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Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows Environment Agency Science Report SC030233/SR1 British Geological Survey Report OR/08/017 Publishing Organisation: Environment Agency, Rio House, Waterside Drive, Aztec West, Almondsbury Bristol BS12 4UD Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409 ISBN Number: 978-1-84432-860-4 Product code: SCHO0308BNRV-E-P ©Environment Agency and NERC 2008 This report is the result of work jointly funded by the Environment Agency and the British Geological Survey, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). All rights reserved. No part of this document may be produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the Environment Agency and the British Geological Survey (NERC). The views expressed in this document are not necessarily those of the Environment Agency. Neither its officers, servants or agents nor those of the NERC accept any liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation or use of the information, or reliance upon views contained herein. Dissemination status Internal: Released to all Regions External: Publicly available Statement of use This report describes the research into the impact of groundwater abstraction on river flows using numerical flow models. An approach for investigating such impacts is presented. The information within this document is for use by Environment Agency staff and others involved in managing water resources. Research contractor This document was produced under a joint Environment Agency (Science Department and British Geological Survey project by: C R Jackson*, M M Mansour*, A G Hughes* and P J Hulme** * British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB ** Environment Agency, Science Department, Olton Court, 10 Warwick Road, Olton Environment Agency’s Project Manager The Environment Agency’s Project Manager for this project was P J Hulme, Science Department. The Project Board consisted of: P J Hulme (Environment Agency), S Williams (Environment Agency), M Whiteman (Environment Agency), S Limb (Environment Agency), P Shaw (Environment Agency), S Gebbett (Environment Agency), C R Jackson (BGS), A G Hughes (BGS), and A E F Spink (University of Birmingham). Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A number of people have contributed to the ideas and interpretations contained within this report. The authors would like to thank the members of the Project Board for their assistance during the work: P Shaw, S Gebbett, M Whiteman, S Williams, W Hall and S Limb of the Environment Agency, and Dr A Spink of the University of Birmingham. Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows i CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ i List of Figures and Tables.......................................................................... vii Executive summary.................................................................................... xvi 1 Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Overall objectives................................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Original objectives................................................................. 3 1.2.2 Final objectives...................................................................... 4 1.3 Specific objectives.................................................................................. 5 1.4 Target Audience..................................................................................... 7 1.5 Report Structure...................................................................................... 8 2 Literature review ................................................................................ 9 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 9 2.2 Review of tools used by the Environment Agency for the assessment of impacts due to groundwater abstraction.......................... 9 2.2.1 Impacts estimates required for licensing decisions................ 9 2.2.2 Methods used for estimating impacts due to groundwater abstraction ............................................................................ 10 2.2.3 The Environment Agency’s analytical spreadsheet tool for estimating the impact of groundwater abstraction on river flows (IGARF) ............................................................ 11 2.2.4 The Environment Agency’s analytical spreadsheet tool for estimating the impact of groundwater abstraction on flows in multiple rivers (SPIGARF) .................................... 11 2.3 General description of the use of OO techniques in engineering applications........................................................................................... 11 2.4 Use of OO techniques in water resources modelling ........................... 13 2.4.1 Surface water modelling ...................................................... 13 2.4.2 Groundwater modelling ....................................................... 14 2.5 Linking surface water and groundwater models................................... 14 2.5.1 Integrated groundwater surface water models ..................... 15 Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows ii 2.5.2 HarmonIT............................................................................. 16 2.6 Research catchments improving the understanding of river-aquifer interaction ............................................................................................. 16 2.6.1 LOCAR thematic programme.............................................. 16 2.6.2 CHASM ............................................................................... 17 2.7 Summary............................................................................................... 17 3 Impact modelling .............................................................................. 18 3.1 Purpose of impact modelling................................................................ 18 Project specification: Task 4 – ZOOMQ3D as an impact model......... 18 3.2 Structure of impact models................................................................... 20 3.2.1 Model A1............................................................................. 20 3.2.2 Model A2............................................................................. 22 3.2.3 Model A3............................................................................. 22 3.2.4 Model A4............................................................................. 23 3.2.5 Model B1............................................................................. 24 3.2.6 Model C1............................................................................. 25 3.2.7 Model C2............................................................................. 26 3.3 The representation of river-aquifer interaction in ZOOMQ3D............ 27 3.4 Impact model runs ................................................................................ 30 3.4.1 Method of calculating river depletion caused by groundwater abstraction....................................................... 30 3.4.2 Impact modelling: Series 1. How many catchments should be modelled .............................................................. 32 3.4.3 Impact modelling: Series 2. Including recharge .................. 41 3.4.4 Impact modelling: Series 3. Rivers rising within the catchment ............................................................................. 53 3.4.5 Impact modelling: Series 4. Rivers with different elevations ............................................................................. 59 3.4.6 Impact modelling: Series 5. Unconfined aquifers................ 63 3.4.7 Impact modelling: Series 6. Selection of boundary conditions............................................................................. 68 3.4.8 Impact modelling: Series 7. Effect of inclusion of VKD..... 92 3.4.9 Impact modelling: Series 8. Effect of inclusion of VKD..... 97 3.4.10 Impact modelling: Series 9. Spatial variation of recharge. 101 Numerical Modelling of the Impact of Groundwater Abstraction on River Flows iii 3.4.11 Impact modelling: Series 10. Temporal variation of recharge.............................................................................. 105 3.4.12 Impact modelling: Series 11. Effect of catchment size...... 108 3.5 Conclusions from the impact modelling............................................. 113 3.5.1 How areally extensive should a model be?........................ 113 3.5.2 How fast might the cone of depression spread from the borehole?............................................................................ 113 3.5.3 Neglecting peripheral catchments...................................... 114 3.5.4 Application of recharge...................................................... 115 3.5.5 Ephemeral rivers................................................................ 115 3.5.6 River elevation................................................................... 115 3.5.7 Unconfined aquifers..........................................................
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