Published by Americans for The Link Middle East Understanding, Inc.

Volume 41, Issue 2 Link Archives: www.ameu.org April-May, 2008

Israel, 1948—2008

By Ilan Pappe

For Israelis, 1948 is the year in which two things happened, one of which contradicts the other.

On the one hand, in that year the Jewish national movement, Zionism, claimed it fulfilled an ancient dream of returning to a homeland after 2,000 years of exile. From this perspective, 1948 is a miraculous event, the realization of a dream that carries with it associations of moral purity and absolute justice. Hence the military conduct of Jewish soldiers on the battlefield in 1948 became the model for generations to come. And subsequent Israeli leaders were lionized as men and women devoted to the Zionist ideals of sacrifice for the common cause. It is a sacred year, 1948, the formative source of all that is good in the Jewish society of .

On the other hand, 1948 was the worst chapter in Jewish history. In that year, Jews did in Palestine what Jews had not done anywhere else in their previous 2,000 years. Even if one puts aside the historical debate about why

(Continued on page 3.) The Link Page 2

AMEU Board of Directors

Jane Adas (Vice President)

Hugh D. Auchincloss, Jr. In their flight from Hitler’s Germany In 2007, he did resign. He had Elizabeth D. Barlow in the early 1930s, Ilan Pappe’s par- been called “the most hated man in Edward Dillon ents opted to go to Palestine, his Israel,” and was finding it increas- ingly difficult not only to teach but to John Goelet father for ideological reasons, he was a Zionist; his mother for practi- live in the Jewish state. Today, he is Richard Hobson cal reasons, it was the least expen- chair of the history department at the Anne R. Joyce sive. Their son was born in 1954, six University of Exeter in England. We are honored to welcome him back to Hon. Robert V. Keeley years after the founding of the Jew- ish state, and he grew up in Haifa, the pages of The Link. Kendall Landis (Treasurer) an Arab-Jewish city where Ilan had Robert L. Norberg (President) Palestinian friends. On page 9, we begin an enumera- tion of Palestinian towns and villages Hon. Edward L. Peck From there his journey “beyond the obliterated in 1948. The entire list is Lachlan Reed margins of permitted discourse” led found in our booklet “The Coloniza- th Donald L. Snook to Hebrew University in the 1970s, tion of Palestine.” On this the 60 where he learned what happened to year of what Ilan Pappe calls the Rosemarie Sunderland Palestinians in 1948-49, then on to ethnic cleansing of Palestine, we will James M. Wall Oxford University in the 1980s, be pleased to send this recently up-

where his doctoral thesis became his dated booklet to any reader for the AMEU National first book, “Britain and the Arab- cost of postage: $1. In addition to Council Israeli Conflict.” Based on declassi- describing the fate of each town and fied documents in England, the village, the booklet contains photos Hon. James E. Akins United States, and Israel, his re- of the refugee camps, where hun- Isabelle Bacon search debunked — his word — all dreds upon thousands of ousted Pal- William R. Chandler of the lessons about Israel’s creation estinians ended up. We hope our that he had been raised on. readers will order copies not only for David S. Dodge themselves but for others. Paul Findley He returned to Israel as a profes- Dr. Cornelius B. Houk sor in the history department at Haifa We note on page 12 the death of O. Kelly Ingram University. Other published works Lachlan Reed, a longtime AMEU followed, including a feature article in board member. Moorhead Kennedy our January-March 1998 Link. Later, Ann Kerr in 1998, he organized events on his AMEU’s book/video catalog is on Mary Norton campus to commemorate the 50th pp. 13-15. It includes Ilan Pappe’s Marie Petersen anniversary of the Palestinian catas- latest book, “The Ethnic Cleansing of trophe. The action incurred the dis- Palestine,” and a new video inter- Don W. Wagner pleasure of the university’s powerful view with him, “Israel: Myths & Miriam Ward, RSM Land of Israel Studies department. Propaganda,” both of which are ex- cellent complements to his article. Executive Director If that was a step beyond the mar-

John F. Mahoney gins, his next action in 2005 was a Finally, on page 16, we offer a trib- leap. Arguing that Hitler was able to ute to Lucille Ablan. Long before Ilan carry out his genocide against Jews Pappe knew about the Palestinian because German academics refused catastrophe—and certainly long be- AMEU (ISSN 0024-4007) grants to protest, he called for universities fore I did—Lucille Ablan knew. And permission to reproduce material outside Israel to boycott those pro- in her gentle, effective way, she did from The Link in part or in whole. something about it. AMEU must be credited and one fessors at Israel’s Bar-Ilan and Haifa copy forwarded to our office at 475 Universities who had not publicly Riverside Drive, Room 245, New condemned Israel’s occupation pol- John F. Mahoney York, New York 10115-0245. Tel. icy. Haifa University’s president Executive Director 212-870-2053; Fax 212-870-2050; Aharon Ben-Ze’ev called on Pappe E-mail: [email protected]; Website: to resign. www.ameu.org. The Link Page 3

(Continued from front page.) The Erased Chapters what happened in 1948 happened, no one seems to The 1948 war’s diplomatic maneuvers and mili- question the enormity of the tragedy that befell the tary campaigns are well engraved in Israeli Jewish indigenous population of Palestine as a result of the historiography. What is missing is the chapter on the success of the Zionist movement. ethnic cleansing carried out by the Jews in 1948: 500 In normal circumstances, as Edward Said noted Palestinian villages and 11 urban neighborhoods in his “Culture and Imperialism,” the painful dia- were destroyed, 700,000 Palestinians were expelled logue with the past should enable a given society to from their homes, and several thousands more were digest both the most evil and the most glorious mo- massacred. Why did it happen? ments of its history. But this could not work in a In November 1947, the U.N. offered to partition case where moral self-image is considered to be the Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state. The principal asset in the battle over public opinion, and scheme was problematic from its inception for three hence the best means of surviving in a hostile envi- reasons. ronment. The way out for the Jewish society in the Firstly, it was presented to the two warring par- newly founded state was to erase from its collective ties not as a basis for negotiation but as a fait accom- memory the unpleasant chapters of the past and to pli, even though the U.N. knew the Palestinian side leave intact the gratifying ones. would reject it. Palestinians regarded the Zionist Because so many of the people who live in Israel movement as the Algerians regarded the French co- lived through 1948 this was not an easy task. That lonialists. Just as it was unthinkable for the Algerians year is not a distant memory and the crimes are still to agree to share their land with the French settlers, visible on the landscape. Above all, there are victims so was it unacceptable for the Palestinians to divide still living to tell their story and when they are gone, Palestine with Zionist settlers. The cases were differ- their descendents will pass on their accounts to fu- ent, to be sure—even the Palestinians recognized ture generations. And, yes, there are people in Israel this; but the better option, as a few U.N. members who know exactly what they did, and there are even had proposed, and as the U.S. State Department later more who know what others did. recognized, would have been a longer period of ne- The authorities in Israel, to be sure, have suc- gotiations. ceeded in eliminating these deeds totally from soci- Secondly, the Jewish minority (660,000 out of ety’s collective memory, as they struggle relentlessly two million) was offered the larger part of the land against anyone who tries to shed light on them, in or (56 percent). Thus the imposed partition was to be- outside Israel. If you look at Israeli textbooks, curric- gin with an unfair proposal. ula, media, and political discourse you see how this Thirdly, because of the demographic distribu- chapter on Jewish history—the chapter of expulsion, tions of the two communities—the Palestinians and colonization, massacres, rape, and the burning of vil- the Jews—the 56 percent offered to the Jews as a lages—is totally absent. It is replaced by chapters of state included an equal number of Jews and Pales- heroism, glorious campaigns and amazing tales of tinians, while few Jews resided in the remaining 44 moral courage and military competence unheard of percent designated for an Arab state. Zionist leaders, th in the historiographies of any other state in the 20 from left to right, all concurred on the need to attain century. a considerable Jewish majority in Palestine; in fact, It would be useful, therefore, to begin this essay the absence of such a solid majority was regarded as with a short reference to the denied chapters of those the demise of Zionism. Even a cursory knowledge of events that took place 60 years ago. Zionist ideology and strategy, should have made it clear to the U.N. architects that such a demographic The Link Page 4 reality would lead to the cleansing of the local popu- The third phase was to extend beyond the war lation from the future Jewish state. until 1954, when dozens of additional villages were In May 1947, the Jewish Agency, which func- destroyed and their residents expelled. Out of about tioned as the Jewish government within the manda- 900,000 Palestinians living in the territories desig- tory government, had already drawn a map which nated by the U.N. as a Jewish state, only 100,000 re- included most of Palestine as a Jewish state, apart mained on or nearby their land and houses. Those from the West Bank which had been granted to the who remained became the Palestinian minority in Transjordanians. Israel. The rest were expelled or fled under threat of expulsion; a few thousand died in massacres. On March 10, 1948, the Hagana, the main Jewish underground in Palestine, issued a military blueprint The countryside, the rural heart of Palestine, preparing the community for the expected British with its picturesque one thousand villages was ru- evacuation of Palestine. On that same day, a plan ined. Half of the villages were erased from the face of was devised to take over the parts earmarked by the the earth, run over by Israeli bulldozers at work Jewish agency, which constituted 80 percent of Pales- since August 1948 when the government decided tine. either to turn them into cultivated land or to build new Jewish settlements on their ruins. The plan, called Plan D (or Dalet in Hebrew), instructed the Jewish forces to cleanse the Palestinian A committee for naming gave the new settle- areas falling under their control. The Hagana had ments Hebrewized versions of the original Arab several brigades at its disposal and each one of them names—thus Lubya become Lavi and Safuria was received a list of villages it had to occupy and de- turned into Zipori. David Ben-Gurion, the first prime stroy. Most of the villages were destined to be de- minister of Israel, explained that this was done as stroyed and only in very exceptional cases were the part of an attempt to prevent future claims to these forces ordered to leave a village intact. villages. It was also an act supported by the Israeli archeologists who had authorized the names not as a In between December 1947 and well into the takeover of a title but rather as poetic justice which 1950s, the ethnic cleansing operation continued. Vil- returned to “ancient Israel” its old map. From the lages were surrounded from three flanks and the bible they salvaged geographical names and at- fourth one was left open for flight and evacuation. In tached them to the destroyed villages. some cases it did not work, and many villagers re- mained in the houses—here is where massacres took Urban Palestine was torn apart and crushed in a place. This was the principal strategy of the Judaiza- similar way. The Palestinian neighborhoods in tion of Palestine. mixed towns were cleansed, the emptied homes left to be populated later by incoming Jewish immigrants The ethnic cleansing took place in three stages. from Arab countries. The first one was from December 1947 until the end of the summer of 1948, when Palestinian villages The Palestinian refugees spent the winter of 1948 along the coastal and inner plains were destroyed in tent camps provided to them by voluntary agen- and their population evicted by force. The second cies; most of these locations would become their per- stage took place in the autumn and winter of 1948/9 manent residence. The tents were replaced by clay and included the Galilee and the Naqab (). huts that became the familiar feature of Palestinian existence in the Middle East. The only hope for these By the winter of 1949 the guns were silenced on refugees, at the time, was the one offered by U.N. the land of Palestine. The second phase of the war Resolution 194 (December 11, 1948) promising them ended and with it the second stage of the cleansing a quick return to their homes—one of but numerous terminated, but the expulsion continued long after international pledges made by the global community the winds of war subsided. The Link Page 5 to the Palestinians that remains to this day unful- Those operations can be carried out in the fol- filled. lowing manner: either by destroying villages (by setting fire to them, by blowing them up, and by This tragedy would be remembered in the col- planting mines in their debris) ... or by mounting lective memory of Palestinians as the Nakba—the combing and control operations according to the catastrophe—and it would restore their national following guidelines: encirclement of the vil- movement. Its self image would be that of an indige- lages, conducting a search inside them. In case of resistance, the armed forces must be wiped nous population led by a guerilla movement wishing out and the population expelled outside the bor- to turn back the clock, with little success. ders of the state. The Israelis’ collective memory would depict the Plan Dalet, March 10, 1948 war also as a national liberation movement, one fighting both British colonialism and Arab hostility, Until recently the Israeli-Zionist narrative of the and winning against all odds. The loss of one per 1948 war has dominated the academic world and, cent of the Jewish population would cloud their joy, probably for that reason, it has influenced the pub- but not their determination to Judaize Palestine and lic’s general recollection of the Nakba. turn it into the future haven for world Jewry. This meant that the 1948 events were described Israel, however, turned out to be the most dan- as an overall war between two armies. Such an as- gerous place for Jews to be living in the second half sumption calls for the expertise of military histori- of the 20th century. Most Jews preferred to live out- ans, who can analyze the military strategy and tactics side the Jewish state, and quite a few did not identify of both sides. Actions and atrocities are part of the with the Jewish project in Palestine, nor did they theater of war, where things are judged on a moral wish to be associated with its dire consequences. basis quite differently from the way they would be But a vociferous minority of Jews in the United treated in a non-combat situation. For instance, States continued to give the impression that the ma- within the context of warring armies, the death of jority of world Jewry condoned the cleansing of 1948. civilians—collateral damage, we call it—is accepted This illusion dangerously complicated the status of as an integral part of the overall attempt to win the Jewish minorities in the Western world, particularly war (although even within a war there are excep- in those places where public opinion since the first tional atrocities which are treated as illegitimate in Intifada in 1987 has grown increasingly hostile to- military historiography). wards Israel’s policies in Palestine. Such a view also entails the concept of parity in The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine questions of moral responsibility for the events un- folding on the ground, including, as in our case, the NATO Spokesman Jamie Shea said all reports massive expulsion of an indigenous population. Us- reaching NATO indicated that what was hap- pening in Kosovo was a well-organized master ing the two-army paradigm, the moral balancing be- plan by Belgrade. He said the reported pattern tween the two sides seemed to be “academic” and of violence was that Serb tanks were surround- “objective.” However, using the Palestinian narra- ing villages, then paramilitaries are going in tive, namely, that there were in 1948 not two equally rounding up civilians at gunpoint, separating young men from women and children. The armed and equipped armies, but rather an expeller women and children are then expelled from and those expelled, an offender and the victims, the their homes and then sent forward towards the two-army paradigm is seen as sheer propaganda. border. After they have left the villages, the I suggest that the events that unfolded after homes are looted and then systematically torched. May 1948 in Israel and Palestine should be viewed CNN, March 30, 1999 from within the paradigm of ethnic cleansing and The Link Page 6 not only as part of military history. Historiographi- been known to the founding fathers of Zionism even cally, this means that the deeds were part of domes- before the first settlers set foot on the land. Theodore tic policies implemented by a regime against civil- Herzl, the founding father of Zionism, already pre- ians. Indeed, in many cases, given the fact that the dicted that his dream of a Jewish homeland in Pales- ethnic cleansing took place within the designated tine would necessitate expulsion of the indigenous U.N. Jewish state, these were operations conducted population as did the leaders of the Second Aliya, a by a regime against its own citizens. kind of a Zionist Mayflower generation. This was not a battlefield between two armies, it Two means were used to change the reality in was a civilian space invaded by military troops. Eth- Palestine and to impose the Zionist interpretation on nic ideology, settlement policy and demographic the local reality: the dispossession of the indigenous strategy were the decisive factors here, not the mili- population from the land and its re-population with tary plans. Massacres, whether premeditated or not, newcomers—i.e. expulsion and settlement. were an integral, not exceptional, part of ethnic This colonization effort was pushed forward by cleansing, although, in most cases, expulsion was a movement that had not yet won regional or inter- preferred to killing. national legitimacy and had to buy land to create en- The ethnic cleansing paradigm explains why claves within the indigenous population. The British expulsions and not massacres are the essence of such Empire was very helpful in bringing this scheme into crimes. As in the 1990s’ Balkan wars, within the act reality. Yet from the very beginning the leaders of of cleansing, sporadic massacres were motivated Zionism knew that settlement was a very long and more by revenge than any clear-cut scheme. But the measured process, which would not be sufficient to plan to create new ethnic realities was assisted by realize the revolutionary dreams of the movement to these massacres no less than by systematic expul- alter the realties on the ground and impose its own sions. interpretation on the land’s past, present and future. The Jewish operation in 1948 fits the definition For that, the movement needed to resort to more of ethnic cleansing offered in the U.N. reports on the meaningful means such as ethnic cleansing and Balkan wars of the 1990s. The U.N. Council for Hu- transfer. man Rights linked the wish to impose ethnic rule on Transfer and ethnic cleansing as means of Ju- a mixed area—the making of Greater Serbia—with daizing Palestine had been closely associated in Zi- acts of expulsion and other violent means. The report onist thought and practice with “historical opportu- defines acts of ethnic cleansing as including separa- nities,” i.e., times in history when the world would tion of men from women, detention of men, explo- be indifferent to what happened in a foreign land, or sion of houses and repopulating with another ethnic “revolutionary conditions” such as war. group later on. This is precisely the repertoire of the This link between purpose and timing had been Jewish soldiers in the 1948 war. elucidated very clearly in a letter David Ben-Gurion As others have shown, the massive expulsion of had sent to his son Amos in July, 1937: “The Arabs Palestinians was the inevitable outcome of a strategy will have to go, but one needs an opportune moment dating back to the late 19th century. This ideology of for making it happen, such as war.” This notion will transfer emerged the moment the leaders of the Zi- reappear in Ben-Gurion’s addresses to his onist movement realized that the making of a Jewish party members throughout the Mandatory period, state in Palestine could not be materialized as long as up until an opportune moment arises—in 1948. the indigenous people of Palestine remained on the And, as we shall see, the idea of ethnic cleansing land. —or transfer, to use the preferred euphemism—is The presence of a local society and culture had alive and well in today’s Israel as still offering the The Link Page 7 best way of dealing with the Palestinian “problem.” journalists, politicians and academicians.

The Struggle Against Nakba Denial The challenge to the Zionist presentation of the 1948 war appeared in various areas of cultural pro- The Nakba denial in Israel and the West was duction: in the media, academia and popular arts. It helped by the overall negation of the Palestinians as affected the discourse both in the U.S. and Israel, but a people—the notorious declaration by Israel’s Prime it never entered the political arena. The “new his- Minister Golda Meir in 1970, “There are no Palestini- tory” was no more than a few professional books ans,” epitomized this attitude. written in English, only some of them translated into Hebrew, which made it possible for anyone wishing Towards the end of the 1980s, as a result of the to do so to learn how the Jewish State had been built first Intifada, the situation improved somewhat in on the ruins of the indigenous people of Palestine, the West with the humanization of the Palestinians whose livelihood, houses, culture and land had been in the media and their introduction into the field of systematically destroyed. Middle Eastern Studies as a legitimate subject mat- ter. In Israel, only in the media and through the edu- cational system were people directed hesitantly to- In Israel, Palestinian affairs in those years, aca- wards taking a new look at the past; the establish- demically or publicly, were still discussed only by ment did everything it could to quash these early those who had been intelligence experts on the sub- buds of self-awareness and recognition of Israel's ject, and who maintained close ties with the security role in the Palestinian catastrophe. services and the Israeli Defense Force. This perspec- tive erased the Nakba as a historical event, prevent- Outside the academic world, in the West in gen- ing local scholars and academics from challenging eral, and in the U.S.A. and Israel in particular, this the overall denial and suppression of the catastrophe shift in the academic perception had little impact. In in the world outside the universities' ivory towers. America and in Jewish Israel, terms such as “ethnic The mechanisms of denial in Israel are effective cleansing” and “expulsion” are still today totally because they cover the citizen’s life from cradle to alien to politicians, journalists and common people grave. They assure the state that its people do not get alike. The relevant chapters of the past that would confused by facts and reality, or view reality in such justify categorically such definitions are either dis- a way that it does not create moral problems. torted in the recollection of people, or totally absent. Cracks in this wall of denial first appeared in the In several European countries, new initiatives 1980s. Since 1982, with Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, appeared in the 1990s by pro-Palestinian N.G.O.s to the wide exposure of Israeli war crimes raised trou- recast Israel’s role in the plight of Palestinian refu- bling questions in Israel and the Western media gees; their effect on government policies is still too about the Jewish State’s self-image of being the only early to judge. democracy in the Middle East, or as a community A similar movement emerged in the United belonging to the world of human rights and univer- States, where in Boston in April 2000 the first ever sal values. American Right of Return Conference was convened But it was the emergence of a critical historiogra- with over 1,000 representatives from all over the phy in Israel in the late 1980s, known as the “new country in attendance. But so far their message has history,” which re-located the Nakba at the center of failed to reach Capitol Hill, The New York Times or academic and public debate about the conflict, legiti- the White House. The events of September 11, 2001 mizing the Palestinian narrative after it had been have put an end to the new trend and have revived portrayed for years as sheer propaganda by Western The Link Page 8 the old anti-Palestinianism in America. nial in the peace process stands as the main explana- tion both for its failure and for the ensuing second The Peace Process uprising in the occupied territories.

Even before the U-turn in American public opin- Indeed, the Nakba had been so efficiently kept ion after 9/11, the new history of 1948’s ethnic clean- off the agenda of the peace process that when it sud- sing had no impact on the Palestine/Israel peace denly appeared on it, the Israelis felt as if a Pandora's agenda. box had been pried open in front of them. Their At the center of these peace efforts was the Oslo worst fear was that Israel's responsibility for the 1948 Accord that began in September 1993. The concept catastrophe would now become a negotiable issue. behind this process was, as in all previous peace en- The “danger” was immediately confronted. In the deavours in Palestine, a Zionist one. The Oslo Ac- Israeli media and parliament, a consensus was cord was conducted according to the Israeli percep- reached that no Israeli negotiator would be allowed tion of peace—from which the Nakba was totally ab- even to discuss the Right of Return of the Palestinian sent. The Oslo formula was devised by Israeli think- refugees to the homes they had occupied before ers from the Jewish peace camp, people who ever 1948. The Knesset passed a law to this effect, and Ba- since 1967 were playing an important role in the Is- rak made a public commitment to it on the stairs of raeli public scene. They were institutionalized in a the plane that was taking him to Camp David. popular movement “Peace Now” that had several Now, after the events of September 11, 2001 and parties on their side in the Israeli parliament. In all the outbreak of the second Intifada with its waves of their previous discourses and plans they had totally suicide bombers, an unholy coalition of neo- evaded the 1948 issue and sidelined the refugee conservatives, Christian Zionists and the pro-Israeli questions. They did the same in 1993 and this time lobby in the States has maintained a firm grip over with the dire consequences of raising hopes of peace the American media’s presentation of the conflict in as they seemed to have found a Palestinian partner Palestine. This coalition helps Israel to get away with to a peace plan that buried 1948 and its victims. policies, past and present, which, if pursued by other When the final moment came, and the Palestini- nations, would brand them as pariah states. ans realized not only that there would be no genuine Israeli withdrawal from the occupied West Bank and Looking Ahead, As We Look Back Gaza Strip, but that there would be no solution to the As one who has been personally involved in the refugee question, they rebelled in frustration. struggle against the denial of the Nakba in Israel, I The climax of the Oslo negotiations—the Camp look back over the attempts that I and others have David summit meeting between then Prime Minister made to introduce the Nakba onto the Israeli public of Israel Ehud Barak and Yasir Arafat in the summer agenda with mixed feelings. of 2000—gave the false impression that it was offer- I detect cracks in the wall of denial that sur- ing an end to the conflict. Palestinian negotiators had rounds the Nakba in Israel, cracks that have come put the Nakba and Israel's responsibility for it at the about as a result of the debate on the “new history” top of their list of demands, but this was totally re- in Israel and the new political agenda of the Pales- jected by the Israeli team that succeeded in enforcing tinians in Israel. This atmosphere has also been its point of view on the summit. helped by a clarification of the Palestinian position To the Palestinian side’s credit, we should say on the refugee issue towards the end of the Oslo that at least for a while the catastrophe of 1948 was peace process. brought to the attention of a local, regional, and to a certain extent global, audience. Yet its continued de- (Continued on page 10) The Link Page 9

THE ETHNIC CLEANSING OF PALESTINE A’AQER, located 5.6 miles SW of Ramlah. Pop. Pop. 1,560. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of 5,000. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of NEWEUR built on its 4,625 acres. QIRYAT EQRON built on its 3,305 acres. AL BASSAH, located near the Lebanese border. A’LAAR, located 12.4 miles west of Bethlehem. Pop. 4,000. Obliterated with its two churches in 1948. Pop. 40. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of Jewish settlement of NAHAL BEZET built on its 6,315 MATTA’ built on its 3,089 acres. acres. ABDAH, located 31 miles south of . AL BIRAH, located north of Beisan. Pop. 260. Pop. 150. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of Obliterated in 1948. All 1,717 acres were confiscated. SEDE BOQER built on its 133 acres. AL BIRWAWH, located 5.6 miles east of Acre. ABEL AL QAMH, located 20.5 miles NNE of Safad. Pop. 1,460. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of Pop. 330. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of AHIHUD built on its 3,346 acres. Yuval built on its 829 acres. AL BURAIJ, located 15.5 miles WSW of Jerusa- ABU AL FADL, located 7.5 miles NW of Ramlah. lem. Pop. 720. Obliterated in 1948. All 4,770 acres Pop. 510. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlements of were confiscated. NAHALAT YEHUDA and NETA’IM built on its 718 AL BURAIKAH, located 24 miles south of Haifa. acres. Pop. 290. Obliterated in 1948. All 725 acres were con- ABU SHOUSHAH, located 5 miles south of Ram- fiscated. lah. Pop. 870. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement AL BURJ, located 2 miles NW of Ramlah. Pop. of BET UZIEL built on its 832 acres. 480. Obliterated in 1948. All 1,177 acres were confis- ABU SHOUSHAH, located 3 miles NNW of Ti- cated. berius. Pop. 1,240. Obliterated in 1948. Its 2,250 acres AL BUTAIMAT, located 21 miles SE of Haifa. Pop. were added to the Jewish kibbutz GINNOSAR. 110. Obliterated in 1948. All 1,080 acres were confis- ABU SHOUSHAH, located 15.5 miles SE of Haifa. cated. Pop. 720. Obliterated in 1948. Its 2,240 acres were AL BUTAYHA, located 8 miles SSE of Safad. Pop. added to the Jewish settlement of MISHMAR HA’E- 650. Obliterated in 1948. Its village lands are now used MEQ. by the Jewish settlement of ALMAGOR, established in ABU ZURAIQ, located 14 miles SE of Haifa. Pop. 1961. 550. Obliterated in 1948. All 1,623 acres confiscated. AL BUWAIZIYAH, located 18.6 miles NE of Safad. AJJOUR, located 15.5 miles NW of Haifa. Pop. Pop. 510. Obliterated in 1948. All 3,655 acres were 3,730. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlements of confiscated. AGUR, GIV’AT YESHA’YAHU and ZAFRIRIM estab- AL DALHAMIYAH, located 9.3 miles SSE of Ti- lished on its 14,544 acres. berius. Pop. 390. Obliterated in 1948. All 627 acres in- AJNAJOUL, located 9.3 miles SE of Ramlah. Pop. corporated into the Jewish settlement of ASHDOT 140. Obliterated in 1948. All 2,850 acres were confis- YAAQOV. cated. AL DUHAYRIYYA/KHIRBAT, located 4 miles NE of AL ABBASIYAH, located 15.5 miles NE of Safad. al-Ramla. Pop. 100. Depopulated in 1948. Its 335 acres Pop. 830. Obliterated in 1948. All 3,857 acres were are fenced to serve as animal pasture. confiscated. AL DAMOUN, located 6.8 miles SE of Acre. Pop. AL ABBASIYAH, located 8 miles east of Jaffa. 1,310. Obliterated in 1948. All 4,768 acres were confis- Pop. 5,650. Obliterated in 1948. All 3,857 acres were cated. confiscated. AL DARBASHIIYYAH, located 12.4 miles NE of ALASHRAFIA, located SW OF Beisan. Pop. 230. Safad. Pop. 310. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settle- Obliterated in 1948. All 1,300 acres were confiscated. ment of GONEN built on its 721 acres. AL BARRIAH, located 4.7 miles SE of Ramlah. The remaining 423 towns and villages are found in Pop. 510. Obliterated in 1948. Jewish settlement of our booklet The Colonization of Palestine: Lest the AZARYA built on its 708 acres. Civilized World Forget. To order, please see Book Cata- log on page 13. AL BASHTEWAH, located 3 miles NE of Beisan. The Link Page 10

(Continued from page 8) peared as a policy proposal in papers presented by As a result, after more than 60 years of repres- senior Labor Party ministers to their government. It sion, it is today more difficult in Israel to deny the is openly advocated by university professors, media expulsion and destruction of the Palestinians in 1948. commentators, and few now dare to condemn it. This relative success, however, has brought with it Even the former leader of the majority in the U.S. two negative reactions: House of Representatives, Dick Armey, said he be- The first reaction has been from the Israeli politi- lieved that Palestinians living in the West Bank cal establishment, with the Sharon government, should be removed. through its minister of education, beginning the sys- A circle has thus been closed. When Israel took tematic removal of any textbook or school syllabus over almost 80 per cent of Palestine in 1948, it did so that refers to the Nakba, even marginally. Similar through the ethnic cleansing of the original Palestin- instructions have been given to the public broadcast- ian population. The country’s politics are now domi- ing authorities. nated by three parties, Likud, Labor and Kadima, all The second reaction has been more disturbing of whom share the same view about what to do with and has encompassed wider sections of the public. the rest of Palestine. They wish to strangulate the Although a considerable number of Israeli politi- Gaza Strip and annex half of the West Bank, while cians, journalists and academics have ceased to deny bisecting the other half into small cantons into which what happened in 1948, they continue to justify it the Palestinians from the annexed part would even- publicly, not only in retrospect but also as a prescrip- tually be transferred. tion for the future. The idea of "transfer" has entered Israeli political discourse openly for the first time, This is ethnic cleansing by other means, and it gaining legitimacy as the best means of dealing with seems that all the politicians who subscribe to it en- the Palestinian "problem." joy wide public support. Judging from the most re- cent actions taken by the Israeli Knesset, such as pro- Indeed, were I asked to choose what best charac- hibiting married Palestinians who come from both terizes the current Israeli response to the Nakba, I sides of the Green Line to settle in Israel, and the would stress the growing popularity of the Transfer new legislation aimed at denying citizenship to any- Option in Israeli public mood and thought. one who doubts the Jewish character of the state, it seems that the politicians sense, and they may not be The Nakba now seems to many in the center of wrong in this, that the public mood in Israel would the political map as an inevitable and justifiable con- allow them to go even further, should they wish to sequence of the Zionist project in Palestine. If there is repeat the ethnic cleansing of 1948. any lament, it is that the expulsion wasn’t completed in the early years. And this ethnic cleansing extends not only to the Palestinians in the occupied territories but, if nec- The fact that even an Israeli "new historian" such essary, to the one million Palestinians living within as now subscribes to the view that the Israel’s pre-1967 borders. expulsion was inevitable and should have been more comprehensive helps to legitimize future Israeli Since the 40th anniversary of the Nakba in 1988, plans for further ethnic cleansing. the Palestinian minority in Israel has associated its collective and individual memories of the catastro- Transfer is now the official, moral option recom- phe with the general Palestinian tragedy in a way mended by one of Israel's most prestigious academic that it never did before. This association has been centers, the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies in manifested through an array of symbolic gestures, Herzeliya, which advises the government. It has ap- such as memorial services during Nakba commemo- The Link Page 11 ration day, organized tours to deserted or formerly method—from persuasion and threats up to expul- Palestinian villages in Israel, seminars on the past, sions and mass killings—justifies the attribution of and extensive interviews with Nakba survivors in the term to such policies. Consequently, the victims the press. of ethnic cleansing are both people who left out of fear and those forced out as part of an on-going op- Through its political leaders, NGOs and media eration. outlets, the Palestinian minority in Israel has been able to force the wider public to take notice of the The above definitions and references can be Nakba. All this public debate cannot help but under- found in the American State Department and United cut future peace plans built on denial of the Nakba, Nations websites. These are the principal definitions such as the Annapolis summit, the Road Map, the that guided the international court in the Hague Ayalon-Nusseibah initiative, and the Geneva agree- when it was set to try those responsible for planning ments. and executing ethnic cleansing operations as people who perpetrated crimes against humanity. Call It What It Is The Israeli objective in 1948 was clear and was For many years, the term Nakba seemed a satis- articulated without any evasions in Plan Dalet that factory term for assessing both the events of 1948 in was adopted in March 1948 by the high command of Palestine and their impact on our lives today. I the Hagana. The goal was to take as much land as think, however, it is time to use a different term: the possible from the territory of Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. and the removal of most of the Palestinian villages and urban neighborhoods from the coveted future The term Nakba does not imply any direct ref- Jewish State. erence to who is behind the catastrophe—anything can cause the destruction of Palestine, even the Pal- The execution was even more systematic and estinians themselves. Not so when the term ethnic comprehensive than the plan anticipated. In a matter cleansing is used. It implies direct accusation and of seven months, 531 villages were destroyed and 11 reference to culprits, not only in the past but also in urban neighborhoods emptied. The mass expulsion the present. More importantly, it connects policies was accompanied by massacres, rape and imprison- such as the ones that destroyed Palestine in 1948 to ment of men (defined as males above the age of ten) an ideology which is still the basis of Israel’s policies in labor camps for periods over a year. towards the Palestinians. Such a policy is defined in international law as a Ethnic cleansing is a crime and those who perpe- crime against humanity which the U.S. State Depart- trate it are criminals. In 1948, the leadership of the ment believes can only be rectified by the repatria- Zionist movement, which became the government of tion of all the people who left, or were expelled, as a Israel, committed a crime against the Palestinian result of the ethnic cleansing operations. people. That crime was ethnic cleansing. The political implications of such a statement is This is not a casual term but an indictment with that Israel is exclusively blameable for the making of far reaching political, legal and moral implications. the Palestinian refugee problem and bears legal as Its meaning was clarified, as we have noted, in the well as moral responsibility for the problem. aftermath of the 1990s civil war in the Balkans. Any The moral implication is that the Jewish State action by one ethnic group meant to drive out an- was born out of sin—like many other states, of other ethnic group with the purpose of transforming course—but the sin, or the crime, was never admit- a mixed ethnic region into a pure one is ethnic clean- ted. Worse, among certain circles in Israel, it is ac- sing. An action becomes an ethnic cleansing policy knowledged and, in the same breath, advanced as a regardless of the means employed to obtain it. Every future policy against Palestinians wherever they are. The Link Page 12

All these implications were totally ignored by present brutal phase of the occupation of the West the Israeli political elite and instead a very different Bank and the Gaza Strip continues. And yet along- lesson was derived from the 1948 events: you can, as side the struggle against the occupation—with the a state, expel most of Palestine’s population, destroy positive development of the B.D.S. option (Boycott, half its villages and get away with it. The conse- Divestment and Sanctions) being adopted as the quences of such a lesson were inevitable: the con- main strategy forward by civil society in the occu- tinuation of the ethnic cleansing policy by other pied territories and by the International Solidarity means. In Israel proper, between 1948 and 1956, Pal- Movement—the effort to relocate the 1948 ethnic estinian citizens were expelled from dozens of vil- cleansing at the center of the world’s attention and lages, 300,000 Palestinians have been transferred to consciousness has to continue. the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and a measured, On the 60th anniversary we—Palestinians, Israelis but constant, cleansing is still going on in the Greater and whoever cares for this land— should demand area. that Israel’s 1948 crime against humanity be included As long as the political lesson is not learned, in everyone’s history books so as to stop the present there will be no solution for the Israeli-Palestinian crimes from continuing before it is too late. ■ conflict. The issue of the refugees will fail any at- tempt, successful as it may be in any other parame- ters, to reconcile the two conflicting parties. This is why it is so important to recognize the 1948 events as an ethnic cleansing operation, so as to ensure that a political solution will not evade the root of the con- flict: the expulsion of the Palestinians. Link author The acknowledgement of past evils is not done Ilan Pappe in order to bring criminals to justice, but rather to bring the crime itself to pubic attention and trial. The final ruling will not be retributive—there will be no punishment—but rather restitutive—the victims will be compensated. The most reasonable compensation for the Palestinian refugees was stated clearly in De- cember 1948 by the U.N. General Assembly in its resolution 194: the unconditional return of the refu- gees and their families to their homeland (and homes where possible). In Memoriam As long as the moral lesson is not learned, the state of Israel will continue to exist as a hostile en- We are saddened to announce the death of Lach- clave at the heart of the Arab world. It would remain lan Reed, an AMEU board member since 1994. An entrepreneur, educator, and philanthropist, Lach the last reminder of the colonialist past that compli- also served as a trustee of the American University cates not only Israel’s relationship with the Palestini- of Cairo and the International College in Beirut. ans, but with the Arab world as a whole. He was an imposing man, with imposing ideas, and When and how can we hope for these lessons to the energy to see them to completion — as the min- be learned and absorbed into the effort to bring utes of our meetings will attest. peace and reconciliation in Palestine? First, of course, We will miss him. not much can be expected to happen as long as the —John Mahoney The Link Page 13 , Feb. 1999 The Link Issues from thepast 40 years. Issues from For AMEU’s See page 15 15 page See video selections. selections. video Link

Insideaccountof Israel's policy. settlement Updated edition. Good study of militant Islamic groups. Conversations against theJews occupation. with Well criticallywritten, acclaimed history. Real lifeencounters Iraqis. with Jewish-American condemns Israel's condemns occupation. Jewish-American How the WhiteHow intelligence abused House US agencies. Palestiniansrespond to ethnocide against them. Reflections on Zionism and Israel. What Christiansaren't told about Israel Palestinians. & A critical analysis of Israel's occupation. Updated ed. introductionIII. Baker with James by Zionismand role of biblicalupdatededition. promise; Jerusalem and the futureJerusalem of Middlepeace. East United Israel, States, the Palestinians. and Can Israel be bothstate?. a Jewish anddemocratic a Traces the Israelifactor in the US-led invasion of . 15years of oral histories. One-act play for 2 actors; see see 2 actors; for play One-act Updated listing452 of destroyed cities, villages. towns, Confronts America's image of Islam. image America's Confronts Islam and Islam modernity. The most relevant The most Former U.S. Congressman on U.S.-IsraeliCongressman U.S. Former relations. The misuse of anti-semitism & the abuse of history. & anti-semitism of The misuse Reflections on the exploitation suffering.of Jewish What the facts on the groundare tellingus. New facts and figures facts and New landthe about of 1947-48. "swap" Updated and revised edition. $1.00 $8.00 $15.50 $25.00 $19.95 $15.95 $16.50 $19.95 $19.95 $19.50 $16.50 $12.50 $17.50 $19.50 $10.95 $12.75 $12.50 $16.95 $16.50 $17.95 $12.50 $10.00 $19.50 $12.00 $12.50 $17.50 $12.50 $17.95 $28.50 $15.50 Postage & Handling Handling & Postage 314 $23.95 2004 cloth 2007 531 $29.95 paper 2002 301 $30.00 cloth 2002 196 $25.00 paper 2005 252 $19.95 paper 2007 56 $9.95 paper 1999 474 $17.50 cloth 2007 314 $24.95 paper 2007 400 $26.95 cloth 2004 420 $26.95 paper 2006 216 $18.00 paper 1993 227 $19.95 paper 2003 286 $23.00 cloth 2006 265 $27.00 paper 2003 240 $12.95 paper 2002 329 $17.99 paper 2004 253 $15.99 paper 1999 578 $22.00 paper 2006 222 $18.00 cloth 2005 258 $26.95 paper 2002 444 $15.95 paper 1998 40 $10.00 cloth 2001 323 $23.95 paper 1993 326 $14.95 paper 2007 439 $16.95 cloth 2005 332 $22.50 paper 2000 150 $13.00 paper 1995 243 $18.95 cloth 2003 467 $39.50 paper 2003 340 $18.95 cloth All AMEU Prices Include Prices AMEU All AMEU’s Book Selections AMEU’s Lords of the Land of the Lords Assault on the Liberty the on Assault Unholy War: Terror in the name of Islam name the in Terror War: Unholy Radicals, Rabbis, and Peacemakers Rabbis,Radicals, and The of Colonization Palestine Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths City, One Jerusalem: Swimming up the Tigris the up Swimming Witness in Palestine in Witness A Pretext for War A The Second Palestinian Intifada Original Sins Original What Land?What Whose Promise? Palestine: Peace Apartheid Not Palestine: Blood Brothers Blood Whose Promised Land Promised Whose Whose Holy City? The Fateful Triangle The Fateful Blood and Religion and Blood An Alliance Against Babylon Against Alliance An Holocaust: A History Holocaust: A Sahmatah Silent No More No Silent Deliberate Deceptions Burning Issues Burning Beyond Chutzpah TheIndustry Holocaust Image & Reality of Israel-Arab Conflict Records of Dispossession Ben-Gurion's Scandals What'sRight With Islam form on page 16. 16. form page on To order, put checkorder, put To in left Use order column. Authors Publication Year Pgs List AMEU Summary Eldar, A. & Zertal Ennes, J. Esposito, J. Faber, S. Fayez, J. ed. Armstrong, K. Armstrong, Aziz, B. Baltzer, A. Bamford, J. Baroud, R. Beit-Hallahmi, B. Beit-Hallahmi, Burge, G. Burge, Carter, J. Chacour, E. Chapman, C. Chapman, Chapman, C. Chapman, Chomsky, N. Chomsky, Cook, J. Cook, Cooley, J. Dwork & Van Dwork Pelt Eady & Mast Findley, P. Findley, P. AMEU Finkelstein, N. Finkelstein, N. Finkelstein, N. Fishbach, M. Giladi, Naeim Abdul-Rauf, F.Abdul-Rauf, The Link Page 14 For AMEU’s See page 15 15 page See video selections.

The targetingArabs of and inMuslims the US. David's ungenerous Camp offer; 15 full-page maps. Good historyof the Arab-Israeli conflict. Good introductoryhistory. Iraq throughjournalist. theanunembedded eyes of Collection Palestinianof modern literature. of Palestinian exile. Poignant memory WhyPalestinians don't have a state. Analysis roletheUS of in the MiddleEast. Israel can healHow its "state-sponsoredracism." The roleHolocaust of survivorsin Israel'sfounding. A 12-yr.-old A soccer-lovingPal. in occupied Ramallah. Examines ZionistExamines notion of "Transfer:" 1882-1948. treated are in state. the Jewish non-Jews How Saudipoet reflects on her country. How Israel won the battle to become US's ally. US's Israel the battlebecome to won How Author is Senior Lecturer at Haifa University. Well organizeddata for researchandprojects. study inquiry. moral A Ilan Pappe et al. on Zionism, Israel, and Palestine. is occupied used Road Map to seizeland. more How "Deserves tobeSaid. read American."--Edward by every used to justify Israel'sThe myths expansionist policies. Authorenvisions a secular, democratic MiddleEast. of an IsraeliMemories peace activist. Insidestory of Iraqioccupation by Italian journalist. collapsed. Why process peace the The influenceof lobbies policy. ongovernment An Israeli looks at the forces destroying hiscountry. WestFrom to The Bank massacres Wall $8.50 $9.50 $7.00 $15.50 $15.50 $16.95 $14.50 $18.75 $17.50 $15.00 $19.95 $17.95 $18.95 $16.50 $17.50 $10.95 $19.95 $10.00 $59.50 $13.50 $16.50 $10.95 $15.50 $12.95 $14.95 $17.95 $12.95 $15.50 $15.50 $10.95 19.95 Postage & Handling 280 2004 paper 2004paper 322 2005 $22.95 paper 1999 93 $19.95 paper 400 2006 $18.95 cloth 170 $18.95 2007paper 313 1996 $20.00 cloth 754 $22.00 2002cloth 288 2006 $26.00 cloth 281 2004 $24.95 paper 223 2007 $23.00 paper 299 2006 $26.95 216 $9.95 paper paper 1993 235 $11.95 cloth 2005paper 310 2004 $25.00 cloth 118 $14.95 1988 372 $19.95 cloth 2006paper 320 2003 $27.50 cloth 246 $16.00 1999paper 304 2005 $75.00 paper 254 2006 $17.95 paper 248 2002 $18.00 paper 280 2004 $11.95 paper 232 2003 $23.95 cloth 225 $16.00 2007cloth 226 2006 $22.00 paper 216 2004 $20.00 paper 455 2005 $14.95 paper 168 2005 $24.95 paper 228 2006 $17.00 250 $12.95 All AMEU Prices Include Prices AMEU All AMEU’s Book Selections AMEU’s Obstacles toPeace Land Promised the Sharing Hamas: Beginner's A Guide Line Green the Beyond Anthology Fatima of Search In Cage Iron The Empire Resurrecting Zionism Overcoming of Ground Piece Little A Civil Rights Peril in In the Shadow of the Holocaust of the Shadow the In Expulsion of the Palestinians of the Expulsion The Side ofOther Israel Unfurling The Warriors AgainstIsrael The Ethnic Cleansing of Cleansing Palestine The Ethnic and Palestine Israel state the of and Israel Zionism Truth the Speaking Theto Road Map Nowhere Israel/Palestine of Zionism The Myths Resistance and Culture Dark Hope Fire Friendly David Camp About Truth The U.S. Foreign Policy in the Middle East Border the On Toward Tomb an Open form on page 16. 16. page form on To order, put check in left Use order column. Authors Publication Year Pgs List AMEU Summary Halper, J Hiro, D. Hroub, K. Jamail, D. Jayyusi, S. Karmi, G. R. Khalidi, R. Khalidi, Kovel, J. Laird, E. Hagopian, E. ed. Grodzinsky, Y. Masalha, N. Nathan, S. N. Nawwab, D. Neff, Pappe, I. Pappe, Petersen, E. Prior, M. Prior, M.ed. Reinhart, T. Reinhart, T. J. Rose, Said, E. D. Shulman, Sgrena G. Swisher, C. Terry, J. M. Warschawski, M. Warschawski, The Link Page 15

AMEU’s Video Selections

All AMEU Prices Include Postage & Handling

AJPME, Israel: Myths & Propaganda (2008, 58 minutes) Ilan Pappe, author of this Link’s feature article, challengers the official Israeli version of the 1948 Arab-Israeli war in part 1, and responds to his critics in part 2. AMEU: $25.00.

AJPME, Beyond the Mirage: The Face of the Occupation (2002, VHS, 47 minutes). Israeli and Palestinian human rights advocates challenge misconceptions about the Occupation and Palestin- ian resistance to it. AMEU: $25.00.

AJPME, Imagine … (2005, DVD, 15 minutes). Palestinian education under Israeli occupation. Ex- cellent for discussion groups. AMEU: $15.00.

Baltzer, Anna, Life in Occupied Palestine (2006, DVD, 61 minutes). Anna is the granddaughter of a Holocaust refugee, and the author of this Link’s feature article. This is her powerful account of the occupation. AMEU: $20.00.

DMZ, People and the Land (2007 updated version of 1997 film, 57 minutes). This is the controver- sial documentary by Tom Hayes that appeared on over 40 PBS stations. AMEU: $25.00.

FMEP, Searching for Peace in the Middle East (2006, DVD, 30 minutes). A film by Landrum Bolling. AMEU: $10.00.

IAK, The Easiest Targets (2007, DVD, 10 minutes) Films various aspects of the occupation, in- cluding Israel’s policy of strip-searching women and children. AMEU: 10.00.

Jordan Sandra, Dispatches: The Killing Zone (2003, DVD, 50 minutes). British correspondent reports on violence by Israeli forces against international aid workers and reporters in the Gaza Strip. Includes the bulldozer killing of Rachel Corrie. Widely shown on British TV, this powerful documentary has been aired on only a few U.S. public access channels. AMEU: $10.00.

Munayyer, F. & H., Palestinian Costumes and Embroidery: A Precious Legacy (1990, VHS, 38 minutes). Rare collection of Palestinian dresses modeled against background of Palestinian music, with commentary tracing the designs back to Canaanite times. List: $50.00. AMEU: $25.00.

NEF, Peace, Propaganda & the Promised Land (2004, DVD, 80 minutes). Excellent analysis of how the U.S. media slants its coverage of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. AMEU: $25.00.

Pilger, J., Palestine Is Still the Issue (2002, DVD, 53 minutes). Award-winning journalist tells why there has been no progress toward peace in the Middle East. AMEU: $25.00.

Real People Prod., Sucha Normal Thing (2004, DVD, 80 minutes). Six Americans document a “normal” day under military occupation in the West Bank. AMEU: $25.00

Please Use Order Form on Page 16 The Link Page 16

Lucille M. Ablan To Support The Link

Lucille Ablan was born in 1928, in Minnesota, the only child of A $40 voluntary annual Lebanese immigrants. For most of her life she suffered from subscription is requested to defray ataxia, a painful neuromuscular disease. Her father founded a cost of publishing and distributing successful linens and clothing import business and, when he The Link and AMEU’s Public Affairs died in 1962, Lucille, through hard work and determination, Series. built on that success. Lucille also received from her father awareness of the plight of the Palestinians and an ability to ad- vocate persuasively for their rights. Contribution to AMEU (tax deductible) Please Send Recent Link Issues Our records show that she first subscribed to The Link in 1984 and that she maintained her subscription until her death in Oc- A check or money order for $______is tober 2004. My regret is that, during those 20 years, while we enclosed, payable to AMEU. exchanged letters, I never got to know her. By all accounts, she was a gentle, compassionate, thoughtful person. And generous. Name ______That she remembered AMEU in her will causes us to reflect on a bedrock truth: our work is possible only through the hard Address ______work and magnanimous spirit of others. ______John F. Mahoney

Zip+4 ______4/08

Rush Order Form Place 9 next to the book or video you are ordering from pages 13, 14 & 15, and indicate quantity if ordering more than one. Make checks payable to AMEU. No. of Books and Videos Ordered: ______Total Price (includes USPS postage): ______Add $3 for UPS delivery, if desired ______Add $3 per book/video for intern’l delivery ______Total Amount Enclosed ______

Name______

Address______

City ______State _____ Zip ______MAIL ORDER WITH CHECK TO:

AMEU, Room 245, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10115-0245 Americans for Middle East Understanding, Inc. Understanding, Americansfor East Middle Drive Room Riverside 475 245, 10115-0245New NY York,