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Mulsantina Mexicana Chapin (Coleóptera: Coccinellidae), Depredador De Chupadores De Savia De Árboles Ornamentales De Bogotá

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Mulsantina Mexicana Chapin (Coleóptera: Coccinellidae), Depredador De Chupadores De Savia De Árboles Ornamentales De Bogotá Mulsantina mexicana Chapin (Coleóptera: Coccinellidae), depredador de chupadores de savia de árboles ornamentales de Bogotá Mulsantina mexicana Chapin (COLEÓPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) DEPREDADOR DE CHUPADORES DE SAVIA DE ÁRBOLES ORNAMENTALES DE BOGOTÁ Palabras clave: Coccinellidae, Membracidae, Pseudocco- Paola Quintero2, Olga Pinzón3, cidae, Psyllidae, Phylloxeridae, árboles, Bogotá. 2 2 Key words: Coccinellidae, Membracidae, Pseudoccocidae, Ricardo González , John Ruiz Psyllidae, Phylloxeridae, trees, Bogotá. Andrea Wanumen2 RESUMEN ABSTRACT En este estudio se llevó a cabo la identiicación This study comprised the taxonomic identii- taxonómica, observaciones de biología en con- cation, biological observations in laboratory diciones de laboratorio y ocurrencia en campo conditions and ield observations of one spe- de un coccinélido que se alimenta de chupa- cies of Coccinellidae that feeds on sap-suckers dores de savia que infestan varias especies de infesting several ornamental trees in Bogota, arbustos ornamentales de Bogotá. Adicional- Colombia. In laboratory conditions, using eggs mente, en el laboratorio se realizó la descrip- collected in the ield, we characterized mor- ción de las características morfológicas propias phologic parameters for each of its stages, and de cada estado de desarrollo y se comparó el compared developmental time of its larva and tiempo de desarrollo de la larva y el adulto adults when fed with Aconophora elongatifor- alimentados con Aconophora elongatiformis mis Dietrich (Hem.: Membracidae), Callophya Dietrich (Membracidae), Callophya schini Tu- schini Tuthill (Hem.: Psyllidae) and one spe- thill (Psyllidae) y una especie de Phylloxeri- cies of Phylloxeridae. The Coccinellidae was dae. El Coccinellidae fue determinado como determined as Mulsantina mexicana Chapin. Mulsantina mexicana Chapin. Los resultados Our results suggest M. mexicana may help to sugieren que M. mexicana puede contribuir a regulate populations of several phytophagous regular poblaciones de algunas especies de i- species of ornamental trees in Bogota that ser- tófagos que se establecen en árboles ornamen- ve as alternative preys in its diet. tales de Bogota las cuales puede utilizar como presas alternativas dentro de su dieta. 1 Trabajo de investigación inanciado parcialmente con recursos del Centro de Investigaciones y Desarrollo Cientíico de la Universidad Distri- tal Francisco José de Caldas. 2 Ingeniero Forestal, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. [email protected], [email protected], jhon- [email protected], [email protected] 3 Profesor Titular Proyecto Curricular de Ingeniería Forestal, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas. [email protected] 148 Revista Colombia Forestal Vol. 10 No. 20 - Diciembre 2007 Paola Quintero / Olga Pinzón / Ricardo González / John Ruiz / Andrea Wanumen INTRODUCCIÓN de las condiciones del microclima de la ciudad y amortiguación del ruido, entre otras. La composición de la lora urbana arbórea de Bogotá ha sufrido modiicaciones importantes El uso de insecticidas para supresión de pobla- como consecuencia de infestaciones severas ciones insectiles dañinas en árboles urbanos de plagas insectiles entre las que se destacan presenta restricciones para su aplicación, por los ataques de la cochinilla harinosa de las aca- el riesgo de contaminación de la población cias (Acacia sp.), el pulgón (Cinara sp.) del humana, de contaminación de vertederos de ciprés (Cupressus lusitanica Mill.) y más re- aguas y posibles efectos nocivos indirectos so- cientemente la infestación generalizada de los bre la fauna de vertebrados. Adicionalmente, urapanes (Fraxinus sp.) con la chinche del ura- su aplicación requiere de métodos y personal pán (Tropidosteptes chapingoensis Carvalho) especializado y se pueden requerir aplicacio- (Pinzón y Pedreros 1996). Este último ataque nes periódicas dado que los insecticidas tienen sorpresivo y generalizado a todos los árboles un tiempo de acción determinado. de urapán de la ciudad, inalmente signiicó el aprovechamiento y reemplazo de un alto por- Una alternativa ambientalmente segura para el centaje de árboles a consecuencia del deterio- manejo de poblaciones itófagas de árboles ur- ro del follaje y muerte descendente de ramas. banos consiste en optimizar la efectividad de Esta severa infestación y la imposibilidad de factores de mortalidad natural, para lo cual es su control, hizo evidente un total desconoci- necesario profundizar en el conocimiento de su miento y falta de preparación para enfrentar diversidad, así como de los factores que afec- uno los principales factores de riesgo para la tan la dinámica de la población. La acción de sobrevivencia de la lora urbana arbórea, como los depredadores, parásitos y microorganismos es la potencial ocurrencia de plagas y enferme- entomopatógenos son factores de mortalidad dades devastadoras de las cuales existen trá- poco estudiados en ambientes urbanos. gicos registros en la literatura mundial. Estas experiencias, generaron interés por caracteri- Durante la realización de los inventarios de la zar la composición de entomofauna benéica y entomofauna asociada con las especies foresta- dañina asociada con la lora ornamental arbó- les como el chicalá: Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex rea de Bogota como una herramienta base para HBK., falso pimiento: Schinus molle L, roble: planiicación e implementación de medidas de Quercus humboldtii Bonpland y caucho saba- prevención y manejo (Piñeros 1997, Pinzón y nero: Ficus andicola Standley en el área urbana Pedreros 1996, Pinzón 1999, Caicedo y Cas- de Bogotá, se observó frecuentemente la acti- telblanco 1999; Caicedo 1999, Barba y Caice- vidad depredadora de un coccinélido de cuya do 1999). presencia no se tenían registros previos en Co- lombia, que se alimenta de varias especies de Los daños causados por una devastación pro- chupadores de savia entre ellos: Aconophora ducida por insectos a la lora urbana, si bien elongatiformis Dietrich (Hem.:Membracidae), es cierto que no se cuantiican en términos de Callophya schini Tuthill (Hem.: Psyllidae) y pérdidas económicas (madera, látex, semi- una especie de Phylloxeridae presente en Q. llas, etc.), si se pueden valorar en la reducción humboldtii (Pinzón y Quintero 2002, Pinzón considerable de los servicios ambientales que y González 2002). Así mismo, se observaron brinda a la calidad de vida de los habitantes de posturas y adultos del coccinellidae en árboles la ciudad, como son belleza paisajística, mejo- severamente infestados por Pseudococcus cal- ramiento de la calidad del aire, mejoramiento ceolariae (Maskell) (Hem.: Pseudoccocidae). Revista Colombia Forestal Vol. 10 No. 20 - Diciembre 2007 149 Mulsantina mexicana Chapin (Coleóptera: Coccinellidae), depredador de chupadores de savia de árboles ornamentales de Bogotá Búsquedas en las colecciones del Instituto de Después de la eclosión, las larvas de primer Ciencias Naturales y del Instituto Colombiano instar se colocaron en contenedores individua- Agropecuario, así como una revisión exhausti- les para evitar canibalismo y cada larva fue va de la literatura disponible sugieren que no incubada en una caja petri de vidrio de 150 x hay registros previos de la ocurrencia de esta 25 mm, adaptada con papel iltro húmedo y pe- especie de Coccinellidae en Colombia (Blac- queñas ramas del árbol hospedero de cada una kwelder 1944-1947; Contreras 1951) y puede de las especies de itófagos que se le ofrecieron por lo tanto tratarse de una especie introducida como presa. que se ha adaptado a las condiciones ambien- tales de Bogotá. Los insectos ofrecidos como presa fueron co- lectados en árboles de chicalá, falso pimiento Considerando que no se tenían registros pre- y roble severamente infestados con estos chu- vios, sobre la ocurrencia de este depredador, se padores de savia, en diferentes lugares de la adelantó un estudio para conocer su determi- ciudad, mantenidos por pocos días alimentán- nación taxonómica, desarrollar observaciones dose de ramas de la especie hospedera y lue- de ocurrencia en campo, caracteres morfoló- go separados manualmente para ser ofrecidos gicos distintivos de cada estado de desarrollo, como alimento al depredador. En el caso del estimar el tiempo de desarrollo y capacidad C. schinni, dado que las ninfas se desarrollan depredadora así como observar el comporta- insertas en el foliolo formando una agalla, se miento depredador. ofrecieron entonces secciones de foliolo con- teniendo el número de presas necesarias. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Grupos separados de larvas y adultos de M. mexicana fueron alimentados con ninfas y OBSERVACIONES DE MORFOLOGÍA, adultos de A. elongatiformis, C. schini, con TIEMPO DE DESARROLLO Y HÁBITOS huevos, ninfas y adultos de P. calceolariae y DEPREDADORES con ninfas de una especie de Phylloxeridae que Las observaciones de biología y morfología de se alimenta en el follaje de roble. Diariamente los diferentes estados de desarrollo de M. mexi- se cuantiicó el consumo de presas y se renovó cana, se iniciaron con la recolección de posturas el alimento ofreciendo un número y tamaño de recientes las cuales se encuentran sobre los fo- presas acorde con el tamaño del depredador y líolos de varias especies forestales ornamenta- suiciente para mantener saciado el apetito del les; para el caso especiico se colectó en follaje insecto, los cuales se estimaron previamente de chicalá, falso pimiento y roble. Las posturas en pruebas alimenticias exploratorias. Las ob- se trasladaron en contenedores para protegerlas servaciones de
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