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MATERIAL CULTURE AND PUBLIC MEMORY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY HISTORICAL SOCIETIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY Submitted by Tom Kanon Department of History In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee May 2010 UMI Number: 3411014 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMT Dissertation Publishing UMI 3411014 Copyright 2010 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 MATERIAL CULTURE AND PUBLIC MEMORY IN NINETEENTH CENTURY HISTORICAL SOCIETIES: A CASE STUDY OF THE TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY TOMKANON Approved: Majorrrofessor,Dr. BJIeiTOarrison ( J Reader, Dr. Rebecca Conard Reader, Dr. Lynn Nelson Reader, Dr. Carl Ostrowski Department Chair, Dr. Amy Sayward Dean, College of Graduate Studies, Dr. Michael B. Allen ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the role of American historical societies in collecting and preserving history during the nineteenth century. By looking at what these organizations accrued and how they presented their collections, we can better understand how people in the nineteenth century viewed their past. This dissertation, however, argues that historical societies did more than compile and conserve the past. It contends that these historical agencies, through various methods, influenced the way the public perceived and, consequently, believed to be true about their history. I utilized office files, newspapers, original correspondence, pamphlets, legislative materials, and contemporary accounts to prove this point. I combined these primary sources with a solid background of secondary-source literature on various social, political, and cultural aspects of the nineteenth century. My findings reveal that nineteenth-century historical societies, despite their reluctance to admit it, directly shaped public memory. These conclusions are illustrated in a case study of one such institution—the Tennessee Historical Society. Museums, libraries, and lyceums had a profound influence on nineteenth-century historical societies—an impact assayed in this dissertation. Also, the material culture and public memory of nineteenth-century historical societies centered on a version of history that remained constant throughout the century. This interpretation focused on the narrative of the American Revolution and early settlement of the frontier as the key to understanding American progress and order. Furthermore, the accomplishments achieved by the founding generation were divinely inspired and best left to the patrician class to preserve and disseminate. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I MUSEUMS, LIBRARIES, AND LYCEUMS 11 CHAPTER II THE TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 57 CHAPTER III MATERIAL CULTURE AND PUBLIC MEMORY IN NINETEENTH CENUTRY HISTORICAL SOCIETIES 104 CHAPTER IV MATERIAL CULTURE AND THE TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 149 CHAPTER V PUBLIC MEMORY AND THE TENNESSEE HISTORICAL SOCIETY 195 CONCLUSION 239 BIBLIOGRAPHY 249 iii 1 INTRODUCTION In October 1857 at the State Fair Grounds in Nashville, Tennessee, crowds gathered to witness William Moore, a veteran of the War of 1812, donate a regimental flag to the Tennessee Historical Society. In 1812 the ladies of Lincoln County had presented the flag to Moore, in his capacity as captain of the Second Regiment of Tennessee Volunteers. According to the veteran, this standard flew in all the campaigns led by General Andrew Jackson, including the Creek War and those against the British at New Orleans. "And though this banner exhibits the wreck of time and the scars of wars," Moore avowed, "it is the richest offering that I can bring in the declivity of my life, to be deposited in the archives of the State by the Historical Society."' Dr. J. B. Lindsley, in accepting the relic on behalf of the Society, waxed poetic on the flag's true significance. Addressing William Moore and the listening audience, Lindsley said: Forty-five years ago, under vastly different circumstances, you received as the gift of your fair country women... this flag, since borne so gallantly and successfully through many a glorious field.... All along our borders lurked the wily and blood-thirsty savage, loath to give up this splendid, but unimproved heritage.... Alarm, anxiety, almost dismay everywhere, naturally prevailed. Along with hundreds and thousands of your noble compeers, you volunteered and hastened to the scene of the conflict. And right speedily did you give assurance of victory, and peace, and safety. Today, you behold the splendid results of those patriotic self-sacrifices.2 1 Account taken from the "Societies and Their Proceedings" section of the Historical Magazine 1 (December 1857): 370-371. All subsequent references to this event are taken from this source. 2 Ibid. 2 Then Dr. Lindsley, speaking for the historical society, pledged to carefully preserve the flag and "place it where its presence will serve to recall to thousands the vivid recollection of a most glorious period in the history of Tennessee, and to provoke them to emulate the gallant deeds of the early inhabitants of this State." The reverence paid to past generations, the donation of historic "relics," the patriotic rhetoric, and the ritualistic ceremony displayed that day in 1857 represented major components of what John Bodnar called "a body of beliefs and ideas about the past that help a public or society understand both its past and its present, and, by implication, its future."3 What did Dr. Lindsley's allusions to the "blood-thirsty savage" or "gallant deeds" of the early settlers of Tennessee signify in 1857? His depiction of an era when alarm, anxiety, and dismay prevailed set the tone for a narrative in which the heroes (Moore and his fellow volunteers) "hastened to the scene of conflict" to chastise the villains (Creek Indians) thereby restoring peace and tranquility across the frontier. The assurance of progress and civilization resulted from the noble deeds and patriotic sacrifices of the early Tennesseans. Moore lived long enough to witness the "splendid results" of his generation's efforts. For Moore, Lindsley, and their Tennessee audience, the story was that simple. And what of the flag—a faded, shredded banner of worn, silken cloth—that weathered "the wreck of time and the scars of wars"? The flag represented a link—a trust of honor—between those who made it (the ladies of Lincoln County) and those they lionized, the Tennessee volunteers, an artifact of material culture expressing "the values, 3 John Bodnar, "Public Memory in an American City: Commemoration in Cleveland," in Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity, ed. John R. Gillis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 76. 3 ideas, attitudes, and assumptions of a particular community... across time." What belief systems already existed as Tennesseans of the 1850s gazed at the tattered flag presented by a War of 1812 veteran? A flag is a primary symbol and core of collective identity, but its effect in 1812 paled in comparison to what it later epitomized. The "colors" transformed into a near-sacred icon by the middle of the nineteenth century.5 Artifacts possess powerful emotions and meanings, as do memories. The difficulty comes in learning how to read objects as historical evidence. Furthermore, the meanings artifacts carry change with time (Moore's regimental flag being an excellent example). When people of the nineteenth century looked at and touched historic objects, did what they saw and felt correspond to what those in the next century saw and felt? By knowing how a population perceived the past, we better understand how they discerned their present and how they envisioned their future. One of the goals of this dissertation is to study material culture and public memory as seen through the eyes of the collectors, preservers, and disseminators of historical knowledge in the nineteenth century—the cultural institutions known as historical societies. As keepers of the past, historical societies defined and shaped the parameters of collective memory. Social forces affected these societies in ways that determined the compilation, retention, and propagation of history. One of these institutions, the Tennessee Historical Society [THS], provides a window within a window to the nineteenth century. By looking at how THS members 4 Thomas J. Schlereth, "Material Culture Studies in America, 1876-1976," in Material Culture Studies in America, ed. Thomas J. Schlereth (Nashville: American Association for State and Local History, 1982), 3. 5 For the importance of the flag in public memory, see Michael Frisch, "American History and the Structures of Collective Memory: A Modest Exercise in Empirical Iconography," in Memory and American History, ed. David Thelen (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), 17. 4 looked at the past, we catch a glimpse of how they dealt with their todays and how they pictured their tomorrows. "Never before or since," according to one historian, "has history occupied such a vital place in the thinking of the American
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