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Genealogical Koineisation in Oran Speech Community The People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Es-Senia, Oran Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts Department of Anglo-Saxon Languages Section of English DOCTORAL THESIS IN SOCIOLINGUISTICS GENEALOGICAL KOINEISATION IN ORAN SPEECH COMMUNITY THE CASE OF YOUNG UNIVERSITY ORANEES Presented by: Supervised by: LABED Zohra Pr. BOUHADIBA F.A.N. Members of the Jury: President: Professor YACINE Rachida University of Oran Supervisor: Professor BOUHADIBA Farouk University of Oran Examiner: Doctor BENHATTAB Abd El Kader University of Oran Examiner: Professor BAHOUS Abbas University of Mostaganem Examiner: Doctor ABDELHAY Bakhta University of Mostaganem Examiner: Doctor NADDAR Belabbes University of Mostaganem 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Pr BOUHADIBA for his critical mind, guidance and patience without which this work would not have been accomplished. I am thankful to Oran university librarians and my sister Ibtissem for their help in finding the informants. I am grateful to the informants who have accepted to participate in this investigation. Thanks go to Zineb and Fatima for their their moral support I would also like to thank all my colleagues and friends, especially Nahed, Ouafia, Lynda, and Rajaa for their continual encouragement. DEDICATION To the memory of Pr BOUAMRANE Ali To the memory of Dr BENALI MOHAMED Rachid To my parents To my family To my friends CONTENTS Acknowledgements Dedication Contents…………………………………………………………………………………. I Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………… X List of Tables ……………………………………………………………....................... XII List of Graphs and Figures……………………………………………………………. XVI List of Symbols…………………………………………………………………………. XVIII Phonetic Symbols………………………………………………………………………. XIX Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………... XXII General Introduction…………………………………………………………………... 1 Chapter One: Literature Review 1.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 7 1.1. Language Change…………………………………………………………………. 7 1.2. Language Variation ………………………………………………………………. 11 1.2.1. Traditional Dialectology………………………………………………………… 12 1.2.1.1. Traditional Arabic Dialectology…………………………………………….... 14 1.2.2. Urban Dialectology……………………………………………………………… 14 1.2.3. Sociolinguistic Dialectology…………………………………………………….. 16 1.2.3.1. Sociolinguistic Arabic Dialectology…………………………………………… 19 1.2.4. Sociolinguistic Variation………………………………………………………... 23 1.2.5. Contact Dialectology…………………………………………………………….. 32 1.2.5.1. Genealogical Arabic Dialectology…………………………………………….. 33 1.3. Migration…………………………………………………………………………... 36 1.3.1. Parameters of Migration………………………………………………………... 37 1.3.1.1. Space…………………………………………………………………………… 38 1.3.1.2. Time……………………………………………………………………………. 40 1.3.1.3. Socio-cultural Factors………………………………………………………… 40 1.3.2. Internal Migration………………………………………………………………. 41 1.3.3. Urbanisation……………………………………………………………………... 42 I 1.4. Dialect Contact……………………………………………………………………. 45 1.4.1. Koine……………………………………………………………………………... 47 1.4.2. Koineisation……………………………………………………………………… 50 1.4.2.1. Definition and Characteristics………………………………………………... 50 1.4.2.2. Koineisation Processes………………………………………………………… 52 1.4.2.2.1. Mixing………………………………………………………………………... 52 1.4.2.2.2. Levelling……………………………………………………………………… 53 1.4.2.2.3. Simplification………………………………………………………………... 55 1.4.2.2.4. Interdialect…………………………………………………………………... 56 1.4.2.2.5. Reallocation………………………………………………………………….. 57 a. Socio-Stylistic Reallocation…………………………………………………………. 58 b. Phonological Reallocation…………………………………………………………... 58 1.4.3. Focusing………………………………………………………………………….. 59 1.4.4. Bidialectalism……………………………………………………………………. 60 1.5. Dialect Contact and Language Contact………………………………………….. 61 1.5.1. Pidgins or Koines? …………………………………………………………….... 63 1.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 64 Chapter Two: The Setting and Fieldwork 2.0. Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 65 2.1. The Geographical and Historical Setting………………………………………... 65 2.2. The Algerians: Demographic Profile…………………………………………….. 68 2.2.1. Composition……………………………………………………………………. 68 2.2.2. Growth…………………………………………………………………………. 69 2.2.3. Internal Migration………………………………………………………………. 70 2.3. Ecological Development in Algeria………………………………………………. 74 2.3.1. Urban and Rural Settings………………………………………………………. 74 2.3.1.1. Ruralisation of Cities………………………………………………………….. 78 2.3.1.2. The Algerian City……………………………………………………………… 79 2.4. Social Classlessness and Network………………………………………………… 80 2.5. The Sociolinguistic Profile………………………………………………………… 82 2.5.1. Language Contact……………………………………………………………….. 82 II 2.5.1.1. Diglossia………………………………………………………………………... 83 2.5.1.2. Multilingualism………………………………………………………………... 87 2.5.1.3. Code-Switching………………………………………………………………... 93 2.5.1.4. Borrowing……………………………………………………………………… 95 2.5.1.4.1. Code-switching or Borrowing?....................................................................... 96 2.5.2. Dialect Contact in Algeria………………………………………………………. 97 2.5.2.1. Algerian Dialectology…………………………………………………………. 98 2.5.2.2. Oran Dialect: Linguistic Variation…………………………………………... 100 2.5.2.1.1. Phonological Variation……………………………………………………… 100 a. Vowels………………………………………………………………………………... 100 b. Consonants…………………………………………………………………………... 103 2.5.2.1.2. Grammatical and Lexical Variation……………………………………….. 106 2.5.2.3. Dialect Contact-stimulated Koineisation…………………………………….. 106 2.6. The Fieldwork……………………………………………………………………... 107 2.6.1. The Informants………………………………………………………………….. 108 2.6.2. Data Collection…………………………………………………………………... 110 2.6.3. The Interviews…………………………………………………………………… 112 2.6.4. The Fieldworker-Administered Questionnaire ………………………………. 115 2.6.4.1. The Analysis of Fieldworker-Administered Questionnaire ………………… 117 2.6.5. Participant Observer……………………………………………………………. 118 2.7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 119 Chapter Three: Koineisation in Oran Dialectal Pronunciation 3.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 120 3.1. Mixing……………………………………………………………………………… 120 3.1.1. Consonants………………………………………………………………………. 120 3.1.1.1. /q/……………………………………………………………………………….. 120 3.1.1.2. /q/-Sedentarisation…………………………………………………………….. 123 3.1.1.3. /g/-Maintenance………………………………………………………………... 125 3.1.2. Vowels……………………………………………………………………………. 126 3.1.2.1. Short Vowels…………………………………………………………………… 126 3.1.2.2. Long Vowels…………………………………………………………………… 128 III 3.1.2.3. Diphthongs …………………………………………………………………….. 129 3.1.3. Phonological Processes: Assimilation and Labialisation……………………… 130 3.2. Reallocation………………………………………………………………………... 131 3.2.1. Socio-Stylistic Reallocation: /q/………………………………………………… 131 3.2.2. Phonological Reallocation………………………………………………………. 135 3.2.2.1. /q/……………………………………………………………………………….. 135 a. Phonemic contrast /q/ vs /g/………………………………………………………… 135 b. Phonemic contrast /ɣ/ vs /q/………………………………………………………… 136 3.2.2.2. Diphthongs..……………………………………………………………………. 137 3.3. Interdialect………………………………………………………………………… 139 3.3.1. /q/…………………………………………………………………………………. 139 3.3.2. /t/………………………………………………………………………………….. 140 3.3.3. /ɖ/………………………………………………………………………………… 142 3.3.4. Metathesis………………………………………………………………………... 143 3.4. Levelling……………………………………………………………………………. 144 3.4.1. /q/…………………………………………………………………………………. 145 3.4.2. Interdentals………………………………………………………………………. 156 3.4.2.1. The Unvoiced Interdental Sibilant /θ/………………………………………... 158 3.4.2.2. The Voiced Interdental Sibilant /ð/…………………………………………... 160 3.4.2.3. Vowels: Diphthongs…………………………………………………………… 163 3.4.2.4. Phonological Processes………………………………………………………... 167 a. Assimilation………………………………………………………………………….. 167 b. Labialisation…………………………………………………………………………. 169 3.5. Focusing……………………………………………………………………………. 171 3.5.1. Consonants………………………………………………………………………. 171 3.5.1.1. /ð/……………………………………………………………………………….. 171 3.5.1.2. /ʒ/……………………………………………………………………………….. 172 3.5.2. Vowels……………………………………………………………………………. 174 3.5.2.1. Short Vowels…………………………………………………………………… 174 3.5.2.2. Long Vowels…………………………………………………………………… 175 3.5.3. Saliency…………………………………………………………………………... 176 3.5.3.1. Salient Bedouin Features: /ɣ/…………………………………………………. 176 3.5.3.2. Salient Sedentary Features…………………………………………………… 177 IV a. /r/……………………………………………………………………………………... 177 b. /k/……………………………………………………………………………………... 178 3.5.4. Syllabic Structure……………………………………………………………….. 179 3.5.5. Phonological Processes………………………………………………………….. 180 a. Assimilation………………………………………………………………………….. 180 b. /h/ in Suffixal Pronouns ……………………………………………………………. 181 3.6. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………. 182 Chapter Four: Koineisation in Oran Dialectal Grammar 4.0. Introduction………………………………………………………………………... 184 4.1. Mixing……………………………………………………………………………… 184 4.1.1. Defective Verbs………………………………………………………………….. 184 4.1.2. The Possessive Relationship…………………………………………………….. 186 4.1.3. The Indefinite Article…………………………………………………………… 188 4.1.4. Other Genealogical Features…………………………………………………… 189 4.2. Reallocation………………………………………………………………………... 190 4.2.1. Grammatical Reallocation: Defective Verbs…………………………………... 190 4.2.3. Socio-Stylistic Reallocation……………………………………………………… 193 4.2.3.1. Possessive Relationships………………………................................................. 193 I. Analytic Construction……………………………………………………………..... 193 a. Wedding……………………………………………………………………………… 194 b. Number………………………………………………………………………………. 195 c. Time…………………………………………………………………………………… 196 d. Location………………………………………………………………………………. 197 e. Moral Customs and Traditions……………………………………………………… 197 II. Synthetic Construction………………………………………………………............ 198 a. Kinship……………………………………………………………………………….
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