Keyboard Music of the Late Middle Ages in Codex Faenza 117
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TRECENTO FRAGMENTS M Ichael Scott Cuthbert to the Department Of
T R E C E N T O F R A G M E N T S A N D P O L Y P H O N Y B E Y O N D T H E C O D E X a thesis presented by M ichael Scott Cuthbert t the Depart!ent " M#si$ in partia% "#%"i%%!ent " the re&#ire!ents " r the de'ree " D $t r " Phi% s phy in the s#b(e$t " M#si$ H ar)ard * ni)ersity Ca!brid'e+ Massa$h#setts A#'#st ,--. / ,--.+ Mi$hae% S$ tt C#thbert A%% ri'hts reser)ed0 Pr "0 Th !as F rrest 1 e%%y+ advisor Mi$hae% S$ tt C#thbert Tre$ent Fra'!ents and P %yph ny Bey nd the C de2 Abstract This thesis see3s t #nderstand h 4 !#si$ s #nded and "#n$ti ned in the 5ta%ian tre6 $ent based n an e2a!inati n " a%% the s#r)i)in' s #r$es+ rather than n%y the ! st $ !6 p%ete0 A !a( rity " s#r)i)in' s #r$es " 5ta%ian p %yph ni$ !#si$ "r ! the peri d 788-9 7:,- are "ra'!ents; ! st+ the re!nants " % st !an#s$ripts0 Despite their n#!eri$a% d !i6 nan$e+ !#si$ s$h %arship has )ie4 ed these s #r$es as se$ ndary <and "ten ne'%e$ted the! a%t 'ether= " $#sin' instead n the "e4 %ar'e+ retr spe$ti)e+ and pred !inant%y se$#%ar $ di6 $es 4 hi$h !ain%y ri'inated in the F% rentine rbit0 C nne$ti ns a! n' !an#s$ripts ha)e been in$ !p%ete%y e2p% red in the %iterat#re+ and the !issi n is a$#te 4 here re%ati nships a! n' "ra'!ents and a! n' ther s!a%% $ %%e$ti ns " p %yph ny are $ n$erned0 These s!a%% $ %%e$ti ns )ary in their $ nstr#$ti n and $ ntents>s !e are n t rea%%y "ra'!ents at a%%+ b#t sin'%e p %yph ni$ 4 r3s in %it#r'i$a% and ther !an#s$ripts0 5ndi)id#6 a%%y and thr #'h their )ery n#!bers+ they present a 4 ider )ie4 " 5ta%ian !#si$a% %i"e in the " #rteenth $ent#ry than $ #%d be 'ained "r ! e)en the ! st $are"#% s$r#tiny " the inta$t !an#s$ripts0 E2a!inin' the "ra'!ents e!b %dens #s t as3 &#esti ns ab #t musical style, popularity, scribal practice, and manuscript transmission: questions best answered through a study of many different sources rather than the intense scrutiny of a few large sources. -
Madrigal, Lauda, and Local Style in Trecento Florence
Madrigal, Lauda, and Local Style in Trecento Florence BLAKE McD. WILSON I T he flowering of vernacular traditions in the arts of fourteenth-century Italy, as well as the phenomenal vitality of Italian music in later centuries, tempts us to scan the trecento for the earliest signs of distinctly Italianate styles of music. But while the 137 cultivation of indigenous poetic genres of madrigal and caccia, ac- corded polyphonic settings, seems to reflect Dante's exaltation of Italian vernacular poetry, the music itself presents us with a more culturally refracted view. At the chronological extremes of the four- teenth century, musical developments in trecento Italy appear to have been shaped by the more international traditions and tastes associated with courtly and scholastic milieux, which often combined to form a conduit for the influence of French artistic polyphony. During the latter third of the century both forces gained strength in Florentine society, and corresponding shifts among Italian patrons favored the importation of French literary and musical culture.' The cultivation of the polyphonic ballata after ca. 1370 by Landini and his contem- poraries was coupled with the adoption of three-part texture from French secular music, and the appropriation of certain French nota- tional procedures that facilitated a greater emphasis on syncopation, Volume XV * Number 2 * Spring 1997 The Journal of Musicology ? 1997 by the Regents of the University of California On the shift in patronage and musical style during the late trecento, see Michael P. Long, "Francesco Landini and the Florentine Cultural Elite," Early Music History 3 (1983), 83-99, and James Haar, Essays on Italian Poetry and Music in the Renaissance, 1350-1600 (Berkeley, CA, 1986), 22-36. -
Song As Literature in Late Medieval Italy Lauren Lambert Jennings A
TRACING VOICES: SONG AS LITERATURE IN LATE MEDIEVAL ITALY Lauren Lambert Jennings A DISSERTATION in Music Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2012 Supervisor of Dissertation Emma Dillon, Professor of Music and Chair of the Department Graduate Group Chairperson Timothy Rommen, Associate Professor of Music and Director of Graduate Studies Dissertation Committee Emily Dolan, Assistant Professor of Music Kevin Brownlee, Professor of Romance Languages Fabio Finotti, Mariano DiVito Professor of Italian Studies Tr acing Voices: Song as Literature in Late Medieval Italy © 2012 Lauren Lambert Jennings iii A cknowledgement I owe a deep debt of gratitude to all who have offered me guidance and assistance throughout my graduate studies at the University of Pennsylvania. First and foremost, this project could never have come to fruition without the support and encouragement of my advisor, Emma Dillon, who took me under her wing the moment I arrived in Philadelphia. Her seminars sparked my interest in the study of manuscripts as material objects and were the starting point for this project. I am especially grateful for the guidance she has offered throughout the dissertation process, reading drafts of the proposal, grant applications, and chapters. Her suggestions and comments have pushed me to clarify my thoughts and to investigate questions I might otherwise have left aside. The rest of my committee deserves recognition and many thanks as well. Emily Dolan has been an invaluable mentor as both a scholar and a teacher throughout my time at Penn. Outside of the music department, I am indebted to Kevin Brownlee for his constant support of my work and for his seminars, which helped to shape the literary side of my dissertation, as well as for his assistance with the translations in Chapter 1. -
Understanding Music Past and Present
Understanding Music Past and Present N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD Understanding Music Past and Present N. Alan Clark, PhD Thomas Heflin, DMA Jeffrey Kluball, EdD Elizabeth Kramer, PhD Dahlonega, GA Understanding Music: Past and Present is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribu- tion-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This license allows you to remix, tweak, and build upon this work, even commercially, as long as you credit this original source for the creation and license the new creation under identical terms. If you reuse this content elsewhere, in order to comply with the attribution requirements of the license please attribute the original source to the University System of Georgia. NOTE: The above copyright license which University System of Georgia uses for their original content does not extend to or include content which was accessed and incorpo- rated, and which is licensed under various other CC Licenses, such as ND licenses. Nor does it extend to or include any Special Permissions which were granted to us by the rightsholders for our use of their content. Image Disclaimer: All images and figures in this book are believed to be (after a rea- sonable investigation) either public domain or carry a compatible Creative Commons license. If you are the copyright owner of images in this book and you have not authorized the use of your work under these terms, please contact the University of North Georgia Press at [email protected] to have the content removed. ISBN: 978-1-940771-33-5 Produced by: University System of Georgia Published by: University of North Georgia Press Dahlonega, Georgia Cover Design and Layout Design: Corey Parson For more information, please visit http://ung.edu/university-press Or email [email protected] TABLE OF C ONTENTS MUSIC FUNDAMENTALS 1 N. -
'Rhetoric, Poetics and History: Machaut's Prise D'
Rhetoric, Poetics and History Machaut's Prise d 'Alixandre and the anonymous Geste des dues de Bouraoane Philip E. Bennett University ifEdinburah From among the records of a century which sawall the 'grans merveilles' and the 'biau fait d'armes' which fuelled the four books of Froissart's Chroniques,l a decision to concentrate on Machaut's account of the 'side show' of Pierre de Lusignan's crusade to Egypt (1365) and on a pseudo-epic poem giving a highly biased version of the Armagnac- Burgundian conflict of c. 1398- 1411, culminating in the shorr·lived Anglo-Burgundian victory at Saint-Cloud, requires a little explanation. The initial motivation for studying these comparatively littl e ~ known texts comes from the simple fact of their presenting history in verse at a time when historiography was increasingly dominated by the prose model established by the Grandes Chroniques de France, including early mises en prose oJchansons de geste, and consecrated by a series of great writers of hi story from Jean Ie Bel to Philippe de Com mines. To that extent this investigation extends one, on which I have been engaged for some time, into the way rhetoric shapes the intergeneric relationships of epic, romance and verse·chronicle in texts of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. For reasons that will become clear a continued comparison of La Geste des dues de Bourgogne with chansons de geste composed between ca IISO and ca 1250 remains pertinent. although putting it back in the cultural context of the early fifteenth century will, I hope, contribute to the revision of a major myth of 'Whiggish' literary history: that prose is the natural vehicle for narrative, especially historical and pseudo-historical narrative. -
2Music of the Middle Ages
M usic of the Middle Ages 2Elizabeth Kramer 2.1 OBJECTIVES 1. Demonstrate knowledge of historical and cultural contexts of the Middle Ages 2. Recognize musical styles of the Middle Ages 3. Identify important genres and uses of music of the Middle Ages 4. Identify aurally, selected compositions of the Middle Ages and critically evaluate its style 5. Compare and contrast music of the Middle Ages with today’s contemporary music 2.2 KEY TERMS AND INDIVIDUALS • a cappella • drone • Alfonso the Wise • gothic • bubonic plague • Guillaume de Machaut • cadence • Hildegard of Bingen • cathedrals • hymn • Catholic Church • mass • chant • melisma • classical Greece and Rome • Middle Ages (450-1400 CE) • clergy • nobility • commoners • Perotin • courtly love • polyphony • courts • Pope • Crusades • Pythagoras Page | 34 UNDERSTANDING MUSIC MUSIC OF THE MIDDLE AGES • refrain • syllabic • rhythm according to the text • university • Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE) • vernacular literatures • song • verse • strophes • Virgin Mary 2.3 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT 2.3.1 Musical Timeline Events in History Events in Music 2nd millennia BCE: First Hebrew Psalms are written 7th Century BCE: Ancient Greeks and Romans use music for entertainment and religious rites 6th Century BCE: Pythagoras and his experi- ments with acoustics From the 1st Century CE: Spread of Christianity through the Roman Empire 4th Century BCE: Plato and Aristotle write 4th Century CE: Founding of the monastic about music movement in Christianity c. 400 CE: St Augustine writes about church c. 450 CE: Fall of Rome music 4th – 9th Century CE: Development/Codification of Christian Chant c. 800 CE: First experiments in Western Music 11th Century CE: Rise of Feudalism & the Three Estates 11th Century CE: Guido of Arezzo refines of mu- 11th Century: Growth of Marian Culture sic notation and development of solfège 1088 CE: Founding of the University of Bolo- gna 12th Century CE: Hildegard of Bingen writes c. -
Introduction Deborah Mcgrady and Jennifer Bain Guillaume De
INTRODUCTION Deborah McGrady and Jennifer Bain Guillaume de Machaut, poet and composer, secretary to kings and canon at Reims, lived a life far different from the narrative commonly assigned late-medieval French writers. Born, most likely, at the turn of the four- teenth century to a non-noble family in the Machault region, he appears to have benefited from the rare opportunity to receive an education from a cathedral school, which, in turn, would have prepared him for subse- quent study at the university. Having achieved the status of a clerk, he was optimally trained to enter both ecclesiastic and secular service. Until his death in 1377, Machaut remained closely linked to these two worlds. It would appear that he began his professional career in the service of John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia, progressively advancing in rank from almoner (1330) to notary (1332) and, ultimately, to secretary (1333).1 Machaut also acquired during this period, with the king’s intervention, numerous Church benefices, most notably a canonry and prebend at the Reims cathedral chapter beginning in 1338.2 As a member of the king’s entourage, Machaut most likely directly participated in several campaigns instigated by the king across Eastern Europe and into the Italian peninsula. In spite of his longstanding affiliation with the king and well before the famous death of the then blind John of Luxembourg on the battlefield of Crécy in August of 1346, Machaut addressed texts to other members of the nobility. His literary network that originated with the king of Bohemia appears to have progressively extended outward to embrace close affili- ations to the king, starting with his daughter Bonne of Luxembourg, the future mother of Charles V of France. -
Les Délices Intoxicates with Rare 14Th-Century Music (Jan
Les Délices intoxicates with rare 14th-century music (Jan. 14) by Daniel Hathaway The Cleveland-based period instrument ensemble Les Délices generally traffics in French Baroque music. That national repertoire overlays special mannerisms onto forms and harmonic progressions that are otherwise relatively familiar to our ears. But when Debra Nagy takes her colleagues and audiences back another three or four hundred years on an excursion into the French 14th century, we enter a musical world that operates under very different rules. On Sunday, challenging ears and expectations, Les Délices performed its program “Intoxicating,” featuring music by the well-known Guillaume de Machaut; the obscure composers Solage, Hasprois, Antonello de Caserta; and the ever-prolific Anonymous, to a capacity audience in Herr Chapel of Plymouth Church in Shaker Heights. In these pieces, text setting seems capricious rather than directly illustrative of the words. Musical phrases come in non-standard lengths, and harmonies meander rather than point toward clear musical goals. When the music does come to a halt at a cadence, it’s usually the result of the linear movement of melodic lines — often decked out with double leading tones. And sections and pieces end on unisons or open fifths without that middle note that signals major or minor in later music. But once you immerse yourself in the music and let it carry you along on its own itinerary, the experience is mesmerizing. Five excellent tour guides — soprano Elena Mullins, tenor Jason McStoots, and instrumentalists Scott Metcalfe, Charles Weaver, and Debra Nagy — led the journey through the program’s four sections with easy virtuosity. -
Chapter 3: the Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes I
Chapter 3: The Ars Nova: Musical Developments in the Fourteenth Century I. Early Fourteenth Century A. Introduction 1. Changes in notation in the thirteenth century allowed for musical experimentation in the early fourteenth century. 2. The evidence that tells us that fourteenth-century composers understood that they were doing something different can be found in two treatises: The Ars novae musicae by Jehan de Murs and the Ars nova by Philippe de Vitry. B. Music from Mathematics 1. During the fourteenth century, mathematics expanded beyond the boundaries previously seen in European thought. Music, the discipline so closely coupled with mathematics, followed suit. a. A fourfold system existed for musical time. Each of those listed is a subdivision of the previous: Maximodus, Modus, Tempus, and Prolatio. b. Each of these could be divided into two or three parts. 1) The first two are essentially theoretical concepts, and practical use resided in the latter two. 2) These possibilities yield, in modern terms: 9/8, 3/4; 6/8, 2/4. 2. Not everyone liked the innovations of the Ars nova. a. One example of disapproval is Jacobus de Liege’s Speculum musicae. 1) He dismissed the complexity and innovation as superfluous. C. Music about Music 1. Another new idea in the Ars nova concerns a growing realization of self- awareness as composers of art. 2. Music composition is seen as an art, not a craft. D. Establishing the Prototype: The Roman de Fauvel 1. The earliest surviving pieces in the Ars nova style are found in the Roman de Fauvel. a. Compiled around 1317, poem by Gervais du Bus, this manuscript includes 126 musical compositions (different genres). -
FOURTEENTH CENTURY MUSIC Increased Attention to Secular Song, Though Much Sacred Music Continued to Be Composed.
! ! FOURTEENTH CENTURY! ! MUSIC! ! Increased attention to secular song, ! though much sacred music continued! to be composed.! ! ! ! ! ! ! FOURTEENTH CENTURY! ! ROMAN de FAUVEL! ! Flatterie (Flattery)! Avarice (Greed)! Villanie (Villany)! Variété (Fickleness)! Envie (Envy)! Lâcheté (Cowardice)! ! ! FOURTEENTH CENTURY! ! ROMAN de FAUVEL! ! Flatterie (Flattery)! Avarice (Greed)! Villanie (Villany)! Variété (Fickleness)! Envie (Envy)! Lâcheté (Cowardice)! ! ! ROMAN de FAUVEL! ! Flatterie (Flattery)! Avarice (Greed)! Villanie (Villany)! Variété (Fickleness)! Envie (Envy)! Lâcheté (Cowardice)! Fond Français 146, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale ! ! ROMAN de FAUVEL! ! Flatterie (Flattery)! Avarice (Greed)! Villanie (Villany)! Variété (Fickleness)! Envie (Envy)! Lâcheté (Cowardice)! Fond Français 146, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale ! ! ARS NOVA! ! Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)! ! Ars Nova (c. 1320)! “This completes the ars nova of Magister Philippe de Vitry”! ! ! ! ! ! ARS NOVA! ! Philippe de Vitry (1291-1361)! ! Ars Nova (c. 1320)! “This completes the ars nova of Magister Philippe de Vitry”! ! Vitry’s compositions among the 169 pieces of music in Fauvel! ! ! ARS NOVA! ! MENSURATION SIGNS! ! MODE = Division of the Long! TIME = Division of the Breve! ! PROLATION= Division of the Semibreve! Major / Minor! ! MODE TIME PROLATION Division of Long Division of Breve Division of Semibreve Perfect : Imperfect Major : Minor ! ! ARS NOVA! ! MENSURATION SIGNS! ! Temporary changes of Mode or Time are indicated by! COLORATION! ! Use of Red Ink, rather than Black! ! ! ! ARS NOVA! ! Shifting emphasis to duple meters was criticized! by Jacque de Liège! ! “Perfection is brought low, and imperfection exalted.”! ! ! ! ! ! ISORHYTHM! ! Motets of Philippe de Vitry some of the earliest uses of ISORHYTHM! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ISORHYTHM! ! Motets of Philippe de Vitry some of the earliest uses of ISORHYTHM! ! Rhythmic structure of the tenor of motet ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ISORHYTHM! ! TALEA! “cuttings” (pl. -
An Analysis of Guillaume De Machaut's "Le Lay De La Fonteinne" in Cultural Context Patricia A
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library 12-2001 Words and music in communion: an analysis of Guillaume de Machaut's "Le Lay de la Fonteinne" in cultural context Patricia A. Turcic Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Turcic, Patricia A., "Words and music in communion: an analysis of Guillaume de Machaut's "Le Lay de la Fonteinne" in cultural context" (2001). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 486. http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/486 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. WORDS AND MUSIC IN COMMUNION: AN ANALYSIS OF GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT’S “LE LAY DE LA FONTEINNE” IN CULTURAL CONTEXT By Patricia A. Turcic B.A. Colby College, 1977 M.A. Bowling Green State University, 1988 B.M. University of Maine, 1996 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in Liberal Studies) The Graduate School The University of Maine December, 200 1 Advisory Committee: Cathleen Bauschatz, Professor of French, Advisor Kristina Passman, Associate Professor of Classical Language and Literature Beth Wiemann, Assistant Professor of Music Copyright 200 1 Patricia A. Turcic All Rights Reserved .. 11 WORDS AND MUSIC IN COMMUNION: AN ANALYSIS OF GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT’S “LE LAY DE LA FONTEINNE” IN CULTURAL CONTEXT By Patricia Turcic Thesis Advisor: Dr. -
Music and Verbal Meaning: Machaut's Polytextual
Music and Verbal Meaning: Machaut’s Polytextual Songs By Elizabeth Eva Leach Our modern experience of songs and singing, whether expert, amateur, or entirely uninformed and passive, is almost completely misleading when it comes to appre- ciating the singing of late-medieval lyric. My focus in this article is on polyphonic songs that align several texts for simultaneous delivery—a somewhat special cate- gory of work.1 However, the fact of music’s indispensability for these pieces reflects the broader cultural use of music as a meaningful—and not just a pleasant—com- ponent of lyric performance.2 My exposition aims to bring out the potential signifi- cance of the dimension of performance—specifically sung musical performance— to scholars who normally consider only written forms of such works, whether poetic or musical. It thus addresses both those literary scholars who might want to know what kinds of meanings a musical setting might add to a written poem that they usually consider just as verbal text (written or spoken) and those musicol- ogists who might want to consider the performed moment of a piece in conjunction with their more usual “reading” of it as a notated modern score. Interest in musical performance as a topic of scholarly investigation is a relatively new aspect of musicology, which began as a nineteenth-century text-based discipline focused on composers and their works and used philological and quasi-scientific methods to recover and fix these works textually in an “imaginary museum.”3 Earlier versions of this article were presented at the Plainsong and Medieval Music conference in Ox- ford in 2007 and at the Renaissance Society of America conference in Chicago in 2008, whose audiences I would like to thank for stimulating questions.