner.

166 THE PHYSIOLOGIST AF’S NEWS Committee Report

APS Confers Honoraw Memberships on LIAISON WITH INDUSTRY Three Renowned Sckntists At the May 1988 Spring Meeting, Las Three renowned physiologists-one major awards including the Imperial Prize Vegas, Nevada, the Liaison With Industry from Japan and two from Europe-have from Japan Academy. Committee considered the following. been tendered honorary membership in Neher assisted in the development of the American Physiological Society. the patch-clamp technique, which for the 1. Minorities in Physiology. LWIC mem- The memberships were granted to Set- first time allowed the recording of single bers confirmed their objective to design a suro Ebashi, M.D., director general and transmitter activated channels in biological program for minority high school students professor of the National Institute for Phys- membranes. He also originated the first to stimulate their interest in physiological iological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Ja- description of single Na- and Ca-activated sciences. The strategy is to create a pro- pan; Erwin Neher, Ph.D., director of the channels. Neher’s present interest is how gram that would encourage the private sec- membrane biophysics department at the the channels are connected to cellular tor and academe to provide local minority Max-Planck-Institut fur biophysikalsche functions and how they contribute to the high school students with a laboratory ex- Chemie, Gottingen, West Germany; and control of-and are themselves controlled perience that hopefully will lead to a ca- Ewald Rudolf Weibel, M.D., professor of by-intracellular calcium. reer in physiology. anatomy at the University of Berne, Swit- Weibel, whose background includes The committee reviewed a draft ques- zerland. training in respiratory physiology, cell bi- tionnaire that will be used to identify ex- Honorary membership is granted to dis- ology, and electron microscopy, has con- tant programs in industry for minority high tinguished scientists who have contributed centrated his research on the question of school students. The committee approved to the advances of physiology and do not whether structure and function are quan- the questionnaire in principal but re- live in the United States. titatively related. He has published more quested that it be shortened by removing Ebashi’s work has been in the area of than 250 papers and is the author of 3 redundant sections. muscle physiology, for which he has been books. @ Upon completion, the questionnaire recognized by the presentation of several will be mailed to industrial organizations that employ physiologists. An attempt will be made to identify specific individuals, within each respondent company, who will be responsible for interacting with the LWIC on behalf of his/her employer. 2. Industrial Representatives. A need was expressed for identifying a specific indi- vidual within each industrial organization who would serve as a communication fa- cilitator between the LWIC and his/her Setsuro Ebashl Erwm Neher Ewald R. Weibel employer. Facilitators, obviously, would provide an amplification system in support Comparative Physiologists Honor C. Ladd Prosser of APS/LWIC communications and efforts. A request was made to obtain a list of APS I recently had the pleasure to represent and national scales. It is important for you members employed in industry to imple- our Society at the Second International to recall that Dr. Prosser, while in his APS ment the “facilitator” process. Congress of Comparative Physiology and leadership, developed and obtained fund- 3. Industrial Physiology Section. A rec- Biochemistry at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. ing for a college teacher summer research ommendation was presented for forming This was a very well attended meeting fellowship and also proposed that our So- an APS section for Industrial Physiology (over 500 registrants) and Drs. Dietz and ciety become sectionalized into a different with primary emphasis on developmental Stickle organized a very exciting and in- governing system. The first effort was an research. One objective of forming such a formative meeting. attempt to acquaint college leadership committee would be to have formal rep A highlight of that meeting was a pres- with our research and to develop a broader resentation on the Program Advisory Com- entation following the cajun food buffet recruiting base for attracting future phys- mittee. Following considerable discus- (which was delicious-gumbo, jambalaya, iologists, while the latter was an attempt sion, it was decided to solicit input from etc.) by Dr. C. Ladd Prosser on his 81st to prevent loss of our members to societies Industrial Physiologists to determine inter- birthday. What a treat to hear our 42nd that were spawned by our membership’s est/need for a formal section. president discuss “Comparative Physiology interest. The summer research program is and Biochemistry: The Challenge of the now being revitalized and after my initial 4. Second Century Corporate Founders. Future.” Dr. Prosser felt that many compar- motion at Anaheim to sectionalize our So- Martin Frank reported the current status of ative physiologists were being left out of ciety and after several years of trial and the Second Century Corporate Founders the mainstream of grant funding and na- tribulations two of Dr. Prosser’s ideas will Program Endowment Fund. tional funding priorities and discussed his soon be firmly entrenched in our Society. thoughts on improving the image and in- N. B. Marshall terests of comparative physiology on local A. E. Taylor, President Chairman

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 167 APS Reaching Out to Developing Countries

University of the Philippines ing your article certainly encouraged me medical schools in the Philippines. to write you as you may be more sympa- Here, you can help us recruit similarly Dear Dr. Sparks: thetic to our plight since you had first-hand minded physiologists who would like experience in a third world country, to work with us in the Philippines. I read with interest your article in The Physiologist about your sabbatical year in There are three areas where you can be of 3. Procurement of equipment. New Zimbabwe. I have just been appointed help to us. equipment cost is prohibitive for us but essential if we are to set up a research chairman in our department and one of Training program in your country, our problems is the lack of training oppor- laboratory, What do you do with old Many of our faculty members have no ones when they are replaced? Can they tunities available to local physiologists. recent exposure to advances in physio- The University of the Philippines College possibly be donated to other institu- logical techniques which could be uti- tions if they are still functional? of Medicine is considered the premier lized either in our teaching or research. medical school in the Philippines, but Sometimes we are able to get grants I would like to hear from you any ideas even here, the physiology department has from the school but the problem is to not made any stride in research because of you may have on these points. I hope that find the suitable place to send our staff I can interest you or any of your colleagues lack of funds, equipment, and training. members. If we can establish linkages There are only a few trained physiologists in the American Physiological Society to with physiology departments which are share with us your expertise in Physiology and many members of the faculty are cli- willing to accept fellows for training, nicians. Our equipments have been ac- this would be ideal. possibly in a collaborative project. quired in the ’60s and as you can image, we cannot get spare parts anymore since VisitingprofessorshiP. A similar program Very truly yours, many are discontinued models. I can tell like what you did in Zimbabwe could Cecilia V. Tomas, M.D. you more woes of our department but read- be of help not only to us but to other Chairman

American Physiological Society Physiology in Developing Countries Clearinghouse Information Form

Name Address

1 am interested in Hosting a scientist from a developing country ~ Hosting a graduate student from a developing country ~ Working in a developing country Sending books, journals and/or teaching materials to a developing country -Initiating a “sister department” relationship with a department in a developing country Other Expertise: Research Teaching Would you be able to partially support a visitor? Do you speak a foreign language? - What language? Have you previously worked in a developing country? If so, where? Does your department currently have a “Sister Department” relationship with a department in a developing country? If so, please attach a description. Please relate to us any other experience which may be of use to us in setting up a clearinghouse. Thank you for your assistance!

168 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Project HOPE

Dear Dr. Frank: I would like to express our thanks and appreciation to you and the American Physiological Society for your generous contribution of textbooks to Project HOPE. We are grateful indeed for this expression of your interest and support of our work. Sincerely, Jan Downing Gift-in-Kind Coordinator

Third World Academy of Sciences

Dear Dr. Frank, Thank you for your kind letter and the News From Senior Physiologists generous offer of 25 subscriptions to your journals for distribution to libraries in de- Letters to Roy 0. Greep: distal muscles, at least to restore the elec- veloping countries. trogenesis in some of them sufficient to Harold M. Kaplan, at 80 years of age, is power simple braces. This may allow these We are extremely grateful to you for all patients to exert their voluntary control, your efforts. Kindly send the journals di- the oldest member of the teaching faculty at Southern Illinois University School of just as we fell in full control of power rectly by surface mail to our address in steering and brakes. Trieste. If you contact a shipping company, Medicine where he is a visiting professor in the department of physiology and the 2. “Fullyfunctioning regenerated nerves they would take care of the packing as well remain unexcitable by brief electrical stim- as the transportation of the material. medical preparatory program for minori- ties. He also is coauthor of a book on uli. This new notion will modify some As to the question of payment of transpor- discovery and invention that is to be pub- present electrodiagnostic and electrother- tation costs, the Third World Academy of lished in 1989 by the University Press of apeutic procedures. Sciences will be happy to refund the America. 3. “Peripheral nerves implanted in the amount involved upon receipt of an official Hallowell Davis reports that his health spinal cord in the vicinity of the ventral invoice. is better than it was a year ago and that he horns can be regenerated directly by mo- goes to the Central Institute for the Deaf toneurons, bypassing ventral roots. Thus, Please note that we will provide you with once or twice each week to do some his- after several months, electrical stimulation a list of the libraries chosen to receive your torically oriented writing about projects of the brain resulted in contractions of publications in due course. with which he has been associated. He and corresponding regenerating muscles as Nancy travel to New England for long sum- shown by EMG (so far in rats only). I I am happy to extend an invitation to you mer vacations and to Florida for a week believe that spinal cord injury patients, or a representative from the American each February. using functional electrical stimulation, will Physiological Society to attend our Work- “I read The Physiologist carefully,” he also benefit from these studies.” shop scheduled for October on the “In- said, “but have given up on technical re- J. U. Schlegel writes that he and his wife creasing Flow of Scientific Literature to ports. I am concerned about the weaken- thoroughly enjoy the beauty and climate Third World Institutions” and hope you ing of the unifying image of physiology as on Lake Chapala in Mexico and that he will be able to participate. a basic discipline. The old principles are stays busy reading, writing, and working still valid and vital and must not be lost in with his computers. With kind regards and many thanks for our enthusiasm for the ‘new biology’.” your collaboration. W. T. Liberson, who said he hopes to reassure scientists who are told that their Letter to John R. Brobeck: Yours sincerely, academic contributions will have to be ter- H. R. Dalafi minated at age 70, reports that four years Grover C. Pitts said he finds retirement ago, at age 80, he joined Dr. Julia Terzis, a stimulating with not one boring day so far. microsurgeon, in her work for patients He and his wife spend time with their with severe neuropathies and the follow- hobbies of wildflower gardening and bird- ing three discoveries that resulted from ing and he is catching up in his postponed this collaboration are among the most ex- reading of classical literature. He also has .:.:.. citing. continued some professional writing. phone number, please notlfv the APS of 1. “We found the possibility in patients Since retiring two years ago he and his fw (301 530.‘171) a5 won 1l5powble with avulsive brachial plexus injuries, if wife have visited Japan, Italy, Mexico, Ari- not to regain full mechanical potential in zona, southern France, and Paris.

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 169 Second Centurv Founders

Thomas H. Adair Bruce Dill Michael H. Humphreys John F, Mullane Gerard P, Smith W. Ross Adef James G. Dobson, Jr. Richard W. Hyde Gunnar Nicolaysen JamesJ, Smith Willard M. Allen2 Peter Dodek Shulchi Ichikawa Robert M, Nerem Thomas W. Smith Paul D. Altland2 Robert W. Doty Yukisato Ishida Nancy Lee Noble Jonas Sode Murray D. Altose Willa H. Drummond Eleanor L. Ison-Franklin Eleanore A. Ohr Joseph E. Sokal RajenS Anand MichaelJ. Dunn Howard N, Jacobson Dennis D, O’Keefe R. John Solar0 N. R. Anthonisen James E, Eckenhoff Louis B. Jaques GeorgeA. Ordway Sidney Solomon Henry S. Badeer Richard W. Eckstein J# RaymondJohnson Arthur B, Otis Ralph R. Sonnenschein Silvio Baez Ludwig W. Eichna Paul C. Johnson L. c. uu Harvey V. Sparks, Jr. Praphulla K. Bajpai Gilbert M. Eisner Frederic T. Jung Irvine H. Page Nicholas Sperelakis Carleton H. Baker Robert J. Fallat Jiro Jerry Kaneko Charles R. Park Isaac Starr Bruno Balke’ SaulJ. Farber c. Y. Kao William J. Pearce Norman C&Staub A. Clifford Barger Eric 0, Feigl Frederick F, Kao Louis J. Pecora N. L, Stephens Bayer AG/Miles Benjamin G. Ferris, Jr.2 Frederick W. Kasch J. C. Penhos2 John L. Stephenson Leslie L, Bennett2 Giles F. Filley Adrian I. Katz Kenneth E. Penrod Daniel J, Stone Carl J. Bentzel Alfred PaFishman Susan R. Kayar Eliot A. Phillipson Douglas G. Stuart Robert W. Berliner G. Edgar Folk, Jr, Ralph H. Kellogg Richard N, Pierson,Jr. Kenneth Sugioka Robert M. Berne George D. Ford MushtaqAhmad Khan Irwin J. Pincus Lawrence P. Sullivan Anwar B. Bikhazi Robert D. Foreman Rolf Kinne Ernest A, Pinson Kenneth G, Swan Oscar H. L. Bing Robert E. Forster F. M, Knapp Bertram Pitt George A. Tanner Edward H. Blaine Martin Frank Ernst Knobil Grover C. Pitts Aubrey E. Taylor David F, Bohr William Freas Leon K, Knoebel C hi-Sang Poon GeorgeW+ Thorn Judith S.Bond Jeffrey Fredberg Franklyn Knox Robert J. Porcelli Michael0. Thorner Robert F, Bond A. Stone Freedberg Philip M. Kober Robert L. Post Klaus Thurau Stuart Bondurant Melvin J# Fregly Raymond C. Koehler E,James Potchen Robert E. Thurber John H. Boucher Charles A. Fuller Kenneth G+ Kohlstaedt2 Frank L. Powell, Jr. Daniel C, Tosteson Robert A. Brace Robert H. Furman Kiyomi Koizumi Hershel Raff Janett Trubatsch Steven L. Britton A. Pharo Gagge SamuelN. Kolmen Hermann Rahn Karl J# Ullrich John R. Brobeck Morton Galdston Diana L. Kunze J. Usha Raj Max E. Valentinuzzi David Brodie2 Carl Gans2 Phyllis Kutsky Nathan Rakieten Glen R. Van Loon Alfred W. Brody Kenneth D. Gardner,Jr. EugeneM. Landis Henry J. Ralston Herman Villarreal John M, Brookhart John F. Gaugl Ivan M. Lang Carlos Enrique Rapela Margaret M. Von Dreele Chandler McC. Brooks ElizabethCarlsen Gerst Henry D. Lauson2 Paul H. Ratz KarlmanWasserman David P, Brooks Daniel L. Gilbert James E. Lawler Phillip Leon Rayford Enoch P.Wei Arthur M. Brown Kenneth L. Goetz John K. Leach Walter Redisch Silvio Weidmann D. Les Brown Anna Goldfeder Allan M. Lefer Emerson A. Reed E, G. Weir Manfred Brust RobertaM. Goldring L. Don Lehmkuhl EugeneRenkin A. Kurt Weiss Nancy Buckley Jean R. Gontier Jacob Lemann,Jr. James B. Rhodes Robert M. Weiss Theodore H. Bullock David B. Gordon S. Leonard Erick L. Ritman Bernice M. Wenzel Howard B. Burchell D. Neil Granger Michael G. Levi&y Jane C. Roberts StanfordWessler Leo K. Bustad Brydon J. B. Grant Matthew N. Levy James S. Robertson John B. West Michel Cabanac E. Rhoda Grant Benjamin Libet Sol Roy Rosenthal Ira Wexler StephenM. Cain2 Harold D. Green Ira J, Lichton2 JamesN. Ross, Jr. W, J, Whalen James Campbefl James W. Green Melvyn Lieberman Gerald I. Roth G. Donald Whedon Leon Cander David G. Greene2 Meyer D. Lifschitz Gabor M. Rubanyi John 1. White David Cardus Paul H. Guth Robert B. Livingston A. Yvonne Russell Herman S. Wigodsky Colin G. Caro Francis J. Haddy James E. Lock L, T, Rutledge Walter S.WiIde H. Mead Cavert Zareh Hadidan W. Gregory Lotz Kiichi Sagawa William D. Willis Pa010Cerretelli Charles A. Hales Ulrich C. Luft William M, Samuels2 J# Henry Wills K. K. Chen Clara Eddy Hamilton Peter R, Lynch G. Sant’Ambrogio Charles A. Winter Leon C hesley Lyle H. Hamilton Roy H. Maffly Francis J, Saunders Andrew L. Wit S.T. Chiang Chester W. Hampel Virendra B. Mahesh Wilbur H. Sawyer R, Stewart Wolf, Jr. Shu Chien Esther Hardenbergh ElizabethPainter Marcus John J. Sayen Lester F. Wolterink Shyan-YihChou Alan R, Hargens Norman B. Marshall James A. Schafer Clinton N. Woolsey John A. Clements Patrick D. Harris Alexander Mauro Harold P. Schedl Billy K, Yeh StephenR. Cohen Jayne Thompson Hart Ernest P. McCutcheon Paul R. Schloerb Michael R. Yelich Hazel Coleridge Katherine B. Hartman Donald E. McMillan F. 0. Schmitt Walter A. Zin John Coleridge Charles C. Hassett Robert B. Mellins William W. Scott Douglas P. Zipes David L, Crandall Richard J. Have1 PatriciaJ. Metting Gordon W. Searle BenjaminW, Zweifach Julio C. Cruz George A. Hedge Ulrich F. Michael Ewald E. Selkurt Brian Curtis Ruth M. Henderson Florence K. Millar John W. Severinghaus Horace W. Davenport2 Nathan H iatt David Minard Daniel C. Shannon George Davis Henry R. Hirsch Vu Dinh Minh John T. Sharp Hallowell Davis Joseph F. Hoffman Howard E, Morgan David P. Simpson Note: Number indicates the Domenic A, De Bias Frederic G. Hoppin, Jr. Peter R. Morrison Arthur H. Smith number of years of continu- Pierre Dejours T. Hoshiko Nicholas A. Mortillaro Curtis A. Smith ous giving to the Second Lewis Dexter Ernst G. Huf2 E. Eric Muirhead Falconer Smith Century Fund,

170 THE PHYSIOLOGIST PUBLIC AFFAIRS

National Academy of Sciences Lab Animal Study Offers Recommendations; APS Member Writes Minority Report

A three-year study by a National Acad- number of vertebrates used as long as such chairman Norman Hackerman, Rice Uni- emy of Sciences select committee con- tests do not compromise the public’s pro- versity; Kurt Benirschke, University of Cal- cludes that animal research is essential to tection in the use of consumer products. ifornia Medical Center, San Diego; Michael human health care and that the need for l Research investigators consider alter- E. DeBakey, Baylor College of Medicine; laboratory animals will continue in the native methods before using animals in Edward L. Ginzton, Varian Associates, Palo foreseeable future. experimental procedures and that data- Alto, CA; William Hubbard, The Upjohn However, the study’s 10 recommenda- bases and knowledge bases be further de- Company; John Kaplan, Stanford Univer- tions-ranging from the use of unclaimed veloped and made available for use in the sity; Harold Morowitz, Yale University; Carl pound animals to the appropriate roles for design of research protocols. Pfaffman, The Rockefeller University; the federal government in funding and reg- l Pound animals should be made avail- Dominick P. Purpura, Albert Einstein Col- ulating research-divided the 15-member able for research. lege of Medicine; Lewis Thomas, Memorial committee to the point where one mem- In addition to Guyton, who is chairman Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; and James ber, Christine Stevens, refused to sign the of the Department of Physiology and Bio- McKendree Wall, The Christian Century report. Another committee member, APS physics at the University of Mississippi magazine, Chicago. Past President Arthur C. Guyton, submitted Medical Center, another APS member on A copy of the 102-page report is avail- a minority report disputing the commit- the committee was Carl W. Gottschalk, able from the National Academy Press, tee’s attitude toward alternatives to animal Kenan Professor of Medicine and Physiol- 2101 Constitution Avenue NW, Washing- research and citing animal care regulations ogy at the University of North Carolina. ton, DC 20418, Single-copy cost is $11.95, for the high cost of research. The full text Other committee members in addition Discount for multiple-copies orders begins of Guyton’s report is on page 172. to Stevens, who is president of the Animal with five copies. The recommendations include that Welfare Institute, Washington, DC, were l All persons responsible for the use and care of animals adhere to the principle that animals are to be treated humanely. l No additional laws or regulations (ex- APS Testifies Before House Committee cepting the regulations required by the in Opposition to Standine Bill Improved Standards for Laboratory Ani- AA U mals Act of 1985) affecting the use of ani- mals be promulgated until a careful ac- be resurrected when the 10lst Congress is counting of the effects of the present body In the closing hours of the 100th Con- of laws, regulations, and guidelines has gress antivivisectionist. organizations convened in January. been made and there is evidence of the pushed for the enactment of bills that The effort to legislate judicial standing need for new regulation, would give animal advocates standing in for antivivisectionist organizations and an- federal courts and would reduce available imal activists stems from a rebuff by the l A mechanism be established for an ongoing review of the regulatory frame- sources for dealers purchasing unclaimed federal courts. The antivivisectionists were work of federal agencies concerned with animals. denied standings by the federal district animal experimentation and that scientists The American Physiological Society, court when a suit wasfiled seeking custody who must abide by this framework be representing the scientific community, tes- of 17 monkeys confiscated from a Maryland prominently involved in its assessment. tified before a House judiciary subcommit- research institution. The US, Court of Ap- The committee cited a need to review the tee in opposition to granting standing to peals upheld the district court and the U.S. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory antivivisections and sent a letter to the Supreme Court refused to hear the appeal Animals to determine whether revisions House Agriculture Committee citing con- of the appellate court’s decision. are necessary due to changing conditions cerns with the proposal to reduce the Standing is the recognition granted by and new information. source of unclaimed animals. Full text of the courts to private citizens or organiza- the testimony and the letter are on page tions as plaintiffs with legally protectable l Federal agency standards for animal 157. and tangible interests at stake in litigation. care and use be congruent. Both efforts of the antivivisectionists l Sufficient federal funds be appropri- died in committee but undoubtedly will William M. Samuels ated for the inspection requirements of the Animal Welfare Act and for the mainte- nance and improvement of animal facili- ties so that research can be conducted in compliance with government policies, reg- ulations, and laws, l Federal regulatory agencies validate nonanimal tests that would reduce the

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 171 Comments of Arthur Guyton on NAS Animal Study

This statement is made for two pur- dogs and cats used in research, together research money to studies using only ani- poses: first, to express severe disappoint- with the cost of their care, now averages mal “alternatives,” and our report will ment that our Committee Report fails to more than $1,000 per animal in some in- likely be used to support further such ef- make clear how seriously the Animal stitutions, and this does not count the cost forts. Rights Movement and increasing govern- of the research itself Historically, when Desperate Needfor Help in Combating ment regulation are impeding essential animals were readily available on a day’s notice from local animal pounds, the cost the Initiatives of the Animal Rights Move- medical research; and, second, to record ment and of Regulatory Bureaucracies. It at least one dissenting vote against the of dogs and cats was very little. is clear that the Animal Rights Movement, implication in the “Recommendations” Role of Veterinarian Professonalism in with the help of new and expanding fed- section of the main report that the present Imposing New D@‘kulties for Medical Re- eral, state, and local laws, is rapidly making regulatory framework will allow a healthy search. Veterinarian scientists have made much animal research cost ineffective as future for medical research. and are making major contributions to well as extremely wasteful of the research The successof the Animal Rights Move- medical research. However, in the last scientist’s time. Many of the regulations ment in making medical research difficult three years, there has been a proliferation appear not to have been thought through, has been phenomenal in the last 3 years. of new government regulations requiring such as the requirement for a quarter of a One-fifth of all States have already passed vastly expanded and costly roles for veter- million dollar operating room suite to per- laws prohibiting release of pound animals inarians as regulators of virtually all ani- form operations on rabbits. for medical research. And multiple animal mal-based biomedical research. This pre- The new federal regulations are similar rights-welfare organizations have an- sumably has come about because those to those established in Europe several dec- nounced publicly their priority goal to government agencies that make the regu- ades ago; large-animal research is now eliminate by law all release of pound ani- lations (for example, the Inspection close to annihilation in Europe. As a result, mals for medical research within the next Agency of the Department of Agriculture) the Europeans have made very little con- few years. Historically, most large-animal are staffed to a great extent by professional tribution in certain types of medical re- medical research has been performed in veterinarians, and they naturally believe search, for example in cardiovascular sur- dogs and cats obtained from pounds be- that others cannot have the expertise to gery, except when the research could be cause these are all unwanted animals and work properly with animals. Yet, we all done on human beings themselves. because the cost to society in using these know that medical professionalism, with Therefore, the medical research com- animals is almost zero, which contrasts doctors regulating doctors, and legal munity desperately needs strong help in with a cost of many millions of dollars professionalism, with lawyers regulating combating both the Animal Rights Move- when alternative animals are used. lawyers, always under the pretense of high ment and the growing regulatory bureauc- Also, the Animal Rights Movement has principles, make medical and legal serv- racies. Our committee has failed to pro- been surprisingly effective in getting the ices extremely expensive to the public. In duce a document that will be helpful for Federal Government to establish very re- a similar manner, this new proliferation of this purpose. This is understandable be- strictive regulations on medical research. animal-control regulations requires a very cause the committee itself includes many Some of the most blatant of these are 1) costly layer of veterinarian regulators who members who have never worked in ani- the necessity to obtain prior approval be- do not actually participate in the research mal research and particularly includes two fore performing each type of animal ex- itself. The vast and superb medical re- Presidents of national animal “welfare” or- periment, a requirement that often delays search accomplishment of the past has ganizations. essential research as much as two months; been achieved without this new bureauc- Considering the rapidly expanding re- 2) a requirement that all major survival racy. Is it truly needed now? And if so, is it strictive and time-wasting regulatory envi- surgery on rabbits or larger animals be not also needed for the pounds and animal ronment, I cannot in all good conscience performed in a surgical operating room rights-welfare shelters which house and recommend to young researchers that they suite costing an average of a quarter mil- kill 50 times as many dogs and cats each lion dollars and directed by a high-salaried pursue careers in those types of medical year as does medical research? research that require the use of animals. veterinarian, even though the veterinarian How will it be possible to make many new usually is not a trained surgeon. In the Misplaced Faith in ‘IAlternatives” to An- past, this type of surgery has been done imal Research. The Committee Report advances in medicine? exceedingly successfully in the investiga- contains an entire chapter on Alternative tor’s own laboratory at no extra cost; 3) Methods in Biomedical and Behavioral very arbitrary regulations for specific cage Research. Unfortunately, the prominence sizes, and even these have been changed of this chapter gives false hope that animal- on multiple occasions, costing hundreds based medical research can be done with of millions of dollars throughout the substitutes for animals, Unless we substi- United States. These are only examples of tute human beings as the research subjects, a litany of such regulations. this is very rarely true. Therefore, it is The net effect has been an extreme in- seriously wrong for the Committee Report crease in the cost of animals used in re- to give such false expectation. The Animal search as well as cost of lost time and effort Rights Movement has already made a by the investigator. Including the expense strong effort in Congress to divert as much of meeting federal regulations, the cost of as one-fifth to one-half of all health-related

172 THE PHYSIOLOGIST Executive Director Writes About Concerns With Pet Theft Act

September 22, 1988 accordance with prevailing state and local and individuals who raise animals on their custom, and (2.) the available sources for own property. Not included are animal Rep. George Brown, Jr. Class B dealers to obtain unclaimed cats auctions and other dealers, frequently the 2256 Rayburn House Office Building and dogs should be expanded to include only sources for dealers in areas where Washington, DC. 20515 auction sales pounds and shelters do not make un- claimedanimals available. Dear Mr. Brown: The Society believes the proposed seven- day holding period for unclaimed animals It is the Society’s recommendation that the The American Physiological Society is to be sold to dealersshould be changed to House Agriculture Committee’s Subcom- pleased with the efforts by the Congress in conform with establishedstate law, local mittee on Department Operations, Re- addressing the scientific community’s con- ordinance, or pound and shelter policies, search, and Foreign Agriculture defer any cerns with the Pet Theft Act (S. 2353), This In many localities unclaimedanimals are hurried action on the Pet Theft Act. The bill is a major improvement over the short- euthanized within two or three days be- bill has come a long way since its intro- sighted Pet Protection Act (H.R. 778 and causethe pound or shelter doesnot have duction lastApril and it would be a shame S. 1457), which does not protect pets de- the space or resources for longer holding not to take the time to include changes spite the title, Moreover, the changes made periods,Thus, the seven-dayrequirement that would make it truly pet theft legisla- in the Senate-approved version have fur- could prevent researchfacilities from re- tion. ther improved and strengthened the origi- ceiving unclaimed animals because nal bill’s intent of protecting pets from pounds and shelters, unable to comply The Satiety appreciates your interest in theft by a few unscrupulous animal dealers. with the requirement, would euthanize the this matter and looks forward to working animalsaccording to local policy. with you and your colleagues. There are two other considerations, how- ever, that the Society believes should be As for expanding the source, the current Sincerely, addressed before any action is taken by the proposallimits the dealers’source for un- Martin Frank, Ph.D. House on this legislation: (1.) The holding claimed animals to public and private period for unclaimed animals should be in pounds and shelters,research institutions, cc: House Agriculture Committee

CFMR ( con tin tied from p. 153) ize a demonstration or rally. However, at- were distributed at Sproul Plaza during the difficulties. At the end of our celebration, tacks on local scientists and on plans for a day of our celebration. We also had peti- which a local newspaper estimated more new animal research facility continued to tions and postcards available for signatures than 400 people attended, we marched off escalate.These activities galvanizedus into that we delivered and mailed,respectively, to the psychology building to demonstrate action, so we decided to plan a demonstra- to legislators regarding funding for our support for the construction of the new tion. We felt that it was time to come out proposed animal facility and other issues. animal facility that the ARAs were oppos- of the laboratory and publicly declare that When the ARAs learned what SSBR had ing, The ARAS then assembled and had we are not the callous ogres the ARAs done, theywere perturbed, to put it mildly. their own demonstration with about 60 in portrayed us to be. They considered revising their schedule of attendance, again according to the local As the idea of having a rally was dis- activities in the Bay Area; however, this newspaper. cussed, the upwelling of enthusiasm was not possible logistically. Accordingly, At the celebration I was the first speaker among members of the biomedical cam- they approached us through an intermedi- and emphasized the many health benefits munity became infectious. Dozens of vol- ary to inquire whether we were really plan- that humans and animals enjoy because of unteers among the graduate students, fac- ning to use the plaza.and if so, would we animal research. I asked the audience to ulty, and staff worked feverishly to con- be willing to share it with them. Before consider where we would be if such re- struct placards with various slogans touting our celebration took place, we had discus- search had been halted 50 or 100 years the benefits of animal research to both sions with the campus police, who ex- ago. Mr. Steve Carroll of the Incurably Ill animals and humans. We prepared numer- pressed concern about the possibility of a for Animal Research (iiFAR) spoke next, ous fliers and a position paper describing violent encounter with the ARAs because and he stressed the need for continued our views about the nature of animal re- of their distress with the turn of events. It animal research if cures for various mala- search and the need for its continuation. was decided, therefore, that it would be dies are to be found. Professor Paul Licht In addition, we obtained pamphlets from advisable to be accommodating to them, (Zoology) described how animal research the California Biomedical ResearchAsso- Hence, we agreedto turn over the micro- is helping to preserveendangered species, ciation and the Foundation for Biomedical phone to them after we had finished our and a graduate student in Psychology, Cyn- Research describing maladies that remain celebration, providing that they did not thia Langley, recounted how basic behav- to be conquered and how animal research disrupt our activity. As it turned out, they ioral researchon animalshas helped hu- will be neededto achieve theseconquests. counter-demonstratedus and were some- mans,David Perrin, an undergraduatestu- These brochures, pamphlets, and fliers what disruptive, but there were no serious dent in Biochemistryand a memberof the

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 173 from voluntary contributions from the memberships of various societies. If the membership renewal notices of these PEOPLE AND PLACES . . . groups had a line designated for the vol- untary tax-deductible contribution of $10 or more to such a fund, and if only 10% of APS member Sarah A. Nunneley, M.D., APS member Wilton H. Bunch, M,D., the memberships contributed, the fund will become president of the Aerospace PH.D., Dean of Medical Affairs Administra- would be very substantial. Medical Association in 1990-91. She will tion of Hospital, University of Chicago, has Such funds could be used to support the be the first female president of this asso- accepted a position as Dean of the College formation of local CFAAR chapters or ciation. In 1975,Nunneley joined the USAF of Medicine at the University of South Flor- equivalents. They could also be used to School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks ida, Tampa. finance public educational programs, in- AFB, where she initiated a program of ther- Norman H. Edelman, M.D., has been ap- cluding purchase of space for informa- mal research and is now senior research pointed Dean of University of Medicine tional ads in selected magazines. Paren- scientist and physician-in-charge of ther- and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood thetically, the ARAs are running ads pro- mal physiology. She has been guest referee Johnson Medical School. A member since moting their philosophy in various editor of the Jotma of Applied Physiology 1971, Edelman remains professor in the environmental and wildlife conservation since 1976 and is chairperson of the Career Department of Medicine. magazines, and even in widely read news- Opportunities in Physiology Committee. Richard C. Rose, Ph.D., has moved to papers such as the New York Tz’mes.Funds Sherman Bloom, M.D., professor of pa- the University of North Dakota as Chair- could also be used to produce films about thology at George Washington University, man, Department of Physiology. Formerly research advances in which animals have has been named Chairman, Department of professor of physiology and surgery at Mil- played an indispensable part. Such films Pathology, University of Mississippi Medi- ton S, Hershey Medical Center, Rose has could be distributed to high schools and cal Center, Jackson. been a member since 1973. public television stations, Lobbying and political activities of various kinds could also be supported, and numerous other kinds of educational activities could be BOOKS RECEIVED undertaken with sufficient financing. We attribute the success that the ARAs have enjoyed in part to the fact that there Comparative Pbysiolo~~ of Environmenlul Membrane Structure and Function. VoZ29: Adup tutions- Vol. 3; Adaptations to Climatic &went Topics in Membrunes and Trunsport, is a significant segment of the public that Cbunges.P. Pevet. (Editor) . Strasbourg, Paris: RichardD. Klausner,Christoph Kempf, and Jos is generally ignorant about how animal Karger,1987, 187 pp,, illus.,index, $118.75. van Renswoude(Editors). Orlando, FL: Aca- research is conducted and the benefits that Neurometbods: 6 Peptz’des. AlanA. Boulton, demic,1987, 310 pp., illus.,index, $85.00. they enjoy from many decades of animal Glen B. Baker,and QuentinG, Pittman(Edi- Motor Control and Learning: A Behvioral research. They also do not appreciate that tars), Clifton,NJ: Humana, 1987, 489 pp., illus., Emphis (2nded.). RichardA. Schmidt,Cham- such research must not be hindered if we index, $69.50. paign,XL: Human Kinetics, 578 pp,, illus.,index, are to continue to enjoy good health, and Neuropgxbolou) of Alcoholism: Implications $35 .oo. they are misinformed about the degree of for Diagnosis and Treatment, OscarA, Parsons, The Retina: An Approachable Part of tbe regulation on animal research and the fact NelsonButters, and PeterE. Nathan(Editors). Brain. John E. Dowling.Cambridge, MA: Har- that it is conducted in a responsible and NewYork: Guilford,1987,414 pp., illus.,index. vardUniversity Press, 1987,282 pp., illus., index, humane manner, These shortcomings are Drug Discovery and Development. Michael $37.50. Williamsand Jeffrey B, Malick(Editors). Clifton, The Toxicity ofMetbj)Z Mercuq ChristineU. illustrated by the fact that in a recent poll NJ:Humana, 1987,447 pp., illus.,index, $69.50. Ecclesand ZoltanAnnau (Editors), Baltimore, of high school students, a majority had Potassium Transport: Pbysio!ogy and Putbo- MD: TheJohns Hopkins University Press, 1987, never heard of poliomyelitis and they did pbJ)sioZouj. Vol 28: Curret t Topics in Mem- 259pp+, illus., index, $39.50. not know what the iron lung was. Even brunes and Transport, GerhardGiebisch (Edi- Five Kingdoms: An Wztrated Guide to the though most of them have undoubtedly tor). Orlando,FL: Academic,1987, 494 pp,, il- Phyla ofLife on Earth (2nded.). LynnMargulis been immunized against polio, they did lus.,index, $89.00. and JSarleneV, Schwartz,New York: Freeman, not know what they were protected 1987,376 pp., illus.,index, $24,95. against. Clearly we must redress these se- rious deficits in the education of our gen- eral public if we are to succeed in holding ANNOUNCEMENTS ground and regaining that which has been lost against the well-financed, vigorous and dedicated antivivisectionist groups. NIH NEWS anystaff, fellow or executiveadministrative ca- pacity, References NIH Alumni Association Pleasesend a note givingyour name, former 1. We have since changed our name to the Coalition NXHaffiliation, current position, mailing address for Animals and Animal Research (CFAAR,pro- Formed andtelephone number to HarrietR. Greenwald, nounced ‘see far”). This change resulted from The newly reorganizedAlumni Association ExecutiveDirector, NJHAA, 9101 Old George- legal action taken against us by an ARA group of the NationalInstitutes of Health(NIHAA) is town Road,Bethesda, MD 20814. with the acronym “AFAAR,” which alleged that our use of “AFAILAR”constituted unfair competi- mostdesirous of compilingas complete a list as tion. possibleof formerstaff and associates to be in NIH Workshops on PHS 2. Denver,R. J., C. S. Nicoll, and S. M. Russell.Direct contactwith asmany alumni as possible as fur- Policy on Laboratory Animals action for animal research.Scz’ence 24 1: 11, 1988. therplans and items of interestdevelop. 3. Chui, G. Activistsbeset UC,Stanford labs. Science Accordinglythe NIHAA wouldlike to hear The NationalInstitutes of Health,Office for 239: 1229-1232, 1988. fromall thosewho everwere at a NIH facilityin Protectionfrom ResearchRisks, is continuing to

Vol. 31, No. 6, 1988 175 sponsor a series of workshops in implementing NRC Seeks Applications for AAMI Annual Meeting the Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Research Associateships Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The work- The Association for the Advancement of Med- shops are open to institutional administrators, The National Research Council announces ical Instrumentation will hold its 24th Annual members of animal care and use committees, the 1989 Resident, Cooperative, and Postdoc- Meeting and Exposition on May 13-17, 1988, in laboratory animal veterinarians, investigators toral Research Associateship Programs for re- St. Louis. Information AAMI, 3330 Washington and other institutional staffwho have responsi- search in the sciences and engineering to be Blvd, Suite 400, Arlington, VA 22201.4598. bility for high-quality management of sound in- conducted on behalf of 30 federal agencies or Phone: (703) 525-4890 or l-800-332-2264. stitutional animal care and use programs, research institutions, whose 115 participating Date: January 24-25, 1989. Location: San An- research laboratories are located throughout the tonio, TX. Contact: Ms. Molly Greene, Institu- United States. tional Animal Care Program, University of Texas Approximately 450 new full-time Associate- International Meeting on Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 ships will be awarded on a competitive basis. Amino Acid Therapy Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78284-7822. Applications to the National Research Coun- “Therapy With Ammo Acids and Analogues” Phone: (512) 567-3717. cil must be postmarked no later than January 15, is the title of the First International Congress to Date: February9-10,1989. Location: Salt Lake 1989 (December 15 for NASA), April 15 and be held in Vtenna, Austria on August 7-12, 1989. City, UT. Contact: Joan Provost, Conferences August 15, 1989. hjbrmation: Associateship Topics include basic chemistry, analytical chem- and Institutes, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Programs (GR430A-D2), Office of Scientific and tstry, biological chemistry including ammo acid UT 84112. Phone: (801) 581-5809. Engineering Personnel, National Research transport, comparative sciences-plant and ani- Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Wash- mal physiology, experimental pathology and IUPS Physiology Teaching ington, D.C. 20418. Phone: (202) 334-2760. therapy, metabolic pathways, pharmacology, Software Demonstration clinical applications, life sciences and clmical NRC to Administer sciences Information: Gert Lubec, Univ. of Vi- A physiology teaching software demonstra- Fellowships for Minorities enna, Dpt of Paediatrics, A 1090 Vienna, Wahrin- tion will take place at the XXX1 International ger Giirtel 18, Austria Tel. (222) 4800-3232 or Congress in, Helsinki (July 9-14, 1989). Com- The National Research Council plans to (evening hours). (222) 23 40 424 = private. puters will be available on-site to provide partic- award approximately 25 Ford Foundation Post- ipants a hands-on experience with the programs. doctoral Fellowships for Minorities in a program Authors wishing to display their software are designed to provide opportunities for continued urged to submit abstracts describing the topic, education and experience in research for Native Conference on Nuclear educational goals, and hardware requirements American Indians and Alaskan Natives (Eskimo Analytical Methods of their programs. The deadline for abstracts is or Aleut), Black Americans, Mexican Americans/ February 15, 1989, and copies of the programs Chicanos, Native Pacific Islanders (Micronesian An international conference entitled “Nu- and minimal documentation (operating instruc- or Polynesian), and Puerto Ricans. Fellows will clear Analytical Methods in the Life Sciences” tions) must be forwarded to Helsinki by June 1, be selected from among scientists, engineers, will be held at the National Bureau of Standards, 1989. Information about the software demon- and scholars in the humanities who show great- Gaithersburg, MD on April 17-21, 1989. The stration: Dr. Joel Michael, Department of Physi- est promise of future achievement in academic conference is organized by the NBS in cooper- ology, Rush Medical College, Chicago, IL 60612. research and scholarship in higher education, ation with the International Atomic Energy Phone: (312) 942-6426. Information about the The deadline for submission of applications is Agency and is cosponsored by the American Congress: The Secretariat, XXX1 International January 13, 1989. Information: Fellowship Of- Nuclear Society. Information: Rolf Zeisler, NBS, Congress of Physiological Sciences, P. 0. Box fice, GR 420A, National Research Council, 2101 Building 235, Room B-125, Gaithersburg, MD 722, SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Constitution Avenue, Washington, DC 20418. 20899.

176 THE PHYSIOLOGIST