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Drug Policy Impact in the Americas

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Drug Policy Impact in the Americas 1 Center for Legal and Social Studies - CELS The Impact of Drug Policy on Human Rights THE EXPERIENCE IN THE AMERICAS Center for Legal and Social Studies - CELS The Impact of Content coordination and editing: Drug Policy on Luciana Pol and Ximena Tordini, with revisions and contributions from Human Rights Paula Litvachky and Gabriela Kletzel and with the collaboration of Edurne Cárdenas. THE EXPERIENCE Writing: María Schujer IN THE AMERICAS Design: Mariana Migueles Photo editing: Jazmín Tesone Translation into English: Hilary Burke Revision of English version: Adam Schaffer, WOLA This publication is the result of the collective efforts made by the following organizations: American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Association for Human Rights in Peru (APRODEH), Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA), Center for Research on Drugs and Human Rights (CIDDH), Center for the Study of Law, Justice and Society (Dejusticia), Collective for an Integrated Drug Policy A.C. (CUPIHD), Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras (COFADEH), Conectas Human Rights, Humanas Corporation, Institute for Legal and Social Studies (IELSUR), Intercambios, Latin American Institute for Security and Democracy (ILSED), Medical College of Chile, Mexican Commission for the Defense and Promotion of Human Rights (CMDPDH), Myrna Mack Foundation, Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA). We thank each of them for their work and collaboration. We give special thanks to Coletta Youngers for her support. Financed by Open Society Foundations. Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales - CELS The impact of drug policy on human rights: the experience in the Americas. - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires: Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales - CELS, 2015. 68 p. ; 27 x 21 cm. ISBN 978-987-29080-4-1 1. Política de Seguridad. 2. Política sobre Drogas. 3. Derechos Humanos. CDD 320.6 Center for Legal and Social Studies Piedras 547, 1er piso C1070AAK Buenos Aires, Argentina. Tel/fax: +54 11 4334-4200 e-mail: [email protected] www.cels.org.ar 3 CENTER FOR LEGAL AND SOCIAL STUDIES - CELS 1 Prohibition under debate - PAGE 4 - 2 Militarization and violence - PAGE 8 - 3 Criminalization of drug use - PAGE 16 - 4 The erosion of due process and mass detentions - PAGE 22 - 5 Disproportionate punishments - PAGE 28 - 6 Mass incarceration and inhumane detention conditions - PAGE 34 - 7 Forced crop eradication campaigns - PAGE 40 - 8 Limits and shortcomings in access to health care - PAGE 46 - 9 Drug policies in light of International Human Rights Law - PAGE 52 - 10 New approaches given the failure of prohibition - PAGE 58 - 4 The Impact of Drug Policy on Human Rights 5 Center for Legal and Social Studies - CELS 1 Prohibition under debate 6 The Impact of Drug Policy on Human Rights Prohibition under debate The so-called “War on Drugs” deployed in the last 50 only been shifted—along with the associated violence, years has had an enormous impact on the functioning destabilization and crime—to other places, affecting of security, justice and prison systems in Latin America. more and more communities. At the same time, many Despite the high levels of violence that this battle has of these new areas have experienced an increase in drug caused in some areas and its grave consequences, for use, which has overburdened their health care systems.1 many years it was not analyzed from a human rights - perspective in local or international arenas. This scenario For these reasons, the models promoted in the frame work of the “War on Drugs” are reaching a critical has begun to change. In March 2014, at the request of crossroads: their credibility and legitimacy are seriously 17 organizations from 11 countries in the Americas, the eroded and it is clear that a new and better assessment Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) of the problem is needed. If there is no understanding held a regional thematic hearing on this topic, the first in of the real scope of the phenomenon, or the elements the history of its 150 sessions. This publication expands that led to its evolution in the last twenty years, these on the assessment presented by those organizations. policies will continue to be implemented worldwide. To The prohibitionist paradigm has increased exponentially ensure that the suffering experienced in our region is not the militarization and violence associated with drug traf- repeated elsewhere in the world, a truly open debate is ficking. By creating an enormous illegal market controlled needed and the human rights movement has an essen- by complex and increasingly powerful criminal groups, tial responsibility in it. violent conflicts have intensified throughout the region, In recent years, progress has been made in the regional especially in impoverished areas where there has been a and global discussions that question current drug further deterioration of inhabitants’ living conditions and policies, and it is clear that governments, social organiza- increased stigmatization. tions and academics, among others, are worried about These repressive policies tend to violate the human the negative impacts on human rights. Two advances rights of thousands of people, above all those who face in this sense include the regional report “Scenarios for judicial proceedings and are sent to prison, where over- the Drug Problem in the Americas,” presented by the crowding and inhumane detention conditions are often secretary-general of the Organization of American States the norm. Numerous studies have shown that these (OAS), as well as the Antigua Declaration.2 However, this policies tend to disproportionately affect particularlyopen debate at the OAS is incipient and there have still vulnerable groups, and in that way, they reinforce and not been policy changes made in the majority of coun- replicate discrimination and social exclusion. tries. Other sub-regional forums such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), the The prohibitionist model, far from waging an effective Union of South American Nations (UNASUR), the battle against the problems associated with drugs Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR), and the and drug trafficking, has instead widened social gaps, Caribbean Community (CARICOM), have also begun to - economic inequities, political differences and internadiscuss and work on the issue in broader terms with the tional asymmetries. This global system has maintained aim of forging a new consensus that reflects the region’s a repressive logic oriented toward reducing supply interests and needs. in the half century since the first United Nations drug convention was approved in 1961. By putting pressure The United Nations system has called for a United on some areas of production or transit, the problem has Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) 7 Center for Legal and Social Studies - CELS This publication was based on a report prepared for the Regional Hearing before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) on the impact that drug policies have on human rights in the Americas, which was held in March 2014, by: American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), United States Association for Human Rights in Peru on drugs, which will be held in New York in April 2016. (APRODEH), Peru This summit represents an exceptional opportunity to debate drug policies and make an honest appraisal of Canadian Civil Liberties Association (CCLA), Canada their successes and failures. Latin America has played a key role in questioning the current model, and some Center for Legal and Social Studies countries have publicly called for reflection on the policies (CELS), Argentina in effect and have led debates in international forums. Center for Research on Drugs In our region, there are experiences worth sharing that and Human Rights change the focus and provide an alternative to punitive (CIDDH), Peru state responses. These policies should be concep- Center for the Study of Law, tualized, studied and taken to international arenas to Justice and Society highlight other possible approaches. (Dejusticia), Colombia This publication aims to contribute to these global Collective for an Integrated Drug Policy A.C. (CUPIHD), Mexico debates, based on the experience of human rights orga- nizations in the Americas. Committee of Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras (COFADEH), Honduras Conectas Human Rights Brazil Humanas Corporation Chile Institute for Legal and Social Studies (IELSUR), Uruguay Intercambios (Civil Association for the Study and Assistance of Drug-Related Problems) Argentina Latin American Institute for Security and Democracy (ILSED) NOTES Medical College of Chile 1 United Nations Development Program. Chile “Perspectives on the Development Dimensions of Drug Control Policy.” Mexican Commission for the Defense March 2015. Available at: www.unodc.org/ and Promotion of Human Rights documents/ungass2016/Contributions/ UN/UNDP/UNDP_paper_for_CND_ (CMDPDH), Mexico March_2015.pdf Myrna Mack Foundation 2 Declaration of Antigua Guatemala Guatemala “For a comprehensive policy against the world drug problem in the Americas.” Washington Office on Latin America June 7, 2013. Available at: http://www. (WOLA), United States oas.org/en/media_center/press_release. asp?sCodigo=S-010 8 The Impact of Drug Policy on Human Rights 2 Militarization and Violence 9 Center for Legal and Social Studies - CELS 10 The Impact of Drug Policy on Human Rights Militarization and Violence The prohibitionist approach of anti-drug policies has allied with the cartels to consolidate
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