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Daoism

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Legend The following symbols have been used in the QUICK FACTS timelines.

Temple / Shrine Text Conflict / Battle Origin / First Presence Event City Ruler Quick Facts Quick Facts

Calendar: lunar and solar Images and Art: exuberant use of iconography and painting Days and Holidays: Divali; Holi; Navaratra(i); Music: Vedic and other chants; Mahashivaratri; Ganesha devotional songs (bhajan); Chaturthi; Janmashtami classical compositions ()

Special Day: Monday (for Shiva); Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Tuesdays and Saturdays (to ward Shankara; Mahatma Gandhi; off inauspicious astrological Swami Vivekananda influences) Main Empires: Gupta (North Main Rites: and water ); Chola (South India); Khmer oblation at sunrise, midday, and (Cambodia); Majapahit sunset are prescribed (Indonesia); Maratha (Central and North India); Vijayanagara (South Main Prayer: Gayatri Mantra; India) other short of homage to various

Guide to Conduct: Date of Establishment: unclear. Main Branches: , Shastras; Yogic Restraints and Indus Valley Civilization (from c. , and Observances; ’s 3300 BCE); colonization paths to (from c. 1600 BCE) Main Belief: a way of life that is inclusive and tolerant of spiritual Food Concerns: beef is Founder: none approaches forbidden; vegetarianism is widespread Location of Origin: Indian Sacred or Famed Sites: subcontinent Banaras/Varanasi); Kumbha Mela Distinctive Dress: women may (Prayag/Allahabad, Haridwar); wear saris and cover their heads Main Areas: India, , Sources of the Ganga at ; traditional dress for northern Sri Lanka, and Bali (Kedarnath, Badrinath) men is the dhotii

Percent of World’s Population: Sacred : Monasticism: various organized 14% (1.1 billion) groups, especially Shankara’s Symbols: /Aum sign lineages Main Texts: , Dharma Shastras, Epics and Bhagavad Religious Authorities: swami; Religious Building: Gita, and ; samnyasin Quick Facts

Symbols: Dharma Chakra (eight- Religious Building: , spoked wheel); Om/Aum; ; temple, monastery svastika; ; Buddha images Images and Art: stupas and Buddha images are abundant; Religious Authorities: the ( paintings and (mostly monks); ) Calendar: lunar and solar Music: chanting; horns, drums, and bells in Sacred Days and Holidays: and Vajrayana. (Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and ); Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Full Moon; Ceremony Siddhartha Gautama; ; ; Dalai Special Day: Full Moon and New Moon Main Empires: Mauryan and Harsha (India); Tang (China); Main Rites: meditation; keeping Pagan (Myanmar); Ayutthaya the Precepts () Main Prayer: The Three Refuges/ Jewels; Date of Establishment: (c. 500 Main Branches: , (Vajrayana); Namu Amida Butsu BCE); founder’s dates are Mahayana, and Vajrayana (Japanese ) disputed Main Belief: The Four Noble Guide to Conduct: Five Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Truths with include the Eightfold Precepts; Eight-fold Path; Path, dealing with the Anatman Pitaka Location of Origin: Indian (no soul/self) doctrine and the subcontinent ending of sorrow Food Concerns: vegetarianism is widespread, but not mandatory Main Areas: Thailand, Sri Lanka, Sacred or Famed Sites: ; Myanmar, Tibet, , Bodhagaya; ; Distinctive Dress: for monks and Korea, , China, India Kushinagara; Jokang Temple; nuns: tonsure and saffron robes Temple of the Emerald Buddha; (Sri Lanka; Thailand) or maroon Percent of World’s Population: ; Shwedagon ; robes (Myanmar; Tibet). 8-10% (c. 535 million) Todaiji Temple Monasticism: Theravada (Sri Main Texts: Tripitaka, Mahayana Sacred : ; Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand); scriptures, , Tibetan Sanskrit; Tibetan; Chinese; Vajrayana (Tibet); (Japan) Canon Japanese Quick Facts

Religious Authorities: Monks Paintings of Cosmological and Nuns Schemes and episodes in lives in Jain Calendar: mostly lunar, but also manuscripts solar Monasticism: Male and female Sacred Days and Holidays: renouncers (Monks and Nuns) in Paryushan ( Sutra recited); and Shvetambara Divali (Festival of Lights); sects ’s Birthday; Akshaya Tritiya (fasting) Religious Building: Temple Special Day: nothing weekly; Music: Singing of hymns and Caturmas (4 months in the rainy devotional songs season has many holy days) Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Main Rites: Meditation; Following The 24 Jinas or , the major or minor ascetic especially Mahavira; Umasvati; observances, especially ahimsa ; Atmaramji; (non-harming) and (teachers) Main Prayer: Om/Aum; Main Empires: Dynasty (c. 2nd Namaskara (Navkar) Mantra century BCE to early 4th century Date of Establishment: Main Branches: (homage to beings worthy of CE); Western Ganga Dynasty (c. Uncertain; perhaps 6th century (sky-clad); Shvetambaras (white veneration). 350 to 1000 CE) BCE [robe] clad); Sthanakavasis (against temples and image- Guide to Conduct: The Three Founder: Adinatha (ancient worship Jewels (right faith, knowledge, mythic); Vardhamana, better and conduct); Minor vows (for known as Mahavira, last (24th) Main Belief: Freedom of the soul laypersons); Major vows (for Tirthankara of this era (599-527 from karma, through the renouncers) BCE or later) attainment of Food Concerns: Vegetarianism; Location of Origin: Indian Sacred or Famed Sites: Ultimately the goal is to attain subcontinent ; Shikarji; physical death through fasting temples (); Main Areas: Throughout India, (Mt. Abu); ; Distinctive Dress: Naked but mainly northern India (Digambara monks); White robes (Shvetambara monks and nuns); Percent of World’s Population: : Various Some ascetics carry a broom and 0.064% (c. 5 million) and Sanskrit mouth cloth (to avoid harming small creatures) Main Texts: and Agamas; Symbols: Svastika; Open Palm; Kalpa Sutra; Cosmological Symbol; Tirthankara Images and Art: Images of statues; Tirthankaras and saints (some colossal) are commonplace. Quick Facts

Symbols: (1) Ik Onkar; (2) Distinctive Dress: ; Khanda; (3) (the turban for men Sikh flag); (4) the Five Ks of the (uncut hair, dagger, comb, Monasticism: Udasis, an ascetic short pants, bracelet; males group founded by Nanak’s son; generally wear turbans rejected by Sikhism Religious Authorities: The Ten Religious Building: gurdwara Gurus; Akal Takht (central authority of Sikhism) Images and Art: portraits of the ten gurus; housed images of Calendar: dispute between Hindu deities until reform in 1906 dispora and Punjab over competing calendars Music: hymns from the Adi Granth, with stringed instruments Sacred Days and Holidays: and professional as well as largely follows celebrations on the communal singing Hindu calendar, Vaisakhi (new year); Divali; Gurpurbs are Famous Leaders and Thinkers: distinctly Sikh Arjan: fifth Guru (built Golden Temple); Gobind Singh (founder of Special Day: no special weekly the Khalsa movement; Ranjit day Singh (established only Sikh Date of Establishment: 1500s CE Gobind Singh); Janamsakhis empire) (stories about Nanak) Main Rites: of the Founder: Nanak (1469-1539 CE) ; Path (continuous reading Main Empire: 1799-1849 founded Main Branches: Khalsa; of Adi Granth) by Ranjit Singh; some Sikhs have Location of Origin: Punjab area Sahajdharis (“slow adopters”) ambitions for an independent of Pakistan and northwest India Main Prayer: Japji (first part of Adi state called Khalistan Main Belief: ; Granth Main Areas: throughout India devotion to God and selfless (with 2/3 in Punjab State); Great action to others are the way to Guide to Conduct: Adi Granth, Britain, USA, areas of the British liberation; close to Hinduism in Rehat Maryada; Four Commonwealth, particularly many aspects Prohibitions; Five Vices; Five western Canada Virtues Sacred or Famed Sites: city of Percent of World’s Population: Amritsar, India (“pool of Food Concerns: prohibits 0.3% (25 million) immortality), where the Golden meat from ritually killed Temple (Harmandir Sahib—Abode animals, such as halal and Main Texts: Adi Granth (First of God) and Akal Takht are located kosher Book); (also called ); Dasam Granth (hymns of Sacred Language: Punjabi Quick Facts

Calendar: primarily lunar; twelve temples and royal courts animal signs of the zodiac Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Sacred Days and Holidays: Confucius; Mencius; Xunzi; Zhu Xi Confucius’s Birthday; Qingming (Tomb-Sweeping Day); Chinese Main Empire: Han dynasty; Late New Year Tang dynasty; Song dynasty; influential until the fall of the Qing Special Day: no special day of dynasty; Joseon dynasty (Korea) the week Main Rites: ancestor veneration; elaborate rites on Confucius’s birthday; striving for proper conduct in all aspects of life Main Prayer: none Guide to Conduct: The Five Constants and the Four Virtues, including such values as Date of Establishment: c. 500 Main Belief: social harmony humaneness, righteousness, and BCE through self-cultivation and right filial piety relationships Founder: Confucius (551?-479 Food Concerns: none; BCE) Sacred or Famed Sites: Qufu moderation prescribed for food (family mansion; cemetery); and drink Location of Origin: China Beijing (imperial palace) Distinctive Dress: high quality Main Areas: China, Korea, Primary Language: Classical (e.g., silk) clothes in primary Japan, Southeast Asia Chinese colors for sacrificial rites Percent of World’s Population: Symbols: nothing official; the Monasticism: none not possible too determine for “scholar” (ru), or “humaneness“ (ren), or Religious Building: temple; Main Texts: The Analects of even images of Confucius may be ancestral shrine Confucius; the Five Classics and used the Four Books Images and Art: calligraphy; Religious Authorities: scholar- natural, asymmetrical rocks; Main Branches: Mencius official; no religious functionaries, paintings of prominent persons (Mengzi); Xunzi; Neo- just temple caretakers and Confucianism Confucian ritualists Music: Yauye, a style of classical music and dance performed in Quick Facts

Symbols: The Taijitu (Yin-Yang); Religious Building: temples and Bagua; Chinese characters for monasteries and De; dragon; phoenix Images and Art: nature painting; Religious Authorities: Celestial depiction of Daoist immortals Masters; Daoists monks; Daoist priests Music: chanting accompanied by musical instruments (e.g., bells Calendar: lunar and solar and drums) Sacred Days and Holidays: Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Chinese New Year; Lantern Laozi; Zhuangzi; Huizong, Sun Festival; Qingming; Hungry Ghost Bu’er; Zhang Daoling Festival Main Empire: Yellow Emperor Special Day: no special weekly (mythic); Song Dynasty; Ming day Dynasty Main Rites: The of Thanksgiving and Peace (jiao) Main Prayer: none; but prayer to various Daoists deities Date of Establishment: 500c BCE Main Branches: Philosophical Daoism (daojia); Religious Guide to Conduct: The Five or Founder: Laozi (Lao-tzu); Daoism (daojiao); Neo-Daoism Ten Precepts Zhuangzi Main Belief: alignment with the Food Concerns: food choices to Location of Origin: China mysterious Way (Dao), through maximize and balance internal naturalness and uncontrived energy (qi); ancient texts Main Areas: China; and activity prescribe avoidance of grain Southeast Asia Sacred or Famed Sites: sacred Distinctive Dress: red robes with Percent of World’s Population: mountains (Wudang, Longhu, or without golden embroidery or not possible to determine Qiyun, Qingcheng) and grottoes; jade colored robes for priests Louguan Main Texts: The Daodejing; The Monasticism: Quanzhen and Zhuangzi; the Daozang (Daoist Sacred Language: Classical Zhengyi; the latter are more Canon); Chinese priestly than monastic Quick Facts

Calendar: traditionally used Images and Art: and Chinese lunisolar; Gregorian used shrines; kami images not since 1873 displayed in shrines; Inari kami (fox) Sacred Days and Holidays: New Year; Shichi-go-san (Seven–Five– Music: flute and drums, Three) children’s festival; Hana accompanied by dance Matsuri (Flower Festival); Setsubun (for good luck) Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Emperor Jimmu (mythic); Special Day: no special weekly Emperor Tenmu (Hakuho period); day Emperor Kammu (Heian Period); Motoori Norinaga (scholar, Edo Main Rites: ritual purification, Period); Emperor Meiji (for State with baths, salt or fire; at a shrine: Shinto) purification, adoration, food offerings, prayer, ceremonial Main Empires: No empires, but meal, or rice wine (sake) drink supported during the Hakuho, Heian, and Meiji (for State Shinto) Main Prayer: ritual acts, including periods silent prayer Date of Establishment: obscure Main Belief: ritual veneration of origins in Japanese pre-history the kami; traditionally considered the emperors as divine Guide to Conduct: no moral absolutes; sensitive to the way of Founder: no historic founder the kami Sacred or Famed Sites: Ise Location of Origin: Japan Grand Shrine; Izumo Taisha; , popularly Food Concerns: no prohibitions Main Areas: Japan known as Miyajima Sacred Language: Japanese Distinctive Dress: Percent of World’s Population: special garments for 1.2% (c. 90 million) priests and priestesses Symbols: Torii (typically large Main Texts: Kojiki; Nihon Shoki wooden gate painted red); rising sun; Mt. Fuji; straw rope Monasticism: None (shimenawa) Main Branches: many small Religious Building: shrine sects; State Shinto until World War II Religious Authorities: priest Quick Facts

Symbols: Tetragrammaton; Monasticism: None Menorah; Star (Magen) of David Religious Building: Temple Religious Authorities: ancient: (ancient); synagogue (ancient and Priest (cohen); ancient and current) modern: rabbi; cantor Images and Art: prohibition of Calendar: lunar (adjusted to solar images of God cycle); Year 1 = 3761 BCE; date identified by abbreviation AM Music: priestly music when (anno Mundi—year of the World) Temple was standing. Various forms of sung prayers in Sacred Days and Holidays: synagogue, led by a.cantor. No Rosh Hashanah (New Year), Yom musical instruments for Orthodox Kippur, Sukkot, Hanukkah, Purim, Pesach, Shavuot Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Ancient (Abraham, Moses, David); Special Day: Sabbath medieval (Rashi, ); modern (Mendelsshon, Geiger, Main Rites: circumcision; bar Hirsch, Herzl) mitzvah; bat mitzvah; Passover Date of Establishment: second Reconstructionist (in order of size seder; Sitting Shivah Main Empires: dynasty of David; millennium BCE; Rabbinic from largest). Orthodox had two Maccabees; modern State of Judaism: 200s CE traditions from medieval times: Ashkenazi and Sephardic; present Main Prayer: Shema Founder: Abraham, Moses Orthodox either Modern or Haredim Guide to Conduct: Decalogue (10 Commandments); 613 Location of Origin: Middle East Main Belief: monotheism; Commandments (mitzvot) in covenant bond of the Jewish Torah; ; Shulchan Aruch; Main Areas: Israel and North Responsa America people with God (YHWH) Sacred or Famed Sites: Temple Food Concerns: Kosher; leaven Percent of World’s Population: prohibited during Passover 0.2% (15 million) in Jerusalem (until destroyed in 70 CE); Western Wall of Temple Mount Distinctive Dress: Kippah, Main Texts: Tanakh (with 3 Hasidic/Haredi men (black sections: Torah, Neviim, Ketivim); clothing, various hats, long sides Mishnah; Talmud Sacred Language: Hebrew, ( for gemara inTalmud); curls); use of tefillin and tallit at prayer Main Branches: Reform, Conservative, Orthodox, Quick Facts

Religious Authorities: Catholic Religious Building: church; ,; Orthodox Patriarch; all bishop’s church is called a have bishops, priests or pastors cathedral

Calendar: solar; with leap year Images and Art: few restrictions; adjustments; in 1582, Catholics icons used widely; no statues in switched from Julian to Gregorian Orthodoxy; some Protestants calendar; Orthodox continued reject religious art with Julian Music: Gregorian Chant, Sacred Days and Holidays: Protestant hymns, Christmas Lent, Easter, Christmas (Advent) Carols

Special Day: Sunday Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Paul, Constantine, Charlemagne, Main Rites: called Sacraments by Augustine, Aquinas, Luther Catholics, Mysteries by Orthodox; main ones: baptism and eucharist Main Empires: Roman (since 1200s Catholics count Byzantine, Carolingian, Russian seven) Date of Establishment: 1st Main Branches: Catholic, century CE Orthodox, Protestant (since Main Prayer: Lord’s Prayer (Our 1500s), various eastern churches Father); Hail Mary; the Jesus Founder: Jesus; Paul (primary Prayer theologian) Main Belief: There is one God, revealed in Jesus who by his Guide to Conduct: Beatitudes; Location of Origin: Roman- death and resurrection brings Ten Commandments; Deadly controlled Palestine salvation; Apostles’ Creed Sins; seven virtues and vices

Main Areas: Europe, North and Sacred or Famed Sites: Food Concerns: Lenten fast South America, sub-Saharan Jerusalem; Vatican City (for , Russia, Australia, New Catholics); Hagia Sophia Distinctive Dress: liturgical Zealand, Philippines, South Korea (Istanbul); Saint Basil’s Cathedral vestments for clergy and habits (Moscow) for monastics Percent of World’s Population: 32% (2.2 billion) Sacred Language: Greek and Monasticism: largely Benedictine in early days; no sacred for Catholics; Basilian for Main Texts: (Old & New language now Orthodox; not promoted by most Testaments [NT]); Protestants (LXX) Symbols: Cross, Chi-Rho, Fish Quick Facts

Religious Authorities: , Religious Building: mosque alim, Sufi sheikh (masjid)

Calendar: Hijri calendar; lunar Images and Art: iconoclastic (10-11 days shorter than solar except for geometric designs and calendar); Year 1 = 622 CE, year calligraphy of Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina; date identified Music: some forbid all musical by abbreviation AH (anno hegirae instruments; many Sufis embrace —year of the Hijrah) music and mystical dance

Sacred Days and Holidays: Famous Leaders and Thinkers: Ramadan (ending with Eid al-Fitr); Muhammad, the Four Rightly- Eid al-Adha, Mawlid, Guided Caliphs, Rumi, Suleyman

Special Day: Friday noon prayer Main Empires: Umayyad (Middle East, North Africa, Spain), Main Rites: prayer five times a Abbasid (Middle East, North day; pilgrimage to Mecca once in Africa), Ottoman (Turkey, Middle lifetime; Ramadan fast East, North Africa), Mughal (India), Safavid () Date of Establishment: 622 CE Main Branches: Sunni (85%+); Shia (15%-) Main Prayers: done five times a day, with specified postures and Founder: Muhammad recitations, which vary depending Main Belief: Shahadah on time of day Location of Origin: central (Confession) “There is no God but western Arabian Peninsula cities God and Muhammad is his messenger.” Guide to Conduct: The Five of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina Pillars; Sharia (Madinah) Sacred or Famed Sites: Kaaba (Mecca); Prophet’s mosque Food Concerns: Halal; fasting Main Areas: band of land from during Ramadan North Africa, through the Middle (Medina); al-Aqsa Mosque and East, to India and into China, Dome of the Rock shrine Pakistan, Bangladesh, and (Jerusalem); Blue Mosque Distinctive Dress: various head Indonesia (Istanbul) covering for women (hijab, niqab, burka); for men: turban and skull cap (kufi) Percent of World’s Population: Sacred Language: 23% (1.8 billion) Symbols: Crescent and Star; the Monasticism: none, color green though ascetic practices in Main Texts: and Hadith some Sufi orders Understanding Our Religious World QUICK FACTS Quick Facts

QUICK FACT 1 — QUICK FACTS. QUICK FACT 2 — Copyright. QUICK FACT 3 — It’s free This QUICK FACTS guide to world © 2020 by Professors Tom Robinson and (with some conditions). is part of a larger digital project Hillary Rodrigues. The images have their (1) Instructors may distribute this QUICK that includes eBooks, PowerPoint® and own copyright, as indicated below. See FACTS file freely; however, the file must Keynote® slides, maps, audio and video link to commons wikimedia for use of the be kept in its current form without files. Most of the pages here are from Jain and Islam images. modification. individual eBOOK chapters on major (2) Neither this file nor the contents within religious traditions. COVER (Globe): © titonz/123rf.com (#42121204) may be sold or used in material for sale HINDUISM (Vishnu): © www .exoticindia.com without permission from the authors. BUDDHISM (Buddha): © videowokart/123rf.com (#14167562) JAINISM (Tirthankara): https:// commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Mahavira_Seattle_01.JPG (modified by isolating image) SIKHISM (Golden Temple): © f9photos/bigstockphoto.com (#37219906) CONFUCIANISM (Confucius): © Liang Zhang/ bigstockphoto.com (#16556708) DAOISM (Laozi): © usersam2007/depositphotos.com (#41843445) SHINTO (Torii Gate): © masterlu/depositphotos.com (#63864387) JUDAISM (Scroll): © arogant/123rf.com (#19165873) CHRISTIANITY (Jesus): © Taiga/123rf.com (#7437996) ISLAM (Kaaba): Rochdiwafik// https:// commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kaabah_ (March_2020).jpg (modified by removal of background)

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