CMS CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Otago 2016, Volume 1

CMS

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

Otago 2016, Volume 1

Cover image: Celmisia haastii on the upper Wye valley near Queenstown with the Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains in the background. Photo: John Barkla

September 2016, New Zealand Department of Conservation

ISBN 978-0-478-15088-9 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-15089-6 (online)

Crown copyright © 2016 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the work to the Crown and abide by the other licence terms. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Please note that no departmental or governmental emblem, logo or Coat of Arms may be used in any way which infringes any provision of the Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act 1981. Attribution to the Crown should be in written form and not by reproduction of any such emblem, logo or Coat of Arms. Use the wording ‘Department of Conservation’ in your attribution, not the Department of Conservation logo.

This publication is produced using paper sourced from well-managed, renewable and legally logged forests. Contents

Foreword 7

Introduction 8

Purpose of conservation management strategies 8 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu 9 CMS structure 11 Interpretation 11 CMS term 12 Relationship with other Department of Conservation strategic documents and tools 12 Relationships with other planning processes 14 The Department’s legislative tools 14 Treaty of Waitangi and Ngāi Tahu Settlement Obligations 15 International obligations 16 Part One 17

1.1 The Department in Otago 17 1.2 Vision for Otago—2066 17 1.3 Distinctive features, values and issues of Otago 19 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu 25 1.5 Otago by 2026 32 Part Two—Places 45

2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place 46 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place 48 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place 57 2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place 74 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place 81 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place 86 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place 93 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place 101 2.9 Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place 107 2.10 Freshwater/Wai Māori Place 113 Part Three—Specific policy requirements for Otago 121

3.1 General 121 3.2 Vehicles 124 3.3 Mountain bikes (non-motorised) 126 3.4 Electric power-assisted pedal cycles 127 3.5 Other forms of transport 128 3.6 Aircraft 129 3.7 Animals 135 3.8 Dogs 135 3.9 Horses and pack animals 137 3.10 Structures and utilities 138 3.11 Private accommodation and related facilities 139 3.12 Marine mammal viewing 142 3.13 Commercial eeling 143 3.14 Sports fish and game bird hunting 143 3.15 Grazing and farming 144 3.16 Mining 145 3.17 Sand and shingle extraction 145 3.18 Commercial filming and photography 146 3.19 Collection of material 147 3.20 Wild animals 148 3.21 Game animals (see also wild animals) 151 3.22 Sporting and other competitive events 152 3.23 Recreation activities using fixed anchors 153 3.24 Fire management 154 3.25 Ski fields 154 Part Four—Implementation monitoring and reporting, and review 157

Glossary 158

Appendices 181

Appendix 1: 181 Work or activities of the Department of Conservation that may meet the requirements of section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemptions from land use consents in Otago Appendix 2: 191 Ecosystem and habitat types within Otago Appendix 3: 209 Islands administered by the Department of Conservation in Otago Appendix 4: 211 Priority ecosystem units on public conservation lands and waters in Otago identified by the Department through natural heritage prioritisation processes Appendix 5: 216 Threatened and at-risk indigenous flora and fauna present in Otago

Appendix 6: 229 Threats or pests and wild animals present in Otago Appendix 7: 249 Nationally iconic species in Otago Appendix 8: 250 Marine habitats and ecosystems in Otago Appendix 9: 255 Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes in Otago Appendix 10: 260 Actively conserved historic places on public conservation lands and waters, or managed by the Department, in Otago Appendix 11: 264 Icon and Gateway destinations in Otago Appendix 12: 265 Prescriptions for the management of visitor management zones Appendix 13: 268 Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act provisions relating to Otago Appendix 14: 292 Statement of outstanding universal value for Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area Appendix 15: 300 Publicly available huts on public conservation lands and/or managed by the Department within Otago. Index 297

Foreword

Many of Otago’s most significant and highly visited natural and historic places are located on public conservation land, providing valuable contributions to New Zealand’s international identity, reputation and economy. This Otago Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) integrates national and local conservation priorities and identifies outcomes for places that are special to Ngāi Tahu and the community. It builds on the wisdom, skills, knowledge and experience we have collectively gained over the past decade and sets out our aspirations for the next 10 years and beyond. It reaffirms the Department of Conservation’s desire to work alongside others, including Ngāi Tahu, other government agencies, individuals, business and the community to significantly increase our conservation effort in Otago. This CMS has been prepared through a lengthy public process and is the result of input from Ngāi Tahu, the Otago Conservation Board and many in the community. Their input, and enthusiasm and support for conservation, are acknowledged and have helped direct the future of conservation in Otago over the next 10 years and beyond. This CMS became operative on 1 September 2016.

Dr Warren Parker Chair, New Zealand Conservation Authority—Te Pou Atawhai Taiao O Aotearoa

Pat Garden Chairperson, Otago Conservation Board

Allan Munn Director Operations Southern South Island Kaihautū Matarautaki, Department of Conservation

Andy Roberts Director Operations Eastern South Island, Kaihautū Matarautaki, Department of Conservation

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 7 Introduction

Purpose of conservation management strategies Conservation, as defined under section 2 of the Conservation Act 1987 (the Act), is the ‘preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations’. The functions of the Department of Conservation (the Department) are for the most part identified in section 6 of the Act and in other Acts listed in the First Schedule of the Act. The purpose of a conservation management strategy (CMS), as defined by section 17D of the Act, is to implement statements of general policy, and to establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources, including species managed by the Department, and for recreation, tourism and other conservation purposes. The Act creates a hierarchy of documents to guide the Department in its management. The Act is at the top, General Policy is next and below that are the CMS and conservation management plans and other management plans. In the Otago region there is one recent1 operative conservation management plan for Taiaroa Head Nature Reserve.2 There is one operative national park management plan within the area of this CMS, prepared under the National Parks Act 1980, for Mount Aspiring National Park.

Statutory framework for the management of public conservation lands and waters

Conservation Act 1987 National Parks Act 1980

General Policy General Policy

Conservation management strategies National park management plans Conservation management plans

A lower-order planning document cannot derogate from a higher-order one, meaning that it cannot be contrary to it. The lower in order a planning document is, the greater the level of detail as to management intentions.

1 Other conservation management plans dating from prior to the Department of Conservation may still exist. The intention is that these will be revoked subsequent to this strategy’s approval. 2 Part of the Pukekura Reserves Management Plan (2012) jointly developed by the Department, Dunedin City Council, Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou and the Korako Karetai Trust.

8 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 The general policies relevant to this CMS are the:  Conservation General Policy 2005, which applies to all conservation lands, waters and resources managed by the Department under the following Acts: the Conservation Act 1987, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Reserves Act 1977, the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978  General Policy for National Parks 2005, which sets expectations and takes priority for national park management planning. Other legislation for which the Minister of Conservation has a role or that is relevant to this CMS includes: the Electricity Act 1992, the Freedom Camping Act 2011, the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, the Protected Objects Act 1975, the State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986, the Crown Minerals Act 1991, the Walking Access Act 2008, the Game Animal Council Act 2013, the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998 and the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Each draft CMS is prepared with public participation according to the process set out in the Conservation Act 1987. Preparation of this CMS has involved: a) Consultation with an extensive list of agencies, concessionaires, commercial interest groups, and recreation, conservation and other community groups. Many were met through the Department’s ongoing community liaison processes, and others invited the Department to strategy meetings. b) Posting pre-draft sections of the CMS and other background documents on a ‘CMS’ website for informal public comment. c) Consultation with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu,3 with regular updates and discussion regarding process and values (particularly cultural values). d) The Otago Conservation Board’s involvement in the development of the draft CMS, from identification of Otago issues to choices of the CMS Places. e) Public notification of the CMS, with submissions sought and received and, where requested by submitters, hearings were held. f) Consideration of the revised draft CMS by the Otago Conservation Board, requesting revisions and sending the revised draft CMS to the New Zealand Conservation Authority for approval. Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu are the tangata whenua with rangatiratanga or tribal authority over the area covered by this CMS. They are the Department’s primary partner under the Treaty of Waitangi. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu is the governing tribal council established by the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996. Papatipu Rūnanga are the representative bodies of the tangata whenua who hold mana whenua in their traditional takiwā (boundaries). There are nine Papatipu Rūnanga in Otago (see Table 1).

3 In Otago the local dialect form ‘Kai Tahu’ is often preferred; however, this CMS uses Ngāi Tahu for consistency with legislation.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 9 Table 1: The Papatipu Rūnanga of Otago

PAPATIPU RŪNANGA TAKIWĀ

Te Rūnanga o Waihao The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Waihao centres on Wainono, sharing interests with Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua to Waitaki, and extends inland to Omarama and the Main Divide.

Te Rūnanga o Moeraki The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Moeraki centres on Moeraki and extends from Waitaki to Waihemo and inland to the Main Divide.

Kāti Huirapa ki Puketeraki The takiwā of Kāti Huirapa ki Puketeraki centres on Karitāne and extends from Waihemo to Purehurehu and includes an interest in Otepoti and the greater harbour of Ōtākou. The takiwā also extends inland to the Main Divide, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to Whakatipu-Waitai with Rūnanga to the south.

Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou centres on Ōtākou and extends from Purehurehu to Te Matau and inland, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with Rūnanga to the north and to the south.

Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Arowhenua centres on Arowhenua and extends from Rakaia to Waitaki, sharing an interest with Ngāi Tūāhuriri ki Kaiapoi between Hakatere and Rakaia, and thence inland to Aoraki and the Main Divide.

Waihopai Rūnaka The takiwā of Waihopai Rūnaka centres on Waihopai and extends northwards to Te Matau, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains to the western coast with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Te Rūnanga o Awarua The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Awarua centres on Awarua and extends to the coasts and estuaries adjoining Waihopai, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Te Rūnanga o Ōraka Aparima The takiwā of Te Rūnanga o Ōraka Aparima centres on Ōraka and extends from Waimatuku to Tawhititarere, sharing an interest in the lakes and mountains from Whakatipu-Waitai to Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards.

Hokonui Rūnaka The takiwā of Hokonui Rūnaka centres on the Hokonui region and includes a shared interest in the lakes and mountains between Whakatipu-Waitai and Tawhititarere with other Murihiku Rūnanga and those located from Waihemo southwards. Source: Derived from Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (Declaration of Membership) Order 2001. The Treaty partnership is an enduring Treaty-based relationship between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown. This partnership is based on the principles upon which the Treaty is founded, and gives ongoing effect to the tino rangatiratanga of Ngāi Tahu alongside the requirement of the Crown to govern responsibility. With respect to conservation management, its practical application is expressed through the exercise of Ngāi Tahu kaitiakitanga (guardianship) responsibilities over their natural resources (see section 1.4 Treaty partnerships with Ngāi Tahu for details).

10 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 CMS structure This CMS describes the conservation values present in Otago, and provides guidance for the Department’s work in the form of a vision, objectives, outcomes for Places, policies and milestones translating the Department’s strategic outcomes to Otago. The Places described in Part Two of this CMS have been identified for the purposes of integrated conservation management and require some specific management direction. This CMS has two volumes. Volume I includes:  A vision for Otago, and whole-region objectives, policies and milestones (Part One)  Outcomes, policies and milestones for Places within Otago (Part Two)  Other specific whole-region policies and milestones that address legislative and general policy requirements (Part Three)  Objectives for implementation monitoring and reporting, and review (Part Four)  Glossary  Appendices. Volume II contains maps and a public conservation lands and waters inventory. The various objectives, outcomes, policies and milestones in the CMS sometimes refer to information in various appendices and maps (see table of contents). All other text is provided as supportive background material. Guidance for the interpretation of this CMS is provided below and at the start of Parts One, Two and Three. Milestones are included as specific actions that are measureable steps towards achieving objectives, outcomes and policies. They are a means by which the Otago Conservation Board can monitor and report on CMS implementation. Information in Appendices and the CMS Volume II conservation lands and waters inventory maps may be amended from time to time to keep the information accurate, with consequent updates to other CMS maps. Where such amendments relate only to conservation lands and waters, they may be able to be undertaken in accordance with section 17I(1A) of the Conservation Act 1987. Where the amendments would have implications beyond public conservation lands and waters for statutory parts of the CMS (objectives, outcomes and policies), the Department will consider an amendment process in accordance with section 17I(2) or (4) of the Act. All amendments and a schedule of them will be made and recorded on the Department’s website. Interpretation All public conservation lands and waters must be managed in accordance with the legislation under which they are held. All operative provisions of this CMS must be interpreted and applied in accordance with that legislation. The parts of this CMS that have legal effect are the objectives, outcomes, policies and glossary:  Objectives describe the goals that the Department wants to achieve across Otago, and support national directions and community aspirations to achieve integrated management.  Outcomes describe the future state of a ‘Place’, including its values and expected changes at that Place over the 10-year term of the CMS, and will be used for conservation management and decision-making. This applies whether or not there is a relevant policy for a Place.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 11  Policies describe the course of action or guiding principles to be used for conservation management and decision-making.  The glossary defines words and phrases. The Minister’s decision-making powers are, in most cases, delegated to departmental employees. When that is the case, that person acts as the Minister’s delegate. The Director- General’s decision-making powers are also, in most cases, delegated.

POLICIES 1. Public conservation lands and waters will be managed consistently with the provisions of the relevant legislation, general policy and the purpose for which they are held. 2. The operative parts of this CMS are the objectives, outcomes, policies and glossary. 3. The objectives in Part One, the policies in this section and the policies in Part Three of this CMS apply to all lands, waters and resources administered by the Department in Otago. 4. The outcome and policies in each section of Part Two apply to all the lands, waters and resources administered by the Department in that section. 5. Where the outcomes and policies in Part Two differ from the objectives or policies in Part One and/or the policies in Part Three, the provisions of Part Two prevail. 6. An integrated approach will be applied by the Department to its management within Otago and to cross-boundary management of public conservation lands and waters. 7. In interpreting the policies in this CMS, the words ‘will’, ‘should’ and ‘may’ have the following meanings: a. Policies where legislation provides no discretion for decision-making or a deliberate decision has been made by the Minister to direct decision-makers state that a particular action or actions ‘will’ be undertaken. b. Policies that carry with them a strong expectation of outcome without diminishing the constitutional role of the Minister and other decision-makers state that a particular action or actions ‘should’ be undertaken. c. Policies intended to allow flexibility in decision-making state that a particular action or actions ‘may’ be undertaken. 8. Approved national park and conservation management plans continue to have effect until they are amended, reviewed, withdrawn or revoked. 9. Approved national park and conservation management plans have primacy until such time as they are reviewed; then their review will be undertaken within the framework established by this CMS.

CMS term This CMS will have effect for 10 years or until formally amended or reviewed in full or in part. The term of this CMS is from 2016 to 2026 but may be extended with ministerial approval. Relationship with other Department of Conservation strategic documents and tools This CMS must be read in conjunction with the Conservation and National Parks General Policies as these are the key statutory tools directing the content of conservation

12 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 management strategies. Relevant provisions of the Conservation General Policy 2005 are not repeated in this CMS. This CMS should also be read in conjunction with the Department’s Statement of Intent,4 revised yearly. The Conservation General Policy 2005 provides clear direction that each CMS should integrate the management of Places to achieve national conservation outcomes and coordinate planning between Places in other conservation management strategies. To help achieve this integration towards national conservation outcomes, the high-level objectives of the Department’s Statement of Intent 2015–2019 and national priorities identified through the Department’s national decision-making support tools are reflected in this CMS. These tools, including those for natural heritage management and destination management, identify national priorities for the delivery of the Department’s biodiversity, historic and recreation functions. National priorities for ecosystems and recreation are identified on Map 2 (Ecosystem priorities and recreation destinations). In this CMS, the term ‘priority ecosystem unit’ refers to a site where conservation work will most effectively contribute to protecting the full range of ecosystems nationally and the threatened and at-risk species associated with them. These sites have been identified through the application of the Department’s natural heritage prioritising processes. Research and increased knowledge will result in adaptations to management approaches. Threatened and at-risk species are referred to by their status according to their level of threat of extinction identified in the New Zealand Threat Classification System (2008). ‘iconic species’ are those that the public has told the Department help define New Zealand’s identity. ‘iconic natural features’ are places highly valued by the public for recreation, tourism, education and research. Recreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters have been categorised as a national suite of destinations to reflect known and potential demand, and to capture people’s outdoor leisure preferences. This is part of an approach known as Destination Management. ‘Icon destinations’ are those that the Department has identified as high profile, popular destinations that underpin national and international tourism, and provide memorable visitor experiences in New Zealand. ‘Gateway destinations’ introduce New Zealanders to the outdoors and allow them to learn about conservation. These destinations may provide for a diverse range of activities but include many traditional camping and tramping destinations. ‘Local Treasures’ are vehicle-accessible, locally valued locations that provide recreation opportunities for, and grow connections with, nearby communities. ‘Backcountry destinations’ provide for more challenging adventures, including popular walks and tramps, within the body of large-scale natural settings. ‘Historic Icon sites’ are an important part of New Zealand’s history and identity, and will be the focus of the Department’s storytelling to bring history to life. Acknowledging the collective values of all these destinations is part of Destination Management. National conservation initiatives, such as Battle for our Birds, Wilding Conifer Strategy and War on Weeds, are all operational programmes implementing the intermediate outcomes and objectives of the Statement of Intent, and the Department’s 2025 Stretch Goals (as developed in 2015). CMS integrate the Department’s national priorities with local priorities identified through consultation with the community for the management of Places, business planning and the Statement of Intent, decisions on concessions and other authorisations, and identify opportunities for collaborative efforts to achieve more conservation.

4 Department of Conservation. 2015: Statement of Intent 2015–2019. www.doc.govt.nz

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13 Relationships with other planning processes CMS are part of a wider planning framework. In preparing CMS, the Conservation General Policy 2005 requires that regard be had to local government planning documents. In turn, local government planning processes are required to have regard to the Department’s statutory plans when preparing documents under the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Planning for natural and historic resources cannot be undertaken in isolation from wider regional, local government and Ngāi Tahu planning processes. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Papatipu Rūnanga have prepared the following non-statutory documents. While they do not form part of the CMS, they are a valuable resource for the Department, concessionaires and others in providing an understanding of Ngāi Tahu cultural values:  Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Freshwater Policy 1999. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch.  Hazardous substance and new organisms policy statement 2008. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Christchurch.  Kāi Tahu ki Otago natural resource management plan 2005. Kai Tahu ki Otago Dunedin.  Pounamu resource management plan 2002. Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, Christchurch. Individual nohoanga management plans are also being developed by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and, as they are completed, will be added to the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu website. Integration of this planning framework will ensure that plans and policies work as building blocks to deliver good conservation and environmental outcomes at a regional scale. Under the Biosecurity Act 1993, regional councils are responsible for preparing regional pest management strategies and pathway plans to ensure a coordinated approach to pest control is taken. The Department will work with regional councils on the preparation of these strategies and plans. The Department’s legislative tools

Exemption from land use consents Section 4(3) of the RMA exempts the Department from obtaining district council land use consents where activities are consistent with a CMS, conservation management plan or similar documents and do not have significant adverse effects beyond the boundary of public conservation lands and waters. Appendix 1 of this CMS lists many activities that the Department considers meet the requirements for an exemption under section 4(3)(a) and (b) of the RMA. The facilities and activities in Appendix 1 are listed for the sole purpose of enabling the exemption under section 4(3) of the RMA and do not represent an undertaking in terms of the provision of these facilities.

Closure of areas and access restrictions Section 13 of the Conservation Act 1987 enables the Minister of Conservation to close areas administered under that Act for reasons of public safety or emergency. This section also enables the Minister to close areas if a CMS provides for the closure for conservation purposes (see Part Three, Policy 3.1.3).

14 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Access to national parks may be restricted to preserve indigenous plants and animals or for the general welfare of the park. Access to reserves may also be restricted under the conditions for use of the reserve by Gazette notice, or signage.

Bylaws and regulations Bylaws can be established for reserves under the Reserves Act 1977 or for national parks under the National Parks Act 1980, and Regulations can be made for conservation areas and other conservation purposes under the Conservation Act 1987.

Conservation management plans Section 17E and 17G of the Conservation Act 1987 provides for the preparation of conservation management plans for the purpose of implementing a CMS and establishing detailed objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources for a place, and for recreation, tourism or other conservation purposes. The Act provides that the intention to prepare a conservation management plan may to be identified in a CMS. This does not preclude the preparation of conservation management plans, which may come about as a requirement in Treaty Settlement Acts. Treaty of Waitangi and Ngāi Tahu Settlement Obligations The Conservation Act 1987 and all the Acts listed in its First Schedule must be interpreted and administered so as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi (Conservation Act 1987: section 4). The Department also has specific responsibilities under Treaty settlement legislation. As Otago falls entirely within the takiwā of Ngāi Tahu, the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 applies. In addition to the section 4 responsibilities under the Conservation Act 1987, specific provisions in the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997, Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 and Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provide opportunity and direction for the Crown and Ngāi Tahu to work together to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Deed was signed in 1997 between representatives of Ngāi Tahu and the Crown. The settlement was later passed into law through the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 and provides for a full and final settlement of the Ngāi Tahu historic claims. Settlement provisions include Tōpuni, Statutory Adviser, Deeds of Recognition, nohoanga sites, taonga species, and protocols, as well as for pounamu and regarding customary use (see 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu). The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provides a practical framework for assisting the Treaty partnership between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown. The legal mechanisms established through the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provide a starting point for Ngāi Tahu tino rangatiratanga and its expression through kaitiakitanga, and the basis for an enduring partnership between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown.

Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997 The Ngāi Tahu claims settlement also includes the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997. This Act returned all pounamu (otherwise known as greenstone, and including all nephrite, semi nephrite, bowenite and specific serpentine resources) occurring in its natural state in the takiwā (tribal area) of Ngāi Tahu, which was the property of the Crown, to Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Pounamu is managed by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu in accordance with the Ngāi Tahu Pounamu Resource Management Plan.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 15 International obligations New Zealand is a signatory to many international agreements that are relevant to conservation. The Department implements these agreements in accordance with its functions and has responsibilities for a number of species under these agreements. Examples of important international agreements of most relevance within Otago include the:  Convention on Biological Diversity;  Convention Concerning the Protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention);  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Flora and Fauna (CITES);  International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling;  Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals;  Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention);  Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict;  Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.

World Heritage Areas Mount Aspiring National Park and parts of the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place are within the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area (see Appendix 14).

16 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Part One

1.1 The Department in Otago This section contains a vision, objectives and milestones that apply to all public conservation lands, waters and resources in Otago (refer Map 1). Where there is a more specific provision in Part Two or Part Three, that more specific provision prevails. This section, along with Part Two, guides the Department when it advocates for conservation of public conservation lands and waters. 1.2 Vision for Otago—2066 The Vision sets the long-term picture for the conservation of natural and historic resources of Otago. It goes well beyond the 10-year life of this CMS and may change over time. The Department also has a national longer-term Vision: New Zealand is the greatest living space on earth Kāore he wāhi i tua atu i a Āotearoa, hei wāhi noho i te ao This Vision is aspirational, a great deal bigger than conservation, and a great deal bigger than the Department. It challenges the Department to connect with others in order to achieve it, often in ways that expand the traditional view of the Department’s role, and who its partners are, in addition to its primary Treaty partner within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā. In doing so, it requires the Department to build empathy, trust and understanding, so that both traditional and non-traditional audiences engage in a common vision. Conservation protects New Zealand’s natural capital. Conserving and protecting our natural resources and heritage is an essential investment in New Zealand’s long-term well-being and prosperity. The Department provides leadership to inspire and involve others to work together to achieve more conservation than it could achieve alone. It means changing the way people perceive a healthy environment, so that they understand and value of spending on nature conservation, seeing that it delivers a broad range of benefits, such as healthy soils, clean air and fresh water. The benefits nature provides are also multi-faceted and broad—they feed our social, physical, cultural and spiritual health, and our wealth. This allows people to be drawn to making New Zealand the greatest living space on Earth through many pathways. Working towards the longer-term Vision for the Department and the Vision for Otago, the Department aims to increase the amount of conservation work being achieved over the life of this CMS by building a strong partnership with its primary Treaty partner Ngāi Tahu, and strong local partnerships with communities, agencies and businesses. Neither the ecological nor social environment of New Zealand will be the same in 100 years as they are today. The Department will adapt its management as the decades pass in response to climate and demographic changes so as to maintain relevance to New Zealanders and to demonstrate conservation leadership. Future revisions of the CMS will reflect those adaptations.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 17 VISION FOR OTAGO—2066 Otago is renowned for its wide diversity of distinctive landscapes and vegetation, evidence of a long human history, and its suite of recreational opportunities, which change with the seasons. An effective Treaty partnership between the Department and Ngāi Tahu is a key component of this vision. It creates an enduring relationship that recognises Ngāi Tahu tino rangatiratanga over their taonga tuku iho (treasured resources) and it enables the exercise of their kaitiakitanga responsibilities (cultural guardianship) and protection over them. The contribution of Ngāi Tahu resources, knowledge and values to conservation is thereby recognised, and Ngāi Tahu will actively engage in decision-making and management processes meaningfully. More conservation is achieved by working cooperatively with Ngāi Tahu, other agencies, communities and businesses. This results in conservation outcomes that are responsive to change, new and innovative, by finding enduring ways of enhancing the protection of natural values and increasing the number and range of protected and thriving biodiversity refuges and species. Marine ecosystems and species are thriving, with marine mammals and birds successfully breeding along the coast. Cultural, recreational and business activities associated with marine protected areas are consistent with this vision. A representative range of marine ecosystems has been protected, reflecting the value that communities have for their marine environment. Flowing from the mountains to the sea— ki uta ki tai—Otago’s diverse freshwater systems support healthy aquatic ecosystems. All riparian margins are clothed in predominantly indigenous vegetation. People can safely swim in and gather food from all freshwater systems. Otago is a stronghold for indigenous galaxiid species, and tuna/eels are abundant. Upland and lowland wetlands have increased through active restoration and protective activity and their margins remain vital habitats for indigenous flora and fauna. Braided river ecosystems retain their distinctiveness and are all intact. The contribution of freshwater systems to ecosystem services and their intrinsic values are understood and valued by the community. Otago terrestrial ecosystems and their species are thriving at a self-sustaining level. An expanded network of protected areas supports intact vegetation sequences and provides links for wildlife. The protected areas network includes a full range of Otago’s ecosystems and in particular has a good representation of lowland dryland ecosystems. Tussock grassland parks reflect the high value accorded to the tussocklands and their natural, historic and cultural values. Distinctly Otago species are secure and thriving in natural habitats and are valued as part of Otago’s natural heritage. Inland Otago is a ‘sea of gold’ as kōwhai blooms amongst healthy indigenous shrublands, and Otago skinks and grand skinks thrive in restored habitats. Ecosystem services provided by protected areas are better understood and valued, playing a vital role in Otago’s prosperity, including mitigating the effects of climate change and by providing refuges and safe migration pathways for affected animal and insect species. Otago’s rich history remains visible and accessible with communities actively involved in sharing their stories. People learn about the past through interpretation across a network of sites focusing on Ngāi Tahu, pioneer, pastoral farming, gold and exploration stories. Ngāi Tahu maintain their relationship with whenua tūpuna and their treasured sites on public conservation lands and waters. People enjoy public conservation lands and waters. A network of well-managed recreational opportunities in Otago offers locals and visitors exciting, informative and memorable experiences of international quality. Traditional backcountry opportunities where natural qualities dominate enable people to experience peace, natural quiet and the challenges of self- sufficiency. More residents seek out new recreational opportunities and take advantage of opportunities near where they live.

18 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Otago’s ‘flourishing kete’ supports a range of opportunities for hunting and gathering activities that are important to the ongoing expression of Ngāi Tahu and the community’s identity. Businesses are integral to sustaining a healthy environment. Business partnerships add value to the public’s use and enjoyment of natural, historic, recreational and cultural values. Prosperous communities have been created, which improves the health, wealth and well- being of Otago people and their families.

1.3 Distinctive features, values and issues of Otago

Introduction Otago stretches from the dramatic landscapes of the eastern coasts and rainforests of The Catlins, westward through the ancient block mountains and drylands of Central Otago, to the beech forests and tussock grasslands of the lakes and mountains of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, centred on Mount Aspiring National Park (see Map 1). All of Otago lies within the rohe of a single iwi, Ngāi Tahu, who have had footprints here for over 800 years. Ngāi Tahu have a special relationship with the land, waters and resources in Otago. As tangata whenua, Ngāi Tahu have particular rights and responsibilities. They are kaitiaki and have rangatiratanga status, in the management of the lands, waters and resources in the takiwā (see section 1.4 for further details). Otago has a character distinct from other regions of New Zealand and a vast diversity of landscapes, ecosystems, species and climates, which contribute to New Zealand’s international identity and reputation. The coastal and marine environments in Otago and the species that inhabit them are rich and diverse. Compared with terrestrial environments, relatively little is known about them and the scarcity of marine protected areas remains the most obvious gap in Otago’s protected area network. Central Otago has relatively few formally protected low-altitude dryland habitats, which provide a haven for dryland conservation, including nationally threatened species, such as skinks, galaxiid fishes, chafer beetles and distinctive plant communities. In the west, the mountainous country along the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana is largely included in Mount Aspiring National Park. The ecological, landscape, wilderness and natural quiet values of the park and surrounding areas are internationally recognised by its inclusion in the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. These areas have cultural significance for Ngāi Tahu and are important to New Zealanders’ and the tourism industry. The western mountains form the headwaters of some of New Zealand’s longest and largest rivers that flow east to the coast. These rivers are integrally linked with the early exploration and settlement of Otago and provide valuable natural, recreational, historic and economic resources. In Otago, tenure review plays a very important role in securing formal protection of conservation and recreation values in the high country as many important conservation values are located off public conservation lands.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 19 History—the journeys and stories of Māori occupation, gold mining and high- country pastoral farming Otago has a long and rich history. Māori settlers have left signs of their lifestyle in moa hunting sites, middens and stone tool working areas. The earliest verified dates of these are from the 13th century, although some sources within Ngāi Tahu refer to much earlier settlement or occupation. Substantial moa processing sites lie in north Otago river mouths of the Waitaki, Shag (Waihemo) and Pleasant rivers, on The Catlins coast (Cannibal Bay, Pounawea, Papatowai, Tautuku) and in the margins of the inland basins (Puketoi, Millers Flat, Hawksburn and Nevis River valley). Moa may have become extinct in Otago around 1500 AD at which time the diet and pattern of Māori settlement changed to focus on the area between Kaka Point and Oamaru. Inland, settlement was concentrated at points on the margins of the big lakes where foods such as fern root, weka, the extinct koreke/New Zealand quail and tuna/eels became important. The discovery and subsequent exploitation and use of pounamu occurred around this time. Treasured and with spiritual significance, pounamu was used by Māori to denote status and authority, for adornment, and for making tools, for trading and peacemaking. Trails criss-crossed the landscape from one coast to the other, and pounamu seams and boulders in the western mountains became important. Ngāi Tahu explored most of Otago in their desire for exploration and in their search for food and mineral resources. Signs of their seasonal and temporary occupation remain obvious in the extensive shell middens on the coast. Important inland sites are now being identified through the tenure review process. Although small in population, Māori had a visible and enduring impact on the landscape, including through fire. Ōtākou was one of three South Island sites for the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi/Te Tiriti o Waitangi and remains a significant marae today. Signs of Otago’s varied history, from early sealing and whaling to early Māori–Pākehā interactions and later European exploration, gold mining, pastoral farming, railways and settlement, remain in today’s landscape, the most obvious being gold-mining relics. Gold was discovered at Gabriel’s Gully in 1861 and resulted in a series of gold rushes. For several years Otago boomed, the population of Dunedin nearly trebled and in many places there were profound changes to the landscape, and major river impacts. By 1865 the great gold rushes in Otago were over. Historic goldfields sites are on and off public conservation lands; some of these are popular visitor attractions, especially the Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve (Icon destination) and Skippers (Gateway destination). High-country farming also has a long history in Otago, with a visible and enduring impact on the landscape, including through grazing and fire. Sheep farming in particular is seen as an integral part of the high-country and part of the present character of Otago as well as the history. Many relics of this history, such as mining relics and musterers’ huts are now located on public conservation lands and waters. Archaeological sites are legally protected under the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and archaeological and heritage sites protected under the conservation legislation. The multi-faceted history of Otago also includes the liberation of exotic wild animals, in particular red deer, and the subsequent control, including recreational and commercial hunting. Journeys are a recurring theme in Otago’s history. They include Māori trails, pioneer and gold trails, early exploration trails, and more recently, walking and biking tracks and horse- riding cavalcades. The early tramping and mountaineering clubs played an important role in advocating for the ongoing protection of these areas and left a significant legacy of backcountry huts built by Otago mountaineers. They connect the past with the present, through providing opportunities for recreational tracks and facilities.

20 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Rivers such as the Kawarau, Clutha River/Mata-Au and Taieri provide powerful connections through the landscapes of Otago, as do old trails such as the Dunstan Trail and the Nevis Road. They continue to provide access to and through public conservation and other lands.

Landscapes—from the snowfields of the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, to the tor-studded central Otago block mountains, and Otago’s wild coastline Defining characteristics of Otago are the combination of block mountain, tussock grassland, and rocky dryland landscapes, and the indigenous bush-covered coastal hills of The Catlins, which is one of few localities in eastern New Zealand where such intact coastal landscapes reach the sea. Many of these landscapes are whenua tūpuna, with five recognised by Tōpuni, reflecting Ngāi Tahu ancestral links to the land. Significant landscape features include the scroll plain of the upper Taieri River. Although much diminished in size, it is the only one of its type in New Zealand. Signs of the historical Otago gold rushes are also present on a landscape scale. Large areas of indigenous vegetation remain in central and western Otago, but recent land use change has reduced their extent and naturalness.

Ecosystems—rainforests, tussock grasslands, drylands, rich coastal forest and wetland ecosystems Within Otago’s diverse mountains-to-the-sea ecosystems are the Otago saltpans with their distinct assemblages of plants and animals, and The Catlins coastal forests. Some of The Catlins catchments comprise a wholly indigenous vegetation sequence of temperate rainforest, coastal wetlands and estuarine vegetation. The extensive, intact snow-tussock grasslands and tundra-like vegetation found on the broad block mountains of Central Otago are seemingly featureless, but on closer examination they encompass numerous microhabitats and support a high level of indigenous plant and invertebrate biodiversity. Central Otago’s low-relief range crests also support extensive wetlands and bogs that provide habitat for threatened freshwater fish, water birds, invertebrates and plant communities. Indigenous wetland systems of this size are now rare at any altitude, and elsewhere are often adversely affected by exotic plant invasions and various forms of land use. Otago’s lowland and coastal wetland systems provide habitats for threatened and at-risk species and are highly valued for their landscape, cultural and recreational values. Otago’s coastal and marine ecosystems are varied reflecting the diversity of rock types and exposure to waves and currents along the coast. Rocky shores alternate with sandy beaches, kelp beds and coastal cliffs. The ecosystem services provided by intact ecosystems, particularly tussock grasslands and high-altitude wetlands, are increasingly being recognised. Dunedin City’s water supply depends on maximising the water yield from the Lammermoor Range catchments, and irrigation schemes in Central Otago rely on the steady flow of water from the ranges. Climate change is predicted to result in less precipitation throughout most of Otago and may increase extreme weather events, increasing the importance of water yields and catchment stability in the long term.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 21 Species—Otago, a stronghold for birds, lizards, galaxiids, marine mammals and dryland plant species The diversity of ecosystems, weather and geology result in a diversity of vegetation and species, many endemic to Otago. Of particular importance is the lizard fauna, including the threatened grand and Otago skinks of Central Otago and the moko kākāriki/jewelled gecko, several threatened and endemic freshwater fish species, and many threatened dryland plant species (see Appendix 5). The extensive public conservation lands and waters in the western mountains and lakes support threatened animals including whio/blue duck, mohua/yellowhead, pīwauwau/rock wren, kākā; kākāriki/parakeet, kārearea/New Zealand falcon and pekapeka/bat. The high-altitude range crests and bogs of the Central Otago dry basins and uplands support a distinctive range of low-stature alpine plants. Other distinctive features are the saltpans, which support endemic salt-tolerant plant species, and the presence of small spring annuals that feature at several small reserves. The drylands also contain a wide range of threatened invertebrates, such as moths and beetles. Many species of invertebrates have yet to be formally identified. The forests of The Catlins include priority ecosystem units on the Maclennan and Beresford ranges and at Pūrākaunui, providing nationally important habitats for mohua/yellowhead and other forest-dwelling species. Otago’s rivers, particularly the Taieri, hold among the most diverse indigenous fish fauna in New Zealand, and are a stronghold for a number of threatened and endemic galaxiid. Thirteen non-migratory species have been confirmed, with sometimes a species being confined to one catchment. Protection of freshwater quantity and quality (including protection of upland and lowland wetlands) and increased public awareness of these often overlooked species are critical to their survival. Protection from salmonids is important in specific catchments. Marine and coastal areas support a wide range of seabirds, marine mammals, fish and invertebrates. Penguins, shearwaters, shags, albatrosses and gannets feed and breed in a number of locations along the coast. Bird species that usually nest only on offshore islands can be found nesting on parts of the mainland Otago coastline. Of particular note are the toroa/northern royal albatross and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin. The toroa/northern royal albatross colony at Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) is the world’s only mainland albatross breeding colony. Dolphins and four species of seal (popoiangore/leopard seal, kekeno/New Zealand fur seal, ihupuku/southern elephant seal, and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion) are present in coastal waters. Public interest in marine mammals and birdlife is high. Oamaru, Otago Peninsula and The Catlins coast attract many people to observe wildlife, including kororā/little penguins5 and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins. Dunedin is widely promoted as the ‘Wildlife Capital of New Zealand’ and the economies of Dunedin and beyond are enhanced by the growing marine-based wildlife tourism ventures.

5 Previously known as ‘little blue penguins’.

22 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Recreation—seasonal changes and diverse opportunities—short walks to wilderness The diverse landscapes of Otago provide for an extensive range of recreation activities both on and off public conservation lands and waters, and Otago is a significant contributor to New Zealand’s outdoor recreation and tourism opportunities. Nature- and scenic-based activities such as wildlife viewing, photography, sightseeing tours and walking are popular in coastal Otago, particularly around Oamaru, Dunedin and The Catlins. The diversity of marine mammals and birdlife around the coast supports Dunedin’s claim to be the ‘Wildlife Capital of New Zealand’, which draws domestic and international tourism. The Central Otago mountains are renowned for their seasonal recreation experiences and the opportunity to easily find solitude and natural quiet. During summer the area is popular for tramping, hunting, horse riding, angling, camping, and four-wheel drive and motor-bike touring on old farm tracks, together with experiencing its gold mining heritage. In winter the high country becomes a haven for backcountry skiing. The tourist areas of Queenstown and Wanaka are visited year-round for many recreational and adventure pursuits, either as individual or club activities or via commercial operators. The presence of several of the country’s major ski fields, three on public conservation lands and waters, is a driver for New Zealand’s winter tourism market. Other popular winter activities include heli-skiing/boarding, snow-kiting and ice-climbing. In summer the townships of Queenstown and Wanaka become a base for a vast array of outdoor experiences in the region. Adventurous activities such as bungy jumping, jet boating, canyon swinging, paragliding, hang-gliding, canyoning, mountaineering, white water rafting, cycling, mountain biking and heli-biking are all provided for. Tramping is widely popular, either as day walks or multi-day walks, with the area located close to well-known tracks. There are also opportunities for scenic flights, cruises, camping and horse riding. Mountain biking and cycling have become very popular, with the best-known cycle track—the Otago Central Rail Trail—an Icon destination. New cycle tracks have been developed on and off public conservation lands and waters, often utilising old trails such as along the Clutha River/Mata-Au and the Queenstown Trail, meandering through the Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori) area. These are the result of collaboration between the local mountain biking community, the Department, other government agencies and private landowners. Otago has some of the most diverse waters for sports fishing in New Zealand. They range from unique high-country to clear southern lakes and river tributaries. Each year thousands of residents and visitors enjoy many types of angling throughout Otago waters. Otago’s public conservation lands and waters accommodate several recreation and multi- sport events, including the Otago Central Rail Trail Duathlon, the Routeburn Classic, and the Motatapu and The Peak to Peak. There is interest in increasing this type of activity. There is a number of large and active community-led recreation groups in Otago and many recreation concessions. Issues can arise from increasing recreational use, conflicts between activities, and pressures to accommodate new activities at locations where increased activity has potential to adversely affect intrinsic values or other users. The abundance of recreational opportunities within Otago provides scope for the Department to work cooperatively with interested parties to achieve conservation outcomes. Examples of partnerships already underway include with the Queenstown Mountain Biking Club, Queenstown Trails Trust, Otago Central Rail Trail Trust, Routeburn Trust and Upper Clutha Tracks Trust.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 23 Threats—the challenges facing conservation in Otago The most obvious threats to conservation in Otago are pest plants and animals, human activities, developments and fire. Natural hazards including debris flows, erosion and flooding can significantly modify the environment and pose a threat to conservation values, recreation users and facilities. Otago’s marine environments lack protection and will require community engagement around the benefits and means of marine protection. The direct and indirect effect of some methods of commercial and recreational fishing on marine mammals and seabirds is a threat to some species, notably tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin and toroa/albatross. Many landscapes remain relatively unmodified at higher altitudes but those at lower altitudes and in dry areas are undergoing rapid change through intensification of land use, such as dairy farming and viticulture, and subdivision. At mid and higher altitudes, some modification is occurring through land use practices such as burning, through incursions by pest plants and animals, and by tourist and energy developments. Freshwater and dryland habitats and wetlands, under-represented in protected areas, are vulnerable to pollution, irrigation, conversions to pasture or forestry, and lifestyle block development. Central Otago dryland areas with low-stature plants are susceptible to replacement by higher stature exotic plants. The spread of pest plants such as wilding trees and gorse threatens the landscape, ecological and ecosystem-service values of tussock grasslands, as does fire. High-altitude landforms are also at risk, with the potential for climate change to exacerbate weed invasion. Protection of these intact indigenous habitats from the impacts of pest plants and animals will require a high degree of inter-agency and community cooperation into the future. Otago’s ecosystems and species, along with some recreational opportunities and coastal heritage sites, are being affected by climate change. Future impacts are likely on both terrestrial and marine ecosystems, the distribution and survival of species, and the range of pests. Coastal heritage sites are rapidly being lost by increasing coastal erosion. Minimising the impact of other threats, such as habitat modification and fishing pressure in the marine environment, may allow ecosystems to be more resilient to the effects of climate change.

24 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu Ngāi Tahu are the tangata whenua of Otago and as such are the primary Treaty partner with the Department of Conservation. Under this kākahu (cloak) of partnership, the parties are committed to strengthening their relationship to ensure they stand side by side to protect and manage ngā taonga tuku iho, recognise Ngāi Tahu rangatiratanga over these taonga and enable the iwi to exercise their kaitiakitanga obligations accordingly.

Ngāi Tahu – mana whenua Ngāi Tahu are the tangata whenua of and have mana whenua over this region. They are a resilient, entrepreneurial people who have lived in Te Waipounamu for over 800 years. Ngāi Tahu means ‘people of Tahu’ and is the iwi comprised of five primary hapū: Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāi Te Ruahikihiki. Post-Settlement, these five hapū are represented by 18 Papatipu Rūnanga. The Ngāi Tahu takiwā extends over 80% of Te Waipounamu, and the traditions of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna (ancestors) are embedded in the landscape. They left markers as they journeyed the length and breadth of Te Waipounamu, including visible additions to the landscape such as pā and kāinga, and other equally important reminders such as the place names, and stories relating to the vast geographic expanse and natural features that remain evident to this day. The Ngāi Tahu relationship with the land, waters and other natural resources is steeped in whakapapa as much as anything else. Whakapapa defines the relationship between elements of the natural and spiritual world. Otago is whenua tūpuna (a cultural landscape), treasured for its natural features, physical formations, cultural features, ara tawhito (traditional trails), mahinga kai (resource gathering places and practices), mātauranga (knowledge), wāhi tapu (sacred places), taonga (treasures), spiritual values, cultural values, traditions and associations. Ngāi Tahu are kaitiaki over the natural resources in Otago covered by this CMS. The kaitiaki responsibility of Ngāi Tahu is an expression of rangatiratanga, and one of their responsibilities as mana whenua. This role is reliant on mātauranga tuku iho (traditional knowledge and understanding) to care for natural resources and leave them in a better state for generations to come, as reflected in the tribal whakataukī mō tātou, ā, mō kā uri ā muri ake nei. Mahinga kai in particular is central to Ngāi Tahu resource management practices, and was a key component of the grievances that were recognised in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Customary practices have evolved over time to adapt to the changing needs of Ngāi Tahu Whānui and the changing environment. The ability to make use of mahinga kai and cultural materials, and the ability to continue and evolve cultural practices to meet changing needs, are crucial to enable Ngāi Tahu to maintain their identity, traditional knowledge, cultural traditions and well-being into the future.

Responsibilities under specific legislation relating to Ngāi Tahu (See the Introduction regarding the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.) The key components of the Act included an apology from the Crown, tribal redress, economic redress and cultural redress through provisions for Ngāi Tahu to express their traditional kaitiaki relationship with the environment. The Act included a number of specific mechanisms for active involvement by Ngāi Tahu in management of conservation lands and resources, as summarised below.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 25 Tōpuni The concept of Tōpuni derives from the traditional Ngāi Tahu tikanga (customary values and practices) of persons of rangatira (chiefly) status extending their mana and protection over a person or area by placing their cloak over them or it. In its new application a Tōpuni confirms and places an overlay of Ngāi Tahu values in relation to specific areas of public conservation lands and waters. A Tōpuni does not over-ride or alter the underlying land status (e.g. national park), but ensures that Ngāi Tahu values in relation to Tōpuni are also recognised, acknowledged and provided for. The Tōpuni addressed in this CMS, as identified and described in Appendix 13. are:  Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) (see 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park Place)  Tititea (Mount Aspiring) (see 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place)  Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) (see 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place)  Maukaatua Scenic Reserve (see 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place)  Matakaea (Shag Point) (see 2.7Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place).

Statutory Adviser Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu is also Statutory Adviser for the above Tōpuni sites and Tokatā (Nugget Point) and the Nuggets Islands, which enables Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu to have greater input to the management of those sites. The Minister of Conservation must have particular regard to any advice received directly from Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu in relation to these sites when considering any draft CMS, conservation management plan or national park management plan affecting those sites, or when making written recommendations to the New Zealand Conservation Authority in respect of those sites.

Deed of Recognition There are five Deed of Recognition sites within Otago, which are listed in Appendix 13. A Deed of Recognition provides for Ngāi Tahu input into the decision-making processes of the Crown body responsible for the administration of each named area. A Deed of Recognition recognises the particular Ngāi Tahu cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association with each area. A Deed of Recognition obliges the Department to consult with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and to have particular regard to its views in relation to the management of each area.

Nohoanga entitlements The term nohoanga literally means ‘a place to sit’ and traditionally referred to the seasonal occupation sites that were an integral part of the mobile lifestyle of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna (ancestors) as they moved around in pursuit of various foods and other natural resources, such as pounamu. This traditional concept has been given contemporary effect in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Ngāi Tahu have been granted 72 nohoanga entitlements (campsites) to temporarily and exclusively occupy land close to waterways on a non- commercial basis, for the purpose of lawful customary fishing and gathering of other natural resources. Thirteen of these nohoanga entitlement sites are located on public conservation lands and waters within Otago (see Appendix 13). The nohoanga entitlement sites provide Ngāi Tahu with an opportunity to experience the landscape as their tūpuna did, and to rekindle the traditional practices of gathering of food and other natural resources that are an essential part of Ngāi Tahu culture. The Department supports and encourages the utilisation of these sites.

26 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 The sites may be used for up to 210 days each year between mid-August and the end of April. Camping shelters or similar temporary dwellings can be erected during this period. The sites are approximately one hectare in size, are set back from marginal strips and were chosen to not unreasonably impair existing public access or use at the time of granting. They are subject to all legislation, bylaws, regulations, and land and water management practices, such as pest and river control.

Taonga species management Taonga species are animals and plants that are treasured by Ngāi Tahu.6 Although Ngāi Tahu considers all natural resources as ‘taonga’, specific species (refer Appendix 13) are identified as taonga species under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (the Act) for the purpose of sections 288–296, 298–302 and 304 of the Act. Through sections 288 and 298 of the Act, the Crown acknowledges the cultural, spiritual, historic and traditional association of Ngāi Tahu with the taonga species. These include species of birds, plants, marine mammals, fish and shellfish, many of which the Department is actively managing. The Act also provides for participation by Ngāi Tahu in consultation processes connected with the Minister of Conservation’s or the Director-General of Conservation’s decision over the management of certain taonga species as well as participation in some species recovery groups.7

Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu protocols The Minister of Conservation has issued protocols in relation to how the Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu will work together on specified matters of cultural importance to Ngāi Tahu. Appendix 13 provides a copy of the protocols. A number of documents produced by the Department and Ngāi Tahu provide guidance on the implementation of these protocols, all of which need reviewing.

Pounamu management Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu should be contacted, in the first instance, about all enquiries and matters relating to pounamu.

Customary use Applications for the customary use of animals and plants can be made under the Conservation Act 1987, the National Parks Act 1980, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Reserves Act 1977. Through the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, Ngāi Tahu do not require a permit to hold specimens8 that are protected by the Wildlife Act 1953. Authorisations are required to hold whale bone and take plant materials and clays from public conservation lands and waters. Authorisations to take indigenous fish are only required for reserves and national parks. The Department and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu have developed the Allocation of Cultural Materials Guidelines 2007 for the Ngāi Tahu takiwā to guide staff and applicants in the processing of applications. Although the commercial component of the customary right of Ngāi Tahu to take tuna/eel

6 For species not listed as taonga under the Act, Ngāi Tahu have a kaitiaki responsibility for them and wish to be involved, including in species translocations and management. 7 ‘Species recovery groups’, as referred to in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, have been replaced by alternative species management systems within the Department. The Department is engaging with Ngāi Tahu to ensure these new management systems provide for the interest and representation of Ngāi Tahu. 8 The dead bodies or any part of the dead bodies of any species of wildlife absolutely protected pursuant to section 3 of the Wildlife Act 1953 or partially protected pursuant to section 5 of that Act.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 27 was settled in the Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992, the customary right of Ngāi Tahu to take tuna/eel on a non-commercial basis remains.

A living Treaty partnership Te Tiriti o Waitangi and its principles provide the foundation for the relationship between the Department and Ngāi Tahu. A meaningful Treaty partnership between the Department and Ngāi Tahu respects the Department’s conservation responsibilities, whilst protecting the authority of Ngāi Tahu in relation to ancestral lands and taonga. The Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 (the Settlement) provided a framework for partnership through a number of legal mechanisms. In the years immediately post- Settlement, the Department and Ngāi Tahu worked closely together to implement the Settlement and build a close working relationship. Much has changed since, both within the Department and Ngāi Tahu, and concerning the challenges and opportunities in managing natural resources in partnership. Both parties are committed to building on the platform established by the Settlement to develop and strengthen a partnership that fully realises the Department’s section 4 (Conservation Act 1987) responsibilities and actively provides for Ngāi Tahu tino rangatiratanga and its expression through kaitiakitanga. This includes:  Active and shared management and decision-making with Ngāi Tahu (consistent with legislation) in management of public conservation lands, waters and resources of importance to Ngāi Tahu  Recognition of the kaitiaki responsibility and associated mātauranga of Papatipu Rūnanga in regard to whenua tūpuna (cultural landscape) and ngā taonga tuku iho (treasured resources)  Enabling Ngāi Tahu to undertake customary practices, including access to and use of cultural materials and mahinga kai, consistent with legislation  Protection of Ngāi Tahu values and the historic and continuing presence of Ngāi Tahu in the whenua tūpuna  Enabling Ngāi Tahu to explore and develop opportunities to support intergenerational well-being  Implementing the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. Implementation of the above requires a framework to manage the partnership at governance, management and operational levels. The Department and Ngāi Tahu will work together to co-design a partnership framework that sets out the principles and mechanisms for strengthening the partnership and maintaining it on an ongoing basis at all levels. Identifying projects of strategic priority to Ngāi Tahu that the Department can support is one mechanism to achieve this. An active partnership requires acknowledgement that changes may occur over time. The Department and Ngāi Tahu will work together to regularly monitor and review the effectiveness of the partnership framework, and adapt it as necessary to strengthen the relationship. The Department and Ngāi Tahu have developed some guidelines and documents to cover customary use, species recovery, historic and cultural heritage, concessions and relationship matters. The Department and Ngāi Tahu will work together to regularly review and improve these existing documents and co-develop new processes and protocols, where necessary, to ensure that Ngāi Tahu Treaty rights and kaitiaki responsibilities are recognised and provided for. This includes: the involvement of community and business groups in activities on public

28 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 conservation lands and waters; and management of sites and species of significance to Ngāi Tahu. Achieving a sustainable, living Treaty partnership between the Department and Ngāi Tahu underpins this CMS. The objectives and policies that follow apply to all of the Department’s activities across the Otago region.

1.4.1 OBJECTIVES 1.4.1.1 To maintain and strengthen the partnership between the Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu so as to enhance conservation of natural resources through the administrative processes of the Department and the exercise of traditional tino rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga practices of the iwi. This partnership is to be based on mutual good faith, and active engagement and transparency in decision-making processes. 1.4.1.2 To formalise and support, through agreement between the Department and Ngāi Tahu, the enhancement of those relationships. 1.4.1.3 To ensure that the Department actively consults at all times with Ngāi Tahu in a timely, informed and effective way. 1.4.1.4 To enable Ngāi Tahu to pursue their customary practices and the customary use of traditional materials and indigenous species, in a manner consistent with their kaitiakitanga obligations, the relevant legislation, regulations, general policies, and the purposes for which the land is held. 1.4.1.5 To encourage increased Ngāi Tahu involvement and participation in the conservation management of public conservation lands and waters. 1.4.1.6 To promote integrated conservation management for areas adjoining public conservation lands or waters that have been returned to Ngāi Tahu through Treaty of Waitangi claims settlements. 1.4.1.7 To work with Ngāi Tahu where the Department has a common interest, to advocate for the protection of mahinga kai, wāhi tapu and other cultural resources located outside of public conservation lands in accordance with Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 and Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 1.4.1.8 To work with Ngāi Tahu to establish and review formal protocols to: a) provide for the customary use of traditional materials and indigenous species; b) guide the management of marine mammal strandings; c) recognise the rangatira and kaitiaki role of Ngāi Tahu with regard to management of taonga species; and d) recognise the rangatira and kaitiaki responsibilities of Ngāi Tahu with regard to management of other indigenous species. 1.4.1.9 Promote authenticity in the use of Ngāi Tahu stories, terms and images and provide for the development of protocols around the use of these by business and community groups involved in conservation projects and activities on public conservation lands and waters. 1.4.1.10 Explore and develop opportunities for intergenerational Ngāi Tahu well-being. 1.4.1.11 Acknowledge the ownership of pounamu by Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and ensure relevant legislation is given effect to when activities associated with pounamu occur.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 29 1.4.2 POLICIES 1.4.2.1 Ensure departmental staff are aware of, and implement, the Department’s responsibilities under the Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997 and the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions, and associated protocols and guidance documents. 1.4.2.2 Work with Ngāi Tahu to develop and implement a partnership framework that identifies the principles and mechanisms to strengthen and maintain an enduring partnership at all levels. 1.4.2.3 Work with Ngāi Tahu to explore, identify and implement: a) opportunities for co-management of sites and species of significance to Ngāi Tahu; b) measures to improve Ngāi Tahu access to and customary use of mahinga kai and other cultural materials; and c) opportunities for shared decision-making consistent with legislation. 1.4.2.4 Work with Ngāi Tahu to develop, where necessary, review and implement guidelines, and protocols for Department engagement with Papatipu Rūnanga and Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. 1.4.2.5 Maintain effective communication between Papatipu Rūnanga and the Department. 1.4.2.6 Provide for the non-commercial customary take of tuna/eels and other indigenous freshwater fish from public conservation waters where: a) the effects of the harvest are understood, and adverse effects on indigenous species or ecosystems within those waters are avoided or otherwise minimised; b) the activity is consistent with the outcome for the Place and the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan; c) there is an established tradition of such a customary use at the site; and d) this is consistent with section 50 of the Reserves Act 1977, in the case of reserves under that Act. 1.4.2.7 Consult with Papatipu Rūnanga on proposals for the taking of and/or research relating to taonga species. 1.4.2.8 Explore with Ngāi Tahu how customary Ngāi Tahu conservation practices such as rāhui (restriction on resources) may be used and supported to achieve shared conservation goals. 1.4.2.9 Work with Ngāi Tahu to review and implement the Department of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu Guidelines for Management of Wāhi Tapu and Wāhi Taonga: Protection and Management of Historical and Cultural Heritage on Public Conservation Lands and Waters. 1.4.2.10 Engage with Ngāi Tahu when developing partnerships with others to ensure the rights and values of Ngāi Tahu in relation to such partnerships are fully considered. 1.4.2.11 Work with Ngāi Tahu to develop and implement guidelines to ensure cultural sensitivity regarding the use of taonga species and sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu within advertising and promotional material.

30 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 1.4.2.12 Ensure that five Tōpuni and the 13 nohoanga entitlement sites on public conservation lands and waters within Otago are managed in accordance within sections 237–253 and 255–268 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 1.4.2.13 Work with Ngāi Tahu to review and implement decision-making processes for authorisation applications, to maximise opportunities for the involvement of Ngāi Tahu and ensure provision is made for Ngāi Tahu rights and values. 1.4.2.14 Ensure that Ngāi Tahu tikanga and kawa (protocols) are upheld where iwi or hapū from outside of the Ngāi Tahu takiwā are involved in conservation projects within the Ngāi Tahu takiwā. 1.4.2.15 Ensure that concessions for guiding or otherwise taking visitors into public conservation lands and waters include provisions to recognise and provide for Ngāi Tahu values and the respectful use of Ngāi Tahu cultural information. 1.4.2.16 Support the erection of mutually agreed to Ngāi Tahu cultural markers (pou whenua) on or beside public conservation lands and waters. 1.4.2.17 Develop, with Ngāi Tahu, guidelines for consultation regarding land reclassification, disposal or exchanges and provide for reviews of those guidelines. 1.4.2.18 Help ensure the protection of pounamu by advising concessionaires and the public that pounamu belongs to Ngāi Tahu.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  An agreed ‘partnership framework’ has been developed with Ngāi Tahu to implement and monitor the Treaty partnership with respect to the management of conservation lands in Otago.  A process has been established between the Department and Ngāi Tahu to prioritise, review, develop and implement protocols and guidance documents addressing Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, Conservation Protocols and section 4 Conservation Act 1987 matters.  Measures to protect, encourage respect for, and provide for active involvement of Ngāi Tahu in the management of sites and species of significance to Ngāi Tahu have been formally put in place.  Guidelines on the use of taonga species and sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu within advertising and promotional material have been mutually formalised and implemented.  A process has been mutually agreed to, and implemented, that will enable the Department to identify and support conservation-related projects of strategic priority to Ngāi Tahu.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 31 Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Regular monitoring of the ‘partnership framework’, including relevant protocols and guidance documents, has been firmly implanted in the ongoing relationship between the Department and Ngāi Tahu and, when required, any changes are mutually agreed to and implemented.  Regular monitoring of the measures to protect, encourage respect for, and provide for active involvement of Ngāi Tahu in the management of sites and species of significance to Ngāi Tahu has become firmly implanted in the ongoing relationship between the Department and Ngāi Tahu, and that any necessary changes are mutually agreed to and implemented.  Success of advocacy undertaken to protect mahinga kai, wāhi tapu and other Ngāi Tahu cultural resources and values.  Progress made on agreed projects of strategic priority to Ngāi Tahu. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Monitoring of the Treaty partnership in accordance with the ‘partnership framework’, including relevant protocols and guidance documents, and required changes agreed and implemented.  All existing protocols and guidance documents reviewed, and new protocols and guidance documents developed as required.  Satisfaction with measures to protect, encourage respect for, and provide for active involvement of Ngāi Tahu in the management of sites and species of significance to Ngāi Tahu.  Progress made on agreed projects of strategic priority to Ngāi Tahu.

1.5 Otago by 2026 This section outlines national and regional conservation objectives for natural heritage, history, recreation, public engagement and conservation gains from business partnerships to be delivered by management of conservation resources within Otago over the next 10 years (see Introduction). The national conservation objectives in this Part are linked to the intermediate outcomes and their objectives in the Department’s Outcome Statement and 100-year Vision, as detailed in the Department’s Statement of Intent 2015-2019. The wording of the headings for sections 1.5.1 to 1.5.5 mirror those used for the intermediate outcomes. Map 2 demonstrates the ecosystem priorities (see Appendix 4) and Icon and Gateway destinations (see Appendix 11) in Otago as part of the jigsaw of national ecosystem and recreation outcomes identified by the Department. Regional objectives are consistent with the national objectives but identify specific goals for Otago.

1.5.1 Natural heritage Section 1.3 outlines the key matters that have shaped Otago into being an important place for natural heritage, in particular the diversity of Otago’s natural landscapes, ecosystems and species, the vulnerability of natural heritage to the impacts of human activities, and the opportunities to protect, maintain and restore these values. Places the Department considers nationally important for natural heritage management are listed in Appendices 2, 3, 4 and 8, and include:

32 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016  Lowland and coastal forests  Coastal and marine areas  Dryland ecosystems  Tussock grasslands  Grey shrublands  Wetlands—both upland and lowland, and estuaries  Saline ecosystems  Braided river habitats  Freshwater ecosystems. The priority ecosystem units listed in Appendix 4 are based on national priorities for the protection of ecosystems. Threatened, at-risk and iconic species present in Otago are listed in Appendices 6 and 7. Otago’s natural heritage is highly valued by the community. This is reflected in the many community conservation initiatives (e.g. various Ngāi Tahu projects, Orokonui Ecosanctuary, the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust, Central Otago Ecological Trust, and Setpoint Solutions Ltd— see section 1.5.4). Support from the community is integral to maintaining and increasing the amount of conservation work to support and restore natural heritage in Otago. Outcomes from the tenure review process and cooperative community conservation efforts are contributing to the restoration of natural heritage in Otago. This is particularly so, given the high proportion of natural values on private or leasehold lands, especially in Central Otago. The Department implements its responsibilities under the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, the Fire Service Act 1975, and the Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 2005 through its National Fire Plan.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.1.1 The diversity of New Zealand’s natural heritage is maintained and restored, with priority given to: a) conserving a full range of New Zealand’s ecosystems to a healthy functioning state, with an emphasis on the priority ecosystem units in Appendix 4; b) supporting the work of others to maintain and restore ecosystem types selected from Appendix 2; c) conserving threatened species to ensure persistence,9 with an emphasis on those species listed in Appendix 5; d) maintaining or restoring populations of nationally iconic species that occur locally, with an emphasis on those species listed in Appendix 7; and e) conserving significant geological features, landforms and landscapes, including those listed in Appendix 9, where they are on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.1.2 Build partnerships with others to maintain or restore the species, natural features and ecosystems that collectively are valued by a local community as defining their locality.

9 Persistence is achieved where there is a 95% probability of a species surviving over the next 50 years or three generations (whichever is longer).

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 33 1.5.1.3 Engage in collaborative processes to build a nationally representative network of marine reserves and other marine protected areas, taking into account the marine habitats and ecosystems listed in Appendix 8. 1.5.1.4 Advocate for the protection of priority heritage, such as: priority ecosystem units and threatened species; and significant geological features, landforms and landscapes at risk of permanent degradation selected from Appendix 9. 1.5.1.5 Raise community awareness of fire threat, in partnership with other fire-fighting authorities and at sites where this will achieve conservation benefits. 1.5.1.6 Work with landowners, Ministry for Primary Industries, Fish and Game Councils, local government and other agencies, and advocate for the: a) protection of freshwater fisheries, fish habitat and fish passage; b) preservation of threatened indigenous freshwater species; and c) maintenance and improvement of habitat connectivity and water quality from the headwaters of waterways to the coast. 1.5.1.7 Contain or control pest plants and animals and wild animals, including those identified in Appendix 6, in priority ecosystem units through a targeted strategic and sustainable multi-threat management approach. 1.5.1.8 Foster management action on pest plants and animals and wild animal control involving inter-agency, concessionaires and community. 1.5.1.9 Work with others to manage or avoid threats to marine and coastal habitats, particularly of seabirds and marine mammals, tohorā/southern right whales, tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins and terehu/bottlenose dolphins, to ensure their recovery and protection. 1.5.1.10 Manage all islands administered by the Department in accordance with the purposes for which they are held and the guidance provided and issues identified in Appendix 3. 1.5.1.11 Contribute to Crown tenure review and other processes, to seek the protection of significant inherent values10 and seek opportunities to increase ecological connectivity with public conservation lands and waters, and protect ecosystems and habitats that are currently under-represented. 1.5.1.12 Work with others to undertake integrated catchment management around estuaries, coastal lagoons and river beds, to restore intertidal ecosystems and habitats, to reduce the impact of habitat fragmentation, and to protect indigenous species including migratory species and their migratory flyways. 1.5.1.13 Support relevant agencies in the implementation of the Regional Pest Strategy. 1.5.1.14 Work with businesses and others to foster greater engagement and support for conservation and the management of natural resources through the application of best conservation and environmental management practices. 1.5.1.15 Encourage further research and investigations into the flora, fauna and ecology of Otago to gain a better understanding of the natural biodiversity.

10 ‘Significant inherent value’ in the Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998, in relation to any land, means inherent value of such importance, nature, quality or rarity that the land deserves the protection of management under the Reserves Act 1977 or the Conservation Act 1987.

34 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 1.5.1.16 Contain Himalayan tahr within the feral range as set out in the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993)11 and seek to ensure that new populations of wild animals and pest animals are not established. 1.5.1.17 Work with the community to secure ecological corridors linking public conservation lands and waters and other areas of conservation value. 1.5.1.18 Maintain the outstanding universal values (see Appendix 14) of the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. 1.5.1.19 Contribute to multi-agency management of water bodies.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  A baseline report on the condition of the priority ecosystem units in Otago as listed in Appendix 4.  Scheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes for priority ecosystem units in Otago.  Scheduled outputs identified for threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  Collaborative partnerships for ecosystems and species restoration, protection and management are established.  Control of wilding conifers in accordance with the New Zealand Wilding Conifer Management Strategy 2015–2030.12 Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Scheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes for priority ecosystem units in Otago.  Schedule outputs identified for threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  No increase in the range and population of pest animals and plants, and wild animals in Otago.  Collaborative partnerships for pest animal and plant control are established.  Control and containment of wilding conifers in accordance with the New Zealand Wilding Conifer Management Strategy 2015–2030. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Scheduled outputs identified in approved work programmes for priority ecosystem units in Otago.  Scheduled outputs identified for threatened species outside priority ecosystem units for which a work programme is underway.  An increased knowledge and understanding of the flora, fauna and ecology of Otago.  A decrease in the range and populations of pest animals and plants and wild animals in Otago.  Containment and eradication of wilding conifers in accordance with the New Zealand Wilding Conifer Management Strategy 2015–2030.

11 Department of Conservation. 1993: Himalayan Thar Control Plan. Department of Conservation, Christchurch. 12 New Zealand Wilding Conifer Management Strategy 2015–2030. 2014 Ministry for Primary Industries, Wellington.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 35

1.5.2 Historic and cultural heritage There are many archaeological sites and historic places in Otago, reflecting the rich and diverse history of human exploration and settlement. These include a large number of buildings, structures, tracks and backcountry airstrips, which all hold some historical value. Actively conserved historic places and historic Icon destinations in Otago are listed in Appendix 10. The Department is developing a priority-setting system that will allow it to apply its resources to priority projects. It aims to protect and interpret a range of historic sites and values that represent the main themes of Otago’s history—early exploration and settlement, gold, journeying and early outdoor recreation activities, such as tramping, fishing, mountaineering and backcountry skiing. Of particular importance is Otago’s gold history. Although the main ‘gold rush’ was relatively brief, it had a profound influence on Otago and many important relics of this period and later gold mining enterprises such as dredging remain on public conservation lands and waters throughout Otago. These sites represent the range of goldfield activities, including the gold rushes, access, techniques, settlements and life on the goldfields. Another important feature of Otago’s heritage is its journeying history. Journeys that traverse Otago’s diverse landscapes or follow Otago’s rivers have been an integral part of Otago’s history since the first Polynesian settlement. The journeying theme permeates most aspects of Otago’s history and continues into the present. Some tracks and routes used by visitors to public conservation lands and waters follow the ara tawhito (ancestral trails) or roads used by Māori, early explorers, gold miners or early settlers. There are numerous sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu. The Department is working with Ngāi Tahu on how best to tell these stories. Places and sites where the Department will focus effort to ensure history is brought to life are:  Icon destinations and historic Icon sites of the Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve and Otago Central Rail Trail, and the Icon destination of Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki  Gateway destinations of Bannockburn, St Bathans, Bendigo and Skippers  A site or sites of spiritual and cultural importance to Ngāi Tahu. Some of the historic places listed above also have important recreational and/or ecological values that contribute to their attraction as visitor destinations. Many other historic sites, with less public profile, are managed by the Department and are highly valued by communities.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.2.1 Historic and cultural heritage on public conservation lands and waters is valued by New Zealanders. 1.5.2.2 Understand the location, value, significance and condition of historic places on public conservation lands and waters, and ensure that records of the location, value, significance and condition of these places are up to date. 1.5.2.3 Profile any historic Icon sites and the selected actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10, through quality interpretation both on- and off-site, to enable visitors to identify with historic sites and their stories. 1.5.2.4 Prioritise for protection and conservation of the actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 on the basis of their historic, cultural, and physical

36 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 significance, their value to Ngāi Tahu and the community, and their conservation requirements. 1.5.2.5 Understand the expectations of Ngāi Tahu, the community and others regarding the conservation and management of historic places on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.2.6 Build relationships with Ngāi Tahu, the community, and business to increase understanding, skill, active management and support for historic places. 1.5.2.7 Undertake conservation work (repair and maintenance) at actively conserved historic places having regard to conservation plans, national and international best practice and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) New Zealand Charter. 1.5.2.8 Work with Ngāi Tahu to identify and manage places of importance to them according to the values of those places, and where there is a common interest support Papatipu Rūnanga to lead management. 1.5.2.9 Work with Ngāi Tahu to implement and update interpretation that tells their history on public conservation lands and waters, at places of importance to Ngāi Tahu, including ara tawhito (ancestral trails). 1.5.2.10 Work with Ngāi Tahu to protect cultural sites and whenua tūpuna on public conservation lands and waters from adverse effects of development. 1.5.2.11 Contribute to the Crown pastoral lease tenure review process to seek the best protection of historic places. 1.5.2.12 Expand the understanding, recording and interpretation of historic places/sites beyond those in Appendix 10, to include significant historic events, actions, tracks, trails and routes. 1.5.2.13 Work collaboratively with Ngāi Tahu, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga and other agencies to identify, protect and correctly interpret historic and cultural heritage, including cultural markers within the landscape. 1.5.2.14 Work with community heritage interest groups to further shared goals, and support each other to build skills and knowledge. 1.5.2.15 Recognise the interconnectedness of diverse elements of tangible and intangible heritage, and living cultural traditions. 1.5.2.16 Increase public awareness of historic resources and values on public conservation lands and waters and the potential threats to them. 1.5.2.17 Work with Ngāi Tahu Rock Art Trust on the integrated management of rock art sites on and off public conservation lands and waters.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  A baseline report on the number and condition of actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 that are stable and not deteriorating.  Progress heritage assessments for all actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10, including identification of Ngāi Tahu values.  Identification of new sites for inclusion in Appendix 10, including sites important to Ngāi Tahu.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 37 Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  An increase in the number of actively conserved historic places in Appendix 10 that are stable and not deteriorating.  Enhance existing and develop new partnerships to support the restoration, protection and management of historic places in Otago.  Additional sites identified, including those in Otago of significant historic events, actions, tracks, trails and routes, to connect people with historic and cultural heritage. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  A further increase in the number of actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 that are stable and not deteriorating.  Heritage assessments for all actively conserved historic places listed in Appendix 10 have been completed.  An increase in the number of sites in Otago, including significant historic events, actions, tracks, trails and routes where active interpretation and promotion connects people with historic and cultural heritage.

1.5.3 Recreation The Department uses a combination of approaches to manage recreation, including destination management, visitor management zones, and visitor groups. The intent of destination management (refer Glossary and Appendix 11) is to increase recreational use on public conservation lands and waters. It is a holistic approach that considers marketing and the contribution of community and business to the visitor experience, and focuses on the predominant visitor groups accessing different destinations (see Glossary for a full definition of destination categories):  Icon destinations—people travelling on holiday  Gateway destinations—new participants  Local Treasure destinations—the recreation needs of local communities  Backcountry destinations—the recreational needs of the backcountry community. The Department has identified Icon and Gateway destinations in Otago (see Appendix 11). The purpose of visitor management zones (see Map 3 and Appendix 12), which use the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS),13 is to plan for a range of recreation opportunities from short stops next to main highways, to multi-day wilderness experiences. Visitor groups are described in the 1996 Visitor Strategy14 and used to guide the application of visitor management zones and destination categories. They ensure that visitors are able to seek out different locations to suit the type of experience that they want to experience. The Department uses other operational tools to manage individual facilities at a more detailed level, taking into account visitor management zones, destination categories and visitor groups, while recognising that certain locations with long-standing patterns of use may not fit typical or desired descriptors or categories under a particular approach. For example, there may be a Local Treasure destination in a backcountry or remote zone where day visitors are known to venture often, such as Macetown Historic Reserve near Arrowtown.

13 Hillary Commission and Department of Conservation. 1993: The New Zealand Recreation Opportunity Spectrum – guidelines for users. 14 Department of Conservation. 1996: Visitor Strategy. www.doc.govt.nz

38 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Where possible, the Department seeks to collaborate or partner with others to maintain or better develop visitor opportunities on public conservation lands and waters, and elsewhere. The heritage and/or historic value of backcountry facilities is highly regarded by New Zealanders and internationally, and to assist their retention an agreement has been reached between outdoor recreation clubs and the Department to facilitate shared management arrangements for these facilities. The extensive public conservation lands and waters of Otago present an opportunity for more people to participate in recreation and in so doing to gain health benefits and an improved sense of well-being. The Department manages a well-established network of visitor facilities and recreation opportunities, complemented by concessionaire facilities and services and by regional and local parks and facilities managed by councils, trusts and landowners. While the Department’s main focus will be on the recreation opportunities and experiences in public conservation lands and water, which in Otago are backcountry experiences, wildlife viewing, seasonal recreation and adventure, it will also work with councils, trusts and others, especially where they provide opportunities that differ from or complement those provided by the Department.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.3.1 Understand demand for outdoor recreation and provide recreation opportunities where: a) the recreation opportunities are consistent with: i) the protection of indigenous natural, historic and cultural resources; and ii) the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; and b) demand is evident; and c) demand is expected to be sustained. 1.5.3.2 Contribute to a national network of visitor opportunities by promoting the Icon and Gateway destinations identified in Appendix 11, as strategic attractions within the network of opportunities offered in Otago. 1.5.3.3 Contribute to a national network of visitor opportunities by promoting the Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations, as locally important locations and as more challenging attractions respectively, within the network of opportunities offered in Otago. 1.5.3.4 Recognise the historic and/or heritage value of huts (identified in Appendix 15) and tracks in Otago, and its ongoing value for backcountry and frontcountry recreation. To achieve this, work with outdoor recreation groups and the Otago Conservation Board to assist with management and retention of the network, while recognising that some parts of the network may need to adapt in response to changes in the community that uses them. 1.5.3.5 Build partnerships with others to plan for, maintain and/or better develop recreation destinations. 1.5.3.6 Provide visitors with the opportunity for a positive social, physical and learning experience on public conservation lands and waters. 1.5.3.7 Work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission to achieve priorities for improved access to public conservation lands and waters for recreation, and to enhance public access to the coastal margin and rivers. 1.5.3.8 Contribute to the Crown tenure review process and work with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission and leaseholders to enhance public access to public

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 39 conservation lands and waters and to seek the provision of recreational opportunities. 1.5.3.9 Seek to avoid or otherwise minimise conflicts between visitors undertaking different types of activities in the same location. 1.5.3.10 Enhance visitors’ understanding and appreciation of natural, historic and cultural heritage, particularly at Icon and Gateway destinations and at major concessionaire destinations. 1.5.3.11 Understand and encourage visitor desires to undertake voluntary conservation work as recreation, including when initiated by concessionaires. 1.5.3.12 Encourage recreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters that are consistent with outcomes for a Place and that meet one or more of the following: a) emphasise access close to urban and holiday accommodation areas, and State Highways; b) integrate recreation opportunities on and off public conservation lands and waters; c) integrate recreation opportunities across Otago and with neighbouring public conservation lands and waters; d) integrate recreation opportunities with objectives in sections 1.5.1–1.5.5; e) provide education benefits to schools and educational groups; f) have been subjected to thorough environmental impact assessment and landscape design processes, and are likely to have minimal environmental and landscape impacts; and g) are supported or enabled by facilities that are able to be maintained into the future. 1.5.3.13 Work with others to understand the needs, barriers and demand for disabled visitors, families and older people to access public conservation lands and waters, and seek to provide opportunities to enable them to participate.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  A baseline report on the number and condition of huts, tracks and other visitor facility structures in Otago, and on the number and satisfaction of people using these facilities.  Partnerships established to maintain and develop Local Treasure and Backcountry facilities in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  The number and/or quality of experiences of people recreating on public conservation lands and waters at Icon, Gateway, Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations in Otago is enhanced.  Partnerships established to maintain and develop Local Treasure and Backcountry facilities in Otago.

40 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Success in increasing the number and/or the quality of experiences of people recreating on public conservation lands and waters of Icon, Gateway, Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations in Otago.  Maintained and improved public access to and from public conservation lands and waters in Otago.  Partnerships established to maintain and develop Local Treasure and Backcountry facilities in Otago.

1.5.4 Community engagement The Department aspires to be a leader in inspiring and enabling conservation with others by involving more volunteers and the wider community in conservation work and to work together to achieve more conservation. The contributions of others have potential to increase the total amount and impact of conservation achieved across Otago. Working with others provides opportunities for people to enjoy, learn and help look after places and indigenous species they value. Volunteer projects can offer a range of different opportunities at different times, with options for ongoing contributions, and opportunities for participants to up-skill and increase their knowledge and capability to do more or different work with or without departmental support. Working with Ngāi Tahu and the community, including schools, kōhanga reo, tertiary education organisations, and other education providers on skills, support and understanding can support existing or new conservation programmes. Otago is fortunate to have many community groups involved with and leading conservation initiatives. Examples include:  Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust  Central Otago Ecological Trust  Lake Waihola Waipori Wetlands Society  Wakatipu Wilding Control Group  Otago Natural History Trust  Otago Central Rail Trail Trust  Wakatipu Heritage Trust  Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society  Save the Otago Peninsula Inc. Society  Lindis Pass Conservation Group. Also numerous recreational groups (e.g. local hunting, mountain biking, four-wheel drive, tramping and mountaineering clubs) are involved in conservation initiatives. Ngāi Tahu are involved in conservation initiatives throughout Otago. The expertise contained within the University of Otago and other research institutions is significant and collaborations between the Department and such institutions provide opportunities to advance conservation in Otago and beyond. There are several localities identified in Part Two—Places that are highlighted as places where the Department would like more people to be involved in conservation. The Department will continue to re-evaluate existing, and explore new, opportunities for making such a contribution. There are numerous opportunities for new projects to be initiated or for

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 41 partnerships, including with Papatipu Rūnanga, to be further developed to enhance conservation. Examples of places where the community have signalled an interest in initiating or leading conservation programmes include but are not limited to:  The Catlins—a multi-day walking track  Aramoana  Makarora River valley—protection of lowland podocarp forest habitat, for the benefit of mohua/yellowhead and other forest species by the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society and Mohua Charitable Trust  Various areas where wilding tree control is needed—Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai- māori) and Central Otago groups and potentially other such groups  Around Wanaka—for island restoration, re-vegetation, and predator control  Otago Central Rail Trail and other cycleways—involvement of various groups and trusts (e.g. Otago Central Rail Trail Trust, Queenstown Trails Trust, Upper Clutha Tracks Trust)  Aldinga Conservation Area—in protection of skinks and other dryland species by the Central Otago Ecological Trust  Otago Peninsula—various groups involved with marine mammal, gecko and bird protection and coastal re-vegetation (e.g. Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust, Save the Otago Peninsula Inc. Society, iwi and concessionaires)  Lake Waihola Waipori Wetlands Society and community groups involved with protection, restoration and education programmes  Orokonui Ecosanctuary—restoration programmes led by the Otago Natural History Trust  Wye Creek and Matukituki River valley—to reduce predator numbers and enhance indigenous bird species populations. The Department works with a wide range of other statutory agencies to achieve common objectives and mutually agreed priorities. Examples include: the New Zealand Transport Agency on roading; the New Zealand Walking Access Commission on access; TBfree New Zealand on possum control; regional councils on biodiversity and pest management; Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga on historic places; the Otago Fish and Game Council on sports fish and game bird-related issues; the Police and Search and Rescue on emergency responses; the Royal New Zealand Navy on conservation management and compliance; and the Game Animal Council on improving hunting opportunities. Business partnerships that support a variety of creative and innovative conservation projects could be developed across Otago.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.4.1 Increase community understanding, technical skill and active management and support for conservation in Otago. 1.5.4.2 Seek opportunities that connect more people to conservation values. 1.5.4.3 Work with a range of partners (such as statutory agencies, regional and local authorities, businesses, schools, tertiary education and research providers and the community) in enduring relationships to achieve ongoing conservation outcomes. 1.5.4.4 Focus relationship building in those areas where cooperative relationships support priority conservation outcomes.

42 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 1.5.4.5 Achieve recognition of the contribution that public conservation lands and waters within Otago make to the well-being and economic prosperity of Otago and New Zealand. 1.5.4.6 Raise public awareness that intact functioning ecosystems underpin New Zealand’s economy both directly and indirectly. 1.5.4.7 Seek opportunities to integrate conservation values into messaging from other agencies (such as visitor information) where it can increase the number of people who engage with conservation and value its benefits.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Evaluate the extent of, and outcomes from, programmes aimed at increasing the amount of conservation achieved with community partners in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  An increase in the amount of conservation achieved with community partners in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  A further increase in the amount of conservation achieved with community partners in Otago.

1.5.5 Conservation gains from more business partnerships The Department is seeking to double the amount of conservation achieved over the next 20 years by working with others. Business opportunities and partnerships that help deliver conservation gains are part of this objective. Engaging in conservation offers businesses the opportunity to contribute to the protection of New Zealand’s natural, historic and cultural heritage, and to add to their business’ worth, value and reputation. For business opportunities requiring various authorisations, such as concessions (under the Conservation Act 1987) and resource consents (under the Resource Management Act 1991), the Department and other agencies are keen to reduce duplication of regulatory controls and to streamline processes. Tourism, natural resources, agriculture and filming have been identified as four key business sectors with the best potential to achieve greater conservation over the next decade both on and off public conservation land in Otago. The Department also recognises the value of working with non-concessionaire businesses through sponsorships, staff engagement or other support to achieve conservation outcomes. Otago’s landscapes and wildlife are important to New Zealand’s domestic and international tourism. Tourism concessionaires provide opportunities such as guided walking/cycling, skiing, angling, four-wheel driving, helicopter access to public conservation lands and waters and wildlife viewing. Many tourism concessionaires already contribute to conservation via sponsorships, donations, staff involvement in projects and raising awareness of the value of conservation through their tours. Public conservation lands and waters in Otago are also highly valued by the commercial filming industry which can bring international exposure of New Zealand and stimulate tourism. The majority of film productions using public conservation lands and waters occur in the western lakes and mountains (see 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 43 Karikari a Rākaihautū Place) although interest in other locations is growing. Filming activity has included several large-scale feature films such as Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit and an assortment of commercials and lifestyle/adventure productions. A partnership between the Department and Air New Zealand is enabling extended conservation biodiversity projects near the Routeburn Track whilst promoting the Great Walks—encouraging New Zealanders and international visitors to experience these Icon destinations. Setpoint Solutions Ltd is supporting a community moko kākāriki/jewelled gecko restoration programme. In Part Two—Places, potential opportunities to work with businesses to enhance conservation outcomes, promote public enjoyment of conservation lands and waters and enhance the well- being of local communities are indicated. Some examples include but are not limited to:  Nature-based tourism (Otago Peninsula and The Catlins)  Cycleways networks (Otago Central Rail Trail, Clutha Gold, Queenstown, Roxburgh Gorge and Around the Mountain Trails)  Conservation park activities (Oteake, Hāwea and Te Papanui)  Pest and wilding tree control (with landowners)  Trusts to conserve natural or historic values (Routeburn Track/Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu valley, Matukituki River West Branch, Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve) or to support cultural developments.

OBJECTIVES 1.5.5.1 Work with concessionaires and other businesses to enhance the conservation experience of their customers and others, build support for conservation and deliver conservation gains consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters are held. 1.5.5.2 Work with regional tourism organisations, other promotional groups, Ngāi Tahu and businesses to create and develop opportunities to promote conservation initiatives, products and services. 1.5.5.3 Seek opportunities to work with businesses that are looking for ways to demonstrate their commitment to and engagement with conservation. 1.5.5.4 Work with relevant agencies to seek ways to reduce duplication of regulatory controls on public conservation lands and waters and to streamline and seek efficiencies in statutory processes.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Evaluate the extent of, and outcomes aimed at increasing the amount of, conservation achieved with business partners in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  An increase in the amount of conservation achieved with business partners in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  A further increase in the amount of conservation achieved with business partners in Otago.

44 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Part Two—Places

This section addresses Places in Otago (refer Map 5) that have been identified for the purposes of integrated conservation management and that require some specific management direction. Each Place has a description, an outcome statement (outcome), policies and milestones.  Outcomes describe the future state of a Place, including its values, and reflect the expected changes at that Place over the 10-year term of the CMS. They will be used for conservation management and when making decisions, including in the absence of a relevant specific policy for a Place.  Policies describe the course of action or guiding principles to be used for conservation management and when making decisions. Policies refer to public conservation lands and waters within a Place unless they are addressing matters of advocacy.  Milestones are specific actions that are measurable steps towards achieving the outcomes and policies. Part Two must be read in conjunction with Parts One and Three. Where the provisions in Part Two are more specific than the provisions in Part One and/or Part Three, the more specific provisions in Part Two prevail. The Places in Otago are: 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place 2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place 2.9 Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place 2.10 Freshwater/Wai Māori Place The above Places have been identified as separate Places because specific management issues relate to them, or they are high-use areas, and/or they are special or distinctive Places warranting specific consideration in this CMS (refer Map 5). Policies are not included for all of Otago Conservancy’s special or distinctive Places; only for those requiring additional consideration, over and above the more generic provisions contained in Part Three of this CMS.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 45 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place

Description This Place (see Maps 5.1 and 5.1.1) incorporates the Otago part of Mount Aspiring National Park and some adjoining public conservation lands and waters, and straddles the spectacular mountains and valleys of north-west Otago at the southern end of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. It is renowned for its beauty, its large core of wilderness, its Ngāi Tahu values, and the wide range of outdoor recreation opportunities it offers. When the national park was declared in 1964, it comprised an area of less than 200 000 hectares. Some 155 000 hectares have since been added, the most recent addition occurring in 1990 for the remote Olivine Range, upper Cascade River and Red Hills Range areas. Public conservation lands and waters within the Place are mostly part of the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. In 1997, the wilderness qualities of the Park’s central section were recognised by gazettal of the Olivine Wilderness Area. Three priority ecosystem units (see Appendix 4) are located within this Place: Pyke Valley, Arawhata-Waipara and Red Mountain. Threatened and at-risk species include kea, mohua/yellowhead, tōrea pango/variable oystercatcher, tōrea/South Island pied oystercatcher and scarlet mistletoe. The area covered by the park contains several well-known ara tawhito (traditional trails), which crossed the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana and were used by Ngāi Tahu and their forebears for mahinga kai/food gathering and pounamu trading. There are many places of spiritual or cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu within the park. Ngāi Tahu’s spiritual connection to the park has been recognised in part by three Tōpuni: Tititea (Mount Aspiring), Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) and Te Koroka (Dart/Slip Stream) (see 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu). Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) is also a Specially Protected Area, and Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) straddles the park boundary. Wilderness areas provide visitors with the opportunity to immerse themselves in the natural environment, engaging all their senses and experiencing solitude in a place that is unmodified and unaffected by humans and rarely visited, including by departmental staff, and where management activities are minimal and usually undetectable. Aircraft use is restricted to that necessary for emergencies and park management purposes such as the control of animals that have adverse effects on indigenous natural values. The Routeburn Track ‘Great Walk’ is an Icon destination and the Matukituki River West Branch tracks and Rees/Dart Track are Gateway destinations. There is one actively conserved historic place within the Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place (Earnslaw Hut—see Appendix 10). Mount Aspiring National Park is managed in accordance with the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan, which was approved in 2011. Several areas of existing public conservation lands and waters have been identified as potential additions to the park, such as Lower Dart Conservation Area (partly covered by the Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) Tōpuni) and part of the Shotover Conservation Area in the Snowy Creek catchment, as identified in the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan (2011).

46 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Outcome, policies and milestones for the Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place

OUTCOME The Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place is preserved in perpetuity as far as possible in its natural state. This includes the landscapes, indigenous ecosystems and natural features of the Place, particularly priority ecosystem units and threatened and at-risk species. Ngāi Tahu values for Tititea (Mount Aspiring), Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) and Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) are protected by their Tōpuni and the Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) Specially Protected Area overlaid status, and the special connections that Ngāi Tahu have with the Place’s lands and waters are recognised. Protect and maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal value of Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. In addition to providing premier tramping, hunting, alpine climbing and wilderness exploration opportunities, this Place provides for the benefit, use and enjoyment of the public through a range of opportunities including the Icon destination of the Routeburn Track and the Gateway destinations of Rees/Dart Track and Matukituki River West Branch tracks. Recreation-based business opportunities, such as guided walking, climbing, fishing and use of aircraft, complement the scenic, ecological and natural values of the national park, while maintaining its varied visitor settings and existing recreational opportunities. Mount Aspiring National Park has been added to, to include adjoining public conservation lands and waters.

POLICIES 2.1.1 Manage Mount Aspiring National Park in accordance with its national park management plan (including the visitor management and aircraft provisions). 2.1.2 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of the Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place that are within the Te Wāhipounamu— South West New Zealand World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated and the statement of outstanding universal value (see Appendix 14). 2.1.3 Manage public conservation lands and waters adjoining Mount Aspiring National Park to be complementary to and not detracting from the national park’s values. 2.1.4 Work to include within Mount Aspiring National Park the proposed land additions as set out in the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011. 2.1.5 Seek extension of the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area overlay status to include any additions to Mount Aspiring National Park. 2.1.6 Seek the stopping or resumption of the unformed legal road in the Pyke River valley remote visitor management setting in the Mount Aspiring National Park. 2.1.7 May grant concessions for the Olivine Wilderness Area in accordance with the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011 until such time as a review of that Plan is approved. Beyond that time, if provision is made for concessions, they are considered only where necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources. Concession activity that meets this test will: a) demonstrate that the activity is necessary or that it actively benefits the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources;

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 47 b) not use vehicles, motorised watercraft or motorised aircraft in the area other than in accordance with Policy 3.20.6; c) not establish encampments or defined tracks, routes or trails; d) not involve the erection or maintenance of buildings or machinery; e) not involve the taking or use of animals or livestock in the area; f) be consistent with the outcome and policies for a Place in which the activity is proposed to occur (if within a Place in this CMS) or any applicable management plan; g) be consistent with relevant aircraft access zones shown on Map 4 and visitor management zones as described in Appendix 12 and shown on Map 3 in this CMS, or in any applicable management plan; h) be indistinguishable from independent users of the wilderness area; and i) be self-reliant.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Commence an investigation to add the Lower Dart Conservation Area and part of the Shotover Conservation Area, Snowy Creek to Mount Aspiring National Park. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  An assessment of activities in Mount Aspiring National Park in preparation for the national park plan review.  Report on the review of the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Nil.

2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place

Description This Place (see Map 5.2) covers Otago’s three inland conservation parks, at Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea, the latter two straddling the Otago–Canterbury boundary. The Place also includes public conservation lands and waters adjacent to the parks, including marginal strips, scenic reserves and a scientific reserve. Adjoining lands are also addressed where management of such lands affects public conservation lands and waters. Te Papanui Conservation Park was created in 2003, and Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks in 2009, from long-held conservation areas and former pastoral lease lands via tenure review. Conservation parks are managed so that their natural and historic resources are protected, and subject to this, to facilitate public recreation and enjoyment. Collectively, the three conservation parks encompass nearly 160 000 hectares of tussock grassland and forest, block and rugged mountain landscapes. These features characterise much of Otago. Each park has a distinctive ecosystem and landscape character, along with historic sites and diverse recreational opportunities. The Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea conservation parks are part of the vast inland region that was utilised by Ngāi Tahu for settlement and mahinga kai purposes through to the start of

48 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 the 20th century. Subsequent events have diminished the Ngāi Tahu ability to gather food from the area. There are no priority ecosystem units on public conservation lands and waters within this Place. Threatened grand and Otago skinks are present on the Hawkdun, St Marys and Lammerlaw ranges. This Place provides important ecosystem services, such as protecting water quality and quantity and water yield for townships and rural irrigation. Te Papanui Conservation Park is the source for Dunedin’s water supply and the economic value of this to Dunedin and nearby communities is considerable. Threats to public conservation lands and waters within the Place include pest plants (including wilding trees), pest animals and wild animals, unauthorised grazing, and fire. Pest plant control is coordinated with adjoining landowners where possible. Potential threats have come from other various activities, including from and adjoining the public conservation lands and waters. Recreation opportunities vary between parks and according to the seasons. Popular activities include tramping, four-wheel driving, hunting, mountain biking and backcountry skiing. Other activities include fishing, motorbike touring, horse riding, picnicking and visiting historic sites. Minimising conflict between recreation users, particularly motorised and non- motorised activities, may become an important management issue as more people visit the Place. The Place has potential to increase recreational opportunities without compromising natural and historic values and the visitor experience, including for commercial recreation, particularly within public conservation lands and waters with conservation park or conservation area status. In some cases, activities not available in Mount Aspiring National Park may be available in the adjoining Hāwea Conservation Park.

Te Papanui Te Papanui Conservation Park, an area of 20 882 hectares centred on the Lammerlaw and Lammermoor ranges, about 45 minutes’ drive west of Dunedin, is one of the lesser-known treasures of Otago. Te Papanui is the Ngāi Tahu name for the Lammerlaw Range. Archaeological sites in the vicinity include rock shelters, and pits which were probably utilised as umu tī. The Park has the adjoining or nearby Deep Creek, Stony Stream and Bowlers Creek scenic reserves, the Black Rock Scientific Reserve, and the Glendhu Tussock Reserve and other conservation areas. Numerous marginal strips adjoin rivers and streams in the Place. The Rocklands, Lammerlaw Stream and the Glendhu Forest High Altitude Tussock Covenant areas adjoin the Park. The Park and adjoining areas includes mountain to low alpine environments from about 500 to 1160 metres altitude. The gentle topography formed as part of an ancient peneplain. It is snow-laden in winter and often into spring. The Lammerlaw and Lammermoor ranges are recognised as an outstanding natural landscape (see Appendix 9). Their ecological and landscape values are increasingly being recognised and appreciated. While dominated by tussock grassland communities, depressions at the head of fledging creeks and streams support distinctive species-rich wetland communities such as fens, bogs, seeps and snowbanks. Both tussocklands and wetlands have plant and invertebrate species that are threatened such as the Naturally Uncommon plants Hebejeebie trifida and Gingidia baxterae. Many ecosystem values extend beyond the public conservation lands and waters. Rare indigenous freshwater fish also inhabit the many small streams that have their origins in the upland wetlands. These include the threatened Dusky galaxias, Eldon’s galaxias and the Teviot and Taieri flathead galaxias.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 49 The distinctive landscapes and ecosystems of Te Papanui Conservation Park and its proximity to Dunedin mean it is increasingly being used for educational and scientific purposes. It is also the headwater catchment for the Taieri River and two of its main tributaries. Evidence of historical gold rushes remains throughout Te Papanui Conservation Park and includes a system of water races that once fed Gabriel’s Gully and the Lake Mahinerangi areas. Pastoral farming historic relics include a musterers’ hut and fence line remains. There are no actively conserved historic places in Te Papanui Conservation Park. Te Papanui Conservation Park provides a variety of backcountry recreation opportunities, including tramping and fishing. Apart from one four-wheel drive road, this area has no formed tracks or huts. It provides challenging day trips given the lack of prominent physical features and changeable weather. Red deer and pigs are present and a degree of control is achieved through recreational hunting. Vehicle access on the maintained four-wheel drive road, in part on legal road through the park, or on the several other unformed legal roads through the park, is not desirable when ground conditions are unsuitable, usually from June, or whenever the first snowfall occurs, until October. The proximity to roads has resulted in low demand for aircraft landings and use is low and this level of activity, particularly in winter, maintains high natural quiet.

Oteake Oteake Conservation Park, an area of 31 490 hectares within Otago, and adjoining public conservation lands and waters centre on the St Bathans, Ewe, Hawkdun, Ida and St Marys ranges and parts of the upper Manuherikia River basin. The Park includes natural landform sequences from braided riverbeds through to low angle outwash and alluvial fans, to range slopes and ancient erosion plain summits. The range crests are the remains of one of New Zealand’s most ancient land surfaces and encompass the transition zone between Otago’s schist and Canterbury’s greywacke (Torlesse sandstone). Large areas are identified as outstanding natural landscapes (see Appendix 9). The flat-topped Hawkdun Range is the centrepiece and often features in paintings, photography and writings. The Hawkdun and St Marys ranges ecosystems have extensive tussock grasslands, successional shrublands, subalpine grasslands, wetlands, scree slopes, braided river ecosystems and glacial outwash surfaces. Intact altitudinal vegetation sequences are present on both the St Bathans and Hawkdun ranges. Threatened and at-risk plant, bird, invertebrate, lizard and fish species are present (see Appendix 5). Some species reach the northern or southern limits of their range within Oteake Conservation Park and adjoining areas. Bird species include the threatened pohowera/banded dotterel, tarapirohe/black-fronted tern and tarāpuka/black-billed gull. The invertebrates include at least 56 species of endemic moth and several large weevil species. Lizard species include the threatened green, scree and cryptic skinks, the large Otago and moko kākāriki/jewelled geckos and the more common skinks. Endemic and threatened freshwater fish species have been recorded in waterways inaccessible to trout and salmon. Central Otago roundhead galaxiids and Taieri flathead galaxiids are present in the upper Manuherikia River and the Kye Burn. A particular threat issue is the spread of wilding trees from plantations at Naseby. Red deer and pigs are present and a degree of control is achieved through recreational hunting, with some commercial hunting.

50 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Oteake (place of the ake) was named by Ngāi Tahu after the akeake/shrub daisy (Olearia avicennifolia) found throughout the park; it is also the Ngāi Tahu name for the Kye Burn. Oteake has long been important to Ngāi Tahu from coastal Otago for mahinga kai, and archaeological sites have been identified here. Stone resources were quarried in the upper Manuherikia River. European history includes pastoral farming and gold mining. The Buster Diggings, straddling the Otago–Canterbury boundary, at 1200 m is one of the highest-altitude goldfield mining relics in New Zealand. It is the only actively conserved historic place in Oteake Conservation Park (see Appendix 10). Evidence of pastoral farming history includes huts, yards, fences and tracks, with some of the huts and tracks being maintained for recreational use. Four-wheel driving on roads, both touring and for access, is very popular during summer, with four longer roads linking Otago and Canterbury. Many roads are closed to vehicles during winter and at other times of the year if road conditions make them impassable. Vehicle access is controlled in places to protect historic values. During winter months when snow covers the ranges, Oteake Conservation Park in Otago is a peaceful Backcountry destination where natural quiet and a sense of isolation are high. Aircraft use is low and this level of activity, particularly in winter, maintains the high natural quiet. The proximity of Oteake Conservation Park to Dunedin, Oamaru, Naseby and St Bathans makes it an ideal destination for visitors to experience a range of recreation opportunities in a natural setting.

Hāwea Hāwea Conservation Park is an area of 105 493 hectares and links Mount Aspiring National Park and Ahuriri Conservation Park. Part of Hāwea Conservation Park is within Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. The Place adjoins State Highway 6—the Haast Pass/Tioripatea Highway. The Park and adjoining public conservation areas encompass an altitudinal range from the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana and the McKerrow and Young ranges to the Hunter River valley floor, with resultant altitudinal vegetation sequence. Several sites of geological significance are present in the Hāwea area, including the Lake Hāwea folded schist sequence (see Appendix 9). Hāwea Conservation Park straddles the transition zone between the glaciers of Mount Aspiring National Park and the drier grasslands of the Lindis Pass area; a geological, climatic and floristic transition zone with diverse habitats, flora and fauna. The steep faces rising to the east of Lake Hāwea include several small forest and shrubland areas included in conservation covenants. Threatened and at-risk plants present include the small tree, pitpat, red flowering mistletoes, tree daisy, Cypress hebe and slender coral broom. Beech forests support bird species including the threatened kākā, kea, pīwauwau/rock wren, mohua/yellowhead and kārearea/New Zealand falcon. Hunter River provides habitats for braided riverbed-nesting birds, including the threatened ngutu pare/wrybill and tarapirohe/black-fronted tern. Lizard species include the threatened moko kākāriki/jewelled gecko and grand and Otago skinks, and other lizard species. Feral cats and mustelids pose a serious threat to all lizard species (see Appendix 6).

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 51 Water bodies support a range of indigenous fish species, including the threatened Clutha flathead galaxiid and tuna/longfin eel, and the introduced salmonid sports fish—salmon, brown trout and rainbow trout. The Hāwea area was well explored and occupied by Ngāi Tahu. The ancient trail Te Ara a Tamatea curved around Lake Hāwea and up the Dingle Burn and over the saddle into Ahuriri River valley. Manuhaea Conservation Area, an ancient whare wānanga, settlement and food gathering site, is located at The Neck between lakes Hāwea and Wanaka. Manuhaea Conservation Area is regarded as a spiritual and cultural centre for Ngāi Tahu and is central to many traditional and cultural stories, making it an ideal site within the wider whenua tūpuna to interpret some of these stories. Braided river habitat disturbance, particularly during the bird breeding season, can occur from grazing animals, jet boats and vehicles in the Hunter River valley. Queenstown Lakes District Council has established speed restrictions for the jet boats. The Department has granted concessions for cattle and sheep grazing on parts of the valley floor. All these disturbances may need monitoring or management to reduce adverse effects. Hāwea Conservation Park and the adjoining lands are within the defined feral range for tahr, controlled in accordance with the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993). Control measures are to prevent further dispersal westward into Mount Aspiring National Park. European exploration followed, and there is a long history of pastoral farming as well as timber milling, flax milling and gold mining. There is one actively conserved historic place within Hāwea Conservation Park (Ben Avon Hut—see Appendix 10). The mountains and river valleys of Hāwea Conservation Park and adjoining areas offer a myriad of recreation opportunities for trampers, hunters, climbers and anglers, which complement those found in adjoining Places. Recreational facilities include hut and track networks in the river valleys of the Hunter, Dingle and Timaru, and elsewhere. Te Araroa Trail15 passes through the Timaru River valley and mountain biking occurs on the Lake Hāwea Track. Kidds Bush is a Gateway destination. Most public access to the park is from the southern and western boundaries—the Wanaka area and the Haast Pass/Tioripatea Highway respectively. Road access along the western shore of Lake Hāwea from just beyond the Hunter River valley homestead requires permission from the pastoral lessee. Boating is popular on Lake Hāwea and jet boats have restricted use in the Hunter River. Aircraft activity in the Hāwea Conservation Park and Hunter River Conservation Area has traditionally been used by anglers and hunters in the Hunter and Dingle River valleys, and on the McKerrow and Hunter ranges for heli-skiing. Commercial hunting and fishing guides operate within this Place. Recreational hunting for deer is popular year round and particularly during the ‘roar’ in March–April. Hunters use this area to hunt for trophy deer, venison, chamois, pigs and game birds. Aerially assisted trophy hunting for tahr and chamois occurs during part of the year.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place

OUTCOME The Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place is valued for its outstanding natural features and expansive landscapes, and special biodiversity. Communities value the

15 www.teararoa.org.nz

52 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 services that ecosystems provide. It is a Place where people seek recreation experiences in the vastness, natural quiet and solitude of the South Island high country. The history of the Place is protected and brought to life at the Ngāi Tahu site of Manuhaea Conservation Area at The Neck and at the Buster Diggings actively conserved historic site. Removal of stock grazing, wild animal control and avoidance of fire are enabling ecosystem recovery. Valley floor to mountain altitudinal vegetation sequences are intact, particularly in Oteake and Hāwea conservation parks. Threatened and at-risk species are secure in their range, especially where intensive management is occurring. Indigenous fish populations retain their migratory waterways, or where possible have natural barriers protecting non-migratory populations from predatory introduced fish. Wilding trees have been reduced in extent or are at zero density under sustained control, especially within Te Papanui and Oteake conservation parks. Prominent landscape and geological features (ridgelines, plateaus, rock tors and mountain tops) remain in their natural state, or are unmodified beyond their state at the time of becoming public conservation lands and waters. Within public conservation lands and waters away from prominent landscapes and geological features, structures may be present where well-blended into the landscape. Visitors enjoy a wide range of experiences from challenging, solitude-seeking activities, to easily accessible walking and vehicle use areas. Aircraft activity is occasional, except at designated locations in Hāwea Conservation Park and Hunter River Conservation Area. Motorised vehicle users access public conservation lands and waters within the Place only on identified roads. Mountain bikes and electric power-assisted pedal cycles use designated tracks within Te Papanui and Hāwea conservation parks, and wider areas within Oteake Conservation Park. A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations within Hāwea and Oteake conservation parks in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. The conservation parks complement Mount Aspiring National Park by providing opportunities for recreational activities which are not provided for in the park. Occasional large events, such as sporting events, occur within the conservation parks. Business assists in providing quality recreation services and helps to expand recreation opportunities, particularly in Te Papanui and Oteake conservation parks. High community awareness and appreciation of the landscapes, ecosystems and ecosystem services of the Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place encourage the protection of other tussock grassland ecosystems in Otago.

Te Papanui The unmodified tussock grassland landscapes of Te Papanui Conservation Park, and the sense of isolation and natural quiet experienced by visitors, prevail. The ecosystems of Te Papanui Conservation Park are healthy and functioning. Tussock grassland remains vital in its role of water capture and yield. Tussock grassland and wetland bird species are secure in their range and the calls of secretive species, such as the matuku- hūrepo/Australasian bittern and mātātā/South Island fernbird, can be heard. People enjoy recreational activities in keeping with the frontcountry and backcountry character of Te Papanui Conservation Park. Only occasional vehicle noise close to the access road is experienced.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 53 Te Papanui Conservation Park is valued and used by Otago schools and tertiary education institutions for scientific studies in ways that support the values of the Place.

Oteake The mountain ranges and lower slopes of Oteake Conservation Park remain a distinctive natural backdrop to both Waitaki District and Central Otago. Intact altitudinal vegetation sequences from the valley floor to the summit range provide landscape and habitat continuity, enhancing ecological values and people’s enjoyment of the Place. Shrublands, tussock grasslands and other indigenous vegetation communities are healthy and naturally recovering. The Place remains free of wallabies. Recreational hunting is encouraged and the Department works in collaboration with hunting groups, with some commercial wild animal recovery, to control introduced animals to densities that support the management of ecosystem priorities. The historic Buster Diggings is a protected and actively managed accessible visitor site. Four-wheel drive opportunities are maintained for summer-time use on four existing roads linking Otago and Canterbury, plus two shorter access roads, along with numerous biking and horse riding opportunities beyond these roads. Away from four-wheel drive routes and during winter, Oteake Conservation Park remains a place of solitude and challenge for recreationalists and people have few encounters with others.

Hāwea Hāwea Conservation Park is protected and maintains the values described in the statement of outstanding universal value of Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area and links Mount Aspiring National Park and the Ahuriri Conservation Park within Canterbury. The Hunter River’s braided river landscapes and ecosystems are healthy, and riverbed- nesting birds are secure in their range and not significantly affected by grazing animals, vehicles and jet boats. Threatened species are secure in their mountain, forest and river environments, particularly mohua/yellowhead, kea and the western Otago populations of grand and Otago skinks. Tahr are controlled within a defined feral range at no greater population densities than prescribed within the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993), and are controlled to zero density outside that feral range. Deer and chamois are primarily controlled through the combined efforts of recreational hunters, commercial wild animal recovery, and aerially assisted trophy hunting. The Department undertakes the primary control operations for tahr. Track and hut networks, including a section of the Te Araroa Trail, support the varying recreational opportunities. Kidds Bush is managed as a Gateway destination. New recreational opportunities that complement the park’s natural values are available in the most accessible parts of Hāwea Conservation Park, leaving the north-western areas at the head of the Hunter River valley and along the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana for users that appreciate the remoteness and natural quiet. Within Hāwea Conservation Park and adjoining areas, people encounter regular levels of aircraft in the Hunter River and Dingle Burn valleys for angling and hunting access, and with frequent encounters in the McKerrow and Hunter ranges and parts of the Young Range

54 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 during the winter heli-skiing season. Other than for wild animal control, aircraft are not encountered in the headwaters of the Hunter River valley.

POLICIES 2.2.1 Work with Ngāi Tahu on options to achieve an actively conserved historic place and/or Ngāi Tahu historic interpretation at Manuhaea Conservation Area on The Neck. 2.2.2 When tenure reviews have been substantially completed, undertake a review of the existing public conservation land status and the inclusion within the respective conservation parks of adjoining public conservation lands and waters within the Place, in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980, to better reflect its values. 2.2.3 Reclassify public conservation lands and waters adjoining Oteake Conservation Park to better reflect its values, having regard to all land status options under the Conservation, Reserves and National Parks Acts. 2.2.4 In providing recreational opportunities in Oteake Conservation Park, consider the creation of new linkages, such as for cycling, horse riding and walking, with the Otago Central Rail Trail, Alps 2 Ocean Cycle Trail and the Te Araroa Trail. 2.2.5 Seek opportunities to improve public access along the western shore of Lake Hāwea, to the Hunter River Conservation Area, consistent with the protection of Hunter River braided riverbed and riparian habitats. 2.2.6 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.2, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1– 3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.2.7 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.2.8 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.2, and subject to compliance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.2.9 Should not allow grazing on public conservation lands and waters within the Place, except where that grazing may be authorised for public conservation lands and water adjoining the Hunter River, but only in accordance with Policy 11.2 of the Conservation General Policy 2005 and with concession conditions to avoid adverse effects on riverbed-nesting birds and their habitats and on riparian and wetland areas. 2.2.10 Work with Queenstown Lakes District Council to maintain appropriate controls on jet boat use of the Hunter River. 2.2.11 Continue programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters, and in cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters. 2.2.12 Manage the parts of this Place within the World Heritage Area to maintain the values described in the statement of outstanding universal value (see Appendix 14) of the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 55 Table 2.2: Access to Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Hāwea Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

Hunter River valley 4WD roads (parts on public conservation lands and waters) Boundary Creek camping area access road Stodys Hut 4WD access road

Oteake Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

Falls Dam access road Mt Buster 4WD Road Mt Kyeburn 4WD Road Johnstones Creek 4WD Road Hut Creek 4WD Road Manuherikia River West Branch 4WD Road Manuherikia River East Branch 4WD Road

Te Papanui Conservation Park

Te Papanui Conservation Park access road

MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS16

Where motorised vehicles are provided for in this table as above—Motorised vehicle access

Hāwea Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

Dingle Burn Peninsular Track (from Dingle Burn car park to Turihuka Conservation Area) Melina Ridge Track Boundary Creek Track Lake Hāwea Track

Oteake Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

Mt Ida Irrigation Race Track Mutton Creek Track Saddle Ridge Track Homestead Track Elsewhere as limited by topography and vegetation but avoiding the Buster Diggings site

Te Papanui Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

Te Papanui Conservation Park access road only

16 This information applies to the access on public conservation land only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission.

56 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS17

Hāwea Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters Breast Creek Conservation Area Grandview Creek Conservation Area Hāwea Conservation Park (Public access easements may restrict horse access) Oteake Conservation Park and adjacent public conservation lands and waters Existing formed tracks only Te Papanui Conservation Park

Existing formed tracks only

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Progress actively conserved historic site status and Ngāi Tahu historic interpretation for Manuhaea Conservation Area. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Control and containment of tahr in the Hāwea Conservation Park and adjoining public conservation lands and waters.  Adverse effects on the Hunter River braided river habitats from grazing animals, jet boats and vehicles are reduced. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Reclassification of public conservation lands and waters adjoining Oteake Conservation Park to better reflect its values.  Tahr in the Hāwea Conservation Park and adjoining public conservation land and waters are controlled and contained.

2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place Description This Place incorporates the tussock-covered ranges and lakes west of the Central Otago block mountains and the popular visitor destinations of Queenstown, Arrowtown and Wanaka. Public conservation lands and waters in this Place includes the Albert Burn, Mt Alta, Matatiaho, Motatapu, The Stack, Black Peak, Shotover, Caples, Humboldt, Greenstone, The Remarkables, and Taka Rā Haka conservation areas; the Mt Crichton Scenic Reserve and the Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve as well as some smaller conservation areas and other reserves (see Maps 5.3 and 5.3.1). It does not include Mount Aspiring National Park, which much of this Place borders (see 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park Place/Tititea), or Hāwea Conservation Park (see 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place). It is an area of spectacular glaciated mountain ranges, with a core of permanent snow and ice. Below the snowline, a complete sequence of indigenous vegetation exists from high alpine fellfield and low-alpine snow tussock lands, through to mixed shrublands and beech forest to tussock grassland on the flat valley floors. It includes significant geological features such as the limestone Tertiary deposits at Fortune or Bobs Cove and other limestone outcrops along the Moonlight Thrust-Fault.

17 This information applies to the access on public conservation land only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 57 Mountain crests, such as The Remarkables, form a transition between the broader, semi-arid landscape of Central Otago and the continuous chain of snow-capped mountains, deep valleys, and extensive beech forests of the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana. The lakes and rivers are outstanding landscape features highly valued for their recreational and scenic qualities. The islands within the lakes provide important refuges and habitat for indigenous species. The lakes and rivers not fed by glaciers have high water clarity. The Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu, Rees, Matukituki and Shotover braided rivers are outstanding landscape features and provide nesting and breeding habitats for threatened birds such as ngutu pare/wrybill and tarapirohe/black-fronted tern. The outstanding values of the Kawarau River and many of its tributaries are formally recognised and protected by the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997, covering the main stem of the river, and many of its headwaters and tributaries. The Department has identified five priority ecosystem units on public conservation lands and waters within this Place (see Map 5.3). Many threatened species are present (see Appendix 5). The Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu catchment supports a wide range of wildlife, including threatened and at-risk species such as lizards, pekapeka/bats, mohua/yellowhead, kākā, kākāriki/parakeets, kakaruai/South Island robin and kārearea/New Zealand falcon, and at higher altitudes there are pīwauwau/rock wren, whio/blue duck and kea. Ngāi Tahu has strong traditional and present associations with Lakes Wakatipu (Whakatipu- wai-māori), Wanaka and Hāwea, with Manuhaea Conservation Area at The Neck being one of the most significant sites (see 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place). Ngāi Tahu ancestors traversed the Place in search of food and minerals, the most prized being pounamu. The locality names and oral history of Ngāi Tahu reflect the exploration and use of the region. Its cultural significance is reflected in part by the Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) Tōpuni (see 1.4 Treaty partnerships with Ngāi Tahu), which is partly within this Place. Throughout this Place there are reminders and physical remnants of the journeys made by both Ngāi Tahu and early European explorers and settlers. More recently, trampers and hunters have rediscovered routes through the mountains and some of the old trails are now part of the backcountry track network. Remnants of Ngāi Tahu settlement exist at the Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu bridge and elsewhere. Old stone buildings, water races, tree plantings, tailings and sluicing all illustrate the area’s gold mining and pastoral farming heritage associated with Māori, early European and Chinese settlement. The Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve is an Icon destination and historic Icon site (see Appendices 10 and 11). There are 11 actively conserved historic places in the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place (see Map 5.3.1 and Appendix 10). A number of pastoral leases occupy eastern parts of this Place. Tenure review processes provide opportunities to protect natural and historic values and improve public access links and corridors; which may occur by transferring some areas to public conservation lands and waters. The most appropriate land classification of such areas would require consideration under the Reserves Act 1977, Conservation Act 1987 or National Parks Act 1980 once the tenure reviews are substantially completed. The most suitable conservation lands and waters status would need to take into account adjoining Places, particularly those in Southland. This Place has outstanding landscape, ecological, cultural and recreational values.

58 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 The mountain, lake and river landscapes and rich history have long attracted people for recreation in this Place. Outdoor recreation and tourism activities are highly valued with outdoor activities such as tramping, mountain climbing, hunting, kayaking and angling largely occurring on or from public conservation lands and waters. Mountain biking is popular and community initiatives have seen many new walking and cycling tracks near Queenstown and Wanaka both on and off public conservation lands and waters. The Matukituki River West Branch tracks, Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve, Skippers and the Greenstone Caples Track are all Gateway destinations. Queenstown and Wanaka are focal places for a large number of visitors and the areas around these settlements are important nationally for commercial tourism. Three commercial ski fields (Coronet Peak, The Remarkables and Treble Cone), bungy jumping and rope swing operations are all located on public conservation lands and waters. Highly valued jet boating, rafting, helicopter, four-wheel driving, guided walking, historic appreciation and filming activities also use public conservation lands and waters. Approximately 20% of departmental concession activities nationally were located in this Place as at 2012. Pest plants and animals, habitat modification, and fire are the most immediate threats to conservation values. Wilding trees, in particular, threaten the character of landscapes and indigenous ecosystems. The combined effort of the Department, central and local government, communities and landowners (in Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori) area, through the Wakatipu Wilding Conifer Control Group) is working to reduce or eliminate wilding trees. Introduced plants and animals threaten indigenous habitats and species. Predators, particularly mustelids, cats and rats, challenge the survival of threatened species in this Place, including whio/blue duck, kākāriki/parakeet, mohua/yellowhead, kea and pīwauwau/rock wren. Maintaining linkages between ecosystems and habitats utilised by indigenous species may now become more important due to climate change. Goats, once found in high numbers in parts of this Place, have been greatly reduced by coordinated control programmes by the Department, landowners and hunting groups. A small population of tahr is located in the Thomson Mountains. Annual control operations are conducted to prevent the spread of tahr beyond their current feral range (as per the Himalayan Thar Control Plan 1993). The northern part of this Place, west of Lake Wanaka, lies within the southern exclusion zone for tahr management. White-tail deer are present on public conservation lands and waters in the Lower Dart and Mt Alfred conservation areas. A long-standing verbal moratorium in place on hunting this deer population has been lifted. However, the area remains closed to hunting until an agreed hunting system is in place. Other deer are present in low numbers in some areas and control occurs through recreational hunting and occasional wild animal control. Subdivision and other land use changes, particularly around lakes Wanaka and Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori) catchments, are changing landscapes and have resulted in the modification of important wildlife habitats, such as grey shrublands.

Greenstone-Caples-Humboldt The Greenstone-Caples-Humboldt area includes a number of large and smaller conservation areas, recreation reserves, and marginal strips in the Greenstone and Caples River valleys and surrounding mountains (see Maps 5.3 and 5.3.1). A component of the settlement between the Crown and Ngāi Tahu relates to the defined ‘High Country Stations’, a transfer of freehold title of the Greenstone Routeburn and Elfin Bay

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 59 pastoral leases to Ngāi Tahu. Ngāi Tahu contemporaneously gifted back to the people of New Zealand mountain tops known as Ka Whenua Roimata (the land of tears) in recognition of the suffering of the Ngāi Tahu people. Ngāi Tahu also leased a large area of land to the Crown in perpetuity for conservation purposes (the Leaseback Lands). A leaseback of part of this latter area to Ngāi Tahu for grazing purposes is subject to an agreed monitoring programme requiring Ngāi Tahu to assess grazing impacts. Ngāi Tahu retains the right to veto commercial activities on the Leaseback Lands. Several agreements between Ngāi Tahu and the Crown provide for both public access and farming access. A Cooperation Agreement between the Minister of Conservation and Ngāi Tahu, as provided for in the Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997, sets out the obligations of both parties for management of the High Country Stations. The Greenstone and Caples River valleys and surrounding mountains are valued for their scenic, ecological, Ngāi Tahu cultural and outdoor recreational values. The Greenstone River valley was part of an ara tawhito providing access to the west and south. On their own, and in combination with adjoining areas, they form part of the spectacular mountain, valley and river landscapes near the head of Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori) and are recognised as outstanding landscapes in the Queenstown Lakes District Plan (see Appendix 9). The valleys, similar in character to parts of adjoining areas of Mount Aspiring National Park, have extensive intact sequences from valley floor to alpine vegetation. The valleys provide important habitat for many indigenous forest, grassland and water bird species, including mohua/yellowhead, kākā, kākāriki/parakeet, kārearea/New Zealand falcon, whio/blue duck, pārera/grey duck, pūtakitaki/paradise shelduck, pīhoihoi/New Zealand pipit and tarāpuka/black-billed gull. The alpine zone is important for kea and pīwauwau/rock wren. A diverse insect fauna is also present, with the Humboldt Mountains a type locality for indigenous beetle, caddis and moth species. Indigenous fish species present in this area include kōaro, upland bully (Gobiomorphus breviceps) and tuna/longfin eel. The Greenstone and Caples Rivers are recognised as waterbodies with outstanding amenity and intrinsic values to be preserved in their natural state under the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997. Both rivers have an international reputation for angling. Visible reminders of European exploration and settlement remain in the old homesteads and historic timber milling sites on the shores of Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori). There are currently no actively conserved historic places in the Greenstone and Caples River and Humboldt Mountain area. Tramping, hunting and angling are the most popular activities, with a wide range of tramping opportunities suiting both families and experienced backcountry trampers. Covenants provide for foot access across Ngāi Tahu land in the Greenstone and Caples River valleys, with other forms of access (e.g. mountain biking) requiring landowner approval (Ngāi Tahu). Horse riding occurs in the main lower Greenstone River valley, also requiring permission from the landowner (Ngāi Tahu). The Greenstone and Caples tracks have been identified as a Gateway destination by the Department (see Appendix 11) and have become increasingly popular with trampers and walkers, including international visitors. Facilities have been upgraded to support this increased use. Retaining the backcountry character of the Greenstone and Caples River valleys and tracks is important for providing a lower-cost, family-orientated tramping and walking experience compared with the Routeburn Track Great Walk experience. Away from the Greenstone and Caples River valleys, the surrounding peaks of the Humboldt, Ailsa and Thomson Mountains, and side valleys such as the Steele, Fraser, Kay and Scott

60 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 creeks, provide more challenging and remote recreational experiences, with only a few basic huts and tramping tracks. Commercial guided walks take place on the Greenstone Track and link through to the Routeburn Track. There is one concessionaire lodge and one hut managed by the New Zealand Deerstalkers’ Association on public conservation lands and waters in the Greenstone River valley. Previously, guided activities have not been authorised in the Caples River valley, to provide a place free from commercial activity and a point of difference with the Greenstone River valley and nearby Routeburn Track. However, the Department may now authorise commercial activities in the Caples River valley. The intention is to enable commercial activity while retaining the backcountry tramping experience. There is one hut managed by the New Zealand Deerstalkers’ Association on public conservation lands and waters in the upper Caples River valley. The Greenstone Recreational Hunting Area18 (RHA) (commonly known as the Greenstone/Caples RHA) (see Map 5.3.1) provides nationally important hunting for fallow deer. Recreational hunting is only authorised in the RHA between 1 April to 30 September, by permit and a ballot system. Cattle grazing of valley floors can adversely affect forest edges, wetlands, river margins and water quality. The Department is working with land managers and Ngāi Tahu to avoid or minimise these adverse effects.

Richardson-Upper Shotover The Richardson-Upper Shotover area includes the Shotover, Whakaari, Black Peak and Ballarat Creek conservation areas, Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve and a number of small conservation areas and marginal strips in the vicinity of Macetown and Arrowtown (see Maps 5.3 and 5.3.1). The scenic, mountainous landscape of this area includes outstanding natural landscapes recognised in regional and district plans (see Appendix 9) including the upper Shotover River—The Branches area, Lochnagar (the lake and surrounds) and the Richardson Mountains. Ecological values are high throughout this area, especially to the north, where natural values are the least modified. Extensive intact tussock grasslands are present, with a widespread and diverse shrubland belt in upper catchments. Grey shrublands, particularly those in steep, shaded gullies unaffected by fire and browsing animals, are important wildlife habitats and have high landscape values; shrublands in the upper Shotover River are thought to pre-date human arrival and contain one of the largest known populations of the threatened plant Cypress hebe. Many shrubland areas are also present on Crown pastoral lease land. Maintaining connectivity and minimising the adverse effects of grazing and fire are high priorities. Lochnagar, the margin of which is public conservation lands and waters, has high scientific interest. This lake, formed as a result of a rockslide, has exceptionally high water quality and clarity, and has several distinguishing features, notably an absence of fish, low indigenous plant diversity, and the absence of introduced vegetation within the lake. The Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997 recognises and protects the outstanding qualities of the Shotover River, its tributaries, and Lochnagar.

18 18 000 hectares in size and includes most of the forested areas of the Greenstone and Caples valleys, and Steele Creek. It also includes the Fraser and Kay creek catchments and parts of the southern Humboldt Mountains.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 61 The Richardson-Upper Shotover area has a rich mining and pastoral farming history. Historic sites include buildings, tracks, water races, flumes, tunnels, batteries and suspension bridges. Six actively conserved historic places are located in Richardson-Upper Shotover area including Macetown Historic Reserve and a variety of sites at Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve, Whakaari Conservation Area, and Arrowtown (see Map 5.3.1 and Appendix 10). Recreational opportunities range from climbing, tramping, heli-skiing and hunting in the Richardson Mountains to, in more accessible and popular places like Skippers and Macetown, historic appreciation, mountain biking, four-wheel driving, horse riding, camping and picnicking. Tramping and short walks, mountain biking and horse riding are popular activities in Whakaari Conservation Area. Skippers is managed as a Gateway destination (see Appendix 11). There are some issues related to traffic management at the site that need resolving. Commercial tourism activities include rafting and jet boating on the Shotover River and scenic tours in the Skippers area and Macetown. Heli-skiing occurs on public conservation lands and waters in Whakaari Conservation Area, the Richardson Mountains and Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve. Heli-biking operations are located at Whakaari Conservation Area. Aircraft access to the more remote areas of the Richardson Mountains is managed seasonally to enable heli-skiing in winter and protect the natural quiet values during summer. Preventing the spread of wilding trees and goats are priorities. The upper Shotover River catchment, Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve and Whakaari Conservation Area are the most vulnerable sites to wilding tree spread. Goats are controlled to low numbers in the upper Shotover River catchment with ongoing control necessary to reduce adverse effects to grey shrublands and prevent their spread into Mount Aspiring National Park. Fire is a particular concern in the drier and high-use areas of the Shotover River catchment and at Macetown. Historic sites and tracks at Skippers and Macetown have been damaged by indiscriminate trail bike and four-wheel drive use. Many vehicle users respect these sites and work with the Department to reduce adverse effects and repair damaged areas, but limits to motorised vehicle access may become necessary should adverse effects from motorised vehicles increase. There are some introduced trees in the Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve and Macetown Historic Reserve that are valued for their historic and amenity values.

Remarkables-Hector The Remarkables-Hector area includes The Remarkables and Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains and the Nevis River valley. While each area is distinct in its own right, together they comprise a large area with high natural, recreational and historic values (refer Maps 5.3 and 5.3.1). The Remarkables and Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains include several large conservation areas, and the Rastus Burn Recreation Reserve in which The Remarkables ski field is located. Marginal strips extend along most of the Nevis River with large areas contained within Crown pastoral leases. Many parts of The Remarkables-Hector area, both on and off public conservation lands and waters, have distinct and outstanding landscapes. Perhaps the best known is the west face of The Remarkables, a spectacular mountain backdrop to Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai- māori) catchment and Queenstown. The Remarkables and Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains contain high ecological values due in part to the area’s location in a transition zone between the wetter west and the drier Central Otago mountains and valleys. Tussock grasslands are extensive and largely unmodified. The alpine and subalpine vegetation includes the eastern extent of several

62 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 species including mountain snow tussock, cut-leaved alpine buttercup and Birleys hebejeebie. The area has a wide range of habitats—rock bluffs, boulderfields, cushionfields, tussockland, wetlands, lakes, forest and shrubland—extending from 350 m to 2320 m. Wye Creek is a priority ecosystem unit (see Appendix 4). The north branch of the Wye Creek valley has one of the largest remaining altitudinal sequences of indigenous vegetation (310 m to 2320 m) outside of Mount Aspiring National Park. The valley contains an important area of subalpine shrubland and the beech forest, which supports three species of whipcord hebe and several threatened plants including Cypress hebe. Lake Alta (1807 m) is notable for its spectacular cirque setting below Double Cone, and for the absence of aquatic plants and fish, although plankton and invertebrates are seasonally abundant. Kea are present on The Remarkables, at their eastern limit. The area supports high invertebrate diversity, including endemic and threatened species, such as several species of giant weevil, two black cicadas, a flightless stonefly and a rock-bluff moth. The Nevis River valley is an example of a relatively unmodified and virtually treeless Central Otago high-altitude basin. It has high ecological values, a feature being the threatened Nevis galaxias , endemic to the Nevis River, Nevis skink and distinctive plant communities on the valley terraces, including red tussock (Chionochloa rubra) grasslands, Muellers sedge (Carex muelleri) and Galium and button daisy (Leptinella conjuncta) species. Schoolhouse Flat in the Nevis River valley has been identified as a priority ecosystem unit. The Nevis River’s wild, scenic and recreational values are well known and recognised, and protected by the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997. As in many parts of Central Otago, gold mining and pastoral farming are evident in the lower Nevis River valley. The Nevis River valley is part of an ara tawhito through Otago and Southland, often referred to as Te Ara a Tamatea. It provided a crucial link for Māori, through to the Kawarau River valley. The Nevis River valley is regarded as the most intact goldfield landscape remaining in Otago and is identified as an outstanding natural landscape in the Central Otago District Plan (see Appendix 9).19 The highest level of recreational use occurs in and around The Remarkables ski field. The ski field road provides access to The Remarkables and Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains year round. Parapenting, hang-gliding and scenic flights occur in some parts. Tramping, climbing (including ice-climbing), backcountry camping and ski touring are available in the upper Wye Creek valley, easily accessible from The Remarkables ski field. Currently two heli-biking operations, authorised by concessions, occur in the Remarkables Conservation Area over summer. Away from the busy ski field area, and particularly in the southern Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains and Nevis River valley, a sense of solitude prevails in this backcountry area. Tramping, climbing, camping, kayaking, cross-country skiing and angling are popular activities. The historic road through the valley from Nevis Crossing to Garston is popular with four-wheel drivers. The Remarkables, with its close proximity to Queenstown, and outstanding landscape and recreational values, is subject to many development proposals. Providing recreational and

19 This classification was agreed to by parties involved in an Environment Court hearing on the Nevis River in November 2012. Prior to this agreement, the Nevis River valley was classified as a Special Natural Landscape.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 63 tourism opportunities for a growing number of visitors to some parts of The Remarkables, while ensuring protection of outstanding landscapes, indigenous ecosystems and natural character, is an ongoing challenge. The natural, historic, cultural and recreational values in the Nevis River and surrounding valley will be managed as a contrast to The Remarkables with low levels of development and commercial activity.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Western Lakes and Mountains /Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place

OUTCOME The mountains, lakes and rivers are cherished natural wonders that draw international and domestic visitors and provide an outstanding backdrop to and locations for a wide range of outdoor adventures and activities while supporting distinctive indigenous ecosystems and species. Priority ecosystem units are recovering or in a healthy and functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest, predator and wild animal control. Intact mountain to valley altitudinal vegetation sequences link habitats and ecosystems providing wildlife corridors across the landscape. Further local extinctions have not occurred and populations of threatened and at-risk species are improving within their natural range, and are becoming more common sights. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, landowners and community are working collaboratively to retain the natural, historic and recreational values of this Place, and protect it from fire, pests (especially wilding trees) and adverse effects caused by vehicles. The Matukituki River valley protection project has increased conservation outcomes and similar projects have commenced across the Place. Tahr within the southern exclusion zone are controlled to zero density. Highly valued landscapes, ecosystems, habitats and historic sites are free of wilding trees and goats. Goats are removed from areas adjoining Mount Aspiring National Park. White-tail deer within the Lower Dart Conservation Area are contained, primarily by recreational hunters, at densities that support the management of ecosystem priorities and the values of Mount Aspiring National Park. The impacts of introduced animals on the natural values of the Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu valley are much reduced as a result of pest management programmes. The abundance of other pest plants and animals elsewhere in this Place is being progressively reduced or contained. Parts of this Place remain an integral part of the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area. Elsewhere, this place complements Mount Aspiring National Park and the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area by providing opportunities for activities that are compatible with protection of the natural values but that may not be so compatible with national park or world heritage area values. Prominent landscape and geological features (ridgelines, and mountain tops) remain in their natural state, or are unmodified beyond their state at the time of becoming public conservation lands and waters. Within public conservation lands and waters away from prominent landscapes and geological features, structures may be present where well-blended into the landscape or where buildings already exist. More people enjoy a wide range of recreational opportunities and experiences within the recreation settings across the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place, provided by the Department, the community and many commercial

64 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 providers. The range of experiences and opportunities enables people to choose between remote, quiet and tranquil locations and busy, highly visited sites. The Matukituki River West Branch Gateway destination, an entrance to Mount Aspiring National Park, draws thousands of visitors each year to explore the numerous tracks and routes leading from the valley floor and enjoy the increasingly abundant wildlife. A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Walking and biking tracks at the Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve Gateway destination are enjoyed and highly utilised by domestic and international visitors. New cycleway initiatives and bike tracks enable more people to appreciate the values of the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place and create links between public conservation lands and waters. Collaboration with communities results in the provision of integrated recreation opportunities across this Place. In and around Queenstown people experience frequent aircraft activity and noise, much associated with over-flights and the Queenstown Airport. Frequent aircraft activity for commercial and recreation activities occurs at the Glenorchy airstrip. Regular to frequent encounters with aircraft occur in heli-skiing blocks during winter, and at specified scenic landing sites throughout this Place based on the visitor management zones those sites are located in. Aircraft are not encountered at Morning Star Beach Recreation Reserve, Moke Lake Recreation Reserve, Ben Lomond Scenic Reserve (part), Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve (part) and Mou Tapu Scenic Reserve (Lake Wanaka). Elsewhere, visitors can generally expect occasional encounters with aircraft on public conservation lands and waters. The Remarkables, Coronet Peak and Treble Cone ski fields provide for intensive use and are highly valued recreation and tourism opportunities enabling access to high-altitude areas. Recognition of the ski fields’ location on public conservation lands and waters, and conservation interpretation, are readily apparent to visitors. Ski fields are managed in a precautionary approach in terms of new and additional structures and terrain modification. Further development of existing ski fields may occur, in preference to any new ski fields. Disturbed areas are restored to an agreed standard comparable with that which was present prior to any development. Public conservation lands and water in the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place is highly valued for many commercial filming activities. Cooperative working relationships with the filming industry have resulted in continued access to a range of locations in a manner that safeguards the natural values of this Place, and benefits both conservation and business. Collaborations and partnerships with Ngāi Tahu, business, communities and other interested parties have helped achieve more conservation and enhanced prosperity across this Place. Tourism concessionaires continue to contribute to conservation via sponsorships, donations, staff involvement in projects and raising awareness of the value of conservation through their tours and activities.

Greenstone-Caples-Humboldt The Department and Ngāi Tahu are working in partnership to implement obligations in the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, in particular Ka Whenua Roimata and the leaseback of conservation areas. Natural, cultural, historic and recreational values of the Greenstone and Caples River valleys are protected and enhanced as a result, and contribute to positive visitor experiences.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 65 The outstanding natural qualities of the Greenstone and Caples Rivers are preserved in their natural state in accordance with the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997, and enjoyed by all who visit these valleys. Community groups, including hunting groups, assist with predator control programmes in the area to improve the health of populations of threatened mohua/yellowhead, kea, pīwauwau/rock wren, kārearea/New Zealand falcon, kākā and whio/blue duck. The Greenstone and Caples tracks, a Gateway destination, are cherished for recreation activities, such as fishing, tramping and hunting. The tracks offer year-round, easy, family- friendly walking opportunities and, together with the nearby Routeburn Track, offer premier multi-day tramping opportunities. Independent walkers encounter guided groups along the Greenstone and Caples tracks year round, except in public huts during the peak summer season. Guided recreational opportunities in the Greenstone and Caples River valleys enable the area to be enjoyed by a wider range of visitors. Backcountry opportunities in the surrounding mountains and the side valleys of the Greenstone and Caples River valleys are enjoyed by the more adventurous. Structures in these side valleys are limited to backcountry facilities. The Greenstone RHA continues to be an important site for recreational hunting. The Department and recreational hunters are working together to control deer populations to densities that support the management of ecosystem priorities. Recreational hunting is supported by provision for aircraft landings. Visitors in the main Greenstone and Caples River valleys expect to see and hear frequent aircraft activity from commercial and scenic over-flights. Aircraft are also frequently encountered at heli-skiing locations during winter. Regular aircraft encounters occur in the Humboldt Mountains at specified scenic landing sites and occasionally in the RHA and Greenstone and Caples River valleys and side valleys for fishing and hunting access.

Richardson-Upper Shotover Local communities, landowners and business appreciate, support, and are actively involved in conservation initiatives in Richardson-Upper Shotover alongside the Department. The health and connectivity of indigenous grey shrublands in the Shotover River catchment have improved as a result of sustained goat control and other conservation initiatives. Wilding trees have been removed from Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve and other tussock grassland areas. The diverse historic heritage of Macetown Historic Reserve and Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve is protected, well-interpreted and enjoyed by a wide range of people. Visitor experiences at Skippers and Macetown are enhanced by concessionaires who raise awareness of the history of the area, and their associated conservation values. The massive sluice faces and mining areas in Skippers are fully revealed. Features of the historic gold mining settlement of Bullendale are restored and preserved in partnership with the Wakatipu Heritage Trust. Activities at these sites complement the natural and historic values present. The restored Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve Icon site and Icon destination takes visitors on a journey through a part of New Zealand’s Chinese gold mining history. It is an integral part of an Arrowtown visit. A wide range of recreational activities complements the natural and historic heritage of the Richardson-Upper Shotover area. Secure public walking access is available to public conservation lands and waters in the Richardson Mountains and upper Shotover River valley

66 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 (above Skippers) and these areas remain tranquil places where people enjoy nature on its own terms with few or no recreational facilities. More people enjoy the magnificent Shotover River valley and the centrepiece Gateway destination at Skippers (township). Independent and guided visitors enjoy a range of short stay and overnight experiences, including walking and camping, at historic Skippers township. The Skippers Road driving experience is enhanced through on-site interpretation, in association with Queenstown Lakes District Council, concessionaires and other partners. Four-wheel driving opportunities at Skippers Creek are maintained in partnership with users. Visitors regularly encounter aircraft activity and landings on public conservation lands and waters around Skippers and Lochnagar, and during winter in the Richardson Mountains for heli-skiing. Occasional encounters occur elsewhere for scenic landings and activities such as heli-biking.

Remarkables-Hector The outstanding natural landscapes and ecological values of The Remarkables and Tāpuae-o- Uenuku/Hector Mountains are intact and enjoyed by more people. Wilding trees and feral goats are being controlled to zero density by sustained control. A range of recreational experiences is available in The Remarkables-Hector area ranging from largely unmodified environments where a sense of solitude and remoteness can be found in a largely unmodified environment (Wye Creek valley), to The Remarkables busy ski field. The unmodified natural character of the upper Wye Creek valley (including its alpine tarns and basins) remains free of built structures and developments. It is easily accessible by walking and people enjoy the natural quiet and the indigenous ecosystems and landscapes. The Nevis River valley’s outstanding natural landscapes, indigenous ecosystems and freshwater species, intact altitudinal sequences, and historic heritage remain. The historic significance of the Nevis Road, as an important route between Southland and Otago for Māori and early settlers, is recognised and protected. The Nevis River, protected by the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997, remains in its natural state and many people appreciate its natural and recreational values. Regular to frequent aircraft activity is experienced at specified landing sites in northern areas, particularly the ridgeline of The Remarkables and the Ben Cruachan-Doolans Creek area. Visitors to the Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains experience occasional to regular aircraft activity during the summer.

POLICIES 2.3.1 Once tenure reviews have been substantially completed, undertake a review of existing status of public conservation lands and waters within this Place in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980 to better reflect their values. 2.3.2 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.3, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1– 3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.3.3 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 67 2.3.4 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.3 and subject to compliance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.3.5 Continue programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters, and in cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters. 2.3.6 May consider applications for one-off permits/authorisations for over-snow vehicles outside of the designated area in accordance with Policy 3.2.11. 2.3.7 Should allow over-snow vehicle use only for the purpose of ski field management within ski field lease/licence areas subject to the provisions of the lease/licence and in accordance with Policies 3.2.12 and 3.25.6. 2.3.8 Work closely with Ngāi Tahu, agencies and community to identify priorities that will guide future direction to any extensions to cycleways within this Place as identified in 3.3 Mountain bikes.

Greenstone-Caples-Humboldt 2.3.9 Work closely and cooperatively with Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and station managers to ensure traditional, spiritual and cultural values are respected and upheld on station management issues such as stock intrusion onto conservation land, and to give effect to the requirements of the Leaseback Conservation Area lease agreement and adjoining public conservation land areas. 2.3.10 For the protection of the outstanding and undeveloped landscapes, natural values, backcountry character and cultural values of these valleys, should not authorise new structures or roads in the Greenstone and Caples River valleys, except where provided for in the leaseback agreement between the Crown and Ngāi Tahu, or where appropriate to maintain an existing visitor facility and experience. 2.3.11 May allow guided parties under concession in the Caples and Greenstone River valleys, only in accordance with the following criteria, to protect the backcountry character and tramping experience in these valleys: a) the activity is limited to a maximum party size of 15 people (including guides) (refer Appendix 12); b) for overnight guided trips, camping only occurs in the vicinity of the huts; and c) only at 50% of available bunk space (unless otherwise unoccupied); and d) review the use of huts by guided parties if evidence shows that adverse effects are occurring. 2.3.12 Work collaboratively with Ngāi Tahu station managers and hunting groups over future management of the Greenstone RHA, including hut and track maintenance and predator control programmes within the RHA. 2.3.13 Work collaboratively with the hunting groups to monitor the impact of deer populations in the Greenstone RHA on biodiversity values and adapt management in response to findings.

Richardson-Upper Shotover 2.3.14 Work with adjoining landowners, hunting groups and the community to reduce goat numbers to allow regeneration of fully diverse forest, tall tussock and shrubland communities, and to prevent the spread of goats into Mount Aspiring National Park.

68 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.3.15 Manage exotic tree removal within Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve and Macetown Historic Reserve to distinguish between trees to be removed and those to be retained as part of the historic or amenity values. 2.3.16 Any structures in the Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve, the Whakaari Conservation Area or the Ballarat Creek Conservation Area should not adversely affect the natural and historic values of these areas, in particular: a) the undeveloped natural landscapes and isolated character of the Richardson Mountains and upper Shotover River valley; b) the quality and integrity of its indigenous ecosystems, habitats and species; and c) the avoidance of adverse effects on the following values: i) the natural, historic and cultural landscapes; ii) existing recreational values and uses; iii) natural quiet. 2.3.17 Develop and implement, in consultation with the community, a vehicle management plan for the Skippers road end at Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve20 to cater for periods of high visitor use including consideration of limits on vehicle numbers or types of vehicles able to park at this site. 2.3.18 Seek opportunities to improve public access to public conservation lands and waters in the Richardson Mountains and upper Shotover River valley (above Skippers). 2.3.19 Work with the community in incorporating the Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic Reserve Icon site and Icon destination as part of the proposed Chinese Heritage Trail.

Remarkables-Hector 2.3.20 Should not allow new permanent utilities, structures or facilities (both recreational and commercial) in the upper Wye Creek valley to protect the unmodified and high natural character of this valley. 2.3.21 When considering, applications for new utilities, structures or facilities throughout this Place (with the exception of the upper Wye Creek valley), should have particular regard to the potential adverse effects on: a) natural ecosystems, landscapes and natural character, particularly in areas where structures and facilities are currently absent; b) catchment water quality and quantity, including in Lake Alta; c) priority ecosystem units and threatened species; d) natural quiet; e) current recreational uses; and f) opportunities available for such structures or developments off public conservation lands and waters. 2.3.22 May allow further development and/or expansion of The Remarkables ski field (with the exception of the upper Wye Creek valley) in accordance with Policies 3.25.1– 3.25.6 in Part Three, provided that adverse effects (including cumulative effects) are avoided, remedied or mitigated on the following values: a) the outstanding natural landscapes and ecological values of The Remarkables and the Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains;

20 Commonly referred to as ‘Skippers roadend’.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 69 b) the landscape and ecological (including water quantity and quality) values of the priority ecosystem unit at Lake Alta; c) the recreational experiences of other users; and d) the ability of users to access the area year round.

Table 2.3: Access to Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS21

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Arrow River Marginal Strip and Macetown Historic Reserve

— Macetown Road (part on public conservation lands and waters) Coronet Peak Recreation Reserve

— Coronet Peak ski field road (parts on public conservation lands and waters) Diamond Lake and Lake Reid Wildlife Management Reserve

— Diamond Lake (Wakatipu) amenity area access road Dublin Bay—Outlet—Albert Town Recreation Reserve

— Formed 4WD road Earnslaw Burn Recreation Reserve

— Earnslaw Burn amenity area access road Hikuwai Conservation Area

— Wanaka Outlet track car park access road Lochy River Marginal Strip

— On-farm track that crosses marginal strip (part on public conservation lands and waters) Lower Dart and Dans Paddock Conservation Area

— Dart Road Matatiaho Conservation Area

— Skyline 4WD Road Moke Lake Recreation Reserve

— Moke Lake campsite road Motatapu Conservation Area and Treble Cone Access Road Conservation Area

— Treble Cone ski field road Mount Aspiring/Tititea Conservation Area and adjacent marginal strip

— Aspiring Hut 4WD access road Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve

— ‘Tiger Trail’—between the Skippers township and the confluence of the left and right branches of Skippers Creek

— Sainsbury Terrace Road — Skippers Bridge to Pleasant Terraces Mt Crichton Scenic Reserve

— New Mt Crichton access road Rees River Marginal Strip

— On-farm track that crosses marginal strip (part on public conservation lands and waters)

21 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation land. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements.

70 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Reko’s Point Conservation Area

— Clutha River/Mata-Au access 4WD road Remarkables Conservation Area and adjacent public conservation lands and waters

— The Remarkables ski field access road (part on public conservation lands and waters) Shotover River Marginal Strip

— The Branches Road (part on public conservation lands and waters) Taka Rā Haka Conservation Area/Te Kere Haka Scenic Reserve

— Te Kere Haka Track (along old farm track on lakeside) Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve

— Twelve Mile Delta access road MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS22

Albert Town Conservation Area and Hāwea River Marginal Strip

— Hāwea River Track Ben Lomond Scenic Reserve

— Several routes (parts of which are on public conservation lands and waters) (proposed track) Clutha River Marginal Strip and Reko’s Point Conservation Area

— Lake Wanaka Outlet Track — Upper Clutha River Track Clutha River North Side Conservation Area and Clutha River Marginal Strip

— Newcastle Track Coronet Peak Recreation Reserve

— Rude Rock Track Devils Creek Conservation Area and Shotover Creek Conservation Area

— Skippers Saddle to Atley Terrace Road (parts on public conservation lands and waters) — Devils Creek 4WD Road (parts on public conservation lands and waters) — Shotover Canyon 4WD Road (parts on public conservation lands and waters) Dublin Bay—Outlet—Albert Town Recreation Reserve

— Deans Bank Track — Dublin Bay Track Grandview Creek Marginal Strip

— Grandview Creek Track Hanley Faces Conservation Area / Mt Crichton Scenic Reserve

— (proposed track) Hikuwai Conservation Area

— Formed mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle tracks Kawarau River Marginal Strip and adjacent conservation areas

— Gibbston River Trail Lake Dispute Scenic Reserve and Conservation Area, Hanley Faces Conservation Area and Moke Lake Recreation Reserve

— Moke Lake to Lake Dispute Track (parts on public conservation lands and water) — Moke Lake loop track Lake Hayes Marginal Strip and Slope Hill Recreation Reserve (Lake Hayes)

— Lake Hayes Track (parts on public conservation lands and water)

22 This information applies to the access on public conservation land and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 71 Lower Dart and Dans Paddock Conservation Areas

— Chinamans Bluff Road Lower Shotover Conservation Area

— As limited by topography and vegetation McChesneys Conservation Area

— Several routes (part of which are on public conservation lands and water) (proposed track) Matatiaho Conservation Area

— Isthmus Peak Track (part on public conservation lands and waters) Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve − (proposed track) Mount Aspiring/Tititea Conservation Area

— Matukituki River West Branch Track (part to boundary of Mt Aspiring National Park) Remarkables Conservation Area

— Glenroy water race track — Ben Cruachan Track and the ridgeline of the Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains above Doolans Creek Seven Mile Recreation Reserve / Seven Mile Creek Reserve

— Arawata Terrace Track — Seven Mile Point Track — Gold Diggers Track — Queenstown Mountain Bike Club terrain park — Several routes (parts of which are on public conservation lands and waters) (proposed tracks) Shotover Creek Conservation Area

— Skippers Road to Atley Terrace Track (part on public conservation lands and waters) Station Creek Conservation Area

— Minaret Burn Track Te Kere Haka Scenic Reserve/Glen Allen Scenic Reserve

— Glen Allen Track (part on public conservation lands and waters) The Stack Conservation Area

— Spotts Creek Track Tuckers Beach Wildlife Management Area and Recreation Reserve

— As limited by topography and vegetation Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve/Bobs Cove Recreation Reserve

— Twelve Mile Delta to Bobs Cove Track — Bobs Cove Track and Nature Walk Whakaari Conservation Area

— Mt McIntosh loop track — Mt Judah Track — Heather Jock loop track — Black Peak-Judah Road Track Wilsons Bay Recreation Reserve

— (proposed track)

72 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS23

Beach Bay Recreation Reserve

Big Beach Conservation Area

Caples Conservation Area and adjacent marginal strip

— Access over freehold land and use of stock tracks on public conservation lands and waters requires prior approval from Ngāi Tahu and the Department

— Access to the Caples Conservation Area is via the Caples stock track — No access beyond the fence line at mid Caples hut Chinamans Bluff Road

— Access beyond Chinamans Creek on formed track only — No access on the Dart walking track Dart and Rees valleys outside Mount Aspiring National Park

— No access to Glenorchy Wildlife Management Reserve, Diamond Lake track and north shore of Diamond Lake Greenstone Conservation Area and reserves

— Access over freehold land and use of stock tracks on public conservation lands and waters requires prior approval from Ngāi Tahu and the Department

— Access to the Greenstone Conservation Area is via Lake Rere stock track to Passburn Hut, with no access in forested sections of the Greenstone Track beyond this point

— No access beyond fence line below McKellar hut — No access in Steel Creek Greenvale/Allendale Tenure Review land, Te Kere Haka and Glen Allen scenic reserves

— Access on formed tracks — No access on the Shirt Trail walking track Lower Shotover Conservation Area

Macetown Historic Reserve

Minaret Burn Mouth Conservation Area

Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve—Skippers

Remarkables Conservation Area

— Nevis River valley — Doolans valley — No access on the Doolans water race track Tuckers Beach to the Shotover Bridge Delta reserves and conservation areas

Whakaari Conservation Area

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019) • Control and containment of feral goats and tahr. • An evaluation of the level of recreation opportunities at the Skippers township. • A programme established to manage wilding tree control within Macetown Historic Reserve while considering historic and amenity values.

23 This information applies to the access on public conservation land and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landowner permission.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 73 Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  An evaluation of community management options for the Greenstone Recreational Hunting Area.  Priorities identified for extensions to the cycleway network.  Commence an investigation to reclassify public conservation lands and waters in The Remarkables and surrounding public conservation lands and waters to better reflect their value. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Collaborative initiatives are established to retain the natural, historical and recreational values.  Progress the reclassification of public conservation lands and waters in The Remarkables and surrounding public conservation lands and waters.  Feral goats and tahr are controlled and contained.

2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place

Description The Central Otago Uplands Place (see Maps 5.4 and 5.4.1) comprises the upland areas of Central Otago—the Pisa Range, Rock and Pillar Range and Dunstan Mountains, the broad plateau of the upper Manorburn, and further north the Kakanui Mountains. While similar to the block mountain ranges within Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place (see section 2.2) and Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place (see section 2.5), each mountain range has its own distinct character. The Place includes some of the outstanding ecosystems and landscapes that epitomise Central Otago. Public conservation lands and waters in this Place include conservation areas, scenic and historic reserves, a wildlife management reserve, and marginal strips. Several conservation covenants adjoin the public conservation lands and waters. Central Otago’s dry continental climate creates seasonal extremes with hot summers and cold winters giving rise to specially adapted ecosystems and species unique to Otago. This Place is characterised by predominantly schist block mountains, rolling inter-montane tussock grassland basins, high-altitude wetlands and cushionfields, distinctive tor features, rocky dryland landscapes and, in the Kakanui Mountains, volcanic features. Shrublands and smaller areas of taller, mostly beech forest remain in some areas. Overall it is a place of high, vast, open landscapes and skies. In the downlands between the St Marys Range and Kakanui Mountains and the Waitaki River is a band of limestone that forms distinctive landscape features. Although now profoundly modified by pastoral farming, some sites retain Relict indigenous vegetation that include a group of the most threatened plants in New Zealand e.g. Holloways broom and Kawarau cress, schist cress. Some are important as sites of early Māori occupation, Māori rock art, and for geopreservation of fossils. One such site at Gards Road has recently been purchased and reclassified as public conservation land, Gards Road Scenic Reserve, to protect its many ecosystems, archaeological and geological values. The Clutha River/Mata-Au, Manuherikia, Taieri and smaller rivers flow between and connect the mountain ranges. They have ecological, historic, cultural, recreational, landscape and economic value.

74 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Eight priority ecosystem units are on public conservation lands and waters within the Place (see Map 5.4 and Appendix 4). The uplands provide habitats for a variety of plants and animals, with some endemic to specific mountain ranges. For example, the Rock and Pillar Range has three endemic plants, Rock and Pillar daisy, Kelleria villosa var. barbata and dwarf daisy. Threatened species in the Place include many indigenous plants and invertebrates adapted to living in climatically extreme environments. Further investigation is needed into unclassified invertebrates endemic to Central Otago. The vast tussock grasslands of the Place provide important ecosystem services, such as protecting water quality, quantity and yield for townships and rural irrigation. Since human settlement, the indigenous vegetation patterns of the place have been modified on a landscape scale. Māori explored the ranges and valleys seeking food and minerals. Archaeological sites and place names reflect their use of the area. The Clutha River/Mata-Au, Roaring Meg (Te Waio Koroiko) and Kawarau rivers and valleys were all ara tawhito, giving access into the interior. Whatatorere Historic Reserve, vested in Ngāi Tahu, was the location of a natural rock-arch ‘bridge’ (now collapsed) across the Kawarau River. Early gold mining sites exist throughout the Place, but are less well-known than in lower- altitude areas where resultant landscape-scale changes are more evident. Historic remnant shelters, huts, water races and reservoirs, waterwheels, pathways, stamper batteries and other equipment still exist. The Clutha River/Mata-Au also has an extensive history of gold mining and dredging, with historic sites scattered along much of its length. Community group and agency involvement is seeing the protection and restoration of some of these historic sites. High-country farming has had a 150-year history in the Place and has shaped the landscapes throughout that time. Buildings, stock yards, gardens, musterers’ huts, pack tracks and fences are reminders of this history; many are now located on public conservation lands and waters. Several huts associated with Otago’s early climbing, skiing, tramping or hunting heritage also remain. These include the historic Big Hut and the re-built Leaning Lodge in the Rock and Pillar Conservation Area, owned by the Rock and Pillar Hut and the Leaning Lodge trusts respectively, and maintained by them for public use. Historic roads and tracks follow routes used by Māori, gold miners and early settlers (e.g. the Old Dunstan Road). There are six actively conserved historic places in this Place (refer Map 5.4.1 and Appendix 10). The Central Otago Uplands Place provides recreation opportunities for mountain biking, tramping, hunting, backcountry skiing, fishing and horse trekking. Backcountry huts, tracks and roads, and frontcountry facilities are present. The climatic extremes provide seasonal variation in recreational opportunities. In winter the broad summits, rolling terrain and reliable snow cover are ideal conditions for backcountry skiing, dog sledding and skijoring, providing opportunities for multi-day trips in largely unmodified environments. In summer, four-wheel driving and trail bike touring on roads, and mountain biking are popular. The Pisa Range in particular has a higher level of recreation than other areas of the Place. Concessionaire and adjoining commercial activities include heli-biking, sporting events and filming. The adjacent Snow Farm ski field, operated by the Pisa Alpine Charitable Trust and a council-owned recreation reserve, complements recreation opportunities on the public conservation lands and waters, especially during winter, and facilitates public vehicle and foot access to the Pisa Range. Popular four-wheel driving opportunities occur in northern sections of the Range. Aircraft activity disturbance does occur from both over-flights to and

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 75 from Queenstown Airport and a low to moderate level of aircraft landing activity on public conservation lands and waters, largely associated with summer activities. South of Kurow, the Alps 2 Ocean Cycle Trail passes through the Place en route to Oamaru, and utilises parts of the public conservation lands and waters in this area. Managing vehicle use and impacts, and conflicts between motorised and non-motorised activities, is a challenge in this Place. Four-wheel drive and trail bike touring is suitable on some formed roads or routes within public conservation lands and waters in summer. Motorised vehicles need to remain on the roads to minimise impacts to sensitive natural and historic values. There are, however, numerous legal roads that bisect public conservation lands and waters and management and use of these legal roads, while still needing to minimise adverse effects, involve district council responsibilities. Vehicle use in areas traditionally used by walkers or mountain bikers can contribute to crowding at huts and alter the experience for, or result in displacement of, people who are seeking a quieter backcountry experience. In winter, roads may need to be closed to vehicles (for reasons of public safety and to protect the road surface), as is done by Dunedin City and Central Otago District councils for the Old Dunstan Road over the Rock and Pillar Range, and councils elsewhere. There is interest in snowmobiling and this occurs within the Snow Farm on the Pisa Range, and on private lands, and is provided for within public conservation lands and waters on the Old Man Range/Kopuwai (see 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place). The management of snowmobile use on legal roads through public conservation lands and waters will be a management challenge if it is desired to retain non- motorised winter recreation opportunities with isolation and natural quiet values. Off public conservation lands and waters, the Place is facing land use intensification, for example farming, exotic forestry, and energy developments. All have the potential to change ecological, values, landscape and recreational use of the Central Otago Uplands Place, while in some instances providing potential significant regional and national benefits. Fire is an ongoing threat to public conservation lands and waters, especially where the land units are small and surrounded by rural and residential activity. Fire-damaged sites at higher altitudes can take many years to recover. Pest plants, particularly wilding trees, are a threat to the open grasslands and highly specialised indigenous communities, species and water yield of the uplands. Control to zero density of wilding trees needs constant and coordinated efforts by multiple agencies and landowners. There has long been community interest in seeking legal and physical protection of more extensive areas within and adjoining the Place, for landscape, indigenous biodiversity and recreational values. Important considerations are the protection of high-altitude lands and continuous links between Mount Aspiring National Park, the Central Otago Uplands and the lower-altitude drylands, thus retaining ecological corridors. The latter may become more important as climate change impacts on indigenous ecosystems and species. Maintaining and developing recreational opportunity linkages between public use areas could also be beneficial to the Place. While some new public conservation lands and waters may arise in the Place from tenure review and other processes, and thus provide for natural and historic values protection and recreational opportunities, there is also scope for community and landowner actions. If additional public conservation lands and waters arise, it may be desirable for best recognition and management of their values, and locality identification, to determine the most suitable

76 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 conservation land status for such lands within this Place, in conjunction with adjoining Places, including those in Southland.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Central Otago Uplands Place

OUTCOME The individual character, vast open landscapes, natural, historic, cultural, and recreational and ecosystem service values of the Central Otago Uplands Place are retained. Conservation initiatives off public conservation lands and waters are integrated with purposes for which conservation lands and waters are held, to contribute to securing these values. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, landowners and the community are working cooperatively to retain the natural, historic and recreational values throughout this Place, and protect them from fire, pests (especially wilding trees) and damage from vehicles. Priority ecosystems are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator management. Threatened species populations are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. Intact altitudinal vegetation sequences link the uplands to the lowlands, and provide wildlife corridors and improved habitat and ecosystem connectivity. Prominent landscape and geological features (ridgelines, plateaus, and mountain tops) remain in a predominantly natural state. Within public conservation lands and waters away from prominent landscapes and geological features, structures may be present where well- blended into the landscape or where buildings already exist. Visitors gain an appreciation of the rich historic heritage of the area by exploring historic sites which bring to life the history of this area. Representative examples of Otago’s historic places, reflecting Ngāi Tahu occupation, exploration, gold mining and pastoral farming, are retained and interpreted through integrated Department, Ngāi Tahu and community efforts. More people enjoy the range of summer and winter recreational activities in the Place. In winter, recreational uses such as backcountry skiing, dog sledding, skijoring and hunting occur and natural quiet and solitude prevail. Four-wheel drive and motorbike touring, mountain biking, horse riding and tramping occur within and through defined parts of the public conservation lands and waters during summer. Motorised vehicle activity occurs mostly on legal roads adjoining or through the public conservation land. Any adverse effects are managed in cooperation with district councils and the community, including four-wheel drive and motorbike users, and vehicles keep to formed roads at sustainable activity levels to minimise impacts on sensitive ecosystems and species. Four-wheel drive and motorbike touring roads, existing biking and walking tracks, along with new cycleway initiatives and bike tracks enable more people to appreciate the values of the Central Otago Uplands Place and create links between public conservation lands and waters. Public conservation lands and waters within this Place have been investigated for the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’. Public conservation lands and waters on the Rock and Pillar Range, Kakanui Mountains, upper Manorburn and Dunstan Mountains are managed for predominately backcountry recreation, where natural quiet prevails and the largely undeveloped natural character is retained. Encounters with aircraft activity are occasional in the Rock and Pillar Range and upper Manorburn and rare in the Kakanui Mountains and Dunstan Mountains.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 77 A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Two huts in the Rock and Pillar Range are maintained for public use by community trusts. The Pisa Range, both on and off public conservation lands and waters, is more intensely used for recreation, including commercial and concessionaire activity, within the Central Otago Uplands Place. Motorised vehicle opportunities on and through public conservation lands and waters are provided for in the north of the range, leaving the southern part free from motorised vehicles. Opportunities for solitude and self-reliance are still retained in the Pisa Range. Natural quiet is high in winter and in summer away from defined motorised vehicle roads. Encounters with aircraft activity on public conservation lands and waters are occasional during summer and less frequent during winter, although noise from over-flights associated with Queenstown Airport is experienced year-round.

POLICIES 2.4.1 Advocate for the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’ or parks in the interests of integrated conservation management, centred on the higher-altitude lands within this Place (and potentially extending to adjoining ranges), by: a) providing advice for tenure reviews; b) engaging with the community, including landowners; and c) for existing the public conservation lands and waters, having regard to the land status options under the Conservation Act 1987 and Reserves Act 1977. 2.4.2 Once tenure reviews have been substantially completed, review land status of public conservation lands and waters within this Place in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980 to better reflect the values. 2.4.3 Encourage further investigations and research into poorly known indigenous species, such as plants, fungi and animals of Central Otago to ensure that the proliferation and number of these species are better understood. 2.4.4 Work with Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga and the community, including pastoral farmers and landowners, to best protect a representative range of historic places that represent early exploration, gold mining and pastoral farming history. 2.4.5 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.4, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1- 3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.4.6 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.4.7 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.4, and subject to compliance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.4.8 Work with the community, including local authorities, to raise awareness of the vulnerability of upland wetlands and other habitats with respect to the adverse effects of vehicle use, and to gain their active involvement in initiatives to restore damaged areas. 2.4.9 Consider the management options for legal roads as in Policy 3.1.8 in Part Three, and also work with the Pisa Alpine Charitable Trust, relevant agencies, other landowners

78 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 and the community on the management of public vehicle access from their lands onto the Pisa Range. 2.4.10 Work with the Alps 2 Ocean Cycle Trail Trust on the provision of access for the Trail through public conservation lands and waters. 2.4.11 Work closely with Ngāi Tahu, agencies and community to identify priorities that will guide future direction on any extensions to cycleways within this Place as identified in 3.3 Mountain bikes. 2.4.12 May consider applications for one-off permits/authorisations for over-snow vehicles outside of the designated area in accordance with Policy 3.2.11. 2.4.13 Continue undertaking programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters. In cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters.

Table 2.4: Access to Central Otago Uplands Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS24

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Awa Nohoaka Conservation Area

— Formed 4WD road Bendigo Conservation Area

— Mount Moka Road Dry Creek Conservation Area and Neinei-i-kura Conservation Area

— Formed 4WD road Lauder Basin Conservation Area

— Lauder Basin Conservation Area 4WD Road Lindis Conservation Area

— Formed 4WD road Manorburn Conservation Area

— Southern and Western boundary roads Pisa Conservation Area (part) and Te Wai o Koroiko Scenic Reserve (excludes southern section)

— Formed 4WD roads Rock and Pillar Conservation Area and Rock and Pillar Scenic Reserve

— Rock and Pillar 4WD Road (part on public conservation land and waters) — Kinvara to Rock and Pillar Ridge Road — Western Block Access Track Sutton Salt Lake Scenic Reserve

— Sutton Salt Lake Access Road MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS25

Where motorised vehicles are provided for in this table as above—‘Motorised vehicle access’

24 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation land and waters. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements. 25 This information applies to the access on public conservation land and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 79 Awa Nohoaka Conservation Area — Grandview Range Track Bendigo Conservation Area — As limited by topography and vegetation Clutha River marginal strips and associated reserves — Clutha Gold Trail — Roxburgh Gorge Trail — Alexandra to Clyde River Track Kakanui Mountains — Mt Misery Road—Waianakarua The Larches Conservation Area — Existing formed tracks Lauder Basin Conservation Area — Existing formed tracks Neinei i Kura Conservation Area — Dry Creek Track — Cloudy Peak Track Pisa Conservation Area and Te Wai o Koroiko Scenic Reserve — Roaring Meg Pack Track — Cardrona-Cromwell Pack Track — Rock Peak Track — Other formed tracks Rock and Pillar Conservation Area and Rock and Pillar Scenic Reserve — Western Block Access Track — As limited by topography and vegetation, but primarily on former farm tracks HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS

Ardgour Conservation Area

Awa Nohoaka Conservation Area

Bendigo Conservation Area

Kakaunui Conservation Area — Access on existing formed tracks during summer only The Larches Conservation Area

Lauder Basin Conservation Area

Lindis Conservation Area

Long Gully Conservation Area

Manorburn Conservation Area

Mt Benger Scenic Reserve

Neinei i Kura Conservation and Dry Creek Conservation Area

Pisa Conservation Area and Te Wai o Koroiko Scenic Reserve

Rock and Pillar Conservation Area — Western Block Access Track Serpentine Scenic Reserve

Waikerikeri Conservation Area

80 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Investigations have commenced to determine the best way to create a ‘tussock grassland park’. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Collaborative initiatives are encouraged and supported for conservation management and advocacy to progress the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’.  Collaborative initiatives are established for the restoration and enhancement of historic sites.  Priorities identified for extensions to the cycleway network. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Collaborative partnerships are established to progress the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’.  An increased knowledge and understanding of the plants, fungi and animals.

2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place

Description This Place includes conservation areas and a scenic reserve on Old Man Range/Kopuwai and Old Woman Range, marginal strips within the Garvie Mountains, the Young Australian and Mitchell’s Cottage historic reserves, Gorge Creek Recreation Reserve, and small conservation areas on the Carrick Range (see Map 5.5). Three conservation covenants over privately owned land adjoin the conservation areas. Although broadly similar to the Central Otago Uplands Place (see section 2.4), this Place is identified because of its distinctive landscape, ecological and recreational values. These values extend beyond the public conservation lands and waters, including into Southland’s Waikaia River catchment to the south. The ranges were favoured hunting grounds, including for moa, and Ngāi Tahu has a strong connection with the natural resources of this area. Ara tawhito associated with gathering pounamu pass nearby, and historic rock shelters, ovens, taonga find spots and place names are tangible reminders of the occupation and activity of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna in the area. For Ngāi Tahu, the Old Man Range/Kopuwai is a wāhi taonga, with the prominent rock outcrop, the Obelisk, the focal point of a traditional story and located at the centre of the Kopuwai Historic Reserve vested in Ngāi Tahu. This area of schist block mountains comprises broad, rolling summits and basins, rock tors and, in places, tundra-like vegetation seldom seen elsewhere. Specific geological features are of international (Old Man Range/Kopuwai and Obelisk Range summit tors and sheath folds) and national (Garvie Mountains and Old Man Range/Kopuwai peneplain, and the Old Woman Range patterned ground and solifluction stripes) significance (see Appendix 9). Together the ranges form an impressive landscape feature of Central Otago. Views from the ranges are spectacular, while the experience within the ranges is one of vastness and openness.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 81 Running generally north–south, the ranges create a rain shadow that blocks southerly fronts from reaching parts of Central Otago, creating a marked contrast between often very cold conditions on the range crests and a milder climate in surrounding lowland areas. There is one priority ecosystem unit—Old Man Range/Kopuwai on public conservation lands and waters (see Appendix 4)—although a much larger, ecologically important area exists off public conservation lands and waters. Typical alpine ecosystems are well represented, although shrublands are confined to the wetter parts of the area or as remnants around rock tors. The at-risk shrub Poppelwells pimelea is locally common in wet areas. Aquatic ecosystems are diverse, including blanket and string bogs, tarns, torrents and waterfalls. They support many aquatic insects, including several rare species such as the locally endemic stonefly Zelandobius alatus and a flightless Hydrobiosis caddis. Vegetation is dominated by extensive areas of rolling tussock grasslands, cushion and fellfields, wetlands and a variety of low-stature alpine communities. There are small areas of beech forest. The wetlands are numerous and diverse and provide bird habitat. Alpine string bog wetlands, including a portion of the internationally significant Nokomai wetland complex which extends into Southland in the southern Garvie Mountains, are a feature of this Place. In addition, the Nevis River wetland (part of the Nokomai wetland complex in the southern branch of Roaring Lion Creek) is recognised for its outstanding amenity and intrinsic values and required to be preserved as far as possible in its natural state under the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997. The main stem of the Nevis River is protected under the Order. Threatened and at-risk species present, similar to other block mountain systems in Otago, include plant and invertebrate species, several of which are endemic to small areas within this Place. They include Enys aniseed, woodrush and hebejeebie. Insect fauna of the grasslands and herbfields is also diverse and grasshopper, beetle, fly, wasp and moth species abound. Later historic sites include those of 19th century gold mining (e.g. localities such as the basin of the Earnscleugh or Fraser River and Omeo Creek gully on the Old Man Range/Kopuwai), and of pastoral farming. For the early gold miners, crossing and working on the ranges was challenging and harsh winters and tough working conditions killed many. Remains of the old snow pole route from Otago to Southland are still visible on the Old Man Range/Kopuwai. Four actively conserved historic places are the Alpine Stamper Battery in the basin of the Earnscleugh or Fraser River, the Young Australian Waterwheel, Mitchell’s Cottage, and Gorge Creek Recreation Reserve (see Appendix 10). The Place, including on private lands accessed with landowner permission, offers a range of recreational opportunities, which vary with the seasons. In summer, tramping, mountain biking, hunting, camping, sightseeing, historic heritage appreciation, horse trekking and four- wheel drive and motorbike touring are popular activities. Several legal roads, some only developed to four-wheel drive standard, provide summer vehicle access to and through public conservation lands and waters and other lands on parts of the Old Man Range/Kopuwai, including through to the Potters gold mining site in Southland. In winter, the rolling terrain and reliable snow cover are ideal conditions for backcountry skiing, dog sledding and skijoring. The three major ranges combine in winter to form a large area and provide opportunities for multi-day trips in largely unmodified environments with little avalanche risk. The vast size of this Place gives a sense of isolation, the natural quiet and

82 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 outstanding landscapes, which combine to provide an experience unparalleled elsewhere in New Zealand. In Otago there is also a need for designated areas for over-snow vehicle use. Public conservation lands and waters provide opportunity for over-snow vehicle activity where adverse effects on natural values and other recreational users are avoided or minimised. Increasing levels of over-snow vehicle use have occurred for some years in parts of the Old Man Range/Kopuwai and Old Woman Range. Winter-time four-wheel drive road access is required to suitable snow, which can be accessed from the Waikaia Bush Road, Symes Road and Duffers Saddle or by arrangement with adjoining landowners. In some instances, over- snow vehicles are delivered by helicopter, thereby limiting the four-wheel adverse effects. Legal roads, sometimes formed, provide four-wheel drive vehicle access to and along parts of the Old Man Range/Kopuwai and Old Woman Range crests, but damage to wetlands and other sensitive areas on and adjacent to roads has occurred. The wetter soils have a propensity to become damaged by erosive tracking, from which they recover slowly. The Department is working with the community, including four-wheel drive clubs and users to confine vehicle use to formed roads to prevent further damage and allow recovery of damaged areas. There has long been community interest in seeking legal and physical protection of more extensive areas within and adjoining the Place, to maintain landscape, indigenous biodiversity and recreational values present. In part, this interest reflects that predominantly indigenous flora and fauna, especially at higher altitudes, are still present after over 150 years of pastoral farming, and that landowners have allowed some public access and recreation on their private lands. While some new public conservation lands and waters may arise in these areas from the tenure review process, an alternative or additional vision may be to consider a ‘park’ approach under a variety of land tenures, with a whole landscape and combined community and landowner approach.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place

OUTCOME The natural landscapes, ecological, historic, cultural and recreational values, within Otago, of the Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains and their lowland connections are retained. Prominent landscape and geological features (ridgelines, plateaus and mountain tops) remain in a predominantly natural state, or are unmodified beyond their state at the time of becoming public conservation lands and waters. Within public conservation lands and waters away from prominent landscapes and geological features, structures may be present where well-blended into the landscape or where buildings already exist. Priority ecosystems are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator management. Threatened species populations are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. Progress has been made in having the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station recognised as a Wetland of International Importance. Ngāi Tahu values on public conservation lands and waters are recognised through historic site protection, interpretation of values to visitors, and by land management having regard to the adjoining Kopuwai Historic Reserve.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 83 A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Public conservation lands and waters within this Place have been investigated for the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’. A representative range of historic sites that illustrate the gold mining and pastoral farming history of the area, including old trails across the ranges, are actively conserved and interpreted, in cooperation with the community and landowners. More people enjoy a range of recreational opportunities consistent with the area’s vulnerable environment, distinct landscapes, sense of isolation, and cultural and historic values. Recreational opportunities reflect the extreme climate and seasonal variations, particularly the much greater sense of isolation and solitude during winter. In summer, people enjoy a wider range of activities. Motorised vehicle use is undertaken responsibly on formed roads or routes. In winter, backcountry skiing, dog sledding and skijoring are enjoyed across the ranges. Over- snow vehicle activity occurs in a defined area on the Old Man Range/Kopuwai and users follow a code of conduct to minimise their impact on other users and values. Away from areas where over-snow vehicle activity occurs, natural quiet is high, especially during winter. People have only occasional encounters with aircraft.

POLICIES 2.5.1 Advocate for the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’ centred on the higher-altitude lands within this Place (and potentially extending to adjoining ranges), by: a) providing advice for tenure reviews; b) engaging with the community, including landowners; and c) for the existing public conservation lands and waters, having regard to the land status options under the Conservation Act 1987 and Reserves Act 1977. 2.5.2 Once tenure reviews have been substantially completed, review land status of public conservation lands and waters within this Place in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980 to better reflect the values. 2.5.3 With the approval of landowners and with the support of the community, seek formal recognition of the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station as a Wetland of International Importance and support physical protection of the wetland’s ecosystem, features and functions. 2.5.4 Work with communities, including local authorities and four-wheel drive and motorbike users, to raise awareness of the vulnerability of upland wetlands and other habitats to the adverse effects of motorised vehicle use, and to obtain their active involvement in initiatives to restore damaged areas. 2.5.5 Consider the management options for legal roads as in Policy 3.1.8 in Part Three. 2.5.6 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.5, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1– 3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.5.7 Should allow over-snow vehicles only within the designated area, Old Man Range/Kopuwai, as shown in Table 2.5 and Map 5.5.

84 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.5.8 May consider applications for one-off permits/authorisations for over-snow vehicles outside of the designated area in accordance with Policy 3.2.11. 2.5.9 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.5.10 Should allow horse or pack-animal use, as identified in Table 2.5 and subject to compliance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.5.11 Continue programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters. In cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters.

Table 2.5: Access to Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS26

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Bain Block (Old Man Range) Conservation Area — Hyde Rock turnoff to Waikaia Bush Road (part on public conservation lands and waters) — Waikaia Bush Road to Bains Block Eastern Boundary Gorge Creek Recreation Reserve — Gorge Creek access road Kopuwai Conservation Area — Hyde Rock to Boundary Hut gate — Boundary Hut gate to Carrick boundary gate — Symes Road to Hyde Rock turnoff Old Woman Range Conservation Area — Old Woman Hut access road — Duffers Saddle through to Hyde Rock DESIGNATED OVER-SNOW VEHICLE AREA

Kopuwai/Old Woman Conservation Area as detailed on Map 5.5

MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS27

Kopuwai Conservation Area — Obelisk Range Track — Kopuwai Track to Sisters Track — Nicholsons Track Young Australian Historic Reserve — Young Australian Waterwheel Track HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS28

Bain Block (Old Man Range) Conservation Area

26 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation land and waters. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements. 27 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission. 28 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landowner permission.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 85 Kopuwai Conservation Area

Old Woman Range Conservation Area

Young Australian Historic Reserve

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Initiation of monitoring the use and effects of over-snow vehicle activities.  Investigations have commenced to determine the best way to create a ‘tussock grassland park’. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Collaborative initiatives are encouraged and supported for conservation management and advocacy to progress the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’.  Collaborative initiatives are established for conservation management and advocacy of the threats to wetlands and other habitats. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Collaborative partnerships are established to progress the creation of a ‘tussock grassland park’.  Review over-snow vehicle activity in the Old Man Range/Kopuwai.

2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place

Description The Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place covers the lower-altitude dryland areas of Central Otago (see Maps 5.6 and 5.6.1). Distinct landscapes and geological features, unusual and threatened biodiversity, important historic places and a wide range of recreation opportunities, including the popular Otago Central Rail Trail, are features of this Place. Within this Place there are relatively few areas of public conservation lands and waters and, although generally small, they are highly significant. This is reflected in the land status classification of these lands, which includes two nature reserves and four scientific reserves. The Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place is part of a chain of dryland ecosystems that lie in the rain shadow of the main mountain ranges along eastern New Zealand. These areas contain some of the most threatened and least protected indigenous ecosystems and species. Central Otago is so arid that evaporation exceeds precipitation, except for a few months in winter. The arid conditions are protecting natural ecosystems by limiting agricultural use and weed encroachment. The Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place is characterised by semi-natural and agricultural landscapes and wide open spaces set amongst rolling hills and the backdrop of the Central Otago uplands (see 2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place). Schist rock formations (tors) often feature prominently in the landscape and can be refuges for threatened plants and animals. A highly distinctive feature of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place is the inland saline ecosystems. Scattered, tiny pockets of salty soil habitats with their own special salt- tolerant communities occur between Earnscleugh or Fraser River flats and Maniototo. Only a

86 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 handful of these are intact. Tiny threatened plants such as salt pan cress and salt grass and a range of insects at these sites are threatened by weed invasion and land use changes. The Chapman Road and Springvale scientific reserves feature these values. New Zealand’s only salt lake in Sutton Salt Lake Scenic Reserve is on the southern edge of the Strath Taieri Plain. It is an inland ephemeral saline wetland contained within an impervious schist depression. The area surrounding the lake is part of a scenic reserve. Six priority ecosystem units are located on public conservation lands and waters in this Place (see Map 5.6 and Appendix 4). Most of these sites are small. The Department seeks to work alongside landowners where priority ecosystems extend into private land. Several large river systems are a feature of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place (including the Clutha River/Mata-Au, and Manuherikia and Taieri rivers), which have landscape, ecological, recreational, cultural and economic importance to the region. The Taieri River, New Zealand’s fourth-longest river, originates in the Central Otago block mountains and traverses the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place following a giant S- shaped course to the sea not far from Dunedin. Extensive tussock grasslands, wetlands and bogs in the upper catchment store water and release it slowly into the river. The Taieri River has many special characteristics, including a diversity of indigenous fish species and several geological sites and landforms of international, national and regional significance; these include the Taieri River gorge, Taieri River meanders (commonly called the Taieri River scroll plain), Taieri River mouth psilomelane29 and Taieri River mouth gorge (see Appendix 9). The Taieri River main stem supports a significant sports fishery of regional importance. The scroll plain of the Taieri River is New Zealand’s only scroll plain and is a large natural wetland full of loops, oxbows, ponds and channels lying in the centre of the Maniototo and Styx Creek basins. It is of national and international significance (see Appendix 9) and presents a dramatic image, especially when viewed from the air. Only a few parts of the wetland are protected and the area has undergone changes associated with land conversion, drainage and river engineering works. The Paerau and Patearoa hydroelectric power scheme is located near the scroll plain of the Taieri River. The indigenous ecosystems and landscapes of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place have been modified extensively due to human settlement, gold mining, pastoral farming, and more recently new activities such as cropping, viticulture, horticulture, dairying, forestry and lifestyle blocks. This has reduced, fragmented and often disconnected indigenous habitats, affecting landscape and ecological integrity and causing loss of some indigenous, dryland-adapted plants and animals through habitat loss or competition. Manaaki Whenua/Landcare Research, the Department and other agencies are conducting important research on how dryland ecosystems function and can be restored. A joint community–Department initiative, Project Gold,30 encourages Otago people to grow and look after kōwhai trees and aims to strengthen enthusiasm for dryland forest restoration. The project is working with organisations, communities, business and individuals throughout Otago. A highlight will be widespread planting of kōwhai along the length of the Otago Central Rail Trail. Dryland ecosystems are important habitats for a range of unusual and threatened species, including lizards, galaxiid fishes, invertebrates, and many distinctive plants and plant communities. Nearly 90% of Otago’s threatened plants are present in dryland habitats. Threatened species include the endemic Cromwell chafer beetle, grand and Otago skinks and

29 Also known as hematite. A group name for hard, black manganese oxides. 30 http://www.doc.govt.nz/projectgold

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 87 the Central Otago roundhead galaxiid. Unclassified invertebrates endemic to Central Otago are in need of further investigation. Currently grand and Otago skinks exist in less than 10% of their former range. Two reserves at Macraes and near Alexandra are important strongholds. At both of these locations, predator- proof fences (along with intensive predator trapping at Macraes) protect the lizards and provide valuable research information. One of these is the Mokomoko Dryland Sanctuary (0.3 hectares) in the Aldinga Conservation Area, established by the Central Otago Ecological Trust to be a focus to promote awareness about indigenous biodiversity in the district. Genetically distinct, isolated populations of both species also occur in Hāwea Conservation Park (see 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place). Threats to many dryland species include habitat modification, predation, fire and pest plants and animals. Control of wilding trees is particularly important for maintaining the open landscapes and indigenous habitats of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place. Working closely with landowners and community groups is essential if the Department is to succeed in its endeavours. Building regional agency, landowner and community interest and involvement in dryland conservation and protection of a representative range of dryland areas, where opportunities arise, is a priority. Many ara tawhito were established by Ngāi Tahu tūpuna who followed the valley systems of the Shag River (Waihemo), Taieri River and the Clutha River/Mata-Au to the plains and valleys of Central Otago, with subsidiary trails following other awa (rivers). The widespread network of Māori cultural and archaeological sites including ara tawhito, rock shelters, umu and mineral collection and rock working throughout this Place is a tangible reminder of the iwi connections with this significant whenua tūpuna. Gold mining, pastoral farming and early settlement history is evident throughout the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place landscape and contributes greatly to the distinct character of Central Otago. Gold miners made landscape-scale changes by sluicing, diverting rivers, and creating reservoirs and tailing heaps. They left reminders of their work in shelters, buildings, water races, shafts, waterwheels, stamper batteries and other equipment, orchards, and pathways and roads. The Clutha River/Mata-Au has an extensive history of gold mining and dredging. Historic sites are scattered along much of its length. There are 10 actively conserved historic places in the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place (see Map 5.6.1 and Appendix 10). Central Otago’s distinctive landscapes and continental climate, its large rivers, dramatic autumn colours and rich history have long attracted visitors. Mountain biking, walking, kayaking, rafting, hunting and scenic appreciation are all popular activities for locals and increasingly for national and international visitors. The Otago Central Rail Trail (the Rail Trail), one of the most popular recreation attractions in the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place, provides for walking, biking and horse riding for people of all ages and abilities on an unsealed surface. The Department manages the trail in partnership with the Otago Central Rail Trail Trust. The Trust raises funds for trail enhancement and promotes it through a range of activities. It is supported by the Department with infrastructure maintenance and administrative support. The Rail Trail has provided new opportunities and substantial economic benefits to local communities. It is a pivotal recreation asset to the community and is managed as an Icon destination and a historic Icon site. Several other historic sites are also popular visitor attractions and several are managed as Gateway destinations, including Bannockburn, St Bathans and Bendigo (see Appendices 10

88 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 and 11). These destinations present opportunities to raise awareness of conservation values and issues in the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place

OUTCOME Central Otago’s indigenous dryland ecosystems are highly valued, and better protected and understood by those who live in and visit this Place. Priority ecosystems are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator management. Threatened species populations are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. The Department is supporting Ngāi Tahu, regional agencies, landowners, communities and business on a range of natural, historic and cultural programmes. Conservation initiatives on public and private land result in the protection of a representative range of dryland ecosystems, corridors for wildlife, ecological connections between the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place and Central Otago Uplands Place, and recognition of the ecosystem services that they provide. Pest plants and animals are controlled, and kōwhai flower abundantly. Distinctive Central Otago dryland threatened species (e.g. grand and Otago skinks, Cromwell chafer beetle, galaxiid fishes and plants) are secure in their natural habitats. Lesser-known habitats (e.g. saline ecosystems) and associated tiny threatened plants and invertebrates are valued and protected in collaboration with the community. Successful programmes at the Mokomoko Dryland Sanctuary and Macraes mean that grand and Otago skinks are increasing in their number and range and opportunities exist to further expand their range through translocation. The Department is working with others (including river users) to protect and restore the outstanding natural features of the Taieri River scroll plain. Progress has been made in having the Taieri River scroll plain recognised as a Wetland of International Importance. A network of Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Recreation opportunities on public conservation lands and waters in the Central Otago Drylands/ Manuherikia Place are centred on historic sites, biodiversity viewing and the Otago Central Rail Trail. Cyclists, horse riders and walkers with a wide range of abilities enjoy the Otago Central Rail Trail, which is managed as an Icon destination and historic Icon site in partnership with the Otago Central Rail Trail Trust. A distinct relaxed, natural and peaceful setting prevails along the Trail, within the scenic backdrop of the rural Otago landscape. The Rail Trail has become a corridor of restored dryland indigenous vegetation through initiatives such as Project Gold. Along but outside the immediate Otago Central Rail Trail corridor, businesses and communities provide quality services to Trail users that complement the Trail’s distinctive recreational, scenic, biodiversity and historic character. Other cycleway initiatives and bike tracks enable more people to appreciate the values of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place and create links between public conservation lands and waters.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 89 The history of the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place is brought to life. Ngāi Tahu and local communities are actively involved in advocating for, protecting and restoring historical features in the landscape, and telling the stories to visitors and their communities. People experience only occasional encounters with aircraft when visiting public conservation lands and waters in the Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place, with no landings encountered along the Rail Trail corridor. Recreational access from the drylands and linkages to opportunities in the uplands areas has improved.

POLICIES 2.6.1 Work collaboratively with others to achieve active management to protect dryland habitats including: a) indigenous or semi-indigenous riparian vegetation; b) habitats of threatened indigenous plants and animals or naturally rare ecosystems; c) areas of indigenous vegetation that link with indigenous ecosystems or adjoining upland areas, providing wildlife corridors, altitudinal vegetation sequences and landscape integrity; d) saline and limestone ecosystems; and e) wetlands and their margins. 2.6.2 Once tenure reviews have been substantially completed, review land status of public conservation lands and waters within this Place in accordance with the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and National Parks Act 1980 to better reflect the values. 2.6.3 Encourage further investigations into the unclassified invertebrates endemic to Central Otago. 2.6.4 Work in consultation with others to protect and restore the Taieri River scroll plain. 2.6.5 With the approval of landowners and with the support of the community, seek formal recognition of the Taieri River scroll plain as a Wetland of International Importance. 2.6.6 Provide interpretation about dryland habitats, species and threats at Icon and Gateway destinations and Flat Top Hill, to increase public awareness of dryland indigenous biodiversity conservation. 2.6.7 In partnership with the Otago Central Rail Trail Trust, and in cooperation with local communities and businesses, manage the Otago Central Rail Trail to protect its distinctive recreational, scenic, biodiversity and historic character. 2.6.8 Up to four competitive sporting events may be permitted on the Otago Central Rail Trail in any year, provided that public access and use of the trail are maintained, and provided that these activities do not occur over the 3 weeks beginning 26 December, and over any public holiday weekend. 2.6.9 Any new structures (including advertising material) in support of business and services should be located off the Otago Central Rail Trail and public conservation lands and waters. 2.6.10 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.6, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1– 3.4.5 in Part Three.

90 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.6.11 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.6.12 Work closely with Ngāi Tahu, agencies and community to identify priorities that will guide future direction on any extensions to cycleways within this Place as identified in 3.3 Mountain bikes. 2.6.13 May consider applications for one-off permits/authorisations for over-snow vehicles outside of the designated area in accordance with Policy 3.2.11. 2.6.14 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.6, and in accordance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.6.15 Investigate and implement a conservation lands and waters classification for the reserves at Macraes, to ensure that the classifications adequately reflect the natural values of the area. 2.6.16 Continue programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters. In cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters.

Table 2.6: Access to Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS31

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Bendigo Historic Reserve — Bendigo Historic Reserve road Blue Lake Recreation Reserve and adjacent reserves and conservation area — Blue Lake amenity area access road — St Bathans Domain Danseys Pass Recreation Reserve — Road access to picnic and camping area Mt Benger Scenic Reserve — Mt Benger Road Serpentine Scenic Reserve — Serpentine Scenic Reserve 4WD road

31 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation land and waters. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 91 MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS32

Aldinga Conservation Area — Conroys Creek historic sites loop track Bendigo Historic Reserve — Ridge Dray Track — Welshtown Matilda Battery Track — Matilda No 2 Track — Aurora Track Earnscleugh Dredge Tailings Historic Reserve — Earnscleugh Tailings Walk Flat Top Hill Conservation Area — Basin View tramping track — Flat Top tramping track Otago Central Rail Trail Recreation Reserve — Otago Central Rail Trail Lake Roxburgh Marginal Strip — Roxburgh Gorge Trail HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS33

Bendigo Historic Reserve — On formed roads only Bendigo Scenic Reserve

Blackstone Hill Conservation Area

Blue Lake Recreation Reserve — On vehicle road to lake foreshore only Otago Central Rail Trail Recreation Reserve — Otago Central Rail Trail St Bathans Domain

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Collaborative initiatives are encouraged and supported for the restoration and enhancement of dryland ecosystems.  The Otago Central Rail Trail remains successful. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Priorities identified for extensions to the cycleway network.  The Otago Central Rail Trail remains successful. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Collaborative initiatives are established for the restoration and enhancement of dryland ecosystems.  The Otago Central Rail Trail remains successful.

32 This information applies to the access on public conservation land and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission. 33 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation lands and waters may be across private land and require landowner permission.

92 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016

2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place

Description This Place (see Maps 5.7 and 5.7.1) extends from just south of the Waitaki River to the Clutha River/Mata-Au, and incorporates Dunedin City, including Otago Peninsula, and the coastal environment inland of the coastal marine area (see 2.9 Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place for land below Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) and offshore islands). Coastal and lowland wetlands and forests, within a predominantly rural landscape, extend inland to a series of ranges, including those of The Silverpeaks and Maungatua. Across the Place’s coastal boundary there is, naturally, some movement of species, sediments and waters. Public conservation lands and waters within the Place include nature, scientific, scenic, historic, recreation and wildlife management reserves, wildlife refuge, conservation areas and marginal strips. Public conservation lands and waters are generally small and scattered, within a predominant farming and forestry landscape. Consequently, the remaining indigenous forests and wetlands generally have high ecological and landscape significance. Larger areas of public conservation lands and waters are the Maukaatua and Silverpeaks scenic reserves. Two Tōpuni within the Place cover Maukaatua Scenic Reserve at Maungatua, and Matakaea Recreation Reserve and Onewhenua Historic Reserve at Shag Point/Matakaea. Ngāi Tahu regard Maukaatua Scenic Reserve as a wāhi taonga, standing guard over the interior of Otago, with an urupā on its slopes. Shag Point/Matakaea is one of Otago’s earliest settlement sites and is the site of numerous urupā and wāhi tapu. Goat Island/Rakiriri Scenic Reserve in Otago Harbour takes its Māori name from a traditional story, and is significant to Ngāi Tahu, who wish its natural and cultural values to be undisturbed. Seven priority ecosystem units are in this Place (see Map 5.7 and Appendix 4). They include wetlands, coastal and semi-coastal forests and shrublands, saltmarshes and herbfields and dunelands. The Aramoana Ecological Area includes the saltmarsh, which is the largest and most intact saltmarsh in the Dunedin region and one of the best examples on the South Island’s east coast. It contains a suite of plants ranging from those that enjoy long daily inundation (e.g. glasswort) through to those submerged for less time (e.g. remuremu and māakoako) and those in the upper saltmarsh (e.g. oioi and saltmarsh ribbonwood). These and other marsh plants provide food for over 80 indigenous moth species. Community initiatives to protect or restore lowland and coastal indigenous biodiversity are being undertaken by trusts, e.g. the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust, at sites, for instance the predator-proof fenced Orokonui Ecosanctuary, and through cooperative efforts such as at the Lakes Waihola and Waipori wetlands. Other examples include those by Ngāi Tahu, individual landowners, businesses and Dunedin City Council. The protection and, in some cases, restoration of remaining natural or semi-natural wetlands, saltmarshes and rivers in the lowlands will require inter-agency and community cooperation if their multiple natural values are not to be lost. There are few public conservation lands and waters along the Otago coast apart from those on Otago Peninsula, so what is present is important for threatened species, including the rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin and toroa/northern royal albatross, all breeding at locations along the coast. Pest plants and animals are impacting on the coastal environment, e.g. marram grass has displaced the indigenous pīngao on many beaches. Several pest plant and animal control and

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 93 habitat revegetation programmes are underway, including re-establishment of pīngao in several areas, through Department, Ngāi Tahu and community actions. Careys Creek Conservation Area, and the Silverpeaks and Chalkies scenic reserves provide a distinctive backdrop to Dunedin. They are part of a larger geological unit based on Otago schist and overlain in places by rocks of volcanic origin. Along with Maungatua, The Silverpeaks form an ecological transition zone between the wetter areas to the south and the drier areas of north Otago. Towards the north, the effects of past fires have been greater than in the wetter south, with more profound transformation of forests to grassland and shrubland communities. Beech forest remnants in both areas are significant in that they are at their extremity in eastern Otago and are important markers of Otago’s vegetation history. In The Silverpeaks and adjoining area, a diverse range of forest types is present, including the Libocedrus cloud forests (e.g. at Leith Saddle Track), tawai/silver beech, and podocarp broadleaf forest containing kāmahi and kānuka. Shrublands and tussock grassland communities contain species including upland Ozothamnus and Dracophyllum. Adjoining the Silverpeaks and Chalkies scenic reserves are Dunedin City Council- administered reserves, some of which have high natural and recreation values complementing values in the scenic reserves. Maungatua is the south-eastern extremity of Otago schist. The summit bogs form the lowest- altitude cushion plant assemblages in Otago, and are a priority ecosystem unit. It has an unbroken altitudinal vegetation sequence, from the valley floor podocarp broadleaved forests, through tawai/silver beech forest and montane shrubland, to low-alpine snow-grass and cushion bog communities at its summit plateau. Typical forest and Otago block-mountain insects are found here; the rare moths Asaphodes obarata, Harmologa pontifica and Notoreas regilla being of note. Of importance in the Waipori River gorge are several large populations of at least three mistletoe species. Around Waitahuna Hill, gully shrublands, herbfields and copper tussockland species that are usually part of upland vegetation communities are present at comparatively low altitudes. An assemblage of usually alpine indigenous insects is also found at relatively low altitude, including the scarce stonefly Zelandobius kuscheli and the moths Asterivora barbigera and Scythris nigra. Otago’s coast is varied and often wild and scenic. Many significant geological features and outstanding landforms and landscapes are located in this Place; for example, Shag Point/ Matakaea, Moeraki Point, Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki, Taieri River gorge, Brighton marine terraces, Tunnel Beach and features on Otago Peninsula (see Appendix 9). In Maungatua, and to a lesser extent The Silverpeaks, the spread of pest plants, particularly wilding trees, gorse and broom, is the greatest threat to conservation values. Spread of pines from surrounding pine plantations requires ongoing control in both areas. Small, discrete areas of Spanish heath are present in Maungatua and are a priority for control. In The Silverpeaks, the extent of this weed makes its control impractical at this time. Five actively conserved historic places (see Map 5.7.1 and Appendix 10) are present in this Place, reflecting settlement, whaling, farming and industry activities. Some small-scale gold mining ventures occurred in and around The Silverpeaks and Maungatua hills. The Place is a whenua tūpuna of immense significant to Ngāi Tahu, providing favourable locations for settlement with its abundant kaimoana. Numerous ara tawhito, wāhi ingoa (areas that have names that are significant to Ngāi Tahu Whānui), pā, kāinga, tauranga waka (a mooring/berthing area where a waka is brought ashore) and mahinga kai are associated with the area’s waterways.

94 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 The Otago coast was a major highway and trade route, particularly where land travel was difficult. Tauranga waka occur in their hundreds, linked to settlements, kaimoana resources, ara tawhito or mahinga kai. The Lakes Waihola and Waipori wetlands were one of the most significant food sources of Otago and are highly valued by Ngāi Tahu today. Permanent Ngāi Tahu kāinga in the region today are based at the traditional Ngāi Tahu settlement sites of Moeraki, Puketeraki and Ōtākou. Archaeological sites along the coast (including urupā sites) are being exposed by wave and wind erosion. Where these are on public conservation lands and waters, the Department liaises with Ngāi Tahu and Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga to ensure appropriate site information and recovery. The Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place presents many recreational opportunities. Wildlife tourism is now an integral part of Otago’s economy, with Dunedin widely proclaimed as the ‘Wildlife Capital of New Zealand’. Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) and Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki Icon destinations, and Sandymount Recreation Reserve tracks Gateway destination, provide many recreational opportunities. Local Treasure destinations including Gabriel’s Gully Historic Reserve, an actively conserved historic site, and the Aramoana Ecological Area and the Aramoana Recreation Reserve are also sought out by visitors. Recreational use is predominantly walking, picnicking, camping, mountain biking, tramping, hunting, fishing and surfing, with most activity along accessible parts of the coast. Coastal lands are the focus, particularly during summer, for a wide range of recreational opportunities such as walking, tramping, rock climbing, mountain biking, camping, beach combing, photography and wildlife viewing, and as a base for swimming, surfing, boating, diving and fishing. Newer pursuits such as parapenting are becoming popular. Providing for recreational use whilst ensuring wildlife and their habitats are protected is an ongoing challenge in some places. Matakaea Recreation Reserve, a resting place and haul out site for marine mammals and penguins, deserves a reserve classification that better reflects its conservation values, including management for public use. On Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua Recreation Reserve in Otago Harbour, the St Martin Island Community leases part of the reserve and its historic buildings, and provides an opportunity to experience a sense of sanctuary within the island’s natural and historic values setting. On Dunedin’s back door, the Careys Creek Conservation Area, and Silverpeaks and Chalkies scenic reserves have long been a popular area for trampers and day walkers. Opportunities are diverse, ranging from quite challenging tramps and tracks to short or day walks close to the city. Jubilee Hut and the Philip J Cox Memorial Hut enhance opportunities for weekend tramping trips. The recreational opportunities available in the Maukaatua, Mill Creek and Waipori Falls scenic reserves and adjacent public conservation lands and waters are less known and, compared with The Silverpeaks area, there are fewer visitors. Hunting and day tramping are the most common activities, typically attracting people who value solitude and self- sufficiency. In both The Silverpeaks and Maungatua areas, use of motorised vehicles is not appropriate on public conservation lands and waters due to the nature of the terrain, soils and damage caused by erosive tracking. There are few suitable areas for mountain biking for the same reasons, but many opportunities for mountain biking exist around Dunedin. For the same

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 95 reasons, it is desirable that unformed legal roads through both The Silverpeaks and Maungatua areas have the same or similar vehicle use constraints. Developments and structures (e.g. telecommunication, navigational or energy projects) may adversely affect natural character, landscape, cultural and biodiversity values of The Silverpeaks and Maungatua. There are already established telecommunication and navigational facilities in The Silverpeaks area. Such facilities are absent on public conservation lands and waters in Maungatua, and although there have been wind-farm proposals for the Maungatua hills in recent years, these have not progressed.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place

OUTCOME Lowland and coastal forests, shrublands, coastal turfs, dunes and aquatic ecosystems (including wetlands, estuaries and saltmarshes) remain prominent features of the Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place. Ecological functioning and habitat connectivity are considerations in land management and the extent of protected lowland ecosystems has increased. Priority ecosystems are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator management. Threatened species populations are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. Otago’s rich and varied coastline retains its predominantly natural, and often wild, character. Otago communities are strong advocates for greater protection and care of the coastal environment and are actively engaged in protecting their local areas. At various locations on land along the coast, marine mammals and seabirds are breeding and surviving well, including where they are observed by people. People value the natural, cultural and ecosystem service values of wetlands generally and are involved in their protection throughout the lowlands. The complex of wetlands, large and small along the Otago coastline, is protected and sustainably managed and provides an ecological and migratory wildlife corridor and pathway between freshwater and the marine environments. Measures to address sea-level rise effects have been planned on public conservation lands and waters, and for other lands, the community is planning for coastal ecosystem retreat. Lakes Waihola and Waipori wetlands are restored and functioning, for mahinga kai, conservation and other purposes with the cooperation of adjoining landowners, and have international status recognition. Community initiatives on and off public conservation lands and waters have enhanced habitats of indigenous species, increased indigenous biodiversity and improved water quality throughout the rural lowlands. Indigenous shrublands and wildlife corridors in the Maukaatua, Mill Creek and Waipori Falls scenic reserves vicinities are linking the lowlands with the uplands, with the adjacent landowners valuing and helping to protect their indigenous biodiversity. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, councils, landowners and others are working together to control pest plants and animals, enabling indigenous species to flourish. Alpine and subalpine plant communities are free of wilding trees. At Maukaatua Scenic Reserve, Matakaea Recreation Reserve and Onewhenua Historic Reserve, the Ngāi Tahu cultural values, including of Tōpuni, are recognised and protected, and are accurately portrayed in public information to visitors.

96 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Icon destinations at Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki and Taiaroa Head (Pukekura), and the Gateway destination of Sandymount Recreation Reserve tracks, are places where people experience the contrasting coastal environments of Otago. Recreation opportunities and interpretation have increased public appreciation of these areas and an increased awareness of coastal and marine issues. A network of Local Treasure destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) and the adjoining Pukekura Reserves are integrated in their management. Taiaroa Head Nature Reserve is protecting the toroa/northern royal albatross colony and providing for restricted public access and viewing. Coastal Otago remains an international destination for wildlife tourism and opportunities to quietly enjoy coastal landscapes and wildlife. Concessionaires and permit holders improve public awareness and appreciation of conservation values and operate while managing any adverse effects on wildlife. Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua Recreation Reserve in Otago Harbour provides an opportunity to experience a sense of sanctuary within the island’s natural and historic values setting. The Careys Creek Conservation Area, the Silverpeaks and Chalkies scenic reserves, and Dunedin City’s Silverstream Reserve remain treasured recreational areas for Dunedin people, providing a range of accessible and non-motorised outdoor challenges. More people are enjoying these areas and existing and new opportunities inspire more people to enjoy and become aware of Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve and other public conservation lands and waters. New cycleway initiatives and bike tracks enable more people to appreciate the values of the Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place and create links between public conservation lands and waters. Visitors to public conservation lands and waters within Maukaatua, Mill Creek and Waipori Falls scenic reserves experience a backcountry setting with a sense of isolation. Maukaatua Scenic Reserve is free of built structures and utilities, while Waipori Falls Scenic Reserve has structures associated with the generation and transmission of electric power from the Waipori Falls power generation facility. On public conservation lands and waters elsewhere in this Place, developments only occur where natural character has already been highly modified or structures are already present. Sites of high natural character or in distinctive landscapes, at significant cultural sites, or in areas that are important for threatened and at-risk species, marine mammals or seabirds, remain free of structures. Visitors encounter low levels of aircraft landings on public conservation lands and waters throughout this Place, although noise from over-flights associated with Dunedin airport is experienced year round. No aircraft are encountered at Taiaroa Head Nature Reserve, Every’s Scientific Reserve and Sandfly Bay Conservation Area.

POLICIES 2.7.1 Work with others to achieve active management to protect eastern lowland and coastal habitats including: a) indigenous or semi-indigenous riparian vegetation;

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 97 b) habitats of threatened and at-risk indigenous plants and animals or naturally rare ecosystems; c) areas of indigenous vegetation that link indigenous ecosystems or adjoining upland areas, providing wildlife corridors; d) forest and shrub ecosystems; e) wetlands and their margins; and f) coastal turfs, herbfields and duneland ecosystems. 2.7.2 Manage Taiaroa Head Nature Reserve in accordance with the Pukekura (Taiaroa Head) Reserves Management Plan (2012), in conjunction with Dunedin City Council, Te Rūnanga o Ōtākou and the Korako Karetai Trust and the management of their adjoining lands. 2.7.3 Actively involve Ngāi Tahu in the management of the Tōpuni for Maukaatua Scenic Reserve, Matakaea Recreation Reserve and Onewhenua Historic Reserve, and at Goat Island/Rakiriri Scenic Reserve, and encourage public and concessionaire appreciation of the Ngāi Tahu values of the reserves in accordance with the Specific Principals (see Appendix 13). 2.7.4 If appropriate, reclassify the following public conservation lands and waters within this Place, having regard to all land status options under the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and the National Parks Act 1980 at the following sites to better reflect the values present: a) Matakaea Recreation Reserve at Shag Point/Matakaea; b) Shag River Coal Reserve; c) Waipori Falls Conservation Area; d) Mill Creek Conservation Area; and e) Silverpeaks Conservation Area. 2.7.5 Work with Ngāi Tahu, the community and adjoining landowners to seek integrated management for mahinga kai, conservation and other purposes of the Lakes Waihola and Waipori wetlands, and their recognition as Wetlands of International Importance. 2.7.6 Work with the St Martin Island Community as leaseholders for part of Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua Recreation Reserve, with respect to the management of the natural, historic and recreational values of the island. 2.7.7 Prioritise statutory advocacy for the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010) and the protection of priority ecosystem units and threatened species. 2.7.8 Work with communities, including the Dunedin City Council and four-wheel drive and motorbike users, to raise awareness of the vulnerability of upland wetlands and other habitats to the adverse effects of vehicle use, and to gain their active involvement in initiatives to restore damaged areas. Consider implementing appropriate management options for legal roads as in Policy 3.1.8 in Part Three. 2.7.9 Work with the community to ensure that vehicle access along beaches avoids adverse effects on fragile dunes, nesting birds, marine mammals and threatened species.

98 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.7.10 Work with the community (including regional agencies) to raise awareness of the threats posed to wildlife by dogs, and implement dog control provisions to protect vulnerable wildlife in accordance with Policies 3.8.3–3.8.9 in Part Three. 2.7.11 Work with local authorities to achieve the integrated management of recreational opportunities, linkages and facilities on public conservation lands and waters with Council-owned lands in The Silverpeaks and adjoining areas within this Place. 2.7.12 Should not authorise new skyline or ridge-top structures or utilities (including for telecommunication and navigation) on the Maungatua or The Silverpeaks, unless for The Silverpeaks they are co-located on existing sites/structures or utilities. 2.7.13 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only as identified in Table 2.7, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1– 3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.7.14 Should allow aircraft access on public conservation lands and waters, only as identified on Map 4, and in Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.7.15 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.7 and in accordance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.7.16 Continue programmes aimed at controlling wilding trees at zero density using sustained control, on and off public conservation lands and waters. In cooperation with adjoining landowners, councils and community groups, contribute to efforts to control and remove wilding trees from other lands, where they have the potential to adversely affect public conservation lands and waters.

Table 2.7: Access to Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS34

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Trotters Gorge Scenic Reserve — Trotters Gorge access road Conservation Area—Waipori Falls “Scenic Reserve” (Pt) — Waipori picnic area road Sandymount Recreation Reserve — Sandymount Road Conservation Area—Boulder Beach/Highcliff Block — McMeeking Road Conservation Area—Glencoe “Scenic Reserve” — Glencoe Scenic Reserve access road Pigeon Bush Scenic Reserve and Trotters Block/Pigeon Bush Conservation Area — Pigeon Bush Scenic Reserve access road Katiki Point Historic Reserve — Katiki Point Road

34 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation land and waters. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 99 MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS35

Waipori Falls Scenic Reserve (Pt) and adjacent conservation areas — Waipori Falls Government Track Trotters Gorge Scenic Reserve — Trotters Gorge ford — Trotters Gorge (Gully Track) Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve (proposed track)

Burns Park Scenic Reserve (proposed track)

Mount Cargill Scenic Reserve (proposed track)

Conservation Area — Boulder Beach/Highcliff Block (proposed track) — Sandfly Bay (proposed track) Sandymount Recreation Reserve (proposed track)

Mill Creek Scenic Reserve (proposed track)

Taieri Gorge Scenic Reserve and Outram Glen Scenic Reserve (extension to existing walking tracks proposed)

Careys Creek Conservation Area (extension to existing walking tracks proposed)

Bushy Beach Scenic Reserve (proposed track)

HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS36

Trotters Gorge Scenic Reserve — Along existing vehicle track up main valley only from picnic/campsite

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Collaborative initiatives are established to promote and increase awareness of threats to the wetlands and other habitats, fragile dunes, nesting birds, marine mammals and threatened species. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Initiation of the reclassification of Matakaea Recreation Reserve, Shag River Coal Reserve, Waipori Falls Conservation Area, Mill Creek Conservation Area and Silverpeaks Conservation Area to better reflect their values. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Integrated management initiatives are established for linkages of recreation opportunities and facilities in The Silverpeaks and adjoining areas.

35 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation lands and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission. 36 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation lands and waters may be across private land and require landowner permission.

100 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place

Description The Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place is located in the south-eastern corner of Otago (see Maps 1 and 5.8). It includes coastal land above MHWS while land below and offshore islands are included in the Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place (see section 2.9). It includes a large number of reserves of various classifications, conservation areas, and part of Catlins Conservation Park, which straddles the Otago–Southland boundary. A number of small reserves and conservation areas extend along the coast from Nugget Point/Tokatā in the north to Porpoise Bay in the south. The Catlins Conservation Park, centred on the Tautuku and Maclennan River catchments, comprises one of the largest areas of eastern indigenous lowland forest in the South Island. It includes three ecological areas—Tautuku, Ajax and Craig Rankin (as per section 21 of the Conservation Act 1987). This Place includes a wide range of landscapes and ecosystems, including subalpine tops, mature podocarp-hardwood and tawai/silver beech forests, and wild coastlines, with unmodified estuaries, sand dunes, coastal wetlands, and features such as an ancient dune hollow lake and an intact peat dome in the Tahakopa River valley. Nugget Point/Tokatā is a Deed of Recognition site (see 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu). Aside from the Catlins Conservation Park, public conservation lands and waters in the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place are small and fragmented, and other important lowlands with high conservation values are in private ownership. Private reserves such as the Lenz and Te Rere reserves (owned by the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society) and Long Point/ Irahuka Reserve (jointly owned by the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust and the Department37) have been established in The Catlins. There are other areas with high biodiversity values on private land, including approximately 3000 hectares of SILNA (South Island Landless Natives Act) land held in Ngāi Tahu38 ownership. Establishing links between discrete areas with high biodiversity values would greatly enhance the values of the wider area. Fencing of reserves and maintenance of existing fences, where practical, is needed to prevent stock incursion. The Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place includes eight priority ecosystem units, including the extensive Maclennan Range and Beresford Range and other smaller sites (see Map 5.8 and Appendix 4). The dominant forest types are kāmahi, tawai/silver beech, southern rātā, lowland podocarp-broadleaved and upland pāhautea and pink pine forest. Upland shrubland consists of mānuka kahikātoa, Olearia spp., Ozothamnus and bog pine dominated areas together with large areas of sphagnum, cushion plant, red tussock and wire rush wetland. Threatened and at-risk plant species include the heart-leaved kōhūhū, scarlet mistletoe, and three species of Olearia tree daisies. The Beresford Range supports a large population of the threatened mohua/yellowhead. Threatened pekapeka/long-tailed bats and kārearea/New Zealand falcons are also present. This area has been subject to an intensive predator control programme, primarily to protect mohua/yellowhead. Tuna/eels and various galaxiids, including the threatened Clutha flathead galaxiid, the at-risk giant kōkopu and other whitebait species, are present in a number of waterways. The Catlins River system is a regionally important trout fishery.

37 The Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust manages the reserve on a day-to-day basis. 38 This land is now dealt with under Part 15 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 101 Water quality in the naturally tannin-stained rivers and streams on the whole is high. Some rivers have well-developed estuaries, often associated with sand dunes and wetland areas behind them (e.g. Tahakopa and Tautuku rivers). Threatened and at-risk saltmarsh and dune insects are present at Tahakopa Bay and Tautuku and Waipati beaches and include a large pink and green moth Meterana n. sp. and a flightless chafer beetle (Prodontria praeletella). Several species have limited distribution and some are still scientifically undescribed. The coast provides important feeding and breeding habitat for marine mammals, and sea and wading birds. Unmodified habitats and limited public access allow marine mammals and birds to inhabit coastal areas with little or no disturbance. The threatened hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin breeds at seven colonies along the coastline, the largest being at Falls Creek and Long Point/Irahuka. Kekeno/New Zealand fur seals and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions haul out all along the coast and breed at several locations, and ihupuku/southern elephant seals and popoiangore/leopard seals are regular occasional visitors to the area. Protecting and restoring the biodiversity values of The Catlins coast and forests is a high priority, with a focus on controlling pest animals and plants and wild animals in areas containing threatened species such as mohua/yellowhead. Some forest species including mistletoe are susceptible to possum browse. Possum control carried out by the TBfree New Zealand as part of the national tuberculosis vector control programme has had a positive conservation benefit. Eradication of tuberculosis and any potential future redirection of TBfree New Zealand operations could have a profound impact on ecosystem health if control to this level is not maintained. Pigs were until recently confined to small areas in The Catlins forest, but are becoming more widespread, possibly due in part to illegal liberations. Pigs impact on invertebrates and ground-nesting birds, e.g. hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin. In the past, Māori journeyed through, settled and gathered food from coastal areas, wetlands, estuaries and forests of The Catlins. Evidence of major settlements has been found in this Place and seasonal hunting camps were plentiful. An ara tawhito extended from Waikawa to Curio Bay. Catlins Lake (Kumamea) was a significant mahinga kai and waka building area. Many archaeological and Ngāi Tahu cultural sites are present and continue to be exposed by wave and wind erosion. The middens at Pounawea and Papatowai contain abundant artefacts and archaeological information about early Māori settlement and resource use. Other smaller sites occur at regular intervals along the forested sections of The Catlins coast. Early European settlement was based around whaling and timber milling, and pastoral farming soon followed. These activities modified the diverse coastal forests. Although sawmilling was a big part of The Catlins history, inaccessibility and the methods used mean that large areas of vegetation remain that were not cleared for timber or farming. Historic sites remain evident throughout the landscape, including Tunnel Hill Historic Reserve at Owaka and the Trail’s tractor at Tautuku. There are currently no actively conserved historic sites in the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place. Today, The Catlins attracts many domestic and international visitors travelling the Southern Scenic Route, which extends through to Invercargill and on to Te Anau. There are opportunities to observe marine mammals and birds in spectacular coastal settings, and to enjoy the peace and quiet. Nature-based tourism ventures provide economic benefits for communities throughout The Catlins. The spectacular scenery has attracted interest from the film and advertising industries. The proximity to tertiary education institutions in Dunedin and Invercargill encourages educational and research opportunities.

102 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Nugget Point/Tokatā is managed as an Icon destination and provides a dramatic experience where visitors get immersed in the scenery, experience the elements, and may observe kekeno/New Zealand fur seals, hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins and kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbills. It has become one of the most visited sites in The Catlins and so provides a valuable opportunity to promote conservation and cultural awareness. Visitor facilities and interpretation are provided to help people enjoy and understand conservation values. Wildlife viewing contributes to regional tourism and also provides an opportunity to raise awareness of conservation issues such as the adverse effects of vehicles and dogs on indigenous species and their habitats. However, increasing numbers of visitors have the potential to increase disturbance of seabirds and marine mammals when they come ashore. Management of visitors, visitor numbers or types of activities may be necessary at some sites to ensure that the values that attract visitors remain in a healthy state. Traditional Kiwi camping opportunities exist at Papatowai Recreation Reserve, managed as a Gateway destination, and at campsites at Pūrākaunui Bay Scenic Reserve and Tawanui in Catlins Conservation Park, managed as Local Treasure destinations. The Catlins River Track at Tawanui and backcountry facilities such as Maclennan Hut enables use and enjoyment of the inland forest and river environments for activities such as tramping and hunting. Walking tracks provide access through bush reserves to beaches and along the coast; for example, at Local Treasure destinations at Tautuku Bay Nature Walk and Tautuku Estuary Track. Community, tourism and environmental groups have developed a multi-day walk linking the Catlins River Track, forestry roads and informal tracks. There is an opportunity to establish an extended coastal walk. The coast provides many other opportunities for recreation including walking, viewing wildlife, scenery, swimming, surfing, kayaking and canoeing. The Catlins has long been used by school groups as venues for outdoor education programmes. The Tautuku Outdoor Education Centre, operated by the Otago Youth Adventure Trust, located in William King Scenic Reserve, provides a hub for these programmes. At present, there are limited opportunities for vehicle use on public conservation lands and waters in this Place due to unsuitable soils and the wet climate. Changes in land uses continue to adversely affect the character and health of ecosystems in The Catlins. Increased awareness, private conservation efforts and contributions from nature- based tourist ventures are all helping to counteract this. Coastal subdivision and development along Otago’s coast have been relatively low, compared with some other regions. Careful management is needed to maintain the natural character and wildlife habitat values of the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place

OUTCOME The Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place is a haven for indigenous marine, coastal and terrestrial wildlife, and is widely valued as a place to observe and experience nature on its own terms. People appreciate and respect the natural values of The Catlins and work together to retain and enhance these. Marine mammals, hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins and other seabirds are observed at numerous locations and remain secure and undisturbed as they come ashore to feed, breed and rest. Integrated and cooperative management of public conservation lands and waters and adjoining areas of indigenous vegetation has created an extensive network of protected

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 103 indigenous vegetation, wildlife corridors and riparian margins linking the coast with the inland forests and ranges in many places. Forest, wetland and coastal ecosystems support flourishing populations of threatened and at-risk species. Priority ecosystem units are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator control. Threatened species populations are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, TBfree New Zealand and the community (including landowners) are working together to maintain and improve ecosystem health, and protect forest and coastal ecosystems through collaborative pest animal and wild animal control at many places, and to increase awareness of the conservation values and threats in The Catlins. Removal of stray or trespassing stock, and awareness and avoidance of fire are enabling ecosystem recovery. The naturally scenic land and seascapes of The Catlins are valued. Authorised structures and developments are of a scale and form that blend unobtrusively into the landscape and are not easily visible along the coastline or ridge tops. A range of walking tracks on public conservation lands and waters complements those on private land and provides opportunities to appreciate The Catlins and its coastline, forests, rivers and diverse history. People visiting the coast respect its values, and their activities while viewing wildlife, undertaking mahinga kai and walking through coastal habitats cause minimal adverse effects and disturbance. Unobtrusive nature- and culture-based appreciation and tourism provide economic benefit to The Catlins communities, who, along with other interested parties, actively contribute to the conservation of the natural, historic and cultural treasures of The Catlins. In association with Ngāi Tahu, Nugget Point/Tokatā is managed as an Icon destination and visited by many people. It is a wild, natural and culturally important place where the elements dominate. People of all ages safely observe and enjoy the coastal environment, its plants and animals, cultural and historic values, and impressive seascapes. It is a place where visitors learn about and appreciate these values. A network of Local Treasure destinations providing access and accommodation facilities is maintained by the Department and community organisations in accordance with facility provision priorities, and design requirements. Papatowai is managed as a Gateway destination, with short walks and a campsite providing for a traditional Kiwi camping experience. Interpretive facilities complement the unspoilt, peaceful, natural and undeveloped character of the coastal environment in this area. On public conservation lands and waters, visitors experience occasional encounters with aircraft, except at some coastal locations where encounters are rare and do not adversely affect ecological or cultural values or the experience of ground-based visitors. No aircraft will be encountered at Nugget Point/Tokatā. The Department works with local councils and communities to manage vehicle use to avoid impacts on beaches and dunelands that provide habitat for vulnerable wildlife.

POLICIES 2.8.1 Work with others to achieve active management to protect indigenous ecosystems at the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place including: a) indigenous or semi-indigenous riparian vegetation;

104 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 b) habitats of threatened and at-risk indigenous plants and animals or naturally rare ecosystems; c) areas of indigenous vegetation that link indigenous ecosystems or adjoining upland areas, providing wildlife corridors; d) forest and shrub ecosystems; e) wetlands and their margins; and f) coastal turfs, herbfields and duneland ecosystems. 2.8.2 May reclassify public conservation lands and waters adjoining Catlins Conservation Park to better reflect their values, having regard to all land status options under the Conservation Act 1987, Reserves Act 1977 and the National Parks Act 1980. 2.8.3 Prioritise statutory advocacy for the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010), and the protection of priority ecosystem units and threatened species. 2.8.4 Work collaboratively with Ngāi Tahu and the community (including landowners) to identify and achieve community-led programmes that protect, connect and restore ecosystems, habitats and indigenous species, and protect historic and cultural values in The Catlins. 2.8.5 In collaboration with Ngāi Tahu, manage the Nugget Point/Tokatā Icon destination site to cater for high numbers of short-stay visitors, while protecting its natural, historic and cultural values, by: a) retaining its wild, natural character; b) avoiding disturbance to and adverse effects on marine mammals, hoiho/yellow- eyed penguins and seabirds; and c) focusing interpretation and visitor information on natural, historic and cultural values of the site, and an appreciation and awareness of marine mammals, hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins and seabirds. 2.8.6 May consider development of new recreational tracks on public conservation lands and waters in the Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place (including community-led initiatives for new public walking tracks) where adverse impacts on natural, cultural and historic values can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. When considering proposals, give preference to potential track developments that: a) link with opportunities on adjacent private land; and b) protect and enhance priority ecosystems or threatened species. 2.8.7 Should allow motorised vehicle, mountain bike and electric power-assisted pedal cycle use only on roads purposely formed and maintained for vehicle use in accordance with Table 2.8, and Policies 3.2.1–3.2.12, 3.3.1–3.3.8 and 3.4.1–3.4.5 in Part Three. 2.8.8 Should allow aircraft access within the public conservation lands and waters only in accordance with Map 4, and Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9 and Table 3.6.2 in Part Three. 2.8.9 Should allow horse or pack-animal use as identified in Table 2.8 and subject to compliance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4 in Part Three. 2.8.10 Work with Ngāi Tahu and the community (including regional agencies and hunting groups) to raise awareness of adverse effects of pigs and to encourage pig hunting to limit their population growth and spread. Undertake active pig control in areas of high ecological value.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 105 2.8.11 Work closely with and monitor concessionaires and permit holders operating in the coastal and marine environment, to ensure that a high standard of education and interpretation is provided, and that they operate in a way that does not disturb or cause adverse effects to marine mammals, seabirds and other wildlife and their habitats. 2.8.12 Work with the community (including regional agencies) to raise public awareness of the threat posed by uncontrolled dogs on beaches to marine mammals and hoiho/ yellow-eyed penguins through provision of public awareness programmes and signage, in accordance with Policies 3.8.3 and 3.8.9 in Part Three. 2.8.13 Manage (including when considering concession applications) the Tautuku, Ajax and Craig Rankin ecological areas to maintain the values for which they are held. 2.8.14 Work with communities and local councils to ensure vehicle access along beaches avoids adverse effects on fragile dunes, nesting birds, marine mammals and threatened species.

Table 2.8: Access to Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place

MOTORISED VEHICLE ACCESS ON OR THROUGH PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS39

In some cases, vehicle access may use legal road, or additional adjoining legal road access may exist, in which cases see Policy 3.1.8

Catlins Conservation Park — Catlins Road — Back Stream Road — Tawanui Campsite Road MOUNTAIN BIKE AND ELECTRIC POWER-ASSISTED PEDAL CYCLE ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS40

Catlins Conservation Park limited to legal road — Catlins Road — Back Stream Road — Tawanui Campsite Road HORSE AND PACK-ANIMAL ACCESS ON PUBLIC CONSERVATION LANDS AND WATERS41

Tahakopa Bay Scenic Reserve — Existing ‘Old Coach Track’ only, avoiding historic midden sites Papatowai Scenic Reserve — Excluding Kings Rock Track Tautuku Bay Scenic Reserve — Excluding Tautuku Estuary and Lake Wilkie board walk Waipati Scenic Reserve — Excluding Cathedral Caves track Glenomaru Valley Scenic Reserve — Limited by topography and vegetation

39 In some cases, landholder permission may be required for the most practical access, or for parts of roads not on public conservation lands and waters. Some roads are inaccessible or closed over winter and/or may require keys for locked gates or other access arrangements. 40 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation land and waters may be across private land and require landholder permission. 41 This information applies to the access on public conservation lands and waters only; access to the public conservation lands and waters may be across private land and require landowner permission.

106 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 William King Scenic Reserve

Table Hill Scenic Reserve — Excluding Matai Falls Walk Purakaunui Bay Scenic Reserve — Horses must be tethered away from campers and Purakaunui Stream Catlins Conservation Park — Kaihiku Range Tawanui and Wisp Campsite and picnic areas — Horses must be tethered away from campers and Catlins River

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Collaborative initiatives are established for conservation management of or advocacy for the threats to the fragile dunes, nesting birds, marine mammals and threatened species.  Identification, in conjunction with Ngāi Tahu, relevant agencies and the community, of improvements to visitor facilities. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Progress the reclassification of public conservation lands and waters adjoining the Catlins Conservation Park to better reflect their value.  Integrated management initiatives are in place to control the growth and spread of pig populations. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Visitor facilities have been enhanced.

2.9 Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place

Description This Place is the coastal marine area, which is generally the area below Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) stretching from adjacent to the Waitaki River in the north to Waikawa Harbour in the south and offshore to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) (see Map 5.9). This is a boundary for this document and its management, recognising that marine and coastal influences, and species, continuously move across this boundary (e.g. seals, sea lions and penguins breed or rest on shore, tuna/eels move between freshwater and the sea, rivers move sediments, and tides influence rivers). In addition, marine values within New Zealand’s 200-nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone may be considered where they are related to the Department’s statutory functions to protect wildlife within the Exclusive Economic Zone, under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and some species under the Wildlife Act 1953. The Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place also includes offshore stacks and islands (see Map 5.9 and Appendix 3). These can have high conservation values because of their isolation and importance for marine species that use them for refuge, feeding or breeding. Islands may also support rare plants and invertebrates, and have significant Ngāi Tahu cultural values. The Māori-owned Maukiekie Island at Moeraki supports breeding colonies of threatened Stewart Island shags, at-risk kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbills, and a number of other indigenous species that have become rare on mainland New Zealand. Cosgrove Island off The Catlins

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 107 coast has wildlife refuge status which overlies Crown land. Ngāi Tahu’s association with the Otago marine area includes significant traditions and histories, place names, landscape features, settlements, urupā, routes, resources and mahinga kai, and links between past and present generations along the eastern coast. The tradition of the waka Arai te Uru and its sinking at the mouth of the Shag River (Waihemo) led to the Otago coastal area being known as Te Tai o Arai te Uru. Accounts of the foundering, wreckage and survivors of this waka are marked by numerous landmarks along the coast. The Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki and the Moeraki pebbles are associated with the cargo of gourds, kūmara and taro seeds that spilled when Arai te Uru foundered. The whole of the marine area offered a bounty of mahinga kai, including a range of kaimoana, estuarine freshwater fish and marine mammals. The coast was also a major highway and trade route, particularly where land travel was difficult. In addition to the East Otago Taiāpure, there are two mātaitai reserves present in Otago at Moeraki and Puna-wai Tōriki (Hays Gap). Another is adjacent to the Otago–Southland boundary at Waikawa Harbour. Otago’s marine environment lies within the Southern South Island marine biogeographic region, which encompasses the entire coastline of the lower third of the South Island (including Stewart Island/Rakiura)42 (see Appendix 8). Within this region, there are four distinct biogeographic sub-units:  North Otago—sedimentary rock coast with offshore reefs supporting giant bladder kelp  Otago Peninsula—Black Head to Karitāne, an area with volcanic headlands, deep water and strong currents, a narrow shelf and offshore canyons  Clutha—Nuggets to Blackhead: wide, shallow, schist-based shelf, strongly influenced by discharge of freshwater and sediment from Clutha River/Mata-Au  The Catlins—the Murihiku Terrace and Southland Syncline: a reasonably steep shelf influenced by strong tidal currents and discharges from Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa). The Otago coast and marine shelf are exposed to winds and large oceanic swells originating from the east and southeast. The most significant hydrological feature is the Southland current, which flows north along the shelf break and outer shelf. It is formed by subtropical surface water from the Tasman Sea flowing through Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa) and around Stewart Island/Rakiura. It is bounded by inshore waters and by cold subantarctic surface water to the east. The marine environment is strongly influenced by the region’s large rivers, particularly the Taieri and Clutha River/Mata-Au, which discharge sediments and nutrients that stimulate communities within the water column and on the inner shelf seabed. Relatively little is known of marine habitats and ecosystems compared with our knowledge of terrestrial environments, despite the fact that approximately 80% of New Zealand’s total biodiversity may be present in the marine environment.43 Otago has rich and diverse marine ecosystems: marine cliffs, estuaries, kelp forests, shelf platforms, deep rocky reefs and offshore canyons, and flat areas of seabed sediments. The sea is bounded by a diverse, scenic and, in places, wild coastline with headlands, cliffs, sandy bays, cobble beaches, coastal lagoons, wetlands and saltmarshes.

42 Ministry of Fisheries & Department of Conservation. 2008: Marine protected areas: classification, protection standard and implementation guidelines. Ministry of Fisheries & Department of Conservation, Wellington. 43 New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy, February 2000.

108 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Rocky offshore platforms out from Katiki Beach are important refuges for marine plants and animals. Kelp forests adjacent to Kaitiki Beach, Karitāne, Nugget Point/Tokatā and north of Otago Peninsula provide important habitats for a range of communities distinctive to Otago’s cold temperate waters. Otago is an area of transition where many marine organisms reach their northern or southern limits. Otago’s marine and coastal ecosystems support a diverse range of plant and animal species, including threatened marine mammals, penguins and seabirds for which Otago is renowned. Marine mammals found along Otago’s coastline include four seal species: popoiangore/ leopard seal, kekeno/New Zealand fur seal, ihupuku/southern elephant seal and the Nationally Critical rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion. Popoiangore/leopard seals are seasonal vagrants, whereas ihupuku/southern elephant seals, kekeno/New Zealand fur seals and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions breed here. The return of rāpoka/whakahao/ New Zealand sea lions to breed on the Otago coastline is significant and of public interest. Several dolphin and whale species are resident or migrate along the coast, including the Nationally Endangered tohorā/southern right whale and tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin. Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphins are highly valued by the public and are a particular feature of the Waikouaiti and Moeraki coastlines. It is thought that the Blueskin Bay population is increasing; however, there are concerns that the north Otago populations may be declining. The latter inhabit coastal waters from Otago Peninsula to Moeraki, and the southern parts of The Catlins near Waikawa Harbour/Porpoise Bay. Marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978. There are also provisions for marine taonga species (see 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu and Appendix 13). Otago’s seabirds form another important group of marine animals. These species spend much of their time at sea, but cliffs and seashores on the mainland and offshore stacks and islands support breeding colonies of many species (e.g. shags, gulls, shearwaters, prions, penguins and terns). Threatened Stewart Island shag breed on Kinakina Island adjacent to The Catlins coast, and kawau pāteketeke/spotted shag breeding colonies can be found scattered along the entire coastline. The breeding colony of the at-risk toroa/northern royal albatross at Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) is one of the few mainland colonies worldwide and certainly the most accessible (see also 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place). This long-living bird spends considerable periods at sea and is a global traveller. Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin (a threatened species) and kororā/little penguin colonies in north Otago, in The Catlins and on Otago Peninsula are also highly valued by local communities. Seabirds, marine reptiles, several large marine fishes (especially sharks and grouper) and corals are protected under the Wildlife Act 1953. Protection under both the Marine Mammals Protection and Wildlife Acts extends to 200 nautical miles offshore. Protection of mangō- taniwha/great white sharks, mangō-reremai/basking sharks and oceanic whitetip sharks is extended to New Zealand fishing vessels operating on the high seas under the Fisheries Act 1996. The stalked barnacle, brachiopod and an unclassified polychaete worm from Moeraki are threatened marine invertebrates. Many people enjoy and benefit from the intrinsic, cultural, economic, recreational and tourism values of Otago’s marine environment. Popular marine recreational activities include fishing, boating, kayaking, wildlife watching, photography, snorkelling and scuba-diving, swimming, and surfing and windsurfing. The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010) recognises four nationally significant surf breaks in Otago—Karitāne, Whareakeake, The Spit (Aramoana) and Papatowai.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 109 Icon (Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki, Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) and Nugget Point/Tokatā) and Gateway (Sandymount Recreation Reserve and Papatowai Scenic Reserve) destinations located in and adjacent to the marine area provide recreational opportunities where the sea is an integral part of the activity (see Map 5.9 and 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place and 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place). Tourism in Otago is based in large part on the coastal and marine environment and especially with respect to nature-based and wildlife viewing tourism activities (see 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place and 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place). Our understanding of how the marine environment functions and contributes to the region’s prosperity and well-being is currently poor. The Department seeks to protect marine biodiversity in various ways, including a national network of marine protected areas representative of New Zealand’s marine ecosystems and habitats. This network may use a range of protective measures. There are currently two mātaitai and a taiāpure area in Otago (East Otago Taiāpure, and the Moeraki and Puna-wai- Tōriki (Hays Gap) Mātaitai). These customary managed sites can be complemented by marine protected areas or marine reserves, providing protection for representative examples of the Otago marine habitats and ecosystems, and for those with outstanding, rare, distinctive or internationally important marine habitats and ecosystems. Most marine fish species are managed by the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) under the Fisheries Act 1996. Fisheries legislation provides for the sustainable utilisation of marine and coastal fisheries resources. Conservation concerns relate to direct and indirect adverse effects of activities on marine mammals, seabirds and sensitive seabed communities, and the management of marine mammal sanctuaries. Many human activities, such as pollution (including oil spills), plastics and non- biodegradable debris, set net entrapment, marine farming, kelp harvest, invasive species and disturbance, are significant issues for marine species. Natural events (e.g. disease, predation, cyclic changes in ocean productivity) are known to affect some species. Locally two invasive species are present: Asian kelp, undaria, and a sea squirt. Land use can also affect the functioning of the marine environment. Fertiliser, pesticide, sediment, stormwater and effluent runoff flow along rivers to the sea affecting its physio-chemical and biological processes. The large rivers (e.g. Clutha River/Mata-Au and Taieri) that drain large catchments cause adverse effects to the marine environment, as well as terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Hydroelectric dams and changes in land use in the river catchments have altered the types and volume of sediments carried to the sea, affecting coastal water quality, the supply of sands and gravel to the marine shelf, and perhaps changing coastal erosion patterns. The Otago Harbour contains a major port at Port Chalmers. Proposals to dredge the shipping channel have involved extensive public discussions. Recent years have seen increased interest in offshore oil exploration; this requires careful assessment for potential adverse marine ecosystem effects. Shipwrecks and oil spills are an ongoing risk for which there are multi-agency contingency plans. The protection of birds and marine mammals that use both the marine and coastal areas provides a variety of management challenges, including predator control and human impact. If not well managed, wildlife tourism has potential to impact on sensitive wildlife, especially sea lions and penguins. Greater awareness of how to behave around marine mammals and birds that come ashore to rest and breed is important. A number of authorised permit holders associated with marine mammal viewing activities operate in the marine environment. Such activities may enhance people’s enjoyment and

110 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 awareness of marine wildlife but in some areas the number of marine permits issued may need to be limited to ensure that there are no adverse effects caused to wildlife and their habitats. In some particularly sensitive areas (for example, where animals gather to breed) permits to view wildlife under the Marine Mammals Protection legislation are unlikely to be authorised. The many things that people value about the marine environment—its diverse and inspiring wildlife; cultural, commercial, recreational and tourism opportunities; and its wild and scenic values—all depend on maintaining water quality, and the interconnected nature of marine life and ecosystems. Raising the awareness of the fragility of these ecosystems and the threats they face (including global pressures) is a priority.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place

OUTCOME Marine environments are healthy and nationally threatened species, including hoiho/yellow- eyed penguin, kekeno/New Zealand fur seal and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, thrive in Otago waters. They are valued and cared for by the local community. A comprehensive network of marine protected areas is identified and established within Otago and it is representative of ecosystems, habitats and species requiring protection. A range of mechanisms for protection of marine ecosystems complement existing methods, such as mātaitai and taiāpure. Offshore islands and stacks, including Taieri Island/Moturata, Green Island and Wharekakahu Island nature reserves, provide safe refuges for seabirds, marine mammals and penguins to rest and breed, and support flourishing populations of their vulnerable plant species. Habitat restoration and protection of historic values are occurring in collaboration with Ngāi Tahu. People have the opportunity to observe marine mammals and seabirds (including penguins) at various locations along the coast, and increased public awareness ensures that these wildlife remain safe and undisturbed. Coastal Icon and Gateway destinations are places where visitors learn about and appreciate the marine environment and its natural values. The public recognise the extent to which land uses affect the marine environment. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, regional agencies and the community (including landowners) are working cooperatively, including through commissioning research, to address issues and associated activities affecting water quality, and the health of the marine environment. Offshore mineral/oil/gas exploration and other developments avoid adverse effects on marine ecosystems, and on marine mammals and their passages along the coast. The East Otago Taiāpure Management Committee, the Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust, the New Zealand Sea Lion Trust and other such community groups are supported to continue their work to protect the marine environment and its inhabitants.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 111 POLICIES 2.9.1 Work with MPI, Ngāi Tahu and the community to implement the decisions, as ratified by the Ministers, of the South-East Marine Protection Forum/Roopu Manaaki ki te Toka. 2.9.2 Work with Ngāi Tahu and the community, including relevant agencies, to raise awareness of (and advocate for): a) the marine environment and the marine mammals, penguins, seabirds and other species living in it; b) marine values and threats; and c) methods to enhance those values and reduce threats. 2.9.3 Maintain and establish new relationships with research and tertiary education institutions and others to work collaboratively with the Department to maximise the benefits of monitoring and research on marine species and ecosystems. 2.9.4 Take a precautionary approach to authorising marine mammal and other wildlife viewing. Ensure that any adverse effects on marine mammals, other protected wildlife, and their habitats can be avoided or are minimised, including by having regard to the number and effect of existing commercial operations in accordance with Policies 3.12.1–3.12.3 in Part Three. 2.9.5 Green and Wharekakahu Island concessions should only be issued for the purposes of research and filming with the purpose of fostering an appreciation of the island’s nature reserve values. All such approved visitors must be accompanied by departmental staff. 2.9.6 Work with and support Ngāi Tahu to develop a visitation plan for iwi visits to Green Island and Wharekakahu Island nature reserves to undertake kaitiaki responsibilities or cultural activities. 2.9.7 Seek the allocation of the Cosgrove Island Crown land to the Department as reserve with an appropriate status under the Reserves Act 1977, recognising the values of the island. 2.9.8 Seek that vulnerable wildlife (particularly ground-nesting birds) and kekeno/New Zealand fur seals are able to carry out their natural behaviours without disturbance from humans or domestic animals. 2.9.9 Monitor and report on meeting the Government’s obligations under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1999), in respect of Otago coastal margin wildlife migrations. 2.9.10 Prioritise statutory advocacy for: a) the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010); b) the protection of Areas of Significant Natural Value; c) the protection of priority ecosystem units and threatened species; and d) achieving consistent district and regional plan provisions to address cross- boundary issues for the coastal marine areas.

112 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Collaborative initiatives are established to improve integrated management or advocacy for the marine environment in Otago.  Assessment of the effectiveness of statutory advocacy and the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010) in Otago. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Implement the outcomes resulting from the South-East Marine Protection Forum/Roopu Manaaki ki te Toka. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Implement the outcomes from the South-East Marine Protection Forum/Roopu Manaaki ki te Toka.  An increased knowledge and understanding of marine species and ecosystems of Otago.  Improve integrated management or advocacy for the marine environment in Otago.

2.10 Freshwater/Wai Māori Place

Description Freshwater is an important natural resource in Otago and has been designated as a Place in this CMS to provide an overview of freshwater management issues and policies in Otago. Unlike other geographically based Places in Part Two—Places, the Freshwater/Wai Māori Place covers the whole of Otago from the mountains to the sea—ki uta ki tai (see Map 5.10). Other Places in Part Two should be read in conjunction with this Place and may also include specific outcomes or policies for freshwater. There are many priority ecosystem units in Otago on public conservation lands and waters that are either wholly or partly related to freshwater (see Map 5.10 and Appendix 4). Several agencies, along with the Department, have a role in freshwater management. The Otago Regional Council leads freshwater management in Otago pursuant to the Resource Management Act 1991, and Otago and South Canterbury Fish and Game Councils manage sports fish and game birds and their habitats under the Conservation Act 1987 and Wildlife Act 1953. The importance of freshwater to Ngāi Tahu is set in their Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Freshwater Policy (1999). The rivers, lakes, wetlands and waterways are integral to the Ngāi Tahu identity in Otago, and they play a unique role in the traditional economy and culture. They have collective and individual significance as whenua tūpuna. All of the water bodies are significant for their values and associations with tūpuna, many are ara tawhito, and all freshwater is ultimately associated with mahinga kai. This is well illustrated by the detailed records of mahinga kai and associated kāinga nohoanga (seasonal settlements; see Appendix 13.5) collected and mapped by Ngāi Tahu kaumatua, H.K. Taiaroa. The Ngāi Tahu traditional and present associations with water bodies, including public conservation lands and waters, is reflected in the Waihola/Waipori wetlands Deed of Recognition. There is also recognition for freshwater taonga species (see 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu).

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 113 The outstanding values of the Kawarau and Nevis rivers and their tributaries are formally recognised and protected by the Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997, which applies to the main stem of the river and many of its headwaters and tributaries, including rivers originating at the main divide of the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, in Mount Aspiring National Park. Lake Wanaka has its own special legislation, the Lake Wanaka Preservation Act 1973, which established the Guardians of Lake Wanaka. The purpose of the Act and the Guardians is to maintain natural flows and water levels, and the natural state of the shoreline, and to improve lake water quality. Otago’s freshwater habitats link the mountains to the sea and are influenced by the land around them. They have strong links with human history and activities for transport, food, minerals, recreation and supporting settlement or pastoral farming. Today, water generates new wealth and well-being from agriculture, farming, hydroelectricity generation and a variety of recreational and tourism pursuits. Otago’s freshwater habitats are rich and diverse, including upland and lowland wetlands, scroll plains, large lakes and reservoirs, large rivers flowing through dryland environments, braided rivers, and a myriad of smaller streams supporting distinct and threatened species. Public conservation lands and waters contain a small fraction of Otago’s freshwater resources. Those with freshwater values have predominantly indigenous vegetation that provides cool shade and cover for fish. Many rivers, lakes and wetlands and their margins have ecological, cultural, landscape and recreational values that contribute greatly to biodiversity and people’s well-being and prosperity. In the past, most large and small rivers in Otago have been worked for gold and many have extensive historic values. A diverse range of indigenous plants, indigenous fish, invertebrates and birds rely on freshwater habitats. Many are endemic to New Zealand and some are found only in Otago. Otago river catchments, particularly those of the Clutha River/Mata-Au and Taieri River, are strongholds for threatened endemic galaxias species. Thirteen non-migratory species have been confirmed, with one species sometimes being confined to one catchment. Departmental monitoring over the last decade has shown that the small, fragmented populations of these fish with restricted ranges are vulnerable to catastrophic decline, and are disappearing. Threats vary, but protection from trout predation and competition, security of water quantity and quality, protection of wetlands, and increased public awareness about these species are critical to their long-term future. Many of New Zealand’s indigenous fish (e.g. whitebait, tuna/eel, kanakana/lamprey, redfin bully) migrate to and from the sea as part of their life cycle. Maintaining connections between freshwater habitats and migration routes is essential. Dams, poorly designed culverts, weirs and floodgates all block fish passage, but new engineering solutions are available. Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983 made under the Conservation Act 1987 and administered by the Department can be used to ensure or control fish passage in freshwater habitats. Threatened birds such as ngutu pare/wrybill and pohowera/banded dotterel rely on specific freshwater habitats throughout Otago. The ngutu pare/wrybill is at its southern limit in Otago on the Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu, and Hunter, Makarora and Matukituki rivers. Threatened tarapirohe/black-fronted terns and tarāpuka/black-billed gulls also depend on braided riverbeds for breeding. Wetlands support koitareke/marsh crake, pūweto/spotless crake, and matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern. Threatened whio/blue duck are present in western Otago.

114 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Public conservation lands and waters provide valuable environmental services through the maintenance of water quality and supply in headwater catchments, indigenous tussock grasslands or wetlands that collect, purify or store water, releasing it slowly to rivers, streams and wetlands at lower altitudes (e.g. Te Papanui Conservation Park supports the provision of good-quality water to Dunedin City). Some of New Zealand’s largest rivers flow through Otago. The Clutha River/Mata-Au catchment is the largest in New Zealand, draining some 20.5 million hectares of land. It is the country’s second-longest river and its lower reaches have extensive natural and historic resources. The Clutha River/Mata-Au is important for hydroelectric power generation and farming, and supports salmon, brown trout and whitebait fisheries of regional significance. A variety of tributaries feeds into the river during its progress to the sea, which have important natural and scenic values in their own right. Tributaries of the Shotover River flow through unstable schist country, resulting in discolouration and a high sediment load. The Shotover River has a rich gold mining history, and whitewater rapids and spectacular gorges in its middle and lower reaches are valued for whitewater kayaking, rafting and jet boating. The Greenstone, Caples, Hunter, Dingle Burn, Lochy and Von rivers all have magnificent natural values and support sports fisheries of international renown. The upper reaches of the Nevis River have largely unmodified string bogs similar to those usually found in sub-polar regions. The main river flows through largely unmodified tussock grassland country containing populations of various species of indigenous fish, including a new species of threatened galaxias that is only found in this catchment. It also supports a quality sports fishery, has historic gold mining features, and in its lower gorge provides extreme whitewater kayaking opportunities. The catchment of the Taieri River is Otago’s second-largest and New Zealand’s fourth longest river (refer 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place). The Taieri River has a regionally important sports fishery and a whitebait fishery in its lower reaches. Many, smaller lowland rivers in east and north Otago (e.g. Shag River (Waihemo), Kauru and Kakanui (Kakaunui River) catchments) are mostly modified farmland. Their waterways still support indigenous fish populations, locally important sports fisheries, and whitebait fisheries in the lower reaches. Retaining adequate flows and good water quality in these lowland streams and rivers is essential for these fisheries. A number of rivers in The Catlins (including Fleming, Tautuku, Catlins, Tahakopa, Waipati and Maclennan) flow through unmodified or relatively unmodified catchments. These freshwater ecosystems have high instream and riparian values. Otago’s lakes include alpine lakes and tarns, large glacier-formed lakes (e.g. Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori), Wanaka and Hāwea), lakes created by hydro or irrigation developments (e.g. Dunstan, Roxburgh, Poolburn, Mahinerangi, Manorburn), and shallow lowland and coastal lakes (e.g. Waihola). These lakes provide habitats for indigenous animals, and many have landscape and scenic values that contribute to their appeal as recreational and tourist destinations. Water bodies and wetlands on farmland may have lesser scenic values but still provide valuable wildlife habitat and recreational opportunities. Wetlands of significance in Otago have been identified in the Otago Regional Council’s Water Plan.44 A few outstanding examples are the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station, the upper Taieri River scroll plain, Maungatua River cushion bogs, and the wetland complex of Lakes Waihola-Waipori and Matukituki valley wetlands management area. These

44 Otago Regional Council. 2012: Regional plan—water for Otago. http://www.orc.govt.nz/Publications-and- Reports/Regional-Policies-and-Plans

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 115 wetlands have ecological, landscape and scenic values. Many face ongoing threats and few are formally protected. The Taieri scroll plain is a large, natural wetland at the upper reaches of the Taieri River in the centre of the Maniototo and Styx Creek basins. It is of national and international significance and the only one of its kind in New Zealand (see 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/ Manuherikia Place and Appendix 9). On the Otago coast near Dunedin, the Lakes Waihola-Waipori wetland complex is approximately 2000 hectares in size and is of national and international importance for wildlife (see 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place and Appendix 9). It forms part of a chain of wetlands, estuaries and shallow lakes (including Lake Tuakitoto, Kaikorai Stream estuary, Tomahawk Lagoon, Aramoana saltmarsh within the Aramoana Ecological Area, Catlins River estuary, Blueskin Bay, Hawksbury Lagoon and the Shag River (Waihemo) estuary). These wetland habitats are inhabited by wildlife including migratory waders and waterfowl. The Sinclair Wetlands/Te Nohoaka o Tukiauau is owned by Ngāi Tahu, and protected under a Queen Elizabeth II Open Space Covenant. A number of agencies, including Otago Fish and Game Council, Otago Regional Council, Clutha District Council and the Department, have responsibilities for or are involved with wetland management. Wetland systems located close to Dunedin provide opportunities for important scientific and educational values. An established wetland education centre at Sinclair Wetlands/Te Nohoaka o Tukiauau is a focus for wetland restoration programmes and the University of Otago undertakes research on aquatic ecosystems, and species at a range of locations. While many waterways (especially in upland areas in the west) remain largely unmodified, adverse effects on freshwater values occur as a result of land use intensification. Activities include irrigation, wetland drainage, stock access into rivers, wetlands and their margins, wilding tree spread, which all affect changes to river flows. This also has the potential to increase pressure on and conflicts over Otago’s water resources. Of particular concern are the ongoing pressures on rivers flowing through drier eastern catchments of north Otago and in Central Otago rivers such as the Manuherikia and Lindis. Intensive farming and forestry, burning and wilding tree invasions reduce water quantity and quality and diminish natural, scenic and recreational values of waterways. There is increasing public awareness of the need to protect and restore wetlands using various methods. Success will depend on cooperation between agencies, Ngāi Tahu, landowners and local communities, and an ongoing commitment to sustainable land uses in catchments. Wetland management plans are being implemented in some locations (e.g. Lakes Waihola-Waipori, Tuakitoto wetlands). Fencing from stock helps protect fish spawning sites and reduces enrichment from effluent, and the runoff of sediments. Government-funded, landowner and local community initiatives have contributed to fencing and riparian restoration programmes on stream banks, and around wetlands. For example, River-Estuary Care: Waikouaiti-Karitāne and Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka have worked on habitat protection since 1999 by planting thousands of flaxes, sedges and trees, to improve water quality and fish habitat. Water weeds are an increasing threat to the health of lakes, rivers and wetlands. Didymo and lagarosiphon are already established in many rivers and lakes, affecting both natural and recreational values. Willows and Glyceria are having adverse effects on wetlands and lakes, such as Lake Waihola and the Sinclair Wetlands/Te Nohoaka o Tukiauau. Barriers to colonisation by trout or other such predatory fish species are threats to endemic galaxiids.

116 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Jet boats assist public access to public conservation lands and waters, where in accordance with navigational safety bylaws, but if not carefully managed can have adverse effects. Climate change will make the eastern South Island warmer and drier, with rain events less frequent but perhaps more intense. This will increase water demand, put aquatic species under stress and change their distribution or community compositions, possibly leading to local extinctions.

Outcome, policies and milestones for the Freshwater/Wai Māori Place

OUTCOME Otago’s freshwater environments (rivers, wetlands, estuaries and lakes and their margins, from the mountains to the sea—ki uta ki tai) are healthy and vibrant and supporting the range of Otago’s indigenous habitats and species. They are cherished for their natural, historic, cultural, recreational and economic values. Otago communities are advocates for, and actively engaged in, caring for, understanding, protecting and restoring freshwater riparian and aquatic ecosystems, and the services and recreation opportunities they provide. Priority ecosystem units are recovering or are in a healthy functioning state as a result of integrated programmes that include intensive weed, pest and predator management. Threatened species populations (including non-migratory galaxiids) are improving where intensive management is occurring either on or off public conservation lands and waters. The Department, Ngāi Tahu, fish and game councils and the community (including landowners) are working together to maintain and improve freshwater ecosystem health, and to increase awareness of the conservation values, and to manage threats (including didymo and wilding trees) to freshwater ecosystems. Indigenous vegetation is protected and being restored on the margins of lakes, rivers and wetlands, creating new wildlife habitats and corridors, and enhancing landscape and aquatic values. Otago’s large river systems and lakes, including the Clutha River/Mata-Au, Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu, and Taieri and Kawarau rivers, and lakes such as Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai- māori), Wanaka and Hāwea, are recognised for their ecological, cultural, landscape and recreational values and their contribution to conservation and the region’s well-being and prosperity. The intrinsic values of wetland ecosystems (including the lesser known and valued upland mires and bogs) are recognised and valued by communities, who are actively involved in their ongoing protection and enhancement. Tussock grasslands are valued and protected for the role they play in water storage and yield and in protecting catchment water quality and quantity. Water quality, flows and natural character in lowland waterways are allowing Otago’s distinctive freshwater species to thrive while also providing for recreational activities. Mahinga kai and food of good quality can be obtained from freshwaters throughout Otago. Fish species have unimpeded access up and down rivers from their sources to the sea to complete their breeding life cycles, and threatened non-migratory fish are protected from invasions of predators and competitors. Public access to and along rivers, lakes and wetlands is enabling recreational opportunities, which support and link rural communities and increase public awareness of, and support for, freshwater habitats and values. There are opportunities to walk and bike alongside the Clutha River/Mata-Au linking the western mountains with the Pacific Ocean and recreating part of Otago’s exploration and journeying history. Aircraft landings occur occasionally along some

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 117 rivers and in their headwaters. Aircraft landings are rare across the wider Place and do not adversely affect ecological or cultural values or the experience of visitors.

POLICIES 2.10.1 Work with Ngāi Tahu and the community, including relevant agencies, and Fish and Game Councils, adjacent landowners and relevant industries to raise awareness about the connection between land use activities, freshwater ecosystems and the coastal environment, to ensure: a) the stewardship, conservation, protection and enhancement of freshwater ecosystems; b) indigenous and recreational freshwater fisheries, freshwater fish habitats and riparian ecosystems; c) land use activities do not adversely affect freshwater ecosystems; d) the high-quality water yield from tussocklands is retained or enhanced; and e) the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (2011) is implemented. 2.10.2 Prioritise statutory advocacy for: a) the implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement (2010); in particular, the retention of river flows that maintain natural river mouth opening cycles and natural coastal processes; b) the protection of priority ecosystem units and threatened species; c) district and regional plan provisions to address freshwater and estuarine ecosystems functioning and protection; d) the maintenance of fish passage for fish species, and avoiding their diversion into artificial water systems; and e) maintaining the integrity of Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997 provisions. 2.10.3 In association with Ngāi Tahu, and through provision of information, encourage greater public awareness of the importance of the freshwater resources to Ngāi Tahu and protection of natural, cultural and historic resources valued by Ngāi Tahu. 2.10.4 Investigate the maintenance and restoration of indigenous-only fishery streams, in consultation with Ngāi Tahu and Fish and Game Councils, including through the use of artificial barriers for introduced fish species and the removal of existing barriers for migratory indigenous fish species. 2.10.5 With respect to river and lake beds, work with Land Information New Zealand to achieve integrated management where Crown river and lake beds extend into, or are surrounded by, conservation land, or seek the allocation of the beds to be included within public conservation lands and waters. 2.10.6 Work collaboratively with Ngāi Tahu and the community (including regional and territorial authorities and fish and game councils) to increase awareness of freshwater values and issues and to achieve agreed ecological flow regimes in Otago’s waterways that ensure ongoing protection of freshwater species.

118 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.10.7 Through advocacy and the provision of public information, seek to raise public awareness and appreciation of the distinctive freshwater galaxiids unique to Otago’s waterways and of the ongoing threats to the survival of these and other species (including tuna/eels). 2.10.8 Encourage and, where possible, support Ngāi Tahu, the community, business or other conservation initiatives that are protecting or restoring freshwater and riparian habitats, giving priority to those that benefit priority ecosystem units or threatened species. 2.10.9 Seek protection, and recognition as Wetlands of International Importance, for the Lakes Waipori and Waihola wetlands complex, the upper Taieri River scroll plain and the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station (see 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place, 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place and 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place). 2.10.10 Provide information and work cooperatively with the New Zealand Walking Access Commission and Fish and Game Council on matters relating to public access to and along rivers. 2.10.11 Encourage research and tertiary education institutions, and others to work collaboratively with the Department, to maximise the benefits of monitoring and research on freshwater species and ecosystems. 2.10.12 Should authorise grazing on public conservation lands where consistent with Policies 3.15.1–3.15.3 in Part Three. 2.10.13 Monitor and report on the Departments meeting the Government’s obligations under the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (1999), in respect of Otago coastal margin wildlife migrations.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Assessment of the effectiveness of statutory advocacy and the implementation of the Otago Regional Council’s ‘Water for Otago’ (the Water Plan) on river conservation values.  Collaborative initiatives are established for management or advocacy of freshwater ecosystems in Otago.  Investigations undertaken to determine the best way of protecting priority indigenous ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters in Otago, such as Lakes Waihola and Waipori, the Taieri River scroll plain and the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Assessment of the effectiveness of statutory advocacy and the implementation of the Otago Regional Council’s ‘Water for Otago’ (the Water Plan) on river conservation values.  Progress the non-migratory galaxiid and tuna/longfin eel work programmes.  Progress the maintenance and restoration of indigenous-only fishery streams.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 119 Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Assessment of any increased effectiveness of statutory advocacy and the implementation of the Otago Regional Council’s ‘Water for Otago’ (the Water Plan) on river conservation values.  Progress investigations to determine the best way of protecting priority indigenous ecosystems off public conservation lands and waters in Otago, such as Lakes Waihola and Waipori, the Taieri River scroll plain and the wetland complex situated on Nokomai Station.  Collaborative initiatives have improved freshwater ecosystems in Otago.

120 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Part Three—Specific policy requirements for Otago

This section implements the requirements of the Conservation General Policy 2005 and other legislative requirements. The policies of this section apply to all public conservation lands and waters covered by this CMS. Where the provisions in Part Three are more specific than the provisions in Part One, or where there is any ambiguity between provisions, then the more specific provisions in Part Three prevail. Where the provisions in Part Two Places are more specific than the provisions in Part Three, the more specific provisions in Part Two prevail. Changes to this CMS may be required from time to time during its term. This may require changes to be made by the amendment or review processes under section 17H or 17I of the Conservation Act 1987. These situations may include where additional land area is to be managed under a CMS, or limitations changed on an activity that occurs on lands or waters managed under the CMS. 3.1 General

Policies 3.1.1 Will follow the relevant process under the provisions of the Conservation Act 1987 where a change to the CMS is required, including to impose or increase limits on any use or activity or to include new species or land. 3.1.2 Consider changing the classification of public conservation land and water where required for effective management or protection of its values. 3.1.3 Restrict or close access to: a) Mount Aspiring National Park where necessary for the preservation of indigenous plants and animals or the welfare in general of the park; b) reserves where necessary consistent with the conditions and restrictions of use of the reserve; and c) conservation areas where necessary for reasons of public safety or emergency or to: i) protect natural, historic or cultural values; ii) control biosecurity risks; iii) enable the control or eradication of pests using aerial bait operations; iv) allow military exercise operations; or v) allow tree felling. 3.1.4 When undertaking work or activities that are covered by Appendix 1, determine if they meet the requirements of section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 for exemption from land use consents. 3.1.5 Manage recreation opportunities, including those provided by concessionaires, in accordance with the visitor management zones shown on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 121 3.1.6 Establish and review bylaws and regulations where necessary to enable better management of public conservation lands and waters (including departmental wharves). 3.1.7 Encourage people and businesses undertaking activities on public conservation lands and waters to comply with activity-specific minimum impact codes (care codes) as notified from time to time on the Department’s website. 3.1.8 In respect of legal roads, where actual or potential activity on or near these legal roads creates difficulties in achieving integrated management of adjoining public conservation lands and waters, work with Land Information New Zealand, New Zealand Walking Access Commission, territorial local authorities, other agencies and the community to: a) seek that the public voluntarily manage their use of legal roads running through public conservation land and waters in a way that is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; b) enable the Department to manage the roads and facilitate recreation on them in a way that is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; c) seek that local authorities actively manage the roads and facilitate recreation on them in a way that is compatible with or recognises adjoining public conservation lands and waters management; or d) stop or resume legal roads running through public conservation lands and waters and add the stopped or resumed road lands to the adjoining public conservation lands and waters, except where the adjoining lands are stewardship areas under the Conservation Act 1987 (unless those adjoining lands are part of an action or policy to confer additional protection or preservation under section 18 of the Conservation Act 1987, or under the National Parks Act 1980 or the Reserves Act 1977). Authorisations (General) Unless enabled by other legislation,45 anyone wishing to undertake an activity for specific gain or reward (including carrying out a trade, occupation or business) on public conservation lands and waters or undertake other activities such as research or collection of resources of any kind, or the construction of a structure, requires an authorisation. The most common authorisation is a concession under Part 3B of the Conservation Act 1987. The Department aims to allow for a range of authorisations that are consistent with relevant legislation and policy, the protection of natural resources and historic and cultural values, and the recreational settings and planned outcomes and policies for specific Places (Part Two). Authorisations can add value to visitors’ experiences by connecting them with natural, historical and cultural values, and providing opportunities to visit places which may not otherwise be easily accessible. A wide range of authorisations has been granted in Otago, from multi-million dollar businesses through to small businesses. Three ski fields (Coronet Peak, Treble Cone and The Remarkables) have authorisation to operate on public conservation lands and waters (see 3.25 Ski fields). Recreation concessions exist for guiding or related activities (such as transport links at the beginning and end of popular tracks), and for adventure tourism. These occur throughout Otago with a concentration in Mount Aspiring National Park and in the western

45 Examples are the Electricity Act 1992 and Cadastral Survey Act 2002.

122 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 lakes and mountains. There are a growing number of guiding concessions in the coastal area, many focused on wildlife viewing. Authorisations for grazing, sand and shingle removal, mining for gold and minerals (refer relevant sections), and water-take structures have also been granted. There are a number of telecommunication facilities on public conservation lands in Otago. Suitable sites for telecommunication facilities are limited and tend to be on high-altitude lands, with many high areas having significant cultural values associated with them and being important to Ngāi Tahu. The monitoring of authorised activities is required. Where emerging or cumulative effects on the environment or other users are becoming unacceptable, it may be necessary to establish limits for authorisations.

Policies 3.1.9 Process authorisations in accordance with the relevant legislation, this CMS and the provisions of the Conservation General Policy 2005 and the General Policy for National Parks 2005. 3.1.10 Monitor authorised activities and their effects, including cumulative effects, on a regular and ongoing basis. 3.1.11 Should not grant authorisations that are inconsistent with the objectives, outcomes and policies in Part One, the outcomes and policies for Places in Part Two—Places, or the policies in Part Three. 3.1.12 May grant authorisations for sporting events or filming activities that do not meet the limits and/or criteria for the Yellow, Green or Orange aircraft access zones and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12 based on their merits and subject to an assessment of: a) the activity being consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) the activity being consistent with the outcomes and policies for the Place in which it is proposed to occur; c) the adverse effects and the extent to which it is possible to avoid, remedy or mitigate those effects—examples of mechanisms that may be used to address any adverse effects include: i) informing neighbours and potential visitors to the site that the activity is to occur or is occurring; ii) avoiding peak visitor times; and iii) avoiding or protecting sites with high natural, historic or cultural values; d) cumulative effects on the values at the site; e) the activity being consistent with Policy 2.1.1 if the activity is in a wilderness area; and f) the need for public notification. 3.1.13 Manage (including when considering concession applications) those parts of Otago that are within the Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand World Heritage Area in accordance with the criteria for which the World Heritage Area was nominated and the statement of outstanding universal value. 3.1.14 Manage (including when considering concession applications), those parts of Otago that are identified as Wetlands of International Importance under the Convention

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 123 on Wetlands of International Importance 1971 (also referred to as the Ramsar Convention) in accordance with the criteria for which those Wetlands of International Importance were nominated and New Zealand’s obligations under the Convention. 3.2 Vehicles Vehicle use is part of the range of recreational opportunities that are only allowed on public conservation lands and waters in locations identified in this CMS. In this context, vehicles include motorised and non-motorised land vehicles; fixed-wing, helicopter and non-powered aircraft; and motorised and non-motorised watercraft. Further discussion about vehicle use can be found in Part Two—Places. Many public conservation lands and waters in Otago are easily accessible by vehicle, helping to facilitate the use and enjoyment of these areas.

Motorised vehicles (other than aircraft and watercraft) Motorised vehicle use46 is not generally allowed off formed roads on public conservation lands and waters in Otago, unless specifically provided for in accordance with the outcomes, policies and Tables in this CMS. There are many opportunities for vehicle touring on public conservation lands and waters, especially on roads running through areas that were formerly pastoral leasehold lands. The use of motorised vehicles off formed roads or marked routes can adversely affect conservation values through damage to fragile ecosystems, historic and cultural sites and disturbance to wildlife. Their use may also have effects on natural quiet and the experiences of other people. Restricting use to formed roads or marked routes, seasonal closures, and advocacy and compliance work can help prevent damage and minimise conflict and public safety issues. Motorised vehicles include over-snow vehicles and in Otago there is demand for land suitable for their use. Recreational over-snow vehicle use has occurred on public conservation lands and waters in parts of the Old Man Range/Kopuwai where there is suitable road access and terrain. The adverse effects on ecological values of this activity are minimal where there is sufficient snow cover. Social effects can result from conflict between different use and user types in the same area and are mainly related to the effect of noise and speed on non- motorised recreationists such as backcountry skiers. Over-snow vehicles are used in the day- to-day management of ski fields, including search and rescue.

Policies 3.2.1 Should allow motorised vehicles only on the roads (including designated parking areas) identified in: a) Part Two—Places; or b) Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011. 3.2.2 Consider provision for use of motorised vehicles outside of areas provided for by Policy 3.2.1 only where such use is identified at sites listed in Part Two—Places and subject to Policy 3.2.4.

46 Any motor vehicle taken onto public conservation lands and waters must be registered and/or licensed, where it is required to be registered and/or licensed under the Land Transport Act 1998.

124 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.2.3 May allow motorised vehicles on public conservation lands and waters for the construction, operation and/or maintenance of authorised utilities, farming operations, and restoration activities. 3.2.4 Should follow the statutory CMS amendment or review process when considering the use of motorised vehicles on public conservation lands and waters other than in accordance with Policies 3.2.1 and 3.2.3 and apply the following criteria to the activity: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where the road or site is located; c) is consistent with the visitor management zones on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects (including cumulative adverse effects) on the road or site and surrounding natural, historic or cultural values are, or can be, avoided, remedied or mitigated; e) adverse effects (including cumulative adverse effects) on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users are, or can be, avoided, remedied or otherwise mitigated (including conflicts between motorised vehicles/mountain bikes and horses); f) risks of fire and biosecurity are avoided or otherwise carefully managed; and g) the ongoing management implications of providing motorised vehicle access (e.g. in terms of ongoing maintenance costs) are taken into account. 3.2.5 Liaise with four-wheel drive and other motorised vehicle user groups to identify opportunities for involvement in conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the roads that they are permitted to use. 3.2.6 Monitor the effects of motorised vehicles on natural, historic and cultural values, and on other recreational users. 3.2.7 Review motorised vehicles use where monitoring shows that adverse effects are occurring, in consultation with relevant motorised vehicle user clubs(s) and the community. 3.2.8 May restrict motorised vehicle access at any time in the following situations: a) there is a health and safety risk; b) there is fire risk; c) adverse effects are evident or likely on conservation resources; d) priorities change for the provision of the formed roads or designated vehicular route; or e) where damage to the structure of the road is evident or likely. 3.2.9 Work with councils, the New Zealand Police and relevant agencies to manage motorised vehicle use on beaches and riverbeds to protect conservation values. 3.2.10 May allow over-snow vehicles within the designated area, Old Man Range/Kopuwai, as shown in Table 2.5 and Map 5.5. 3.2.11 May consider applications for one-off permits for over-snow vehicles in other areas of Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place, Central Otago Uplands Place, Old Man/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 125 Mountains Place and Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place subject to the following: a) is consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) occurs when it is unlikely to disturb other users in the area; c) is of short duration (generally not more than one day); and d) can be demonstrated that there are no other suitable locations where the activity could occur. 3.2.12 The use of over-snow vehicles for the purpose of ski field management within ski field lease/licence areas is permitted and subject to the provisions of the lease/ licence and in acco rdance with Policy 3.25.6. 3.3 Mountain bikes (non-motorised) Multiple opportunities exist for mountain biking on public conservation lands and waters in Otago using existing walking, purpose-built and vehicle tracks, including farm tracks from ex-pastoral lease lands, and to some degree, cycling across country where vegetation and topography allow, and vulnerable conservation values are not threatened. There is a range of views about mixed pedestrian and cycling use of tracks, and caution is needed where visibility is restricted, and with higher-speed and higher-impact downhill cycling. Where the means exist (e.g. ski field roads, helicopters, gondola/ski lifts) to easily take (shuttle) downhill mountain bikers to higher altitudes, this can result in increased adverse effects, and more caution should be exercised in considering this activity. Otago, in particular Central Otago, Wanaka and Queenstown, is a growing centre for all forms of cycling and mountain biking. The development of mountain bike and downhill trails has largely been led by community groups both on and off public conservation lands and waters. Government policy of a national cycleway network has recognised the tourism potential and community and public health benefits that cycling opportunities such as the Otago Central Rail Trail provide. Cycleways, including The Queenstown Trail, Roxburgh Gorge Trail and Clutha Gold Trail, have been developed by community groups or local government. Large parts of these are on public conservation lands and waters and the Department has provided considerable support. Other cycleways (e.g. Around the Mountains Cycle Trail) are under development. The financial benefits recorded by small communities along the well-established Otago Central Rail Trail have revitalised these townships, created new businesses and created positive attitudes towards conservation and tourism. Many initiatives are driven by established clubs working with the Department; for example, the Queenstown Mountain Bike Club has developed trails on Seven Mile Recreation Reserve and proposes other cross-country trails around Queenstown. Other examples include trusts such as the Upper Clutha Tracks Trust based in Wanaka, which has developed an array of cycle paths and cross-country trails in partnership with the Department. Such partnerships include club or trust trail development and an agreement over responsibility for ongoing trail maintenance. There are a number of concessionaires offering guided mountain bike trips on public conservation lands and waters in Otago. Other concession activities include use of trails for heli-bike ventures and regular or one-off events (e.g. The Peak to Peak in Queenstown, Challenge Wanaka, and Otago Central Rail Trail Duathlon).

126 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Policies 3.3.1 Should allow independent mountain biking, and may allow guided mountain biking or mountain bike events, only on the tracks and roads or other areas identified in: a) tables in Part Two—Places; or b) Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011. 3.3.2 Where mountain biking is restricted to identified tracks or roads, advise users that they must remain on the track or road formation at all times. 3.3.3 Promote opportunities for mountain bike use on tracks and other areas identified in this CMS as being available for mountain bike use on public conservation lands and waters via the Department’s website; and through liaison with tourism information providers and cycling advocates. 3.3.4 Should follow the statutory amended or review process when considering further opportunities for mountain bike use on public conservation lands and waters during the term of this CMS, undertake consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs, other interested parties and the public, and apply the following criteria for the activity: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the track or road is, or is proposed to be, located; c) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of mountain bike use on natural, historic, or cultural values and other recreational users of the track or road are, or can be, avoided, remedied or mitigated; and d) measures can be applied to manage the use of mountain bikes, which may include (but are not limited to) trial periods, restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers, and one-way flow; and there is the ability to provide necessary facilities including those that may be associated with overnight mountain bike opportunities. 3.3.5 Monitor the effects of mountain bike use on natural, historic or cultural values, and on other recreational users. 3.3.6 Review mountain bike use on tracks or at sites where monitoring shows unacceptable adverse effects are occurring. 3.3.7 Should provide for mountain biking activities such as downhill, freestyle and dirt jumping on public conservation lands and waters only where: a) the activity is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for a Place; and b) adverse effects, including cumulative effects, on natural, historic or cultural values, and on other recreational users, can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.3.8 Liaise with mountain bike clubs, concessionaires and other organisations, identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks that they are permitted to use. 3.4 Electric power-assisted pedal cycles The use of electric power-assisted pedal cycles (e-bikes), which is distinct from motorised vehicle and mountain bike use, is a relatively new activity that maybe compatible with other uses at locations where non-motorised vehicles are allowed. In some circumstances, their use

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 127 may be suitable to enable people with lesser cycling skills, experience and fitness to cycle tracks used by mountain bikes. However, their use is subject to factors including: compatibility with the cycling experience provided (for example, beginner mountain biking opportunities may be suitable for e-bike use); management of conflicts with other users, and where ‘enjoying nature on its own terms’ without assistance from motorised vehicles is important.

Policies 3.4.1 Should allow independent electric power-assisted pedal cycle use, and may allow guided electric power-assisted pedal cycling, only on the tracks and roads or other areas listed in Part Two Places, subject to the criteria in Policies 3.4.2–3.4.5. 3.4.2 Should follow the statutory amendment or review process when considering further opportunities for electric power-assisted pedal cycles use on public conservation lands and waters during the term of this CMS, undertake consultation with cycling clubs, adjoining landowners, tramping clubs, other interested parties and the public and apply the following criteria: a) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the desired outcome and policies for the Place where the track or road is, or is proposed to be located; c) adverse effects (including cumulative effects) of electric power-assisted pedal cycle use on natural, historic or cultural values and other recreational users of the track or road (including natural quiet) are, or can be, avoided, remedied or mitigated; d) measures can be applied to manage the use of electric power-assisted pedal cycles, which may include (but are not limited to) trial periods, restricted seasons, daylight riding only, limits on numbers, limits on speed and one-way flow; and there is the ability to provide necessary facilities, including those that may be associated with overnight electric power-assisted pedal cycling opportunities. 3.4.3 Monitor the effects of electric power-assisted pedal cycle use on natural, historic and cultural values, and on other recreational users. 3.4.4 Review electric power-assisted pedal cycle use on tracks or at sites where monitoring shows that unacceptable adverse effects are occurring. 3.4.5 Liaise with bike clubs, concessionaires and other organisations to identify opportunities for involvement with conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks where electric power-assisted pedal cycles are permitted to be used. 3.5 Other forms of transport

Watercraft Watercraft control by the Department is currently limited to coastal lagoons covered by protection under the Wildlife Act 1953 (Tomahawk and Hawkesbury Lagoon Wildlife Refuge Government Purpose Reserve) and to water bodies covered by the provisions of the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan. Watercraft controls may be exercised by the Department for water bodies within national parks or where a water body is covered by Wildlife Act sanctuary or wildlife refuge status. Outside these areas, other watercraft controls

128 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 exist through Navigation and Safety Bylaws and Otago and Southland Regional and District Council surface water activity controls.

Policies 3.5.1 Meet the following criteria when considering watercraft use on public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where watercraft use is proposed to occur; c) is consistent with the visitor management zones shown on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects on the natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, or otherwise remedied or mitigated; and e) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users on and off the water are avoided, or otherwise remedied or mitigated. 3.5.2 May restrict access across public conservation lands and waters for watercraft use where adverse effects associated with watercraft use may occur to public conservation lands and waters or wildlife. 3.5.3 Advocate for the management of watercraft use on waters not managed by the Department in a manner which is consistent with Parts One and Two of this CMS. 3.5.4 Work with regional, city and district councils within Otago to manage the use of watercraft in a way that is consistent with Policies 3.5.1–3.5.3 above. 3.6 Aircraft All aircraft require a concession to land on, take off from, or hover above (collectively referred to as landings) any public conservation lands and waters that is not a certified aerodrome, other than for a number of activities, such as: search and rescue; departmental management purposes; emergency situations; maritime navigational-aid management; land survey work; aircraft operated by the New Zealand Defence Force or the Civil Aviation Authority; or any mining activity authorised under the Crown Minerals Act 1991.47 The Department, acting under delegated authority from the Minister of Conservation, manages aircraft landing concessions under provisions of the National Parks Act 1980, the Reserves Act 1977 and the Conservation Act 1987, including in accordance with Part 3B of the Conservation Act 1987 (in particular, section 17ZF). Both recreational and commercial aircraft can facilitate use and enjoyment of public conservation lands and waters by providing access to difficult-to-reach places and for people with limited time. They are also an important tool for the Department’s management of public conservation lands and waters, and for search and rescue. Conversely, aircraft (particularly powered aircraft) activity—including scenic flights and remotely piloted aircraft that do not involve landings—can have adverse effects on public conservation lands and waters, including on its users, impacting on values such as amenity, natural quiet, wildlife and remoteness. Effects most often relate to the presence, behaviour and frequency of the activity and, for powered aircraft, the noise characteristics. Aircraft

47 The effects of aircraft use are assessed in accordance with section 61 of the Crown Minerals Act 1991.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 129 landings can also cause conflicts between people and their activities where some have used aircraft for access and others have not. In Otago, most recreational aircraft landings are for scenic landings, heli-skiing and positioning of hunters, anglers, climbers or trampers. Aircraft are also used for commercial wild animal recovery (see 3.20 Wild animals) and other commercial uses, including filming and servicing of concessionaire sites. Most aircraft activity is within the Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place, Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place and, to a lesser extent, the Central Otago Uplands Place. In order to manage the effects of aircraft landings on public conservation lands and waters, there are four, nationally consistent aircraft access zones (as shown on Map 4). These zones reflect the different management methodologies required, and the likelihood of granting concessions, for aircraft landings.  Red Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft would most likely be declined. However, concessions may be granted for aircraft landings associated with the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic) or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmission lines) that have been authorised by the Department, or to support research authorised by the Department. This zone may apply where: i) legislation provides strong direction that concessions should not be granted for aircraft landings (e.g. gazetted wilderness areas); ii) an area is adjacent to (parts of) a national park where there are no aircraft landings; iii) adverse effects on conservation, including recreation, values need to be avoided (e.g. nature and scientific reserves, threatened species habitat, high-use picnic and camping areas); iv) the area is readily accessible by other means; or v) aircraft activity may interfere with management activities.  Yellow Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft is likely to be granted where it meets the nationally consistent limits for this zone. This zone may apply where there is a need to restrict aircraft use; either where visitors expect a low level of encounters with aircraft or where values of natural quiet predominate, particularly in backcountry and remote areas.  Green Zone—areas where a concession application to land an aircraft is likely to be granted, subject to any relevant outcome and/or the criteria in the relevant policies. This zone may apply where: i) conservation, including recreation, values are unlikely to be affected by landings; ii) there are natural limits on sites where landings can actually occur (e.g. forest cover, steep terrain); or iii) there is likely to be little demand for aircraft access over the life of this CMS.  Orange Zone—areas where there are complex issues to be managed, which require the use of limits and/or other criteria to guide whether concessions for aircraft landings may be granted. This zone may apply: i) in situations that involve limited opportunities, areas of intensive aircraft activity or where a precautionary approach is required; ii) where there are historic or legal reasons for an approach that does not fit within the other three zones;

130 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 iii) to provide for a specific recreational activity (e.g. heli-skiing, heli-fishing, ground- based hunting); iv) to only allow specific types of aircraft (e.g. non-powered aircraft); v) where there are variations in seasonal use; vi) to protect visitor experiences; or vii) where landings do not fit within the circumstances described in the other three zones. The application of these aircraft access zones manages aircraft on public conservation lands and waters. As a result, there is a spectrum of aircraft landings and over-flights (aircraft encounters) that may be experienced by visitors to public conservation lands and waters, as described in Table 3.6.1 below. Outcomes and/or policies may specify numeric limits for aircraft landings (e.g. daily, monthly, annually), or may use the words ‘rare’, ‘occasional’, ‘regular’ or ‘frequent’ to describe the overall level of aircraft encounters and therefore the visitor experience expected in each aircraft access zone (or part thereof).

Table 3.6.1: Spectrum of aircraft encounters on public conservation lands and waters

Low High

Average percentage of time that 50% or 1% or less 5% 25% aircraft are likely to be encountered more

Remote and/or Backcountry and/or Likely visitor management zone backcountry zones front country zones

Word used in outcomes/policies to Rare Occasional Regular Frequent describe and achieve this

This spectrum does not take into account aircraft landings associated with the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment or utilities authorised by the Department, or wild animal control activities (see section 3.20 and the associated policies). As the Department cannot directly manage over-flights (while aircraft are in the airspace above public conservation lands and waters), there is a need to advocate to aircraft operators to minimise effects on users of public conservation lands and waters, consistent with the aircraft access and visitor management zones. Within an area of public conservation land and water, aircraft may be able to land anywhere, subject to: the capabilities of the aircraft; the vegetation cover; the terrain; and the conditions of use for the relevant aircraft access zone. For example, helicopters do not need a designated landing site and some fixed-wing aircraft do not need a formed airstrip to land. However, in some areas aircraft landings may be restricted to formed airstrips and/or designated landing sites (e.g. adjacent to huts) in accordance with the aircraft access zone criteria. A concession to land an aircraft does not include any other activities, such as vegetation removal or earthworks, associated with maintaining an airstrip or designated landing site. A separate authorisation is required for other activities including airstrip/landing site maintenance, in accordance with the purpose for which the land is held, the provisions in Part Two—Places and any relevant Part Three policies. The construction of a new airstrip or designated landing site would also need to take into account the relevant aircraft access zone; such that, it is unlikely that a concession would be granted for a new airstrip/landing site

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 131 within a Red zoned area. Former airstrips/landing sites that are no longer maintained may eventually become unusable due to vegetation growth or other changes. There are no maintained airstrips within Otago outside of Mount Aspiring National Park.

Policies 3.6.1 Should apply (but not be limited to) the following criteria when assessing concession applications for all aircraft landings:48 a) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place in which the activity is proposed to occur and Table 3.6.1; b) is consistent with the aircraft zoning provisions in this CMS and the aircraft access zones on Map 4; c) is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; d) adverse effects on conservation values including adverse effects on natural quiet are avoided, remedied or mitigated; e) adverse effects on other visitors (taking into account the size of zone and the proximity of other ground users) are avoided, remedied or mitigated; f) the need for monitoring the activity using global positioning systems and newer technologies; g) landings near tracks, huts and car parks (unless otherwise specified in an outcome or policy for a Place) are avoided; and h) the need to hold and comply with certification in a noise management scheme approved by the Department, in specified locations. 3.6.2 Should not grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Red Zone except: a) for the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic), or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmission lines) authorised by the Department; or b) to support research or collection authorised by the Department. 3.6.3 Should grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Yellow Zone only where the landings meet the criteria (a) and (c)–(h) in Policy 3.6.1 and are in accordance with the following limits: a) for commercial purposes, two landings per concession per day at any one site (defined as any landing site within a 1-kilometre radius of the initial landing site) and a maximum of 20 landings per site per concession per year; or b) for recreational purposes, two landings per aircraft per day at any one site (defined as any landing site within a 1-kilometre radius of the initial landing site) and a maximum of 20 landings per aircraft per site per year. 3.6.4 May grant concessions for aircraft landings in the Green Zone that meet the criteria (a) and (c)–(h) in Policy 3.6.1. 3.6.5 May grant, concessions for aircraft landings in the Orange Zone that meet the criteria (a) and (c)–(h) in Policy 3.6.1 and as set out in Table 3.6.2. Any heli-skiing concession that is approved should be on a one operator per block basis, and may be allocated via a limited opportunity process.

48 This includes landings, take-offs and hovering.

132 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Table 3.6.2: Orange Zone criteria

CONSERVATION AREA(S) ORANGE ZONE CRITERIA—TO BE MANAGED

Mount Aspiring National Park In accordance with the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan

Hāwea Conservation Park (part), For heli-skiing Hāwea Conservation Area, For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Conservation Area—Grandview based on visitor management zones as follows: Creek, Conservation Area—Hospital — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day Creek Catchment, Awa Nohoaka Conservation Area, Long Gully — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day Conservation Area and other — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day adjacent conservation areas and Landings and take-offs in the Hunter River valley (Hāwea) occur marginal strips within designated landing areas within the river valley flats Landings and take-offs in the Dingle Burn (Hāwea) occur within designated landing areas within the river valley flats and only between 4 January and 31 October, and 5 November and 23 December (inclusive) in any year One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

Remarkables Conservation Area For heli-skiing in part of this area (part), Rastus Burn Recreation For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Reserve and Conservation Area— based on visitor management zones as follows: Ben Nevis Scenic Reserve — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day Some sites have seasonal restrictions on landings Wye Creek ice wall—for climbers’ access to the ice wall only Concessionaire landing site for servicing heli-biking operations One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis NZ Ski controls aircraft access within the ski field lease area

Ka Whenua Roimata Conservation For heli-skiing Area (Ngāi Tahu Giftback) (part), For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Caples Conservation Area, Ngāi based on visitor management zones as follows: Tahu Leaseback Area (part), — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day Humboldts Conservation Area, Greenstone Conservation Area, — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day Lake Rere Recreation Reserve and — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day adjacent conservation areas, Consultation with Ngāi Tahu is required for aircraft landings in recreation reserve and marginal the Giftback (Ka Whenua Roimata) and Leaseback conservation strips areas as part of the concession process as per the Deed of Settlement One-off landing concession considered within the Recreational Hunting Area (RHA) for accessing hunting blocks during the ballot period Concessionaire landing site for servicing lodge in the Greenstone River Valley

Mt Alta Conservation Area, West For heli-skiing Wanaka Conservation Area, Albert For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Burn Conservation Area, and other based on visitor management zones as follows: adjacent conservation areas and — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day marginal strips For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 133 CONSERVATION AREA(S) ORANGE ZONE CRITERIA—TO BE MANAGED

Concessionaire landing site for servicing lodge in Mt Alta Conservation Area One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

North Motatapu Conservation Area, For heli-skiing in part of this area Motatapu Conservation Area (part) For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator based on visitor management zones as follows: — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day Some sites have seasonal restrictions on landings One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

Black Peak Conservation Area, For heli-skiing in part of this area Shotover Conservation Area, For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Shotover/Kimi-akau Conservation based on visitor management zones as follows: Area — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day Some sites have seasonal restrictions on landings One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve, For heli-skiing in part of this area Ballarat Creek Conservation Area, For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator Whakaari Conservation Area based on visitor management zones as follows: — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day Concessionaire landing sites for servicing a hut on Mt Larkins Concessionaire landing sites in Whakaari Conservation Area to service heli-biking One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

Mt Crichton Scenic Reserve (part), For heli-skiing in part of this area Hanley Faces Conservation Area For regular landings with specified daily limits per operator (part) based on visitor management zones as follows: — For frontcountry sites, 10 per operator per day — For backcountry sites, 5 per operator per day — For remote sites, 2 per operator per day One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case basis

Glen Allen Scenic Reserve, Te Kere Haka Scenic Reserve, and other For heli-skiing in part of this area adjacent conservation areas, scenic One-off landing concessions considered on a case-by-case reserves and marginal strips basis

Coronet Peak Recreation Reserve NZ Ski controls aircraft access within the ski field lease area

134 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.6.6 May grant concessions for aircraft landings associated with sporting events or filming activities that do not meet the limits and/or criteria for the Yellow, Green or Orange zones (excluding wilderness areas), and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12, in accordance with Policy 3.1.12 and an assessment of mechanisms that may be used to address any adverse effects, such as: a) the use of a remotely piloted aircraft; and b) low-level flying (i.e. hovering) but no actual landing on the ground. 3.6.7 May grant concessions for aircraft landings on public conservation lands and waters for: a) the construction, operation and/or maintenance of equipment (e.g. meteorological, seismic) or utilities (e.g. communication systems, transmissions lines) authorised by the Department; or b) wild animal control activities (covered by Policies 3.20.1–3.20.7) that do not meet the limits and/or criteria for an aircraft access zone and/or the prescriptions for visitor management zones in Appendix 12. 3.6.8 Advocate to aviation controllers and aircraft operators to manage flight paths to avoid adverse effects on public conversation lands and waters. 3.6.9 Undertake a collaborative approach with aircraft operators overflying public conservation lands and waters, to establish voluntary codes of conduct that reflect the requirements of visitor management zones for those lands and waters. 3.7 Animals Animals are not permitted to be taken onto public conservation lands and waters unless this is consistent with legislation and provided for in this CMS or conservation management plan. This may include giving authorisation by way of signage or other such public notification. Domestic animals and pets can have adverse effects on the natural, historic and cultural values of public conservation lands and waters and can detract from visitor appreciation and enjoyment. Potential effects include killing wildlife, introducing pest plants, introducing disease (such as dogs to seals), browsing indigenous vegetation, increasing erosion and conflicting with other user groups. The use of animals can also enhance the recreational experience of visitors to public conservation lands and waters.

Policies 3.7.1 Should not permit livestock, other than horses (and pack animals), in accordance with Policies 3.9.1–3.9.4, on public conservation lands unless under a grazing and farming concession or management agreement. 3.7.2 Should not permit any other types of animals, including pets, other than dogs in accordance with Policies 3.8.1–3.8.9, on public conservation lands and waters. 3.8 Dogs The Department controls the use of dogs for recreational and other activities, including hunting, on public conservation lands and waters to protect both indigenous wildlife and people’s rights of use and enjoyment. It is illegal to take a dog onto public conservation lands and waters without a permit unless the area is identified as an ‘open dog area’ where no permit is required pursuant to Part 5C of the Conservation Act 1987. The only dogs that do not

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 135 require permits on public conservation lands and waters are those used for police, customs, management, and search and rescue purposes, and disability assist dogs. To facilitate the recognition of disability assist dogs, the Department prefers such dogs to wear Disability Assist Dog identification and be registered with the New Zealand Companion Animal Register. Being accompanied by a disability assist dog does not exempt a person from obtaining a permit for entry where these are required (e.g. nature reserves). A dog used for hunting must be properly trained, under the control of its handler and authorised by a hunting permit. Hunting dogs, and farm dogs on lands adjacent to known habitat for ground-dwelling or nesting indigenous species, are encouraged to be avian aversion trained. Outside of Mount Aspiring National Park,49 the taking of dogs onto Otago’s public conservation lands and waters, including most former pastoral leasehold lands and most of the inland conservation parks and conservation areas, under the authority of a permit, presents few or no issues. While there is no conflict with other users, in most of these areas caution is still required as ground-nesting birds are present. Places in Otago where dogs cause problems include coastal areas (where their exclusion or control is necessary to ensure marine mammals and birds are undisturbed), high-use tracks, braided rivers and other areas containing ground-nesting birds or other vulnerable species. There can also be access issues if easements across private land do not allow for dog access. Taking a dog onto conservation lands and waters can enhance the recreational experience of the owner, but it needs to be well managed to prevent adverse impacts on wildlife and other people. ‘Open dog’ areas, pursuant to Part 5C of the Conservation Act 1987, have yet to be established within Otago and the Department may initiate a separate public process to determine where these areas are. In the meantime, the Department uses signage to identify where dogs can go onto public conservation lands and waters without a permit.

Policies 3.8.1 Identify through the Department’s website and through the use of signs and provision of information where people are permitted to take dogs onto public conservation lands and waters, and under what conditions. 3.8.2 Should ensure that, if a permit is required to take a dog onto public conservation lands and waters, the permit contains conditions that protect the values for which those lands and waters are held. 3.8.3 May include the following conditions in a permit to take a dog onto public conservation lands and waters: a) owners must keep the dog under control at all times; b) dogs must not go into or be under public buildings, including huts; c) dogs must be currently certified by an approved avian aversion trainer where there are ground-dwelling or ground-nesting birds; and d) owners are to comply with any identified access arrangements between the Department and adjoining landowners. 3.8.4 Should allow disability assist dogs onto public conservation lands and waters without a permit provided the person whom the dog is accompanying keeps the dog under control at all times and complies with reasonable conditions set in relation to the entry and presence of the disability assist dog.

49 Refer to Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011 for provisions relating to dog use in the park.

136 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.8.5 Educate the community about the threats that dogs can pose to conservation values. 3.8.6 Work with local and regional authorities to ensure consistency in dog control in areas containing protected wildlife and important wildlife habitats. 3.8.7 Will apply the relevant provisions in the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011 regarding the taking of dogs into Mount Aspiring National Park. 3.8.8 May run a public process in the future to establish controlled and open dog areas on public conservation lands and waters, in areas other than Mount Aspiring National Park. 3.8.9 Inform the public of the location of controlled and open dog areas on public conservation lands and waters through the Department’s website. 3.9 Horses and pack animals In some cases, the use of animals such as horses can enhance the recreational experience of visitors. However, they can have adverse effects, as identified above as well as spreading pest plants and pathogens. Authorisation, by signage or other means, is required to take horses and pack animals onto public conservation lands and waters. Horses, horse riding and trekking have played an important role in the history of Otago and are recognised today with events such as the Otago Goldfields Heritage Trust Cavalcade. This recreational and tourism activity remains popular in Otago, especially Central Otago (including along the Otago Central Rail Trail) and on former pastoral leasehold lands. Many of these trails follow traditional or historic routes.

Policies 3.9.1 Should allow the use of horses (and pack animals) only at the locations provided as identified at sites listed in Tables within Part Two—Places. 3.9.2 Meet the requirements of the following criteria when considering the use of activities utilising horses (and pack animals) on public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Places where the road, track or site is located; c) the potential for horses to introduce or spread pest plants into the area is avoided; d) the potential for horses to accelerate erosion or cause other damage to the area is avoided; e) adverse effects on the natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, remedied or mitigated; and f) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users, and potential for conflicts with other users of the area are avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.9.3 Liaise with horse-riding groups to identify opportunities for involvement with current or proposed conservation programmes, and may enable these groups to maintain the tracks or routes that they use.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 137 3.9.4 Should monitor the scale and effect of the presence and use of horses and pack animals on public conservation lands and waters. If monitoring indicates that there are adverse effects on the natural, historic and cultural values or the experience of other users, will consider options to manage this activity so as to avoid, remedy or mitigate these effects. 3.10 Structures and utilities Most structures on public conservation lands and waters relate to one of the following purposes:  The Department’s operational requirements  The public’s appreciation and enjoyment of the intrinsic, natural, historic and cultural values consistent with the purposes for which the land concerned is held  Utilities. Utilities are facilities that provide essential public services, such as: telecommunications; energy generation and transmissions; sewerage; water supply and flood control; oil and gas transmissions; roads and airstrips; hydrological and weather stations; and seismic monitoring. Structures and utilities can be temporary or intended for long-term use. They can share space (usually a public facility) or require exclusive occupation of space (usually a private facility). Both may be either commercial or non-commercial in nature. Regardless of the nature of the structure, there is a legislative expectation, section 17U(4) Conservation Act 1987, that the necessity for the structure or facility to be constructed on public conservation lands and waters is clearly established. There are a number of telecommunication facilities on public conservation lands in Otago. Suitable sites for telecommunication facilities are limited and tend to be on high-altitude land that is unmodified and has important landscape associated within them and are important to Ngāi Tahu. As such, co-location of telecommunication sites is preferred to avoid their proliferation and any adverse effects on unmodified landscapes.

Policies 3.10.1 Should apply the following criteria when considering applications to erect or retain structures or utilities or for the adaptive reuse of existing structures on public conservation lands and waters: a) the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) the outcomes and policies for the Places where activity is proposed to occur; c) whether the structure could reasonably be located outside public conservation lands and waters; d) whether the structure could reasonably be located in another location where fewer adverse effects would result from the activity; e) whether the structure adversely affects conservation, including recreational values; f) whether the structure is readily available for public use; g) whether the structure is consistent with the visitor management zone on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; h) whether the activity promotes or enhances the retention of a historic structure; i) whether the activity is an adaptive reuse of an existing structure;

138 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 j) whether the policies for private accommodation and related facilities should be applied (see Policies 3.11.1 and 3.11.6); and k) whether any proposed road in a national park is provided for in the relevant national park management plan. 3.10.2 Telecommunication facilities are encouraged to be co-located to avoid proliferation. 3.11 Private accommodation and related facilities Existing structures on public conservation lands and waters include some private accommodation and related facilities that are not available for use by the general public. Some of these structures have been authorised, but several have been erected and used unlawfully (see Table 3.11.1). Under the Conservation General Policy 2005, the use of private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments solely for private purposes, is to be phased out, except where specifically provided for or allowed in legislation.

Table 3.11.1: Authorised and unauthorised private accommodation and related facilities in Otago

EXCEPTION RIGHT OF LOCATION NO. AUTHORISED NOTES APPLIES50 RENEWAL

Brighton/Taieri 1 Yes—expires Yes Yes Issued 1948 over Crown Mouth Marginal on the death of land Strip —Bruce the Licensee Rocks

Quarantine 1 Yes—expires No No Island/Kamau 21/12/2036 Taurua Recreation Reserve

Aramoana 4 No No No Conservation Area—Spit Houses

Otago Central 1 Yes—no actual No No Term of Lease: One year Rail Trail expiry date from and inclusive of the Recreation commencement date of Reserve—Hyde the Lease unless sooner determined under the provisions contained in Schedules B and C hereof and so on from year to year unless or until determined under any of the said provisions.

Otago Central 1 No No No Previously Rail Trail concessioned, now Recreation expired Reserve— Omakau

50 Section 7(2) Conservation Amendment Act 1996, section 11(4) Reserves Amendment Act 1996 or section 5(3) National Parks Amendment Act 1996.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 139 EXCEPTION RIGHT OF LOCATION NO. AUTHORISED NOTES APPLIES50 RENEWAL

Otago Central 1 Yes—expires No No Rail Trail 5/3/2017 Reserve— Ranfurly

Otago Central 1 Yes—no actual No No Term of Lease: One year Rail Trail expiry date from and inclusive of the Recreation commencement date of Reserve— the Lease unless sooner Waipiata determined under the provisions contained in Schedules B and C hereof and so on from year to year unless or until determined under any of the said provisions.

Kakanui 1 No No No Previously (Kakaunui) concessioned, now Conservation expired Area

Town of Moeraki 3 Yes—expires No No Marginal Strip 30/6/2059 (1) and No (2) Conservation Area

Hāwea 2 No No No Conservation Park—Hunter River Valley Hāwea

Dublin Bay 2 No No No Recreation Reserve— Wanaka

Mt Aurum 1 Yes—expires No No Right of renewal already Recreation 31/12/2026 completed Reserve— Sainsbury Cottage

Kinloch 1 Yes—expires No No Foreshore 30/6/2015 Conservation Area

Remarkables 1 No No No Conservation Area—Glen Nevis

140 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Policies 3.11.1 Should not authorise new private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, on public conservation lands and waters. 3.11.2 Should phase out all existing private accommodation and related facilities including encampments, on public conservation lands and waters that are not otherwise authorised under section 50 of the National Parks Act 198051 or not specifically provided for or allowed in legislation52 by either: a) phasing in public use of the building(s) (see Policy 3.11.4(a)); or b) removing the building(s) at the end of the phase-out period (see Policy 3.11.4(b)), unless retained by the Department for public use. 3.11.3 Should consult the Otago Conservation Board and the concession applicant when assessing a concession application for existing private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, to determine whether a concession may be granted and, if so and where relevant, which of the two phase-out methods (Policy 3.11.2(a) or 3.11.2(b)) should be applied. 3.11.4 Should specify the following concession conditions if private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, are to be authorised in accordance with Policy 3.11.2: a) in the case of Policy 3.11.2(a), the building(s) are to be made available for use by the public—with specific conditions on how this requirement will be phased in over time stated in each individual concession, including the requirement that any costs charged to the public are reasonable; or b) in the case of Policy 3.11.2(b), the building(s) are to be removed53 within 18 months of the death of the person named on the authorisation as at 26 June 2013, or within 20 years of approval of this CMS, whichever occurs first; and c) the style and character of all buildings are to remain essentially unmodified; and d) the floor area and footprint of all building(s) are not to increase beyond that existing at the time of CMS approval; and e) all buildings must comply with the Building Act 2004 and local authority requirements; and f) transfer/assignment of the concession to another party should not be authorised; and g) an indemnity to protect the Department is given by the concessionaire and the concessionaire holds adequate insurance (e.g. general public liability insurance, statutory liability insurance, and for the removal of buildings) to cover this indemnity. 3.11.5 Should, where an existing authorisation contains a right of renewal, grant the renewal54 of authorisations for private accommodation and related facilities,

51 The exception in section 50 of the National Parks Act 1980 relates to accommodation in a public sense. The only private accommodation it deals with is for staff quarters. 52 Such as section 7(2) of the Conservation Amendment Act 1996, section 11(4) of the Reserves Amendment Act 1996, or section 5(3) of the National Parks Amendment Act 1996. 53 Unless retained by the Department for public use/active management of historical and cultural heritage values. 54 Where the existing/previous authorisation does not contain a right of renewal and is due to expire (or has expired) and the authorisation holder applies for a new concession, the application should be considered against the other policies in this section and the relevant General Policy.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 141 including encampments, on public conservation lands and waters only to the existing authorisation holder,55 if: a) the right of renewal is exercised by the authorisation holder before the existing authority expires;56 and b) (subject to the terms of the authorisation) the person holding the authorisation has complied with all of the terms and conditions of the authorisation. 3.11.6 Should not authorise the substantial repair or replacement of private accommodation and related facilities, including encampments, if: a) a building falls into substantial disrepair, so that it needs work requiring a building consent under the Building Act 2004;57 or b) a building is destroyed or so damaged by an event (e.g. fire, flood) as to render it untenantable. 3.12 Marine mammal viewing Marine mammals are protected under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 and the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992. Commercial activities involving marine mammals must be authorised by the Director-General of Conservation. In Otago, marine mammal viewing permits have been issued to permit holders, mostly for shore-based viewing of kekeno/New Zealand fur seals and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions. The potential benefits of well-run marine viewing operations may be considerable through increased public awareness and appreciation of marine mammals. However, a precautionary approach is taken to granting of marine mammal viewing permits to protect the well-being of marine mammals, consistent with the requirements of the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations 1992. At some sites, such as Nugget Point/Tokatā, people can view marine mammals from afar, which avoids disturbance to these animals and their habitats, and does not require authorisation.

Policies 3.12.1 Support research into and require monitoring of the impacts of human interactions with marine mammals. 3.12.2 Take a precautionary approach to the number of commercial operators involved in marine mammal operations in the area, including seeking a moratorium on the issuing of new permits, or suspending, revoking or amending existing permits if research and monitoring indicate that such steps are required. 3.12.3 Should not grant permits for marine mammal viewing at marine mammal nursery and crèche sites58 during seasons when these behaviours occur.

55 I.e. should not grant transfers/assignments to other parties. 56 In accordance with section 17ZAA of the Conservation Amendment Act 1996. 57 Minor repair and maintenance using comparable materials does not generally require building consent under this Act. 58 Crèche sites are those where young marine mammals group together, often when adults are at sea gathering food. Animals gathered at crèche sites are particularly vulnerable to disturbance.

142 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.13 Commercial eeling The Department is responsible for protecting and preserving tuna/eel and their habitat within public conservation lands and waters as far as practicable. Tuna/eel have an important role to play in ecosystem functioning, being the top predators in freshwater ecosystems. Commercial eeling, habitat loss and hydro development can all have potential adverse effects on tuna/eels. Tuna/longfin eels are Declining. The Ministry for Primary Industries manages commercial eeling under the Fisheries Act 1996, the Fisheries (Commercial Fishing) Regulations 2001 and other associated regulations. Commercial eel fishers require a concession to access public conservation lands and/or take tuna/eels from waters whose beds are public conservation land. Within areas administered under the Conservation Act 1987, legislative requirements can limit the ability to lawfully grant concessions for commercial eel fishing. For example, an ecological area must be ‘managed as to protect the [ecological] value for which the land is held’. Areas held under the Conservation Act 1987 in general are required to be managed so that their natural resources are protected, and tuna/eels are part of those natural resources where they are present. There is no current provision for commercial eeling on public conservation land and waters in Otago. The commercial take of indigenous fauna such as tuna/eel from reserves administered under the Reserves Act 1977 is also subject to exceptions contained within section 50(1) of that Act. Commercial eeling in national parks is effectively prohibited. A national park management plan will identify any exceptional circumstance that may exist, that enables the consideration of an application for commercial eeling in national park waters consistent with their preservation in the park. There is no provision for commercial eeling in Mount Aspiring National Park.

Policies 3.13.1 Should not grant concessions for: a) commercial eeling on public conservation lands or waters; or b) access over public conservation lands, where it is required to reach a proposed eeling site, to ensure the preservation of tuna/eel species. 3.13.2 Work cooperatively with Ngāi Tahu, the Ministry for Primary Industries, commercial eelers and the community to protect indigenous tuna/eel populations and their habitats on and off public conservation lands and waters. 3.14 Sports fish and game bird hunting Waters on public conservation lands are often recognised as a valuable recreational asset for anglers. Where sports fish are legally present, they may be retained. However, in certain circumstances they may be eradicated or controlled with the agreement of the relevant regional fish and game council. The Otago, Southland and Central South Island Fish and Game Councils manage sports fish and fishing in Otago. Sports fishing is a popular recreational activity with opportunities to fish for trout in highly scenic rivers (in the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place in particular), attracting locals and other visitors. The Otago, Central South Island and Southland Fish and Game Councils also manage game birds and game bird hunting. The Minister, however, has a responsibility to regulate game

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 143 bird hunting on public conservation lands and waters where such hunting is consistent with the purposes for which the lands and waters concerned are held, and does not have adverse effects on protected indigenous species.

Policies 3.14.1 Work with the Otago, Central South Island and Southland Fish and Game Councils to: a) preserve indigenous freshwater fisheries; b) protect recreational freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats at risk of loss or decline; and c) provide for sports fishing and game bird hunting on public conservation lands and waters. 3.14.2 Work cooperatively with the relevant fish and game councils on statutory advocacy matters relating to protection or restoration of freshwater habitats, riparian vegetation and public access to and along waterways where there are common matters of interest. 3.15 Grazing and farming In 2014 there were 104 concessions for stock grazing and farming on public conservation land in Otago. Some of these are lands that currently have low indigenous biodiversity value. In rare cases, these are in the nature of management agreements where grazing and farming is being used for exotic vegetation control. In some places, grazing and farming is being phased out or is associated with pastoral lease tenure review processes. The Department also manages many grazing and farming concessions/authorisations including management agreements) issued over land that has been, in the past, considered to have low natural and historic values. Concessions must be consistent with Policy 11.2 of the Conservation General Policy 2005 and any operative conservation management plan, or in the case of national parks, Policy 10.2 of the General Policy for National Parks 2005 and the relevant national park management plan.

Policies 3.15.1 Should authorise grazing and farming on public conservation lands and waters only where consistent with Policy 3.15.2 and where adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated against. Consideration should be given, but not limited, to: a) the criteria in Policy 11.2(a) of the Conservation General Policy 2005; b) the purposes for which the lands concerned are held; c) the outcome and policies for the Place where the grazing and farming are proposed to occur; d) the suitability of the lands for grazing and farming, such as the soil types and sensitivity of the catchments to increased nutrients; e) the flooding risk; f) the ability of the authorisation holder to keep livestock out of waterways; g) adverse effects on freshwater quality, indigenous species and ecosystems; h) adverse effects on cultural values; and i) waterway protection measures contained in Regional Water Plans.

144 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.15.2 Should not grant grazing and farming authorisations for public conservation lands near rivers, or in riparian margins, where: a) the lands include priority ecosystem units; b) the lands provide surrogate habitat for indigenous species and habitat corridors, albeit with exotic vegetation, or have future restoration potential; c) the lands contain buffer zones between river ecosystem and highly developed farmland; d) grazing and farming would be inconsistent with regional and district plans; or e) grazing and farming would be inconsistent with agreements with regional councils with respect to the management of flood protection works. 3.15.3 Existing authorisations to graze and farm public conservation lands alongside braided rivers should not be renewed where there are adverse effects on ground- nesting birds or the braided river environment. 3.16 Mining Under the Crown Minerals Act 1991, the Minister of Conservation has an approval role for access arrangements and minimum impact activities for all public conservation lands and waters. The Minister of Energy and Resources also has an approval role for access arrangements that relate to Tier 1 permits (as defined in the Act) and significant variations of those access arrangements. No access arrangements are allowable for land in Schedule 4 of the Act (which includes, but is not restricted to, all national parks, wilderness areas, nature reserves, scientific reserves and marine reserves), except in very limited circumstances, which are set out in the Act. Otago has an extensive history of gold exploration. When gold prices are high, there is an increased demand for Crown Minerals Act permits. Often mining proposals involve public conservation lands and waters previously mined. It is necessary to carefully consider any potential impact on the natural and historic values when decisions are made whether to grant an access arrangement. The sites may be protected or require additional authority from the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. Other minerals such as lignite and scheelite have been mined since the early 20th century and, from time to time, applications to mine these resources are received for public conservation land.

Policies 3.16.1 Consider applications for access arrangements on a case-by-case basis, in accordance with the criteria set out in the relevant section (i.e. section 61 or section 61A and section 61B) of the Crown Minerals Act 1991. 3.16.2 Review the conditions of access arrangements under the Crown Minerals Act 1991 if monitoring reveals that the effects of mining activities on conservation values and recreation opportunities are greater than expected, or additional adverse effects become apparent. 3.17 Sand and shingle extraction Sand and shingle extraction from riverbeds and beaches is managed and allocated by regional councils under the Resource Management Act 1991. On public conservation lands

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 145 and waters, however, these activities also require authorisation from the Department. Currently sand and shingle are extracted from several locations on public conservation lands in the Rees River and Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu catchments. Sand and shingle extraction can have adverse effects on natural, cultural, historic and recreational values, such as freshwater quality, fish spawning, nesting birds, landscape values, wāhi tapu and public access. However, taking sand and shingle in the vicinity of the area where it is going to be used, such as for roading, can avoid potential pest plant contamination. Careful consideration needs to be given to the site, timing, proposed extraction volume and methods to ensure that the extraction area’s values are protected.

Policies 3.17.1 Should allow sand and/or shingle extraction from public conservation lands and waters only where the adverse effects can be avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.17.2 Should use the following criteria when considering sand and/or shingle extraction from public conservation lands and waters: a) is consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) is consistent with the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; c) is consistent with the visitor management zones on Map 3 and as described in Appendix 12; d) adverse effects on the landscape and the natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, remedied or mitigated; and e) adverse effects on the safety and enjoyment of other recreational users of the area are avoided, remedied or mitigated. 3.17.3 Work with Otago and Southland regional councils to achieve integrated management of sand and/or shingle extraction on and off public conservation lands and waters. 3.17.4 May seek offsite mitigation or compensation to assist in indigenous ecosystem management. 3.18 Commercial filming and photography Commercial filming and photography (filming activity) is any photography or filming undertaken on public conservation lands and waters for any specific gain or reward. Filming activities can include some or all of the following—cast, crew, film equipment, vehicles, aircraft, animals, sets and special effects. Filming involves a range of activities, which may include feature films, documentaries, television commercials or television series. Location filming typically involves different scales of activity. Filming on public conservation lands and waters tends to be of small to medium scale, with some feature films also being shot. The Conservation General Policy 2005 states that filming should be subject to the same assessment processes and conditions as other uses, and that particular care should be taken so that filming does not adversely affect the values of sites of significance, including those of significance to tangata whenua. Issues with filming include the use of aircraft and animals and the management of any conflict with other users of public conservation lands and waters. In parts of Otago, notably around Queenstown and Wanaka, filming is an important industry which makes considerable use of the spectacular landscapes and alpine areas, most of which

146 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 are included within Mount Aspiring National Park and other public conservation lands and waters. Filming activities within Mount Aspiring National Park are managed according to the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011. The policies below are additional to the policies that apply to all authorisations and do not replace them.

Policies 3.18.1 Should grant concessions for commercial filming and photography (filming activity) on public conservation lands and waters located outside national parks only where the following criteria are met: a) any conflicts between recreation/tourism uses and filming activity are avoided (e.g. separated in space and time), remedied or mitigated; b) any adverse effects from filming and associated activities on conservation values, including sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu are avoided, remedied or mitigated; c) aircraft use for filming activity complies with the aircraft Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9; d) vehicle use for filming activity complies with Policies 3.2.1—3.2.12 (motorised vehicles), Policies 3.3.1–3.3.8 (mountain bikes) and Policies 3.4.1—3.4.5 (electric power-assisted pedal cycles); e) animal use for filming activity complies with Policies 3.7.1—3.7.2 (other animals), 3.8.1—3.8.9 (dogs) and 3.9.1— 3.9.4 (horses and pack animals); and f) the filming activity is consistent with the outcome and policies for Places in which the activity is proposed to occur. 3.18.2 May grant concessions for filming activities that do not meet the prescriptions for the visitor management zones in Appendix 12 only in accordance with Policy 3.1.12. 3.18.3 Should apply the provisions in section 6.7.3 of the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011, to any filming activity in Mount Aspiring National Park. 3.18.4 Should include reference to and require compliance with the latest version of the Code of Practice: Filming on Public Conservation Lands59, in all concessions for filming activity. 3.18.5 Draw the attention of filming concession applicants to A Guideline for Filming within the Takiwā of Ngāi Tahu (2010).60 3.19 Collection of material Applications for the collection of material for research and information needs are addressed in, and must be consistent with, the Conservation General Policy 2005 (Section 12: Research and information needs) and the outcomes and policies for Places in Part Two of this CMS.

Policy 3.19.1 Should allow the collection of material from public conservation lands and waters only in accordance with: a) the Conservation General Policy 2005, section 12(d); and b) the outcome and policies for Places within Part Two of this CMS.

59 Jointly developed by the Department of Conservation and Film New Zealand. 60 Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and Screen Producers and Directors Associations of New Zealand.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 147 3.20 Wild animals Wild animals are introduced animals that are managed to achieve the purpose of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977. The Minister of Conservation has responsibility for the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 through the granting of:  Concessions for commercial wild animal recovery operations involving aircraft issued under the Conservation Act 1987  Permits for commercial and recreational hunting  Permits for holding of wild animals in captivity in safari parks or deer farms. Where wild animals are held alive in captivity, further permits may be required from the Director-General of Conservation in accordance with the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 requirements. Permits are required to convey any deer species, chamois or tahr outside a species feral range where it is to be kept for the purposes of public display, research, private use, and keeping prior to export. This CMS is one of several mechanisms the Minister of Conservation must consider when making a decision on applications for commercial wild animal recovery activities. The primary decision-making tool is the Wild Animal Control Act 1977. Consequently, policies in this CMS are considered alongside the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 when making decisions on applications. Any requirements or regulations promulgated under the Game Animal Council Act 2013 are also relevant. There is a variety of commercial wild animal control activities, each with its own management issues. The Department has grouped these into three main categories according to the management issues and potential effects associated with each activity. This categorisation was developed in consultation with the industries and stakeholders involved. The three categories are: 1. Deer, pig, chamois and goat carcass recovery and live capture 2. Tahr carcass recovery and live capture 3. Aerially assisted trophy hunting. Concessions are issued separately for the three types of activity. However, all three types of activity above are assessed similarly against the criteria in the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and other legislation. Other concessions may be required under the Conservation Act 1987; for example, for aircraft access for recreational hunting.

Policies

Deer, pig, chamois and goat live capture and carcass recovery 3.20.1 Should assess concession applications for deer, pig, chamois and goat carcass recovery and deer and chamois live capture on public conservation lands and waters under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 against the following criteria: a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purposes of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; c) adverse effects on conservation values, including priority ecosystem units and species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; d) the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; e) effects on visitors; f) cumulative effects;

148 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 g) frequency, timing and location of the activity; h) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations; and i) other relevant matters, including the applicant’s ability to obtain required accreditations or certifications from other agencies. 3.20.2 Should grant concessions under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 for the live capture of chamois on public conservation lands and waters only as one-off permits.

Tahr live capture and carcass recovery 3.20.3 Should assess concession applications for tahr live capture and carcass recovery activities on public conservation lands and waters under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 against the following criteria: a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purpose of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993) made under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; c) the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; d) adverse effects on conservation values, including priority ecosystem units and species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; e) the outcomes and policies for the Places where the activity is proposed to occur; f) effects on visitors; g) cumulative effects; h) frequency, timing and location of the activity; i) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations; and j) other relevant matters, including the applicant’s ability to obtain required accreditations or certifications from other agencies. 3.20.4 Should grant concessions under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 for live tahr capture and carcass recovery on public conservation lands and waters only as one- off permits.

Aerially assisted trophy hunting 3.20.5 Should assess concession applications for aerially assisted trophy hunting on public conservation lands and waters against the following criteria: a) the contribution to concerted action to control wild animals (to achieve the purpose of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977); b) the Himalayan Thar Control Plan (1993) made under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; c) the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; d) adverse effects on conservation values, including priority ecosystem units and species, surrounding lands, and natural quiet; e) the outcome and policies for the Place where the activity is proposed to occur; f) effects on visitors; g) cumulative effects; h) frequency, timing and location of the activity; i) the effect of granting the concession on other authorisations; and j) other relevant matters.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 149 Wild animal control activities in wilderness areas 3.20.6 May grant concessions for wild animal control activities under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 in the Olivine Wilderness Area where necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources. A concession that meets this test will: a) occur where the density of tahr, chamois or red deer in the Olivine Wilderness Area exceeds management intervention densities in animal control plans or thresholds set for ecosystem management; b) demonstrate its contribution to concerted action against the adverse effects of wild animals by showing that the wild animal control activity is necessary for, or will actively benefit, the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; c) consider the outcome and policies for a Place in which the activity is proposed to occur (if within a Place in this CMS or any applicable management plan); d) identify any sites or times where the operation should not occur; e) demonstrate that no visitor group is likely to have their wilderness experience adversely affected by the activity, including through cumulative effects of other similar activities; and f) demonstrate the effectiveness of the hunting by providing the Department with an assessment and analysis of numbers killed and estimated animal densities. 3.20.7 Should only allow aircraft movements for hunter access into the Olivine Wilderness Area where it is necessary or desirable for the preservation of the area's indigenous natural resources. Applications that meet this test will: a) occur where the densities of deer, chamois, goats and/or pigs in the Olivine Wilderness Area exceed management intervention densities in animal control plans or thresholds set for ecosystem management; b) demonstrate that the recreational hunting activity associated with the aircraft landing is necessary for, or will actively benefit, the preservation of the area’s indigenous natural resources; c) be consistent with the outcomes and policies for the Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place, and section 6.6.5 and section 12 of the Mount Aspiring National Park Management Plan 2011; d) occur when hunting is most effective; e) not involve the taking in or use of animals in the area; f) demonstrate that there is no practical alternative access to the site; g) demonstrate that no other visitor group is likely to have their wilderness experience adversely affected by the landings, including by cumulative effects of similar activities; h) except for the aircraft landings, be indistinguishable from other independent users of the wilderness area(s); i) provide for aircraft landings only at designated sites identified for the most effective animal control; and j) demonstrate the effectiveness of the hunting by providing the Department with an assessment and analysis of numbers killed and estimated animal densities.

150 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Wild animals held in captivity 3.20.8 Should assess applications for permits in accordance with the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 to keep wild animals in captivity in safari parks, deer farms, for public display, as pets, for research, and prior to export, in accordance with some or all of the following criteria: a) the views of the relevant regional council; b) for deer farms and safari parks, the place of captivity must be within the feral range of tahr or chamois, and, for deer species, in accordance with the most recent deer farming regulations published in the NZ Gazette; c) the place of captivity be equipped with adequate fences for the containment of the animals; and d) the species and number of each to be so kept. 3.21 Game animals (see also wild animals) Game animals are those animals defined as such in the Game Animal Council Act 2013 for the purposes of the Act, i.e. chamois, deer, tahr and wild pigs. Game birds are defined at Schedule 1 of the Wildlife Act 1953. The Minister of Conservation may designate any species of game animal in a specified area on public conservation lands to be a ‘herd of special interest’ (see Glossary definition) if the required criteria are met, including that the Minister considers that: The animals are of special interest to hunters i) The animals can be managed for hunting purposes ii) Management of the animals for hunting purposes is consistent with the overriding considerations (see Glossary for definition). A herd management plan is developed for each herd of special interest proposed for designation, setting out the objectives and strategies for the management of the herd to achieve the expected benefits to be gained from managing the animals for hunting purposes. As at the date of CMS approval, no herds of special interest within Otago have been gazetted under the Game Animal Council Act 2013. The Game Animal Council has a range of functions associated with the hunting of game animals. In relation to herds of special interest to hunters specifically, and hunting generally, the Department will work with the Council for the effective management of game animals in a manner that is compatible with the management of public conservation lands and resources generally.

Policy 3.21.1 Work with the Game Animal Council to facilitate the hunting of game animals on public conservation lands as defined by the Game Animal Council Act 201361 to achieve the purposes of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and the Game Animal Council Act 2013.

61 Public conservation land means land that is— a) held, managed, or administered by the Department of Conservation under the Conservation Act 1987 or an enactment listed in Schedule 1 of the Act; and b) owned by the Crown.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 151 3.22 Sporting and other competitive events62 Competitive sporting events, including endurance races, multi-sport or orienteering events, may traverse public conservation lands and waters. These events are part of the spectrum of recreational opportunities. Consideration of applications for these events is likely to focus on whether their effects can be managed in a way that is consistent with the outcomes for the Places. These events present an opportunity to educate participants about conservation values, such as through pre-race information and briefings. Current knowledge about the adverse effects of competitive sporting events indicates that ground and vegetation damage tends to be minimal when confined to track systems designed and well-maintained for the activity, or open bare-gravel/rock riverbeds in dry conditions (as opposed to inappropriate conditions such as steep slopes). These ideal conditions are seldom available for a whole event on every occasion. Avoidance and remedial measures may be required, including event route change, postponement or cancellation. Adverse effects on wildlife and other users can be variable, again depending on the activities undertaken, location, size and timing of the event. In managing such events in Otago, the goal is to avoid or minimise damage to indigenous plants and wildlife, historic and cultural values, facilities (e.g. tracks) and conflict with other users of the public conservation lands and waters. On these occasions where event organisers do not disclose routes to participants until race day itself, additional conditions may need to be met to ensure that any potential effects are fully quantified, assessed and avoided, remedied or mitigated. Monitoring of all events is essential.

Policies 3.22.1 May authorise organised sporting or other competitive events where: a) consistent with the purpose for which the lands and waters concerned are held; b) consistent with the outcomes and policies for Place(s) where the activity is proposed to occur; c) any adverse effects on natural, historic or cultural values are avoided, remedied or mitigated; d) any adverse effects on existing recreational opportunities in the areas are avoided, remedied or mitigated; e) the requirements of policies for associated activities (such as use of vehicles, aircraft, animals and structures) can be met; and f) it can be demonstrated that adequate public notification of the event can occur before the event. 3.22.2 May authorise sporting or other competitive events that do not meet the prescriptions for the visitor management zones in Appendix 12 in accordance with Policy 3.1.12. 3.22.3 May waive or reduce the requirements for public notification in circumstances where the details of a sporting or other competitive event are not disclosed to participants in advance, if satisfied that the adverse effects will be minimised and following consultation with the Otago Conservation Board on a confidential basis.

62 For the purposes of this strategy, competitive sporting events are those that are advertised to the general public (as distinct from closed club events or activities involving small groups) or may involve large numbers of people and spectators, or have the potential to have significant adverse effects on conservation values, including effects on other people and other recreational opportunities.

152 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 3.22.4 May require the concessionaire to require participants in a sporting or other competitive event to comply with a code of conduct developed with the concessionaire. 3.22.5 Should require monitoring of effects on natural, historic and cultural values. 3.22.6 Should require fire safety contingencies in high fire risk areas; such contingencies may include event authorisations being cancelled at short notice. 3.22.7 Should require opportunities for conservation education and interpretation; including for Ngāi Tahu cultural values in consultation with Ngāi Tahu. 3.23 Recreation activities using fixed anchors The practice of placing fixed anchors into rock (sometimes called bolting) is for the purpose of undertaking roped access activities such as rock climbing, abseiling, caving and canyoning. These anchor points are usually drilled or glued in place and remain permanently on the rock face. Management issues around this practice include:  The adverse effects of the activity on the remote experiences and the accepted ethos of self-management of risk as part of these experiences  The adverse effects on natural, historic and cultural values, not necessarily from the installation of the anchors themselves, but by the popularisation of areas resulting in the trampling and removal of plants, introduction of pest plants, erosion of landforms and potential for desecration of wāhi tapu  The potential liability of the Department and others for the safety of users where fixed anchors have been installed by members of the public  Relationships between users, the Department and others regarding the installation of fixed anchors at sites  The adverse effects on recreational values and provide for a spectrum of planned recreational opportunities. The Department works with the New Zealand Alpine Club as a representative advocate for climbers on these issues. The Club developed a Position on Bolting (2010) and NZAC Bolting Technical Guidelines (2005) to help ensure safe and consistent bolting and environmental responsibility (http://alpineclub.org.nz). Liaison with other recreation groups also occurs through authorisation processes.

Policies 3.23.1 May authorise the placement of fixed anchors for recreation on public conservation lands and waters subject to the following processes and criteria: a) liaise with the New Zealand Alpine Club (NZAC) and other recreation groups as relevant to determine those areas where new or additional fixed anchors are either acceptable or unacceptable to the relevant recreation community, and the Department, based on criteria including: i) avoidance of adverse effects on priority ecosystem units, threatened or at- risk species, and geopreservation sites; ii) avoidance of adverse effects on sites of significance to Ngāi Tahu; iii) the outcome and policies for the Place; iv) consideration of historical recreation use patterns; v) addressing safety concerns; and vi) providing for a range of recreational experiences;

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 153 b) for areas where fixed anchors are authorised for climbing, the NZAC should be informed and encouraged to take the lead on fixed anchor management in consultation with the Department and the local climbing community, and with recognition of NZAC’s Position on Bolting (2010) and Bolting Technical Guidelines (2005); and c) for areas where fixed anchors are authorised for uses other than climbing, a relevant organisation should be encouraged to take the lead on fixed anchor management in consultation with the Department. 3.23.2 Should remove unauthorised or unsafe fixed anchors as part of fixed anchor management. 3.24 Fire management Under the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, the Minister of Conservation is the rural fire authority for all state areas, which generally includes all public conservation lands and waters and a 1-kilometre safety margin around some of those state areas. Some Crown and public conservation lands and waters have been included within an Enlarged Rural Fire District, bringing them under the jurisdiction of Rural Fire District Committees, rather than the Minister, as the rural fire authority. Fire is a significant threat to natural, cultural, historic and recreational values in Otago. The Department is a partner in the Otago and Southern Enlarged Rural Fire Authority, which manages rural fires in Otago. Fire-fighting is a significant operational activity for staff in support of other rural fire management agencies under a cooperative approach to fire management. Fire fuel reduction can be a preventative measure to reduce fire threat. Climate change predictions are for drier conditions and a consequential high fire risk in much of Otago, Increased populations in some rural areas and increases in certain types of recreation, such as four-wheel drive vehicles, are also heightening the fire risk situation. Many small public conservation areas are extremely vulnerable to fire from neighbouring properties. An active public education programme promotes awareness of fire risk and fire permit requirements, identifies and works with individuals and groups undertaking at-risk activities (e.g. four-wheel drive vehicle use, railway maintenance, land management burning).

Policies 3.24.1 Work cooperatively with the Otago and Southern Enlarged Rural Fire Authority, New Zealand Fire Service, landowners and communities to increase awareness of rural fire risks and mitigate them. 3.24.2 May undertake actions (assessments and implement) to reduce fire fuels, including by mowing, clearing bare-earth fire breaks or small-scale prescribed burning. 3.24.3 Should require fire safety contingencies when authorising gatherings of large numbers of people, such as for sporting events, in high fire risk areas; such contingencies may include event permits being withdrawn at short notice. 3.25 Ski fields Commercial ski fields typically require considerable infrastructure and terrain modification. This section does not apply to backcountry skiing activities that take place throughout the Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place and the Central Otago Uplands Place, and that do not require infrastructure. Neither does it apply to heli- skiing activities.

154 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Three commercial ski fields (Coronet Peak, The Remarkables and Treble Cone) are authorised on public conservation lands in Otago. All are popular visitor attractions and an integral part of Otago’s tourism sector, and have potential for wide-ranging conservation advocacy, in addition to their community engagement with backcountry recreation. The effects of climate change may result in fields becoming increasingly reliant on snow- making into the future and may look at expanding their winter and summer visitor activities both on the fields and nearby. These changes will start taking effect during the term of this CMS but may take decades to become fully apparent. In response, both a precautionary and a partnership approach may be needed: precautionary to avoid the risk of abandoned structures and adverse landscape effects; partnership to maintain a ski field’s recreation opportunity.

Policies 3.25.1 May allow further development of existing authorised ski fields, where their natural values are already modified, in preference to the development of new ski fields. 3.25.2 Should in considering the development of new and existing authorised ski fields apply a precautionary approach to the approval of new structures, accommodation facilities and terrain modification and consider both the likely effects of water use (for snow-making), the likely longevity of the field in the face of climate change, and any appropriate land remediation and facility removal costs should the ski field cease to operate. 3.25.3 Process all applications for renewals of existing authorisations for ski fields as concessions. 3.25.4 Where practicable, encourage non-skier and/or non-ski season visitor use, and visitor use beyond the ski field consistent with the outcomes at Place. 3.25.5 Should provide opportunities for conservation education and interpretation. 3.25.6 Should allow over-snow vehicle use for the purpose of ski field management within ski field lease/licence areas subject to the provisions of the lease/licence and in accordance with Policy 3.2.12.

MILESTONES—OUTPUTS Achieved by the end of Year 3 after CMS approval (2019)  Initiatives to remove or change the status of unauthorised private accommodation and related facilities on public conservation lands and waters in Otago.  An assessment undertaken of the effectiveness of aircraft management provisions within the CMS, including cumulative and adverse effects. Achieved by the end of Year 5 after CMS approval (2021)  Progress the status of unauthorised private accommodation and related facilities on public conservation lands and waters in Otago.  Review the level of use and effects of aircraft activity, if evidence shows that unacceptable adverse effects are occurring.  An assessment undertaken on the level of use and effects of electric power-assisted pedal cycles on public conservation lands and waters in Otago, including cumulative effects.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 155  An assessment undertaken on the level of use and effects of motorised vehicles, mountain bikes, horses and pack animals on public conservation lands and waters in Otago, including cumulative effects, if evidence shows that unacceptable impacts are occurring. Achieved by the end of Year 10 after CMS approval (2026)  Review the level of use and effects of electric power-assisted pedal cycles on public conservation lands and waters in Otago, including cumulative effects, if evidence shows that unacceptable adverse effects are occurring.  Review the level of use and effects of aircraft activity, if evidence shows that unacceptable adverse effects are occurring.  Review the level of use and effects of motorised vehicles, mountain bikes, horses and pack animals on public conservation lands and waters in Otago, including cumulative effects, if evidence shows that unacceptable adverse effects are occurring.  Remove unauthorised private accommodation and related facilities on public conservation lands and waters in Otago.  Bylaws and/or regulations over public conservation lands and waters (including departmental wharves) have been established or revised where necessary.

156 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Part Four—Implementation monitoring and reporting, and review

The Department of Conservation uses many different tools to implement conservation management strategies, including:  The Department’s business planning processes, where decisions are made about priorities and resourcing for the departmental activities  Decisions on concessions and other authorisations  Advocacy for conservation outcomes. Monitoring implementation will assist in determining the success of the provisions of this CMS. The Department reports regularly to the Otago Conservation Board and Ngāi Tahu on the implementation of this CMS, and the Otago Conservation Board, in turn, reports annually to the New Zealand Conservation Authority. Additional monitoring is identified in the Department’s Statement of Intent and annual reports. The CMS will have effect for 10 years or until formally amended or reviewed in full or in part. The term of this CMS is from 2016 to 2026.

OBJECTIVES 4.1.1 To report at least annually on progress in achieving the milestones of the Otago CMS to the Otago Conservation Board and Ngāi Tahu as a means of monitoring and reporting on its implementation. 4.1.2 To identify, at least annually, in a report to the Otago Conservation Board any additional priority ecosystem units and threatened and at-risk species included in this CMS for which work programmes have been approved; and report progress thereafter in meeting outputs identified in the work programme.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 157 Glossary

Actively conserved historic site Historically significant site that is managed by the Department to preserve and maintain its historic features.

Activity Includes a trade, business or occupation (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Aerially assisted trophy hunting 1. A wild animal recovery operation activity, authorised under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 (whether or not for hire or reward) to carry out the activity of aerially assisted trophy hunting, where an aircraft is used for all of the following purposes and no other: a) To carry by aircraft recreational hunter(s), their guide, associated firearms/ammunition b) The active searching by aircraft for wild animals with trophy potential c) The on-the-ground guiding of the client and killing of the wild animal d) The recovery by aircraft of such wild animals. 2. The activity is still considered to be aerially assisted trophy hunting if one or more of the above components is performed or achieved. Note: This definition excludes the following activities: a) Live capture and carriage of wild animals b) The killing of any deer species during the period 23 March to 9 April plus, when it falls outside this period, the 4 days of Easter c) The killing and recovery of wild animals or any part thereof for supply to a New Zealand Food Safety Authority-approved processing facility d) The carriage or use of a shotgun.

Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth (Civil Aviation Act 1990). This includes, but is not limited to, the following types of aircraft: powered and non- powered; recreational and commercial; fixed-wing and rotary-wing; manned aircraft and remotely piloted aircraft systems; and any other aircraft that may become regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time. See also Aircraft, non-powered and Aircraft, remotely piloted.

Aircraft, control line model A model aircraft primarily controlled in flight by a single or multiple wire system operated by the person flying the aircraft and restricted to circular flight about a centre point.

158 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Aircraft, free flight model A model aircraft with a maximum wing loading of 62 g/dm2(20 oz/ft2), with a flight path that, once launched, is uncontrollable.

Aircraft, non-powered Any machine not driven by a powered device that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherwise than by the reactions of the air against the surface of the earth. This is an inclusive definition that includes non-powered gliders, non-powered hang gliders, parachutes, balloons and any other non-powered aircraft that may become regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time. See also Aircraft.

Aircraft, remotely piloted An unmanned aircraft that is piloted from a remote station and— a) Includes a radio controlled model aircraft, but b) Does not include a control line model aircraft or a free flight model aircraft; or as regulated by Civil Aviation Rules from time to time.

Airstrip Any specified area of public conservation land specifically maintained for the landing and take-off of fixed-wing aircraft, which may also be used by rotary-wing aircraft. It does not include a certified aerodrome as defined by the Conservation Act 1987 or an airport as defined by the Airport Authorities Act 1966.

Animal Any mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, fish (including shellfish) or related organism, insect, crustacean, or organism of every kind; but does not include a human being (Reserves Act 1977: section 2; National Parks Act 1980: section 2). Any member of the animal kingdom other than a human being (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Archaeological site Subject to section 42(3) Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014: a) Any place in New Zealand including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure) that: i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900; and ii) provides or may provide through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1). (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014: section 6)

At risk (species) Taxa that do not meet the criteria for any of the ‘Threatened’ species categories, but are declining (though buffered by a large total population size and/or a slow decline rate),

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 159 biologically scarce, recovering from a previously threatened status, or survive only in relictual populations (New Zealand Threat Classification System Manual 2008).

Authorisation Collective term for all types of approvals by the Minister and the Director-General of Conservation provided for in a statutory process (Conservation General Policy 2005). See also Concession.

Authorised Approved in a statutory process.

Backcountry destination Destination that provides for more challenging adventures, including popular walks and tramps, within the body of large-scale natural settings.

Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Biosecurity The exclusion, eradication or effective management of risks posed by pests and diseases to the economy, environment and human health (Conservation General Policy 2005). The Department has functions that it performs under the Biosecurity Act 1993.

Building Has the same meaning as given to it by sections 8 and 9 of the Building Act 2004 (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Bylaw A bylaw made by the Minister of Conservation, under section 56 of the National Parks Act 1980 or section 106 of the Reserves Act 1977. Bylaws may apply to national parks and reserves, whereas regulations may apply to reserves and conservation areas.

Commercial hunting Hunting undertaken by professional hunters for their livelihood and intended to maximise the take or kill of animals. It does not include guided recreational hunting, transportation of recreation hunters, or other means of assistance for recreational hunting for which a consideration is paid. (General Policy for National Parks 2005)

Community Any individual or group (whether statutory or non-statutory, formal or informal, commercial or non-commercial) having an interest in a particular conservation issue.

Concession A lease, licence, permit or easement, granted under Part 3B of the Conservation Act 1987, section 49 of the National Parks Act 1980, section 59A of the Reserves Act 1977, section 22 of

160 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 or section 14AA of the Wildlife Act and includes any activity authorised by the concession document.

Concessionaire A person granted a concession by the Minister of Conservation for a lease, license, permit or an easement.

Conservation The preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Conservation board Conservation boards are established under section 6L of the Conservation Act 1987. The primary functions and powers of conservation boards are set out in sections 6M and 6N of the Conservation Act 1987 and section 30 of the National Parks Act 1980. Their functions include overseeing the preparation of conservation management strategies and national park management plans for their areas, approval of conservation management plans (e.g. for conservation parks) and advising the New Zealand Conservation Authority or Director- General of Conservation on conservation matters of importance in their area. They also have an important conservation advocacy role. The relevant conservation board for this CMS is the Otago Conservation Board.

Conservation General Policy A policy prepared under section 17C of the Conservation Act 1987 to provide unified policy for the implementation of Conservation, Wildlife, Marine Reserves, Reserves, Wild Animal and Marine Mammals Protection Acts. It provides guidance for the administration and management of all lands and waters and all natural and historic resources managed for the purposes of those Acts, excluding reserves administered by other agencies under the Reserves Act 1977. It also provides guidance for consistent management planning for the wide range of places and resources administered or managed by the Department, including the preparation of CMSs, conservation management plans and sports fish management plans.

Conservation legislation A term that applies collectively to the statutes administered by the Department, including the Conservation Act 1987 (and the legislation listed at Schedule 1 of that Act), the Reserves Act 1977, the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971 and the National Parks Act 1980.

Conservation management Any activity that is carried out by the Minister or the Director-General of Conservation (and their contractors and authorised agents) in the exercise of his or her functions, duties or powers under the conservation legislation.

Conservation management plan A plan for the management of natural and historic resources and for recreation, tourism and other conservation purposes that implements a conservation management strategy (CMS)

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 161 and establishes detailed objectives for integrated management within a place or places specified in a CMS (Conservation Act 1987, section 17E).

Conservation management strategy (CMS) The purpose of a conservation management strategy is to implement general policies and establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources, including any species, managed by the Department under the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Reserves Act 1977, the Wild Animal Control Act 1977, the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, the National Parks Act 1980, the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park Act 2000 or the Conservation Act 1987, and for recreation, tourism and other conservation purposes (Conservation Act 1987, section 17D).

Control line model aircraft See Aircraft, control line model.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) An international agreement on biological diversity that came into force in December 1993 following a meeting of governments in Rio de Janeiro. The objectives of the Convention are: the conservation of biological diversity; the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation of genetic resources (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) An intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.

Cultural Societal values with an emphasis on New Zealand/European history and Māori tikanga that are handed down through the generations (General Policy for National Parks 2005).

Cumulative effect An effect that arises over time or in combination with other effects (Resource Management Act 1991, section 3).

Customary use/take Gathering and use of natural resources by tangata whenua according to tikanga (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Department, the The Department of Conservation.

Destination management A programme aimed at increasing the number of people enjoying public conservation lands and waters. It focuses the Department on five key areas for success: understanding what people want; delivering quality experiences; optimising resources; working with others; and improving marketing and promotion. Destinations are a geographic area and/or group of facilities that are the focus of a single typical visitor trip, and are categorised into Icon,

162 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Gateway, Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations. Destination management is the coordinated management of all the elements that make up a destination including its values, attractions, people, infrastructure, access and how the destination is marketed.

Director-General The Director-General of Conservation.

Disability assist dog A dog certified by one of the following organisations as being a dog trained to assist (or as being a dog in training to assist) a person with a disability: a) Hearing Dogs for Deaf People New Zealand b) Mobility Assistance Dogs Trust c) New Zealand Epilepsy Assist Dogs Trust d) Royal New Zealand Foundation of the Blind e) Assistance Dogs New Zealand f) Perfect Partners Assistance Dogs Trust g) An organisation specified in an Order in Council made under section 78D. (Dog Control Act 1996, section 2)

Downhill An extreme form of mountain biking involving riding down steep slopes, including over obstacles, drops and sharp turns, at maximum speed.

Ecological integrity The full potential of indigenous biotic and abiotic factors, and natural processes, functioning in sustainable habitats, ecosystems and landscapes (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Ecosystem A biological system comprising a community of living organisms and its associated non- living environment, interacting as an ecological unit (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Ecosystem services A wide range of conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that are part of them, help sustain and fulfil life (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Effect Includes: a) any positive or adverse effect; and b) any temporary or permanent effect; and c) any past, present or future effect; and d) any cumulative effect which arises over time or in combination with other effects— regardless of the scale, intensity, duration or frequency of the effect and also includes— e) any potential effect of high probability; and f) any potential effect of low probability which has a high potential impact.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 163 (Conservation Act 1987, section 2 and Resource Management Act 1991, section 3)

Electric power-assisted pedal cycle A pedal cycle to which is attached one or more auxiliary electric propulsion motors having a combined maximum power output not exceeding 300 watts.

Emergency (for aircraft) A situation where a concession is not required in accordance with section 17ZF of the Conservation Act 1987 only as a result of: a) a mechanical or structural or operational defect in the aircraft or its equipment; or b) weather conditions or other causes not under the control of the pilot in command.

Encampment Non-designated sites used for the purpose of shelter or camping either: a) on a permanent or semi-permanent basis by private individuals or groups; or b) for more than short-term use by private individuals or groups. (Conservation General Policy 2005)

Endemic A species which is indigenous to, as well as restricted to, a particular natural area (General Policy for National Parks 2005).

Eradicate To remove completely (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Facilities, recreational Facilities erected on or adjoining public conservation lands and waters by the Department or others that enable people to enjoy a range of recreational opportunities including (but not limited to): visitor and information centres, camping areas, tracks and walkways, bridges, backcountry huts, roads, car-parking areas, toilets, picnic areas, signs and interpretation panels, viewing platforms, wharves and boat ramps (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

Fish Includes all species of finfish and shellfish, at any stage of their life history, whether living or dead (Fisheries Act 1996).

Fish and Game Council Statutory body with functions pertaining to the management, maintenance and enhancement of the sports fish and game resource in the recreational interests of anglers and hunters (Conservation Act 1987, section 26Q(1)).

Fishery One or more stocks or parts of stocks or one or more species of freshwater fish or aquatic life that can be treated as a unit for the purposes of conservation or management (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

164 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Foreshore Such parts of the bed, shore or banks of a tidal water as are covered and uncovered by the flow and ebb of the tide at mean spring tides (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Four-wheel drive road A road that can be traversed by a four-wheel drive vehicle capable of handling conditions including grade and side slopes, width, surface material, waterway fords, entry and exit angles to fords and depressions, and seasonal snow and ice, without causing adverse effects to the adjoining areas or the road. The road, through maintenance and managed traffic densities and/or seasonal closures, can be retained at this four-wheel drive standard, and can be shared with other vehicles, including trail bikes and mountain bikes. See also Road.

Free flight model aircraft See Aircraft, free flight model.

Freshwater fish Includes all species of finfish of the classes Agnatha and Osteichthytes, and all shellfish of the classes Mollusca and Crustacea, that must, at any time in the life history of the species, inhabit freshwater; and includes any part thereof and such finfish and shellfish that seasonally migrate into or out of freshwater (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Game (other than game animal) The wildlife declared to be game specified in the First Schedule to the Wildlife Act 1953. As at the date of CMS approval, all game species are birds, viz: black swan (Cygnus atratus), chukar (Alectoris chukar), kuruwhengi/Australasian shoveler (Anas rhynchotis), pārera/grey duck (Anas superciliosa), mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), pūtakitaki/paradise shelduck (Tadorna variegata), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa rufa), peihana/pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), pūkeko (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus), bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus), brown quail (Coturnix ypsilophora) and koera/Californian quail (Callipepla californica).

Game animal (for the purposes of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 only) a) Means – i) any chamois, deer, or tahr; ii) any pig that is living in a wild state and is not being herded or handled as a domestic animal or kept within an effective fence or enclosure for farming purposes; and b) Includes the whole or any part of the carcass of the animal. (Game Animal Council Act 2013, section 4) See also Wild animal, Herd of special interest and Overriding considerations.

Gateway destination A destination that helps to introduce New Zealanders to the outdoors and allows them to learn about conservation. These destinations may provide for a diverse range of activities and include many traditional camping and tramping destinations.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 165 General Policy for National Parks A policy prepared under section 44 of the National Parks Act 1980 to provide unified policy for the implementation of the Act.

Guide dog See Disability assist dog.

Habitat The environment within which a particular species or group of species lives. It includes the physical and biotic characteristics that are relevant to the species concerned (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Heli-skiing Involves the use of an aircraft, usually a helicopter, to position and reposition a guided group on a mountain slope for the purpose of skiing multiple runs on a single day.

Herd of special interest A species of game animal in a specified area designated by the Minister of Conservation as a herd of special interest under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 (Game Animal Council Act 2013, section 4).

Historic and cultural heritage Any building or other structure, archaeological site, natural feature, wāhi tapu, or object, associated with people, traditions, events or ideas, that contributes to an understanding of New Zealand history and cultures.

Historic area An area of land that: a) contains an inter-related group of historic places; and b) forms part of the historic and cultural heritage of New Zealand; and c) lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand. (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, section 6)

Historic place a) Any of the following that forms a part of the historic and cultural heritage of New Zealand and that lies within the territorial limits of New Zealand: i) land, including an archaeological site, or part of an archaeological site; ii) a building or structure (or part of a building or structure); iii) any combination of land, buildings or structures or associated buildings or structures (or parts of buildings, structures or associated buildings or structures); and b) Includes anything that is in or fixed to land described in paragraph (a). (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, section 6)

166 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Historic resource A historic place within the meaning of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and includes any interest in a historic resource (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Hover An aircraft flight at a constant height and position over a surface.

Hovercraft A motorised vessel that derives full or partial support in the atmosphere from the reaction of air against the surface of that water over which it operates.

Icon destination A high-profile, popular destination that underpins national and international tourism, and provides memorable visitor experiences in New Zealand.

Indigenous species Plants and animals that initially established in New Zealand without the assistance of human beings, and without the assistance of vehicles or aircraft. This includes species that are unique to New Zealand as well as those that may be found elsewhere in the world. The words ‘indigenous’ and ‘native’ have the same meaning in this CMS (based on the Conservation General Policy 2005).

Integrated conservation management The management of natural resources, and historic and cultural heritage, and existing or potential activities in a manner that ensures that priorities are clear and that the effects of each activity on others are considered and managed accordingly (Conservation General Policy 2005).

International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) An international, non-governmental organisation of heritage professionals engaged in the conservation of places of cultural heritage value and dedicated to the conservation of the world’s historic monuments and sites. ICOMOS acts as an advisory body to the World Heritage Committee (www.icomos.org.nz, viewed September 2012).

International Council on Monuments and Sites New Zealand Charter, Te Pūmanawa o ICOMOS o Aotearoa Hei Tiaki i Ngā Taonga Whenua Heke Iho o Nehe A set of guidelines on cultural heritage conservation produced by ICOMOS New Zealand. The New Zealand Charter is widely used in the New Zealand heritage sector and forms a recognised benchmark for conservation standards and practice. It is used by central government ministries and departments, by local bodies in district plans and heritage management, and by practitioners as guiding principles (www.icomos.org.nz/nzcharters.html; viewed September 2012).

Interpretation Conveying information about the origin, meaning or values of natural, historic or cultural heritage via live, interactive or static media in a way that stimulates interest in, increased understanding of and support for conservation.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 167 Intrinsic value A concept that regards the subject under consideration as having value or worth in its own right, independent of any value placed on it by humans (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Kaitiaki Guardian (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Kaitiakitanga The exercise of guardianship by the tangata whenua of an area in accordance with tikanga. In relation to a resource, this includes the ethic of stewardship based upon the nature of the resource itself (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Ki uta ki tai Mountains to the sea.

Livestock Any ass, cattle or other browsing animal (not being a deer or goat or a marine mammal, fish or shellfish), horse, mule, sheep or swine, of whatever age or sex and whether or not neutered; and includes any animal, of whatever age or sex and whether or not neutered, of a class declared to be livestock for the purposes of this Act by the Governor-General by Order in Council (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Local Treasure destination Locally important, vehicle-accessible location that provides recreation opportunities for, and grows connections with, nearby communities.

Mahinga kai The customary gathering of food and natural materials and the places where those resources are gathered (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, section 167).

Mana Prestige; authority (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Marine mammal Includes— a) any mammal which is morphologically adapted to, or which primarily inhabits, any marine environment; and b) all species of seal (Pinnipedia), whale, dolphin, and porpoise (Cetacea), and dugong and manatee (Sirenia); and c) the progeny of any marine mammal; and d) any part of any marine mammal. (Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, section 2)

Marine protected area An area of sea especially dedicated to or achieving the protection and maintenance of biodiversity at the habitat or ecosystem level, and managed through legal or other effective means; includes marine reserves (Conservation General Policy 2005).

168 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Marine reserve A marine area constituted as a marine reserve under the Marine Reserves Act 1971 (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Mātaitai reserve A management tool created under Part IX of the Fisheries Act 1996 to recognise use and management practices of Māori in the exercise of non-commercial fishing rights. Tangata whenua may apply to the Minister of Fisheries to establish a mātaitai reserve on a traditional fishing ground for the purpose of recognising and providing for customary management practices and food gathering.

Mātauranga Māori Māori traditional knowledge (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Mauri Essential life force, the spiritual power and distinctiveness that enables each thing to exist as itself (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Milestone A specific action that is a measureable step towards achieving an objective or outcome.

Mining a) Means to take, win, or extract, by whatever means: i) mineral existing in its natural state in land; or ii) a chemical substance from a mineral existing in its natural state in land; and b) Includes: i) the injection of petroleum into an underground gas storage facility; and ii) the extraction of petroleum into an underground gas storage facility; but c) Does not include prospecting or exploring for a mineral or chemical substance referred to in paragraph (a). (Crown Minerals Act 1991, section 2)

Motor vehicle (includes motorised vehicle) A vehicle drawn or propelled by mechanical power. This includes an over-snow vehicle and a trailer, but does not include: a) a vehicle running on rails; or b) a trailer (other than a trailer designed solely for the carriage of goods) that is designed and used exclusively as part of the armament of the New Zealand Defence Force; or c) a trailer running on one wheel and designed exclusively as a speed measuring device or for testing the wear of vehicle tyres; or d) a vehicle designed for amusement purposes and used exclusively within a place of recreation, amusement or entertainment to which the public does not have access with motor vehicles; or e) a pedestrian-controlled machine; or

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 169 f) a vehicle that the Agency has declared under section 168A is not a motor vehicle; or g) a mobility device. (Land Transport Act 1998, section 2) For the purpose of this CMS, a motor vehicle does not include any electric power-assisted pedal cycles. Note: Any motor vehicle (which includes trail and quad bikes, over-snow vehicles) taken onto public conservation lands must be registered and/or licensed, where it is required to be registered and/or licensed under the Land Transport Act 1998.

Mountain bike A non-motorised bicycle that can be used off formed roads.

Nationally iconic species A plant or animal species that New Zealanders value as nationally significant and contributing to New Zealand’s national identity.

Natural Existing in or produced by nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural character The qualities of an area that are the result of natural processes and taken together give it a particular recognisable character. These qualities may be ecological, physical, spiritual or aesthetic in nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural quiet Natural ambient conditions in a natural area; the sounds of nature (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Natural resources Plants and animals of all kinds, and the air, water and soil in or on which any plant or animal lives or may live, and landscape and landform, and geological features, and systems of interacting living organisms, and their environment, and includes any interest in a natural resource (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Natural state Unmodified by human activity or introduced plants or animals (Conservation General Policy 2005).

New Zealand Biodiversity Strategy A government-approved national strategy (2000) providing an integrated response to New Zealand’s declining indigenous biodiversity, prepared in part to meet a commitment under the Convention on Biological Diversity. (Conservation General Policy 2005)

Ngāi Tahu For the purpose of this CMS, includes Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu and the Papatipu Rūnanga, as set out in the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.

170 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Nohoanga Nohoanga are entitlements to occupy, temporarily and exclusively, an area of lakeshore or riverbank for the purposes of lawful fishing and the gathering of other natural resources (Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998). See 1.4 Treaty partnership with Ngāi Tahu and Appendix 13 of this CMS.

Non-motorised watercraft A vessel or other watercraft that: a) is used on or in water; and b) is powered solely by hand, solely by sail, or solely by a combination of hand and sail.

Outcome A goal or end result of a conservation action or series of actions (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Overriding considerations (for the purposes of the Game Animal Council Act 2013) a) The welfare and management of public conservation land and resources generally; b) Any statement of general policy that is made, or has effect as if it were made, under— i) section 17B of the Conservation Act 1987; ii) section 44 of the National Parks Act 1980; iii) section 15A of the Reserves Act 1977; iv) section 14C of the Wildlife Act 1953; a) Any CMS made under section 17D of the Conservation Act 1987; d) Any conservation management plan made under— i) section 17E of the Conservation Act 1987; ii) section 40B of the Reserves Act 1977; e) Any management plan made under— i) section 47 of the National Parks Act 1980; ii) section 41 of the Reserves Act 1977; f) Any wild animal control plan made under section 5 of the Wild Animal Control Act 1977; g) Any pest management strategy, pest management plan, pathway management plan, or operational plan made under the Biosecurity Act 1993. (Game Animal Council Act 2013, section 4)

Over-snow vehicle A motorised vehicle that is primarily designed to travel on snow or ice by means of skis, tracks, belts, cleats or low-pressure tyres, or a combination of these means; this includes snowmobiles, snow coaches or buses, and snowcats. See also Motor vehicle.

Papatipu Rūnanga Means the Papatipu Rūnanga of Ngāi Tahu Whānui referred to in section 9 of the Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 171 Participation The contribution of effort, information and ideas towards the work of the Department of Conservation (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Partnership The relationship between individuals or groups that is characterised by mutual cooperation and responsibility, for the achievement of a specific goal (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Personal mobility device A device designed to transport one person that is propelled by hand or a propulsion system with a maximum speed of 15 km per hour, and is ridden by a disabled person (Conservation General Policy 2005). For the purpose of the CMS, does not include power-assisted cycles.

Personal watercraft A motorised vessel that: a) has a fully enclosed hull; and b) does not take on water if capsized; and c) is designed to be operated by a person standing, sitting astride or kneeling on it, but not seated in it.

Pest Any organism, including an animal, plant, pathogen or disease, capable or potentially capable of causing unwanted harm or posing significant risks to indigenous species, habitats and ecosystems or freshwater fisheries (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Place An area identified in a CMS or plan for the purposes of integrated conservation management. It may include any combination of terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas and may be determined by a range of criteria including but not limited to: ecological districts, geological features, catchments, internal departmental, regional or district council or rohe/takiwā boundaries, land status, major recreation or tourism destinations, commonality of management considerations, unique management needs (Conservation General Policy 2005). For the purposes of the Otago CMS, the Places are Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea; Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks; Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū; Central Otago Uplands; Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains; Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia; Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua; Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka; Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru; and Freshwater/Wai Māori.

Pounamu Means— a) bowenite; b) nephrite, including semi-nephrite; and c) serpentine including that occurring in its natural condition in the land described in the Schedule of the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997.

172 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Power-assisted cycle A power-assisted cycle is a pedal cycle that has an electric motor of up to 300 watts. See also Electric power-assisted pedal cycle.

Preservation In relation to a resource, means the maintenance, so far as is practicable, of its intrinsic values (Conservation Act 1987, section 2).

Priority ecosystem unit An ecosystem unit identified through the Departments natural heritage prioritising processes as being one of the most effective places to work to ensure that a representative range of ecosystems is protected.

Private accommodation Place to live or lodge that is not available to the general public on an open basis (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Protected areas Terrestrial, freshwater and marine areas that are protected primarily for the purposes contained in the conservation legislation, including the conservation of natural resources and historical and cultural heritage, using a range of legal mechanisms that provide long-term security of tenure, status or land use purpose, either privately or publicly owned (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

Protection In relation to a resource, means its maintenance, so far as is practicable, in its current state; but includes: a) its restoration to some former state; and b) its augmentation, enhancement, or expansion. (Conservation Act 1987, section 2)

Public accommodation A place to stay in that is generally available to the public on an open basis.

Public conservation lands and waters Lands and water areas administered by the Department of Conservation for their respective legislative purpose, including the preservation and protection of natural and historic resources of those areas covered by this CMS. Reserves administered by other agencies are not included in this definition.

Recreational freshwater fisheries Any freshwater fishery where the fishing of sports fish and indigenous freshwater fish is lawfully carried out for recreational purposes (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Regulation A regulation made by the Governor-General, by Order in Council, under the relevant section of the conservation legislation.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 173 Related facilities Any structure or piece of equipment that is used in conjunction or association with accommodation. Examples include garages, outhouses, and outdoor showers.

Relict Populations of a species whose distribution has been severally modified and disturbed with dispersed fragments remaining.

Remotely piloted aircraft See Aircraft, remotely piloted.

Reserve Has the meaning given to the term reserve in section 2 of the Reserves Act 1977 and includes the following categories of reserve: recreation, historic, scenic, nature, scientific, government purpose, local purpose.

Restoration The active intervention and management of modified or degraded habitats, ecosystems, landforms and landscapes in order to restore indigenous natural character, ecological and physical processes and their cultural and visual qualities; or for historic heritage, to return a place as nearly as possible to a known earlier state (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Road Means: a) a road that is formed and maintained for vehicle use by the public; b) a route that is marked by the Department for vehicle use by the public or identified in a conservation management strategy or conservation management plan for use by vehicles generally or for a particular type of vehicle (for example a bicycle) or as a vehicle parking area. (Conservation General Policy 2005) A road may or may not pass over a defined legal road. See also Four-wheel drive road.

Roar period The primary recreational deer hunting period, within the months of March and April.

Rohe Geographical territory of an iwi or hapū (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Site A defined area within a wider place (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Species A group of organisms that has evolved distinct common inheritable features and occupies a particular geographical range, and that is capable of interbreeding freely but not with members of other species (Conservation General Policy 2005).

174 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Sports fish Every species of freshwater fish that the Governor-General may declare to be sports fish for the purposes of the Conservation Act 1987; examples are trout and salmon (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Statement of Intent (SOI) A document that sets out a rolling 5-year direction for the Department. Its primary purpose is to enable Ministers, select committees, and the central and audit agencies that support them, to assess the performance of government departments.

Structure Any building, equipment, device or other facility made by people and that is fixed to land; and includes any raft (Resource Management Act 1991, section 2).

Taiāpure—local fisheries A taiāpure is a local management tool established in an area that has customarily been of special significance to an iwi or hapū as a source of food or for spiritual or cultural reasons (Fisheries Act 1996, section 174). Taiāpure can be established over any area of estuarine or coastal waters to make better provisions for rangatiratanga and for the rights secured under Article Two of the Treaty of Waitangi. Taiāpure provisions are contained within sections 174–185 of the Fisheries Act 1996.

Takiwā Place or territory used by or associated with an iwi, hapū or whānau (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Tangata whenua Iwi or hapū that has customary authority in a place (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Taonga Valued resources or prized possessions held by Māori, both material and non-material. It is a broad concept that includes tangible and intangible aspects of natural and historic resources of significance to Māori, including wāhi tapu and intellectual property (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Tenure review Tenure review of pastoral leases and other Crown lands is a process run by Land Information New Zealand (LINZ). It allows for the transfer to freehold title of lands for farming or other purposes subject to the protection of significant inherent values and the securing of public access to those lands or other public conservation lands and waters. Protection of significant inherent values is achieved by return to full Crown ownership as public conservation land, by protective covenants, and, in the case of public access, by access easements. The Department’s role in tenure review is to provide advice to LINZ on the identification of significant inherent values, including public access, and recommendations for their protection and management. The Department does not have a statutory decision-making role in the process, but the outcomes for formal protection and management of significant inherent values and public access predominantly occur under the Conservation Act 1987 and Reserves Act 1977.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 175 Threatened (species) Includes all species categorised as ‘Nationally Critical’, ‘Nationally Endangered’ or ‘Nationally Vulnerable’ in the New Zealand Threat Classification System Manual 2008.

Tikanga Māori custom, obligations and conditions (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Tōpuni Has a number of meanings for Ngāi Tahu, including references to both a type of dog skin cloak and the associated custom of placing such a cloak over an object or individual so as to confer the rangatiratanga of the cloak’s owner upon those things. Ngāi Tahu has adopted an additional meaning for the word ‘Tōpuni’: that of confirming and placing an ‘overlay’ of Ngāi Tahu values upon a piece of land owned and/or managed by the Crown, while not overriding the powers of land owned and/or managed by the Crown, to manage that land for the purpose for which it is held from time to time.

Translocation Movement by human intervention of a species from place to place usually with the intention of improving the status of the species.

Urupā Burial ground.

Utilities Includes but not limited to these facilities based over or under the ground: structures and infrastructure for telecommunications; energy generation and transmission and distribution; sewerage; water supply and flood control; oil and gas; roads and airstrips; hydrological and weather stations (based on Conservation General Policy 2005).

Vehicle a) Means a contrivance equipped with wheels, tracks, or revolving runners on which it moves or is moved; and b) Includes a hovercraft, a skateboard, in-line skates, and roller skates; but c) Does not include— i) A perambulator or pushchair ii) A shopping or sporting trundler not propelled by mechanical power iii) A wheelbarrow or hand-trolley iv) A pedestrian-controlled lawnmower v) A pedestrian-controlled agricultural machine not propelled by mechanical power vi) An article of furniture vii) A wheelchair not propelled by mechanical power viii) Any other contrivance specified by the rules not to be a vehicle for the purposes of this definition ix) Any rail vehicle. (Based on Land Transport Act 1998, section 2)

176 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Note: Any motor vehicle (which includes trail and quad bikes and over-snow vehicles) taken onto public conservation land must be registered and/or licensed where it is required to be registered and/or licensed under the Land Transport Act 1998.

Visitor For the purpose of this CMS, visitors are people using areas and facilities managed by the Department. They include adults and children from both New Zealand and overseas, and they may either arrange their own visit or use the services of a concessionaire.

Wāhi tapu A place sacred to Māori in a traditional, spiritual, religious, ritual or mythological sense (Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, section 6).

Wetlands Permanent or intermittently wet areas, shallow water or land-water margins. They include swamps, bogs, estuaries, braided rivers, and lake margins (Conservation General Policy 2005).

Wetland(s) of International Importance A wetland designated under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance 1971 as meeting the Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International Importance; either sites containing representative, rare or unique wetland types, or sites of international importance for conserving biological diversity.

Whenua tūpuna Large or small contiguous or non-contiguous areas, routes, or other linear landscapes (tangible and intangible) of significance to Ngāi Tahu, who are linked to them by virtue of their whakapapa (ancestry). Attributes of whenua tūpuna include natural features, physical formations, cultural features, ara tawhito (traditional trails), mahinga kai (resource gathering places and practices), mātauranga (knowledge), wāhi tapu (sacred places), taonga (treasures), spiritual values, cultural values, traditions and associations.

Wild animal Has the meaning set out in the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and includes: deer, tahr, wild goats, wild pigs, and chamois. It does not include an animal that is part of a herd of designated to be a herd of special interest under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013 (Wild Animal Control Act 1977, section 2). See also Game animal.

Wilderness area Any conservation area set aside as a wilderness area under section 18 of the Conservation Act 1987, or any part of a national park set aside as a wilderness area under the National Parks Act 1980, section 14.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 177 Wildlife Any animal (as defined in the Wildlife Act 1953) that is living in a wild state; and includes any such animal or egg or offspring of any such animal held or hatched or born in captivity, whether pursuant to an authority granted under the Wildlife Act 1953 or otherwise; but does not include wild animals subject to the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 (Wildlife Act 1953, section 2).

World Heritage Area A site designated under the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage Convention as being of outstanding universal value as a site of cultural or natural heritage (Conservation General Policy 2005).

178 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016

Appendix 1

Work or activities of the Department of Conservation that may meet the requirements of section 4(3) of the

Otago Resource Management Act 1991 for exemptions from land use consents in Otago

Conservation This table is presented to meet the requirements for enabling exemptions under section 4(3) of the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). It does not exclude the need to meet all departmental requirements for the assessment of effects or responsibilities under other legislation (e.g. Building Act 2004, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014). This table does not imply that the facilities included within it will be managed in perpetuity.

Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Management Tracks, roads and car parking areas for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing tracks and 1. Construction of tracks and roads 1. Soil disturbance Queenstown District roads to meet current using cut to fill excavation, cut to including disturbance of  Dart and Rees Tracks and Mount departmental service standards waste excavation and levelling using the duff layer and Earnslaw/Pikirakatahi Strategy using current alignment. hand tools, motorised equipment subsoil. Disturbance and  Cascade Saddle 2. Service standard upgrades of and machinery. soil compaction in fill  Route Burn and Rock Burn valleys existing tracks and roads 2. Excavation of batter slopes to a areas. 2016  Routeburn Track and associated tracks, through partial or complete maximum height of 1.5 metres. 2. Surface water runoff

structures and buildings realignment to take advantage of 3. Vegetation removal from the full including modification of  Greenstone and Caples tracks and associated better grades and terrain features width of the track corridor and existing natural tracks, structures and buildings or to incorporate elements of discretionary removal of any watercourses and control natural or historic landscape. vegetation beyond the track and and redirection of  Humboldt Mountains 3. Construction of new tracks as road corridor that is considered surface water using  Earnslaw Burn, Mount Alfred/Ari and the agreed in consultation with the hazardous or that may adversely various means such as area surrounding the head of Lake Wakatipu community. impact upon track components such culvert pipes, drainage (Whakatipu-wai-māori) sumps, cut-outs and 4. Improvements to any existing as batter slopes, drainage or track  Richardson Mountains and Whakaari cross boards. track as considered necessary in surface materials. Conservation Area order to mitigate any 4. Aggregate surfacing including 3. Alterations to land  Shotover River catchment including Mount environmental impact, health placement and compaction of local contours and slopes Aurum Recreation Reserve and Skippers and safety concern or visitor risk and imported materials (from during track construction township or to provide improved access for approved weed-free sources). and upgrade.  Arrow River catchment including Macetown any management purpose. 5. Use of local materials in the vicinity 4. Removal of vegetation and associated historic sites of the asset corridor where necessary from the track corridor  Mount Crichton Scenic Reserve, Ben Lomond for obtaining fill/surfacing materials. and from immediately Scenic Reserve and Queenstown surrounds

179

180 Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location 6. Ground works of in-ground timber adjacent to the asset  Arrowtown and surrounds, including the steps including formation and corridor. Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic levelling, drainage and timber 5. Disturbance of Reserve construction. archaeological and  Lake Hayes and surrounding areas Otago 7. Construction of drainage and historic features,  The north east shores of Lake Wakatipu redirection of surface water from the including historical (Whakatipu-wai-māori) including the Twelve Conservation track surface to existing natural botanicals, on or in the Mile Delta Recreation Reserve contours using various means such immediate vicinity of the  The Remarkables as culvert pipes, drainage sumps, track or road.  Taka Rā Haka Conservation Area, Te Kere cut-outs and cross boards. Scenic Reserve and Glen Allen Scenic

Management 8. Re-formation and widening of roads Reserve above Kingston and the Tāpuae-o- to provide safe access for two Uenuku/Hector Mountains vehicles and road stability to the  Gibbston valley required standards. Drainage  Kawarau Gorge and surrounding ranges improvement to prevent erosion and Strategy  Ski field access roads and associated bridges deterioration of the road surface and and structures—The Remarkables ski field structure, and to provide safe vehicle  Sections of Te Araroa Trail on public

2016 access.

conservation land and waters 9. Maintenance of historic heritage  Sections of Ngā Haerenga/The New Zealand features associated with the track or Cycle Trail on public conservation lands and road to ensure that they are not waters adversely impacted. Dunedin District  Eastern parts of Oteake Conservation Park  Kakanui Mountains and Horse Range  Sections of the Vanished World Trail on public conservation lands and waters  Cape Wanbrow and Oamaru harbour surrounds  Waianakarua Scenic Reserve and area surrounding Herbert  Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki, Katiki Point and Trotters Gorge Scenic Reserve  Shag Point/Matakaea and Sir John McKenzie Memorial Historic Reserve

Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location  Macraes area including Golden Point Historic Reserve  Hawkesbury Lagoon Wildlife Refuge Government Purpose Reserve, Waikouaiti Otago and Huriawa Pā, Karitāne  Otago Central Rail Trail southern section and Conservation associated tracks, structures and buildings  Rock and Pillar Range and surrounding area  Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve and surrounding area Management  Waitati, Pūrākaunui and Heyward Point  Hills north of Dunedin  Otago Peninsula including Sandymount Recreation Reserve and Taiaroa Head Strategy  Tunnel Beach and the coast south of Dunedin  Taieri River Scenic Reserve

2016  Taieri Gorge/Outram Glen Scenic Reserve, Maukaatua Scenic Reserve and the area surrounding Waipori River  The area surrounding Lake Waihola  Te Papanui Conservation Park and the area surrounding Lake Mahinerangi  Gabriels Gully Historic Reserve  Tokomairiro River and surrounding area  Manuka Gorge Scenic Reserve  The Catlins coast including Nugget Point/Tokatā and Papatowai  Area surrounding Ōwaka and The Catlins forest  Catlins Conservation Park and surrounding area  Sections of Ngā Haerenga/The New Zealand Cycle Trail on public conservation land and waters 181

182 Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Alexandra District  Oteake Conservation Park, Mount Ida Conservation Area and surrounds  Dunstan Mountains including all the reserves Otago and conservation areas around Bendigo  St Bathans and surrounding area Conservation  Danseys Pass and Kyeburn Diggings  Otago Central Rail Trail northern section and associated tracks, structures and buildings  Cromwell and surrounding area, including Management Bannockburn Sluicings Historic Reserve  Cairnmuir Mountains and hills around Clyde  Old Man Range/Kopuwai and Old Woman Range Strategy  Area surrounding Alexandra  Serpentine Scenic Reserve and Manorburn 2016

Conservation Area  Flat Top Hill and Aldinga Conservation Areas  Mount Benger Scenic Reserve  Horseshoe Bend Cemetery Historic Reserve  Sections of Ngā Haerenga/The New Zealand Cycle Trail on public conservation land and waters

Wanaka District  Hunter River valley  Haast Highway, Mount Aspiring National Park  Dingle Burn valley  Hāwea Conservation Park  Shores surrounding Lake Hāwea, including Kidds Bush  Timaru River valley

Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location  Sections of Te Araroa Trail on public conservation land and waters  Young and McKerrow ranges  Gillespie Pass Circuit Track, Wilkin, Young Otago and Siberia River valleys  Albert Burn valley Conservation  Shores surrounding Lake Wanaka  Mount Burke and surrounds  Blue, Wills, Cameron and Makarora River valleys and surrounds Management  Cardrona River valley and surrounds  Grandview Mountain ridge and surrounds  Lindis Pass, Pass Burn and Lindis River valleys and surrounds Strategy  Islands of Lake Wanaka  Diamond Lake and surrounds

2016  Chain Hills and Cluden Stream  Matukituki River East Branch valley and Rabbit Pass  Tititea (Mount Aspiring) and surrounding area  Matukituki River West Branch track and associated tracks, structures and buildings  Cascade Saddle  Mount Alta Conservation Area  Matukituki River valley and surrounding area  Ski field access roads and associated bridges and structures—Treble Cone ski field  Fern Burn and Motatapu River valleys  The Stack Conservation Area and surrounds  Mount Iron Scenic Reserve and surrounding area  Clutha River/Mata-Au valley from Lake Wanaka to Lake Dunstan 183

184 Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location  Pisa and Criffel ranges, Alfern Creek Conservation Area and Poison Creek Conservation Area and surrounding Queensberry Hill area Otago  Sections of Ngā Haerenga/The New Zealand Cycle Trail on public conservation land and

Conservation waters Structures63 and buildings for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing structures and 1. Preparatory site works such as 1. Soil disturbance,  Refer to locations for ‘Tracks, roads and car buildings to meet departmental vegetation removal, formation and including disturbance of parking areas for visitor purposes’ above. Management service standards so that visitor levelling of structure and building the duff layer and group requirements are met, such footprints, and excavation of piles subsoil. Disturbance and as minimum access widths and and footings. soil compaction in fill safety barrier heights. 2. Works associated with water areas. Strategy 2. Scheduled ‘like for like’ reticulation and sewage 2. Surface water runoff, (substantially similar structures containment/treatment. including modification of and buildings built on the same 3. Construction of drainage and existing natural 2016 footprint or within the immediate redirection of surface water from watercourses and control vicinity) replacement of existing structure and building footprint to and redirection of structures and buildings as they existing natural contours using surface water using reach the end of their various means such as culvert pipes, various means such as projected/economic life. drainage sumps and cut-outs. culvert pipes and drainage sumps. 3. Construction of new structures 4. Construction of structures and and buildings required to meet buildings such as bridges, 3. Alterations to land service standards for existing boardwalks, stairs, handrails, safety contours and slopes tracks, roads, amenity areas and barriers, viewing platforms, huts, during structure and campsites. shelters, toilets, signage and ladders building construction. 4. Construction of new structures in accordance with requirements of 4. Removal of vegetation and buildings as a component of SNZ 8630:2004 for the relevant from structure and development work for new tracks, visitor group. building footprint and roads, amenity areas and 5. Maintenance of historic heritage from immediate campsites. features associated with the surroundings. structure or building to ensure that

63 Structures for visitor purposes include viewing platforms, steps/stairs, boardwalks, bridges, handrails, safety fences, stiles, signage, etc.

Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location 5. Improvements to any existing their integrity is not adversely 5. Aesthetic impact and structure and building considered impacted. altered sight-lines from necessary to mitigate any man-made structures in environmental impact and health natural areas. Otago and safety concern or to provide 6. Disturbance of improved access for any archaeological and Conservation management purpose. historic features, including historic botanicals, and aesthetic impact on historic

Management landscapes. Campsites and amenities for visitor purposes 1. Upgrade of existing campsites 1. Preparatory site works such as 1. Soil disturbance 1. Refer to locations for ‘Tracks, roads, and car and amenities to meet vegetation removal, formation and including disturbance of parking areas for visitor purposes’ above.

Strategy departmental service standard so levelling of campground and the duff layer and that visitor group requirements amenities footprint, and excavation subsoil. Disturbance and for campgrounds and amenity of piles and footings. soil compaction in fill 2016 areas are met as specified within 2. Works associated with water areas.

SNZ 8630:2004 and any other reticulation and sewage 2. Surface water runoff applicable service standard. containment/treatment including including modification of 2. Scheduled ‘like for like’ effluent dispersal fields and in- existing natural (substantially similar campsites ground waste tanks. watercourses and control and amenities built on the same 3. Construction of drainage and and redirection of footprint or within the immediate redirection of surface water from surface water using vicinity) replacement of existing building and structural campsite and various means such as campground and amenity assets amenities footprint to existing culvert pipes and as these reach the end of their natural contours using various drainage sumps. Fill projected/economic life. means, such as culvert pipes, materials not normally 3. Construction of new campsites drainage sumps and cut-outs. found on the site may be imported (such as and amenities required to meet 4. Construction of campsites and scoria). service standards for existing amenities such as bridges, campgrounds and amenity areas. boardwalks, stairs, handrails, safety 3. Alterations to land 4. Construction of new assets such barriers, shelters, toilets, showers, contours and slopes as structures and buildings as a signage and ladders. during campsite and component of development work amenity construction. 185

186 Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location for new campsites and amenity 5. Maintenance of the historic heritage 4. Removal of vegetation areas. features, including historic from asset footprint and 5. Improvements to any existing botanicals, associated with the from immediately around asset or establishment of new campsite or amenities to ensure that campground and Otago assets considered necessary to they are not adversely impacted. amenities. manage, meet regulatory 5. Aesthetic impact and Conservation requirements for, and mitigate altered sight-lines from any environmental impact or man-made structures in health and safety concern, or to natural areas. provide improved access for any 6. Noise from increased

Management management purpose. usage of campground and amenities. 7. Increased water take for operation of campground

Strategy campsite and amenities. 8. Disturbance of archaeological and 2016 historic features, including historic botanicals, on or in the immediate vicinity of the campsite or amenities. Historic assets—remedial work and maintenance 1. Maintenance of historic places to 1. Vegetation management around 1. Minor soil disturbance of  Refer to locations for ‘Tracks, roads, and car departmental service standards historic places, maintenance of the duff layer and parking areas for visitor purposes’ above. and ICOMOS and HNZPT drainage channels, management of subsoil. Disturbance and standards and guidelines.64 safety issues including barrier soil compaction in fill 2. Stabilisation of condition of construction, and installation of areas. historic assets by conservation interpretative panels. 2. Surface water runoff treatments and land stabilising, 2. Repairs and conservation treatments including modification of e.g. construction of retaining as scheduled to concrete, masonry, existing natural walls. metal, timber and earthwork watercourses, and control structures. and redirection of

64 ICOMOS = International Council on Monuments and Sites. HNZPT = Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga.

Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location 3. Maintenance of historic heritage surface water using features, including historic various means, such as botanicals, associated with the culvert pipes and historic asset, to ensure that they are drainage sumps. Otago not adversely impacted. 3. Removal of vegetation from assets and Conservation immediate vicinity. Signs 1. Erection of signage on public 1. Works associated with the erection 1. Aesthetic impact from  All public conservation lands and waters conservation land for the of signage. man-made structures in within Otago where conservation Management purpose of providing natural areas. programmes are being undertaken. information and interpretation to 2. Removal of vegetation the public. from sign footprint and 2. Erect signage on public from immediate vicinity. Strategy conservation land for the purpose of informing people about fire-lighting restrictions. 2016 Biodiversity tracks, roads and structures (including staff accommodation)

1. Refer to ‘Activity scope’ for: 1. Refer to ‘Management actions’ for 1. Refer to ‘Environmental  All public conservation lands and waters in ‘Tracks, roads and car parking ‘Tracks, roads and car parking areas impacts’ for ‘Tracks, Otago where conservation management areas for visitor purposes’, for visitor purposes’, ‘Structures and roads and car parking programmes are being undertaken. ‘Structures and buildings for buildings for visitor purposes’ and areas for visitor visitor purposes’ and ‘Campsites ‘Campsites and amenities for visitor purposes’, ‘Structures and amenities for visitor purposes’. and buildings for visitor purposes’. NB: Not all visitor standards noted purposes’ and above will apply to biodiversity tracks, ‘Campsites and roads and structures (including staff amenities for visitor accommodation). In some cases, a lesser purposes’. standard may apply.

187

188 Activity scope Management actions Environmental impacts Location Other management-related activities 1. Erection of fences on public 1. Vegetation removal to provide clear 1. Vegetation removal.  All public conservation lands and waters in conservation land and its lines for fences. 2. Soil disturbance, Otago where conservation management boundaries. programmes are being undertaken. Otago 2. Some pest animal operations (note: including disturbance of 2. Habitat enhancement. discharge permits will be required the duff layer and for operations utilising pesticides). subsoil. Conservation 3. Pest control and/or eradication. 3. Earthworks and vegetation clearance 3. Death and likely associated with habitat eradication of target pest enhancement, e.g. pond/drain mammals; possible death creation or realignment. of non-target species. Management 4. General access required to undertake the activity. Hazardous goods

Strategy 1. Use, transportation, storage and 1. Use, transportation, storage and 1. Will comply with all  All public conservation lands and waters in disposal of hazardous disposal of hazardous substances relevant legislative Otago where conservation programmes are substances. including but not limited to requirements. being undertaken. 2016 flammable liquids, pesticides, herbicides and treated timber.

Appendix 2

Ecosystem and habitat types within Otago65 Otago This list has been taken from the Department’s national list of around 1000 ecosystem units,66 which represent the full range of New Zealand’s terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems (including priority and non-priority units both on and off public conservation lands and waters). The list is accurate as at the date of Conservation approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response

Management Coastal and Harakeke (Phormium Coastal rockland and colluvial slopes, with Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant inland cliffs tenax), Hebe elliptica mosaics of scrub of Hebe elliptica and harakeke animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. flaxland/rockland flaxland, locally with shore spurge, Pimelea impacts; quarrying; National Park. Biosecurity [CL5] urvilleana, coastal carrot, Poa astonii, Asplenium vegetation clearance. Non-public surveillance and obtusatum, Celmisia lindsayi, kāretu/holy grass conservation land. management. Strategy (Hierochloe spp.), Lepidium spp. and halophytic Advocacy, herbs. consultation and

2016 partnership. Helichrysum, Rockland and colluvial slopes with mosaics of Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant Melicytus scrub, shrub, fern and grass species, small-leaved animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. shrubland/tussock- Olearia, Coprosma, Carmichaelia and Hebe, impacts; quarrying; National Park. Biosecurity land/rockland [CL8] wharariki, tutu, kānuka, mānuka, Corokia vegetation clearance. Non-public surveillance and cotoneaster, Olearia avicenniifolia, prostrate conservation land. management. kōwhai and broadleaf. Several local altitudinal Advocacy, variants occur with associated subalpine species, consultation and such as species of Heliohebe, Helichrysum and partnership. Pimelea, porcupine shrub, Brachyglottis lagopus and Dracophyllum acerosum, and locally grasses, including bristle tussock, silver tussock and Chionochloa rigida. Local endemics also occur on weakly weathered calcareous parent materials (limestone).

65 See Appendix 8 for marine habitats and ecosystems. 66 For more information about the classification of New Zealand’s terrestrial ecosystems, refer to Singers, N. J. D.; Rogers, G. M. 2014: A classification of New Zealand’s terrestrial ecosystems. Science for Conservation 325. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 87 p.

189

190 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Kiokio Rockland and colluvial slopes, with mosaics of Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant fernland/rockland scrub, shrub, fern, herbs and grass species, and animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. [CL10] locally lianes. Dominants may include species of impacts. National Park. Biosecurity

Otago Blechnum and Hymenophyllum, Schoenus Non-public surveillance and pauciflorus, wharariki, species of Coprosma, Hebe, conservation land. management. Olearia and Pseudopanax, tutu, kāmahi and Advocacy, Conservation kōtukutuku, and locally southern rātā. Altitudinal consultation and variants occur, with subalpine/alpine species such partnership. as species of Ourisia, Ranunculus and Chionochloa present, which may be locally Management dominant. Includes rheophytic herbs, sedges, grasses and bryophytes associated with seepages, streams and rivers, including species of Parahebe, Gunnera and Nertera, and Anaphalioides trinervis.

Strategy Cold forest Pāhautea (Libocedrus Podocarp, broadleaved forest of pāhautea, Hall's Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant and scrub bidwillii), Hall’s tōtara tōtara, mountain toatoa/celery pine and broadleaf. animals; fire; human control. (Podocarpus impacts; quarrying; Biosecurity 2016

cunninghamii), vegetation clearance. surveillance and mountain celery pine management. (Phyllocladus Advocacy, alpinus) and consultation and broadleaf forest partnership. [CDF1] Dracophyllum, Short forest, scrub of a wide range of local Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant mountain celery pine, variants, with a range of xerophyllus species animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. Olearia, Hebe scrub including species of Dracophyllum (e.g. D. impacts; quarrying; National Park. Biosecurity (Subalpine scrub) acerosum, D. rosmarinifolium), Phyllocladus, vegetation clearance; Non-public surveillance and [CDF2] Ozothamnus, Olearia, Brachyglottis, Hebe, wasps. conservation land. management. Carmichaelia and Coprosma, and locally snow Advocacy, tōtara and wharariki. consultation and partnership. Tawairauriki/ Beech forest of abundant tawairauriki/mountain Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant mountain beech beech, with small-leaved Coprosma spp., weeping animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control. (Fuscospora matipo/ māpou (Myrsine divaricata), mountain impacts; quarrying; Non-public Biosecurity cliffortioides) forest toatoa/celery pine, snow tōtara (Podocarpus vegetation clearance; conservation land. surveillance and [CDF3] nivalis), broadleaf, three-finger (Pseudopanax wasps. management.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response colensoi var. colensoi), and putaputawētā Advocacy, (Carpodetus serratus), and locally Hall's tōtara. consultation and Locally also includes scattered tawai/silver partnership.

Otago (Lophozonia menziesii) and tawairaunui/red beech (Fuscospora fusca) in humid locations.

Conservation Hall’s tōtara, Broadleaved forest of abundant kāmahi and Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant pāhautea, kāmahi, southern rātā, occasional Hall’s tōtara, and locally animals; human Non-public control. southern rātā forest pāhautea, pink pine, tāwheowheo, broadleaf, impacts; quarrying; conservation land. Biosecurity [CDF5] Olearia lacunosa, mountain neinei and three- vegetation clearance. surveillance and finger. management. Management Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Olearia, Short forest, scrub of wide range of local variants, Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant Strategy Pseudopanax, with a range of species of Olearia, Brachyglottis, animals; human Non-public control. Dracophyllum scrub; Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum, Hebe, Coprosma, impacts; quarrying; conservation land. Biosecurity

2016 “Subalpine scrub” Hoheria, montane podocarp trees, mānuka vegetation clearance. surveillance and [CDF6] (Leptospermum scoparium) and wharariki management.

(Phormium cookianum). Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Tawairauriki/ Beech, podocarp and broadleaved forest of at least Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant mountain beech, two variants: 1. South Island with animals; human National Park. control. tawai/silver beech, tawairauriki/mountain and tawai/silver beech, impacts; quarrying; Biosecurity montane podocarp yellow-silver pine (Lepidothamnus intermedius), vegetation clearance; surveillance and forest [CDF7] southern rātā (Metrosideros umbellata) and wasps. management. Dracophyllum traversii; 2. Lower altitude Advocacy, tawairauriki/mountain beech and tawai/silver consultation and beech, locally yellow silver pine, manoao/silver pine partnership. (Manoao colensoi), rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum), kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides), miro (Prumnopitys ferruginea), pāhautea, Hall’s tōtara, pōkākā (Elaeocarpus hookerianus). 191

192 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Cool forest Hall’s tōtara, Podocarp, broadleaved forest with Hall’s tōtara, Pest animals and Conservation Park. Active fish capture. and scrub mountain celery pine, mountain celery pine and broadleaf. Locally includes plants; fire; grazing Scenic Reserve. Build fish barriers. broadleaf forest mataī (Prumnopitys taxifolia) and kōwhai at lower lease; human impacts; Stewardship Area. Fencing.

Otago [CLF1] altitudes. Very small remnants still present in the dry quarrying; vegetation Non-public Biosecurity interior of Otago, where it would have historically clearance. conservation land. surveillance and been common. management. Conservation Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Hall’s tōtara forest; Podocarp forest of abundant tōtara (Hall’s and Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant Management “Dune forest” [CLF2] lowland) locally with mataī (Prumnopitys taxifolia) animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. control. on free-draining sandy soils. impacts; quarrying; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity Very old dunes include broadleaved trees (pōkākā vegetation clearance. Non-public surveillance and and kāmahi (Weinmannia racemosa)), rimu and conservation land. management.

Strategy kahikatea. Fencing. Advocacy, consultation and 2016

partnership. Podocarp, Podocarp forest of abundant kahikatea, mataī and Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant ribbonwood tōtara, with ribbonwood, narrow-leaved houhere/ animals; fire; human Local Purpose Reserve. control. (Plagianthus regius), lacebark (Hoheria angustifolia), kōwhai and a wide impacts; quarrying; Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity kōwhai (Sophora variety of divaricating shrubs on free-draining soils. vegetation clearance. Stewardship Area. surveillance and spp.) forest [CLF3] Non-public management. conservation land. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Fencing. Kahikatea, tōtara, Podocarp forest of two variants: 1. Northern, with Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant mataī forest [CLF4] emergent kahikatea, mataī and tōtara, and animals; fire; human Local Purpose Reserve. control. occasional maire species, kōwhai and ribbonwood; impacts; quarrying; Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity and 2. Southern, with occasional to common vegetation clearance. Stewardship Area. surveillance and emergent mataī and tōtara, and locally Hall’s tōtara Non-public management. with narrow- leaved houhere, ribbonwood, kōwhai, conservation land. Advocacy, māhoe, broadleaf and tarātā. Locally includes rimu in consultation and the most humid part of the range, and ngaio and partnership. Olearia spp. in coastal Otago.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Kāmahi, southern Podocarp, broadleaved forest of several variants: 1. Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant rātā, podocarp forest Abundant rimu, kāmahi and southern rātā with animals; human Fixed Marginal Strip. control. [CLF 6] occasional miro, Hall’s tōtara; 2. Locally pink pine, impacts; quarrying; Scenic Reserve. Active fish capture.

Otago mountain celery pine and yellow silver pine at vegetation clearance. Stewardship Area. Fencing. higher altitudes and exposed sites; 3. With mataī and Non-public Advocacy, kahikatea on alluvial sites; and 4. Broadleaved- conservation land. consultation and Conservation dominant, with abundant kāmahi and southern rātā partnership. on coastal margins and at higher altitudes. Tawairaunui/red Beech, podocarp, broadleaved forest of abundant Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant beech, podocarp tawairaunui/red beech of at least two types: 1. Hill animals; human Stewardship Area. control. Management forest [CLF9] slope forest locally with kāmahi in humid parts of impacts; quarrying; Non-public Active fish capture. the range, occasional rimu, Hall’s tōtara, miro and vegetation clearance; conservation land. Fencing. mataī. 2. On alluvial stony terraces, tawairaunui/red wasps. Biosecurity beech locally with tawai/silver beech, kāmahi, surveillance and

Strategy southern rātā and occasional podocarp trees (rimu, management. kahikatea, mataī and tōtara) Advocacy, consultation and

2016 partnership. Tawairaunui/red and Beach forest and beech, podocarp, broadleaved Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant

tawai/silver beech forest of abundant tawairaunui/red and animals; human Conservation Park. control. forest [CLF10] tawai/silver beech, and locally with podocarp and impacts; quarrying; Ecological Area. Active fish capture. broadleaved species with at least two local vegetation clearance; Local purpose Reserve. Biosecurity variants: 1. Locally with occasional wasps. Marginal Strip. surveillance and tawairauriki/black beech (Fuscospora solandri) Stewardship Area. management. and tawairauriki/mountain beech, Hall's tōtara, National Park. Advocacy, pāhautea, kāmahi and tawairaunui/hard beech consultation and (Fuscospora truncata), as well as rimu, miro and partnership. mataī at lower altitudes; and 2. With occasional tawairauriki/black beech and tawairauriki/mountain beech. Tawai/silver beech Beech forest of abundant tawai/silver beech of at Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant forest [CLF11] least two local variants: 1. Upper mountain slopes animals; human Fixed Marginal Strip. control. locally with mountain toatoa/ celery pine, three- impacts; quarrying; Local Purpose Reserve. Fencing. finger, Olearia spp., kōtukutuku (Fuchsia vegetation clearance; National Park. Biosecurity excorticata), broadleaf and small-leaved shrubs; and wasps. Scenic Reserve. surveillance and 2. Lower and mid slopes with rimu and kāmahi, Stewardship Area. management. 193

194 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response occasional southern rātā, Hall’s tōtara and miro, and Non-public Advocacy, locally with kahikatea on alluvial terraces. conservation land. consultation and partnership.

Otago Dunelands Pīngao sedgeland Sedgeland of abundant pīngao of two variants Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant [DN3] (humid and semi-arid) with occasional wīwī/knobby animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control.

Conservation club rush (Ficinia nodosa), Carex pumila, panahi/ impacts; mining; Non-public Biosecurity shore bindweed (Calystegia soldanella), sand quarrying; vegetation conservation land. surveillance and tussock, tātaraheke/sand coprosma, Muehlenbeckia clearance; vehicles. management. complexa, and locally shore spurge, pūhā/New Advocacy, Zealand sow thistle, southern sand daphne, Carex consultation and Management testacea, Acaena spp., silver tussock and kāretu/ partnership. holy grass, grading into rear semi-stable dunes with scattered dune scrub. Grades into abundant harakeke, mānuka, Olearia avicenniifolia, in humid

Strategy areas, and into matagouri (Discaria toumatou), Carmichaelia spp., akeake (Dodonaea viscosa) and ngaio (Myoporum laetum) in semi-arid areas. 2016 Oioi (Apodasmia Sedgeland, herbfield of several local variants with Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant similis), wīwī/knobby both dry and ephemerally wet communities of range animals; fire; human Scientific Reserve. control. clubrush sedgeland of successional stages. Dominant species include impacts; mining; Marginal Strip. Biosecurity [DN5] Carex pumila, species of Gunnera, Selliera, Isolepis, quarrying; vegetation Stewardship Area. surveillance and Epilobium, Ranunculus, Leptinella, Lobelia, clearance; vehicles. National Park. management. Colobanthus, Geranium and Hydrocotyle, and locally Advocacy, Lilaeopsis novae-zelandiae, Myriophyllum votschii, consultation and Triglochin striata, Limosella lineata and other turf- partnership. forming species. Older stages develop into oioi, wīwī/knobby club rush, toetoe (Austroderia spp.) and harakeke, and locally Cyperus ustulatus, square sedge (Lepidosperma australe), silver tussock and Raoulia spp. Locally includes Coprosma propinqua and mānuka in older successions.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Erosion Rockland Bare rockland (erosion pavements) with a sparse Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant pavements cover of lichens and bryophytes, and infrequent animals; fire; human Scientific Reserve. control. prostrate vascular plants generally restricted to impacts; mining; Marginal Strip. Biosecurity

Otago crevices. Two broad types associated with silica-rich quarrying; vegetation Stewardship Area. surveillance and (sandstone and granite) and base-rich (e.g. clearance; vehicles. National Park. management. limestone) parent materials. Advocacy, Conservation consultation and partnership. Exotic Pasture, Plantation, Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant Willow Conservation Park. control. Management Nature Reserve. Biosecurity Scientific Reserve. surveillance and Government Purpose management. Reserve. Advocacy,

Strategy Sanctuary Area. consultation and Local Purpose Reserve. partnership. Marginal Strip.

2016 Stewardship Area.

National Park. Frost flats Bog pine Short forest, scrub of abundant bog pine and/or Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant (Cold (Halocarpus mountain toatoa/celery pine, with species of animals; fire; human Scientific Reserve. control. temperature bidwillii), mountain Dracophyllum, Leucopogon, Coprosma, Hebe, impacts; quarrying; Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity inversion) toatoa /celery pine Olearia, Pittosporum, Gaultheria and Pimelea, vegetation clearance. Conservation Park. surveillance and scrub/forest [TI1] mountain tauhinu (Ozothamnus vauvilliersii), Marginal Strip. management. korokio (Corokia spp.), mountain wineberry Stewardship Area. Advocacy, (Aristotelia fruticosa), snow tōtara and porcupine consultation and shrub (Melicytus alpinus). Early successional partnership. derivatives include short tussock grasslands of Fencing. species of Poa, Festuca, Deyeuxia, Rytidosperma, with inter-tussock prostrate herbfield species. Kānuka, Olearia Scrub and treeland of kānuka, and species of Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant scrub/treeland [TI2] Olearia, Carmichaelia and Melicytus, with korokio, animals; fire; human Fixed Marginal Strip. control. matagouri, mountain tauhinu, prostrate kōwhai and impacts; invasive Nature Reserve. Biosecurity lianes (e.g. Muehlenbeckia) and locally Leonohebe species; quarrying; Scientific Reserve. surveillance and cupressoides. Early successional derivatives include vegetation clearance. Stewardship Area. management. short tussock grasslands of species of Poa, Festuca, Non-public Advocacy, 195

196 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Deyeuxia, Rytidosperma, with inter-tussock prostrate conservation land. consultation and herbfield species. partnership. Coprosma, Olearia Scrub of two different variants: 1. On free-draining Pest plant and animals; Conservation Park. Pest animal and

Otago scrub [TI4] stony soils with species including Carmichaelia, fire; human impacts; Fixed Marginal Strip. plants control. Coprosma, Olearia, Hebe, Corokia cotoneaster, invasive species; National Park. Fencing.

Conservation mānuka, matagouri and species of the lianes quarrying; vegetation Scenic Reserve. Active fish capture. Muehlenbeckia, Rubus and Clematis; and 2. On poor- clearance. Stewardship Area. Biosecurity draining silty soils, with species such as Coprosma Non-public surveillance and (C. propinqua, C. pedicellata), Pittosporum conservation land. management. obcordatum, and Olearia (O. polita, O. virgata). Early Advocacy, Management alluvial successions are dominated by short tussock consultation and grasslands (species of Poa, Festuca, Deyeuxia and partnership. Rytidosperma). High alpine Gravelfield/ Gravelfield/stonefield with a sparse covering of Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant Strategy stonefield; “Fellfield” vegetable sheep, sub-shrubs (Hebe spp.), Celmisia animals; human Stewardship Area. control. [AH1] and other herbs, with extensive areas of rock impacts; vegetation Biosecurity pavement, boulderfield and bluffs, and limited areas clearance; vehicles. surveillance and 2016 of snow banks, cushionfield and herbfield. management. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Dracophyllum Cushionfield (with smaller areas of fellfield and rock Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Animal and plant muscoides tors) of prostrate shrubs and herbs dominated by animals; fire; grazing Scenic Reserve. pest control. cushionfield [AH2] Dracophyllum muscoides, and other cushion/mat lease; human impacts; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity forming sub-shrubs, herbs and snow banks vegetation clearance; Non-public surveillance and dominated by Celmisia haastii and associates, on vehicles. conservation land. management. gently rolling plateaux. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Gravelfield/ Gravelfield/stonefield with areas of rock pavement, Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant stonefield, talus, boulderfield and bluffs and locally animals; human National Park. control. cushionfield [AH3] cushionfield, herbfield and snow banks. At least two impacts; vegetation Stewardship Area. Biosecurity regional types including Western Alps, which clearance; vehicles. Non-public surveillance and include a diversity of grasses, small herbs and sub- conservation land. management. shrubs, including Aciphylla, Agrostis, Brachyscome, Advocacy,

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Brachyglottis, Celmisia, Dolichoglottis, Epilobium, consultation and Gaultheria, Gentianella, Hebe, Ourisia, Poa, partnership. Ranunculus, Trisetum and cushion genera. Includes

Otago snow banks of Chionochloa oreophila, C. crassiuscula, C. vireta, blue tussock and Celmisia hectorii. Conservation Permanent snow and Permanent snow and ice. Human impacts. Wilderness Area. Pest animal and plant ice Conservation Park. control. Stewardship Area. Biosecurity National Park. surveillance and Management management. Advocacy, consultation and partnership.

Strategy Lakes Glacial Otago has a range of different lake types and sizes, Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant Landslide including glacial lakes such as Lake Wakatipu animals; adjacent land Scenic Reserve. control. (Whakatipu-wai-māori) and Lakes Alta, Hayes and uses; catchment Conservation Park. Active fish capture.

2016 Peat Sylvan; shoreline lakes such as Day Bay Lagoon; impacts; human Nature Reserve. Fencing. riverine or swamp lakes such as Lakes Waihola and impacts; hydrological Marginal Strip. Advocacy, Riverine Waipori; windform lakes such as those found in the alteration; impeded fish Government Purpose consultation and Shoreline Maclennan Range; and landslide lakes such as passage; lake Reserve. partnership. Swamp Young River Landslide Lake. macrophytes; pest fish; Wilderness Area. Biosecurity Tectonic river nutrients; Stewardship Area. surveillance and salmonids; sediments Non-public management. Windform and nutrients; water conservation land. and gravel extraction. Low alpine Narrow-leaved Tall tussock grassland, shrubland of abundant Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant (Chionochloa rigida Chionochloa rigida subsp. rigida, C. macra and animals; fire; grazing Fixed Marginal Strip. control. subsp. rigida) and species of Hebe and Dracophyllum with areas of lease; human impacts; National Park. Fencing. slim (C. macra) snow talus, boulderfield and bluffs. At least two regional vegetation clearance; Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity tussock tussockland/ variants: vehicles. Scientific Reserve. surveillance and shrubland [AL1] 1. Eastern/Central Otago mountains Stewardship Area. management. 2. Eastern Alps. Non-public Advocacy, conservation land. consultation and partnership.

197

198 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Mid-ribbed Tall tussock grassland, shrubland of abundant Pest plants and National Park. Pest animal and plant (Chionochloa Chionochloa pallens subsp. pilosa locally with C. animals; human Stewardship Area. control. pallens) and narrow- rigida subsp. amara and C. crassiuscula and species impacts; vegetation Non-public Fencing.

Otago leaved snow tussock of Hebe and Dracophyllum with areas of talus, clearance; vehicles. conservation land. Biosecurity tussockland/shrubla boulderfield and bluffs. surveillance and nd [AL6] management. Conservation Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Mild forests Mataī, tōtara, Podocarp, broadleaved forest of two regional Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant Management kahikatea, variants: animals; fire; human Fixed Marginal Strip. control. broadleaved forest 1. A northern type of occasional emergent mataī, impacts; quarrying; National Park. Fencing. [MF3] tōtara and kahikatea, with broadleaved, vegetation clearance; Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity ribbonwood, narrow-leaved houhere, tarata, Scientific Reserve. surveillance and

Strategy māhoe, five-finger, kaikōmako and locally Stewardship Area. management. pōkākā; and Non-public Advocacy, 2. A local variant with southern rātā and rimu in conservation land. consultation and 2016

humid microclimates. partnership. Kahikatea forest Podocarp forest of abundant kahikatea locally with Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant [MF4] mataī and a sparse subcanopy of ribbonwood and animals; fire; human Scientific Reserve. control. houhere species, and locally kōwhai, pōkākā, māhoe impacts; quarrying; Non-public Fencing. (Melicytus ramiflorus) and tarata/lemonwood vegetation clearance. conservation land. Biosecurity (Pittosporum eugenioides) on alluvial flood plains. surveillance and management. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Rimu forest [MF16] Podocarp forest with abundant rimu, and occasional Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant miro, kāmahi, tāwheowheo/ quintinia, and southern animals; human Non-public control. rātā, and locally Hall's tōtara and kahikatea. impacts; quarrying; conservation land. Biosecurity vegetation clearance. surveillance and management. Advocacy, consultation and partnership.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Regenerating Kānuka scrub/forest Kānuka scrub/forest of a range of variants. Later Pest plants and Historic Reserve. Pest animals and [VS2] successional transitions include a wide range of animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. plant control. broadleaved and podocarp trees. Dominates in impacts; quarrying; Conservation Park. Biosecurity

Otago Otago where rainfall is <650 mm per annum. vegetation clearance. Nature Reserve. surveillance and Ecological Area. management. Scientific Reserve. Advocacy, Conservation Government Purpose consultation and Reserve. partnership. Sanctuary Area. Marginal Strip. Management Stewardship Area. National Park. Mānuka, kānuka Mānuka, kānuka scrub of a range of variants. Later Pest plants and Historic Reserve. Pest animals and (Kunzea robusta) successional transitions include a wide range of animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. plant control.

Strategy scrub [VS3] broadleaved and podocarp trees, and three ferns. impacts; quarrying; Conservation Park. Biosecurity vegetation clearance. Nature Reserve. surveillance and Ecological Area. management.

2016 Scientific Reserve. Advocacy, Government Purpose consultation and

Reserve. partnership. Sanctuary Area. Marginal Strip. Stewardship Area. National Park. Broadleaved species Scrub/short forest of a wide range of variants, Pest plants and Historic Reserve. Pest animal and plant scrub/forest [VS5] including species of Coprosma, Coriaria, animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. control. Pittosporum, Pseudopanax, Melicytus, Olearia, Hebe impacts; quarrying; Conservation Park. Biosecurity and Myrsine, and wineberry (Aristotelia serrata), and vegetation clearance. Nature Reserve. surveillance and locally kōtukutuku, kāmahi and tree ferns. Sanctuary Area. management. Marginal Strip. Advocacy, Stewardship Area. consultation and National Park. partnership. Mountain tauhinu Mountain tauhinu and Dracophyllum Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium scrub, often associated with short animals; fire; human Conservation Park. control. rosmarinifolium and red tussock grasses, and a wide range of shrub impacts; quarrying; Nature Reserve. Biosecurity scrub [VS7] species, including mānuka, kānuka, inaka, vegetation clearance. Marginal Strip. surveillance and 199

200 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Dracophyllum acerosum, matagouri, and species of Stewardship Area. management. Hebe, Olearia and Coprosma. Advocacy, consultation and

Otago partnership. Inaka scrub [VS9] Inaka scrub, often associated with tall or red/copper Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant

Conservation tussock grasses, and a wide range of shrub species, animals; fire; human Conservation Park. control. including mānuka, kānuka, species of Ozothamnus, impacts; quarrying; Nature Reserve. Biosecurity Hebe, Olearia, Coprosma and Gaultheria, and locally vegetation clearance. Marginal Strip. surveillance and mountain celery pine. Stewardship Area. management. Advocacy, Management consultation and partnership. Bracken (Pteridium Bracken fernland with a range of associates, Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant esculentum) fernland including mānuka, kānuka and tutu (Coriaria animals; fire; human Stewardship Area. control.

Strategy [VS10] arborea var. arborea), locally with matagouri, impacts; quarrying; Biosecurity Coriaria sarmentosa, kōhūhū (Pittosporum vegetation clearance; surveillance and tenuifolium) and five-finger (Pseudopanax arboreus). vehicles. management. 2016

Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Short-tussock Short-tussock grasslands principally of silver and Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant tussockland [VS11] hard tussock, with associated species of Poa, animals; fire; human Conservation Park. control. Festuca, Deyeuxia and Rytidosperma, often with impacts; quarrying; Ecological Area. Biosecurity inter-tussock prostrate shrub and herbfield species. vegetation clearance; Scientific Reserve. surveillance and Later successional transitions include bracken, vehicles. Government Purpose management. Dracophyllum spp., mānuka, kānuka and other Reserve. Advocacy, shrub/scrub species. Marginal Strip. consultation and Stewardship Area. partnership. National Park. Rivers Flowing water which Provides habitat for threatened species Adjacent land uses; Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant provides a variety of catchment impacts; Scenic Reserve. control. local mosaic habitats human impacts; Conservation Park. Fencing. for aquatic plants, hydrological alteration; Scientific Reserve. Advocacy, invertebrates and impeded fish passage; Government Purpose consultation and vertebrates. pest plants and Reserve. partnership. animals; pest fish; river Local Purpose Reserve. Biosecurity

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response nutrients; salmonids; Stewardship Area. surveillance and sediments and National Park. management nutrients; water and Non-public (including for didymo

Otago gravel extraction. conservation land. (Didymosphenia geminata)).

Conservation Rock, gravel Gravelfield; “Screes Mobile gravelfield of predominantly shattered Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant and stone and boulderfields” greywacke, argillite, igneous substrates and animals; human National Park. control. dominated [SC1] calcareous substrates on slopes of between 35˚ and impacts; invasive Stewardship Area. Biosecurity communities 40˚ that locally include 26 species of specialised species; quarrying; Non-public surveillance and scree plants and associates commonly including vegetation clearance. conservation land. management. Management Stellaria roughii, Epilobium pycnostachyum, Fencing. Lignocarpa carnosula and Hebe epacridea. Advocacy, consultation and partnership.

Strategy Hard tussock, Stonefield, gravelfield with a mosaic of prostrate Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant scabweed (Raoulia herbfield and sub-shrubs of scabweed, mats and animals; adjacent land National Park. control. spp.) gravelfield/ short-lived herbs (e.g. species of Raoulia, Epilobium, uses; fire; human Scenic Reserve. Biosecurity

2016 stonefield; “Braided Pimelea prostrata and Muehlenbeckia axillaris) impacts; quarrying; Stewardship Area. surveillance and rivers” [BR1] grading into short-tussock grasslands on fresh vegetation clearance; Non-public management.

alluvium with silver tussock, hard tussock, vehicles; water and conservation land. Advocacy, Anthosachne spp. and long hair plume grass gravel extraction. consultation and (Dichelachne spp.) and matagouri scrub (inland partnership. South Island) or kānuka scrub on older, more stable soils. Locally includes inland dunes. Saline Ureure/glasswort Herbfield of sea grass grading into ureure/glasswort Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant (Sarcocornia and māakoako/sea primrose with remuremu/half animals; human Recreation Reserve. control. quinqueflora), star (Selliera radicans), sea blite (Suaeda novae- impacts; quarrying; Scenic Reserve. Fencing. māakoako/sea zelandiae), Schoenus nitens, arrow grass (Triglochin sediments and Stewardship Area. Biosecurity primrose (Samolus palustris), Puccinellia spp., and shore celery (Apium nutrients; vegetation Non-public surveillance and repens) herbfield; prostratum subsp. prostratum var. filiforme) grading clearance; vehicles. conservation land. management. “Saltmarsh” [SA3] into oioi, three-square (Schoenoplectus pungens) and Advocacy, saltmarsh ribbonwood (Plagianthus divaricatus). consultation and Locally with shell barrier and/or gravel or sand partnership. beach ridges with silver tussock, wīwī/knobby clubrush and square sedge. Panahi/shore Stonefield, gravelfield with halophytic herbs, sedges Pest plants and Government Purpose Pest animal and plant 201

202 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response bindweed, and vines including ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia animals; human Reserve. control. wīwī/knobby quinqueflora subsp. quinqueflora), half star, shore impacts; quarrying; Non-public Fencing. clubrush celery, arrow grass, shore spurge, wīwī/knobby club sediments and conservation land. Biosecurity

Otago gravelfield/stonefield rush, and panahi/shore bindweed grading into a nutrients; vegetation surveillance and [SA4] coastal scrub-vineland of Coprosma, Muehlenbeckia, clearance; vehicles. monitoring. and locally species of Melicytus, Pimelea and Advocacy, Conservation Ozothamnus and harakeke. consultation and partnership. Herbfield; “Coastal Herbfield of a wide range of prostrate species Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant turf” [SA5] including remuremu/half-star, māakoako/sea animals; human Stewardship Area. control. Management primrose, shore celery, Zoysia minima, Isolepis impacts; quarrying; Non-public Biosecurity cernua, Centella uniflora, Colobanthus muelleri, sediments and conservation land. surveillance and Hydrocotyle novae-zeelandiae and species of nutrients; vegetation management. Leptinella, Crassula, Ranunculus, Myosotis, clearance; vehicles; Fencing.

Strategy Epilobium, Mazus and Nertera. water and gravel Riparian planting extraction. Advocacy, consultation and 2016

partnership. Ice plant, glasswort Mosaic of herbfield of glasswort, ice plant, pigweed, Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant herbfield/loamfield shore groundsel, sea primrose, shore celery, and animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. control. [SA7] Lepidium spp., and locally oioi, knobby clubrush, impacts; vegetation Scientific Reserve. Fencing. toetoe and Poa spp., with a scattered scrub/vineland clearance; vehicles; Non-public Biosecurity of locally taupata, houpara, flax, ngaio, shrubby conservation land. surveillance and Melicytus, Hebe spp. and small-leaved pōhuehue management. interspersed with bare ground, bird burrows and guano deposits. Kirk’s scurvy grass Herbfield, loamfield with a sparse cover of least 15 Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant herbfield/loamfield indigenous halophytic herbs and grasses, including animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. control. [SA11] Kirk’s scurvy grass. impacts; vegetation Scientific Reserve. Fencing. clearance; vehicles. Non-public Biosecurity conservation land. surveillance and management. Ultramafic Conifer, beech, Mosaic of short forest, scrub and rockland of a wide Pest plants and Recreation Reserve. Pest animal and plant mānuka forest variety of podocarp trees (rimu, Hall’s tōtara, yellow animals; fire; human Scenic Reserve. control. /scrub/rockland silver pine, pink pine, silver pine and mountain impacts; vegetation Scientific Reserve. Fencing. [UM2] celery pine), beech, southern rātā and kāmahi clearance; vehicles. Non-public Biosecurity

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response interspersed with areas of low mānuka scrub and conservation land. surveillance and bare ground/rock. management. Tussockland/stone- Stonefield, rockland of two local variants: 1. With Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant

Otago field/rockland [UM3] occasional Chionochloa defracta tall tussock animals; fire; grazing National Park. control. grassland, shrubland with mountain tauhinu, lease; human impacts; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity

Conservation Dracophyllum pronum and D. filifolium; and 2. With vegetation clearance; Non-public surveillance and locally mānuka, D. pronum, blue tussock, bristle vehicles. conservation land. management. tussock and Poa spp. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Management Warm forest Tōtara, mataī, Podocarp forest of abundant tōtara and mataī, with Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant ribbonwood forest occasional kahikatea, ribbonwood and kōwhai, and a animals; fire; grazing National Park. control. [WF2] wide range of divaricating shrubs. Locally includes lease; human impacts; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity occasional tawa, tītoki and maire species in northern vegetation clearance; Non-public surveillance and

Strategy and more humid part of range and in inland vehicles. conservation land. management. examples, with occasional riparian black beech and Advocacy, red beech. Early successional derivatives on younger consultation and

2016 alluvial sites include kānuka, kōwhai, cabbage tree partnership. treeland and forest.

Wetland Lesser wire rush Restiad rushland of abundant wire rush and tangle Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant (Empodisma minus), fern, with occasional sedges, including Machaerina animals; adjacent land Scientific Reserve. control. tangle fern tenax and square sedge often with Sphagnum spp. uses; catchment Non-public Biosecurity (Gleichenia dicarpa) and tussock grasses. May include pools and impacts; fire; human conservation land. surveillance and restiad rushland/ gradations to shrub bogs (especially small podocarp impacts; hydrological management. fernland [WL6] trees), mānuka, Dracophyllum spp. and mountain alteration; river Advocacy, tauhinu or red tussock fens. nutrients; quarrying; consultation and sediments and partnership. nutrients; vegetation clearance. Herbfield/mossfield/ Mossfield, herbfield, sedgeland with sphagnum and Pest plants and Conservation Park. Pest animal and plant sedgeland [WL8] other mosses, short-statured sedges (Carex, Isolepis animals; adjacent land Fixed Marginal Strip. control. spp. and Carpha alpina) and a range of herbs uses; catchment Scientific Reserve. Fencing. (species of Epilobium, Euphrasia and Gentianella). impacts; fire; human Stewardship Area. Biosecurity Often contains numerous small pools with impacts; hydrological Non-public surveillance and associated aquatic species. alteration; quarrying; conservation land. management. sediments and Advocacy, 203

204 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response nutrients; vegetation consultation and clearance; vehicles; partnership. hydrological alteration.

Otago Cushionfield [WL9] Cushionfield with species of Oreobolus, Donatia, Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant Gaimardia, Centrolepis, Carpha alpina and animals; adjacent land Non-public control.

Conservation Phyllachne and often Androstoma empetrifolia, uses; catchment conservation land. Biosecurity Pentachondra pumila and Lepidothamnus laxifolius. impacts; human Scenic Reserve. surveillance and Locally includes scattered treeland with mānuka, impacts; hydrological Stewardship Area. management. pink pine, tawairauriki/mountain beech and yellow alteration; quarrying; Fencing. silver pine. sediments and Advocacy, Management nutrients; vegetation consultation and clearance; vehicles; partnership. hydrological alteration. Oioi restiad Restiad rushland with abundant oioi, locally with Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant

Strategy rushland/ reedland large Machaerina, Bolboschoenus spp., kuta animals; adjacent land Government Purpose control. [WL10] (Eleocarpus sphacelata) and lake clubrush uses; human impacts; Reserve. Fencing. (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), and often with hydrological alteration; Recreation Reserve. Biosecurity 2016

occasional raupō (Typha orientalis), and scattered river nutrients; Scenic Reserve. surveillance and harakeke grading into wetland scrub on margins. quarrying; sediments Non-public management. and nutrients; conservation land. Advocacy, vegetation removal. consultation and partnership. Machaerina Sedgeland, rushland with a high water table Pest plants and Stewardship area. Acquisition and sedgeland [WL11] dominated by species of Machaerina, square sedge, animals; human Non-public disposals. Eleocharis and Juncus, often with scattered harakeke impacts; hydrological conservation land. Pest animal and plant and Carex spp. Locally includes oioi, tangle fern and alteration; river control. Gahnia spp., which can be locally dominant. Lagg nutrients; quarrying; Fencing. margins often grade into mānuka scrub fens. sediments and Biosecurity nutrients; vegetation surveillance and clearance. management. Advocacy, consultation and partnership. Herbfield; Herbfield and/or low sedgeland dominated by a Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant “Ephemeral wetland” wide range of predominantly montane short- animals; human Government Purpose control.

Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response [WL14] statured herbs, grasses and sedges. Dominants may impacts; hydrological Reserve. Biosecurity include species of Leptinella, Lobelia, Hydrocotyle, alteration; quarrying; Historic Reserve. surveillance and Euchiton, Epilobium, Plantago, Ranunculus, sediments and Nature Reserve. management.

Otago Myriophyllum, Elatine, Glossostigma, Isolepis, nutrients; vegetation Scenic Reserve. Fencing. Eleocharis, Carex and Deschampsia. clearance; vehicles. Stewardship Area. Advocacy, Non-public consultation and Conservation conservation land. partnership. Herbfield: “Lakeshore Herbfield and/or low sedgeland of two broad Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant turf” [WL15] variants (coastal and inland), which often have animals; human Non-public control. species in common. Coastal variant is often brackish, impacts; hydrological conservation land. Biosecurity Management commonly includes Selliera radicans, and species of alteration; quarrying; surveillance and Isolepis, Limosella and Lilaeopsis, and grades into sediments and management. saltmarsh with increasing salinity. Inland variant nutrients; vegetation Fencing. commonly includes Glossostigma elatinoides, clearance; vehicles; Advocacy,

Strategy species of Lilaeopsis, Carex, Eleocharis, Lobelia, consultation and Centrolepis, Hydrocotyle, Myriophyllum, Plantago, partnership. Ranunculus and Crassula, and other herb species. 2016 Red tussock, Tussockland with abundant red tussock, locally with Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Active fish capture.

Schoenus pauciflorus cushionfield, sedgeland and shallow pools with animals; adjacent land Government Purpose Pest animal and plant tussockland [WL16] Schoenus pauciflorus, Oreobolus spp., Carpha alpina, uses; fire; human Reserve. control. Carex coriacea and C. sinclairii, and locally impacts; hydrological Scenic Reserve. Fencing. sphagnum, wirerush and scattered shrubs (e.g. Hebe alteration; quarrying; Stewardship Area. Biosecurity odora and bog pine). sediments and Non-public surveillance and nutrients; vegetation conservation land. management. clearance; vehicles. Advocacy, consult- ation & partnership. Schoenus pauciflorus Low stature sedgewood, mossfield, herbfield, with Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant sedgeland [Alpine abundant mosses, liverworts and sedges, and a wide animals; adjacent land Government Purpose control. seepages/flushes] range of herbs, including Schoenus pauciflorus and uses; fire; human Reserve. Biosecurity [WL17] Carpha alpina, and locally species of Epilobium, impacts; hydrological National Park. surveillance and Montia, Ranunculus, Schizeilema, Hydrocotyle and alteration; quarrying; Stewardship Area. management. Gentianella. sediments and Non-public Advocacy, nutrients; vegetation conservation land. consultation and clearance; vehicles. partnership. 205

206 Ecosystem/habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Administrative status Management response Flaxland [WL18] Flaxland of abundant harakeke, often with toetoe, Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Pest animal and plant species of Carex, (e.g. pūkio (C. secta)) and animals; adjacent land Government Purpose control. Machaerina, and kiokio (Blechnum novae-zelandiae) uses; fire; human Reserve. Fencing.

Otago occasional wetland scrub, treeland of tī kōuka impacts; hydrological Local Purpose Reserve. Biosecurity /cabbage tree (Cordyline spp.), Coprosma spp. and alteration; quarrying; Non-public surveillance and mānuka, and locally weeping matipo/māpou and sediments and conservation land. management. Conservation twiggy tree daisy (Olearia virgata). Areas with high nutrients. Advocacy, water tables may be dominated by pūkio. May grade consultation and or succeed into wetland carr with abundant partnership. emergent tī kōuka/cabbage trees. Management Raupō reedland Reedland of abundant raupō, locally with species of Pest plants and Scenic Reserve. Pest animal and plant [WL19] Bolboschoenus, Schoenoplectus and Machaerina animals; adjacent land Scientific Reserve. control. articulata, pūkio, harakeke, and swamp millet uses; human impacts; Government Purpose Biosecurity (Isachne globosa). A margin of scrub of Coprosma hydrological alteration; Reserve. surveillance and

Strategy species and tī kōuka/cabbage tree, and locally river nutrients; Marginal Strip. management. twiggy tree daisy and mānuka, with scattered quarrying; sediments Stewardship Area. Advocacy, kahikatea in unmodified areas. Often occurs on lake and nutrients; National Park. consultation and 2016 margins or includes small ponds with shallow vegetation clearance. partnership. water/pools with floating/rafted aquatics such as Fencing. water milfoils (Myriophyllum spp.), buttercups Fire management. (Ranunculus spp.), willowherbs (Epilobium spp.), Hydrological species of Potamogeton, Isolepis, Azolla and Lemna, management. and spiked sedges (e.g. kuta). Carex, Schoenus Sedgeland with mosaics of a wide variety of species Pest plants and Fixed Marginal Strip. Acquisition and pauciflorus of Carex including C. secta, C. virgata, C. diandra, C. animals; adjacent land Government Purpose disposals. sedgeland [WL22] coriacea, C. sinclairii, and C. gaudichaudiana, and uses; fire; human Reserve. Pest animal and plant Schoenus pauciflorus with locally small pools, and impacts; hydrological National Park. control. lakes often with a fringe of raupō. Schoenus becomes alteration; quarrying; Stewardship Area. Advocacy, more abundant at higher altitudes, while occasional sediments and Non-public consultation and harakeke may be present at lower altitudes. Intact nutrients; vegetation conservation land. partnership. examples have margins of wetland scrub. clearance. Biosecurity surveillance and management. Fencing. Construct weirs, bunds, stock-banks.

Appendix 3

Islands administered by the Department of Conservation in Otago

Island Administrative Desired island Pest mammals Issues68 status classification (10- year goal)67 Green Island Nature Reserve Minimum impact Predator free Predators and introduced plants (e.g. tree mallow) Taieri Island/ Scenic Reserve Special character Rats, and Woody weed Moturata (southern occasionally management; island is half) rabbits and dogs sometimes connected to the mainland— subject to rabbit/dog invasions Wharekakahu Island Nature Reserve Minimum impact Predator free Potential rodent and mustelid invasion, management of vegetation and erosion Tuhawaiki Island Scenic Reserve Special character Probably rats Potential mustelid and mice invasion, re- establishment of indigenous vegetation community Cosgrove Island Bird Sanctuary Special character Probably rats Potential mustelid and transient invasion, vegetation mustelids protection Rainbow Isles (Rere Bird Sanctuary Minimum impact Unknown Unknown Kohu) Silver Island (Lake Scenic Reserve Special character Predator free Fire, reinvasion of Hāwea) stoats/rats/mice, wilding tree threat Mou Waho (Lake Scenic Reserve Multiple use Predator free Fire, dogs, reinvasion Wanaka) of stoats/rats/mice, wilding tree threat Mou Tapu (Lake Scenic Reserve Special character Predator free Fire, dogs, reinvasion Wanaka) of stoats/rats/mice, wilding tree threat Stevensons Island Scenic Reserve Special character Predator free Fire, dogs, reinvasion (Lake Wanaka) of stoats/rats/mice/ rabbits, wilding tree threat

67 The island classification is aligned with the 10-year term of this strategy and represents the desired future state of the island (Department of Conservation 2010: The Island Strategy: Guidelines for Managing Islands Administered by the Department of Conservation). The island classification is intended for guidance only, and needs to be read in conjunction with the outcome and policies for Places in Part Two of this strategy.

68 All islands are potentially threatened by mammalian predators.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 207 Tree Island Conservation Area Special character Thought to be Continuing (Lake Wakatipu mammal-free biosecurity issues (Whakatipu-wai- (predators including māori)) mustelids, rodents and cats, and rats/mice from nearby islands), fire, weeds, small size of island Quarantine Island/ Recreation Reserve Multiple use Rats Reinvasion of Kamau Taurua stoats/rats, stepping- stone island to a potentially pest-free Otago Peninsula, management of weeds and introduced trees Goat Island/Rakiriri Scenic Reserve Multiple use Rats Reinvasion of stoats/rats, within reach of possums from adjacent mainland, stepping-stone island to a potentially pest- free Otago Peninsula, management of weeds and introduced trees Hinahina Island Scenic Reserve Special character All mainland Close to land so pests subject to reinvasion by mainland pests, management of vegetation and weeds

208 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 4

Priority ecosystem units on public conservation lands and waters in Otago identified by the Department through natural heritage prioritisation processes This list has been compiled from the Department’s national list of around 1000 ecosystem units, which represent the full range of New Zealand’s terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, and excludes units or parts of units on private land. The table does not necessarily list all nationally significant ecosystems present in Otago. The list is accurate as at the date of approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS.

Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types69 included Administrative Area ecosystem unit within the ecosystem unit status (ha) 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Arawhata-  Cool forest and scrub: Hall’s tōtara, pāhautea, National park 3342.0 Waipara kāmahi, southern rātā  Cool forest and scrub: Olearia, Pseudopanax, Dracophyllum scrub “Subalpine scrub”  Low alpine: mid-ribbed (Chionochloa pallens) and narrow-leaved snow tussock tussockland/shrubland  High alpine: gravelfield/stonefield, cushionfield  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): Coprosma, Olearia scrub  Lake: glacial Red Mountain  Ultramafic: tussockland/stonefield/rockland National park 822.2 Pyke Valley  Cool forest and scrub: tawai/silver beech forest National park 290.4  Lakes  Rivers  Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities: hard tussock, scabweed, gravelfield/stonefield; “Braided rivers”  Wetlands: Machaerina sedgeland  Wetlands: Herbfield; “Lakeshore turf”  Wetlands: Flaxland  Wetlands: Coprosma, twiggy tree daisy scrub  Wetlands: Carex, Schoenus pauciflorus sedgeland 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place Dart River/ 2. Rock, gravel and stone dominated communities: Fixed marginal strip; 620.4 Te Awa hard tussock, scabweed (Paoulia spp.) national park; scenic Whakatipu gravelfield/stonefield; “Braided rivers” reserve; stewardship (riverbed) area Matukituki  Wetland: Carex, Schoenus pauciflorus sedgeland Fixed marginal strip; 160.6 Wetland government purpose reserve; stewardship area Mount Aspiring/  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): Coprosma, Fixed marginal strip; 2 Tititea Olearia scrub stewardship area

69 See Appendix 2 for further information on these ecosystem habitat types.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 209 Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types69 included Administrative Area ecosystem unit within the ecosystem unit status (ha) Conservation Area Schoolhouse Flat  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Fixed marginal strip; 95.9 Olearia scrub/treeland stewardship area  Wetland: Herbfield “Ephemeral wetland”. Wye Creek  Cold forest and scrub: tawairaunui/mountain Fixed marginal strip; 268.3 beech (Fuscospora cliffortioides) forest stewardship area  Regenerating: mountain tauhinu, Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium scrub  Regenerating: short-tussock tussockland 2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place Locharburn 3. Cool forest and scrub: Hall’s tōtara, mountain Scenic reserve; 198 Scenic Reserve celery pine, broadleaf forest scientific reserve Long Gully  Saline: Kirk’s scurvy grass herbfield/loamfield Scientific reserve 178.8 Manorburn  Wetland: red tussock, Schoenus pauciflorus Fixed marginal strip; 2868.4 tussockland stewardship area Northern  High alpine: Dracophyllum muscoides cushionfield Stewardship area 2887.2 Dunstans  Low alpine: narrow-leaved (Chionochloa rigida subsp. rigida) and slim (C. macra) snow tussock tussockland/shrubland Part Serpentine  Wetland: red tussock, Schoenus pauciflorus Scenic Reserve 143.4 Scenic Reserve tussockland Rock & Pillar  Cool forest and scrub: Hall’s tōtara, mountain Government purpose 5381 Range celery pine, broadleaf forest reserve; scenic  High alpine: Dracophyllum muscoides cushionfield reserve; stewardship  Low alpine: narrow-leaved (Chionochloa rigida area subsp. rigida) and slim (C. macra) snow tussock tussockland/shrubland  Regenerating: mountain tauhinu Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium scrub  Wetland: herbfield/mossfield/sedgeland Sandy Point  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Fixed marginal strip; 73.4 Olearia scrub/treeland stewardship area

Poison Creek  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Stewardship area 31.0 Olearia scrub/treeland 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place Old Man Range/  High alpine: Dracophyllum muscoides cushionfield Fixed marginal strip; 15 596.1 Kopuwai  Low alpine: narrow-leaved (Chionochloa rigida scenic reserve; subsp. rigida) and slim snow tussock stewardship area tussockland/shrubland  Wetland: cushionfield 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place Cromwell Chafer  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Nature reserve 81.8 Beetle Nature Olearia scrub/treeland Reserve Fiddlers Flat—  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Fixed marginal strip; 49.5 Home Hills Olearia scrub/treeland stewardship area Mahaka Katia  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): kānuka, Scientific reserve 27.1

210 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Name of Predominant ecosystem and habitat types69 included Administrative Area ecosystem unit within the ecosystem unit status (ha) Scientific Reserve Olearia scrub/treeland (Pisa Flats)  Saline: Kirk’s scurvy grass herbfield/loamfield Manuherikia  Saline: Kirk’s scurvy grass herbfield/loamfield Scientific reserve 13.9 River saline sites Nenthorn wetland  Wetland: Herbfield “Ephemeral wetland” Fixed marginal strip; 2086.2 historic reserve; nature reserve; scenic reserve; stewardship area Sutton Salt Lake  Exotic: pasture Scenic reserve 147.5 Scenic Reserve  Lake: riverine  Wetland: Herbfield “Ephemeral wetland” 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place Aramoana  Saline: ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia Stewardship area 82.5 quinqueflora), māakoako/sea primrose (Samolus repens) herbfield; “Saltmarsh”  Intertidal Hoopers Inlet  Saline: ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia Government purpose 27.6 quinqueflora), māakoako/sea primrose (Samolus reserve; recreation repens) herbfield; “Saltmarsh” reserve  Wetland: oioi restiad rushland/ reedland Garden Bush  Cool forest and scrub: podocarp, ribbonwood Stewardship area 30.8 (Plagianthus regius), kōwhai forest (Sophora spp.)  Exotic: pasture  Regenerating: mānuka or kānuka (Kunzea robusta) scrub Sandfly Bay  Coastal cliff: harakeke (Phormium tenax), Hebe Recreation reserve; 355.7 elliptica flaxland/rockland stewardship area  Dunelands: oioi (Apodasmia similis), wīwī/knobby clubrush sedgeland  Dunelands: pīngao sedgeland  Exotic: pasture Taieri River  Cool forest and scrub: podocarp, ribbonwood Scenic reserve 471.4 Scenic Reserve (Plagianthus regius), kōwhai (Sophora spp.) forest Waikouaiti River  Saline: ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia Fixed marginal strip; 13.8 quinqueflora), māakoako/sea primrose (Samolus government purpose repens) herbfield; “Saltmarsh” reserve; stewardship  Exotic: pasture area  Intertidal Waipori Falls  Cool forest and scrub: podocarp, ribbonwood Fixed marginal strip; 2306.3 Scenic Reserve (Plagianthus regius), kōwhai (Sophora spp.) forest local purpose reserve;  Cool forest: tawai/silver beech forest scenic reserve;  Exotic: pasture stewardship area  Lake: generic lake  Regenerating: broadleaved species scrub/forest  Regenerating: mānuka or kānuka (Kunzea robusta) scrub  Regenerating: short-tussock tussockland

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 211 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place Beresford Range  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): Coprosma, Conservation park; 14 093 Olearia scrub fixed marginal strip;  Cool forest and scrub: kāmahi, southern rātā, stewardship area podocarp forest  Cold forest and scrub: tawairauriki/ mountain beech (Fuscospora cliffortioides) forest  Cold forest and scrub: pāhautea (Libocedrus bidwillii), Hall’s tōtara (Podocarpus cunninghamii), mountain celery pine (Phyllocladus alpinus) and broadleaf forest  Cool forest and scrub: tawai/silver beech forest  Wetland: lesser wire rush (Empodisma minus), tangle fern (Gleichenia dicarpa) restiad rushland/fernland Catlins Mouth  Exotic: pasture Fixed marginal strip; 25.4  Mild forests: mataī, tōtara, kahikatea, broadleaved scenic reserve forest  Wetland: oioi restiad rushland/reedland Maclennan Range  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): Coprosma, Conservation park; 12 640.5 Olearia scrub scenic reserve;  Cool forest and scrub: Hall’s tōtara, mountain stewardship area celery pine, broadleaf forest  Cool forest and scrub: kāmahi, southern rātā, podocarp forest  Cold forest: pāhautea (Libocedrus bidwillii), Hall’s tōtara (Podocarpus cunninghamii), mountain celery pine (Phyllocladus alpinus) and broadleaf forest  Lake: windform  Saline: ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), māakoako/sea primrose (Samolus repens) herbfield; “Saltmarsh”  Wetland: oioi restiad rushland/ reedland Otanomomo  Mild forests: kahikatea forest Scientific reserve 37 Scientific Reserve Pounawea  Saline: ureure/glasswort (Sarcocornia Scenic reserve 11.1 quinqueflora), māakoako/sea primrose (Samolus repens) herbfield; “Saltmarsh” Pūrākaunui (The  Frost flats (cold temperature inversion): Coprosma, Scenic reserve 195.4 Catlins) Olearia scrub Roaring Bay  Saline: panahi/shore bindweed, wīwī/knobby Government purpose 1.4 saline clubrush gravelfield/stonefield reserve Waikawa Bay  Cool forest and scrub: Hall’s tōtara forest, Conservation park 8.8 mountain celery pine, broadleaf forest

212 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 5

Threatened and at-risk indigenous flora and fauna present in Otago Several thousand indigenous species are present in Otago. This Appendix lists a selection of these: i.e. vascular plants, freshwater fish, vertebrate animals and invertebrates that are currently classified as ‘threatened’ or ‘at risk’ in accordance with the New Zealand Threat Classification System Manual (2008) and taxa status lists 2008 to 2011. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS.

Threatened and at-risk species Table A5.1. Flora (vascular plants)

Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* Nationally Piripiri/bidibid Acaena aff. rorida (OTA 59561; Pool Burn) Critical A bitter cress Cardamine (a) (CHR500569; Awahokomo) A bitter cress Cardamine (b) (CHR 312947; “tarn”) A bitter cress Cardamine (d) (CHR 511706; Pisa Range) Waitaki broom, Whip broom Carmichaelia curta Holloways broom Carmichaelia hollowayi A herb Ceratocephala pungens Centrolepis Centrolepis strigosa A myrrh Chaerophyllum basicola Mountain myrrh Chaerophyllum colensoi var. delicatulum (previously Oreomyrrhis colensoi var. delicatula) New Zealand fish-guts plant Chenopodium detestans Woollyhead Craspedia (a) (CHR 511522; Clutha River/ Mata Au) A crassula Crassula peduncularis Hairy willowherb Epilobium hirtigerum Grassland willowherb Epilobium pictum Waipara gentian Gentianella aff. calcis subsp. waipara (CHR 569771; Earthquakes) Cook’s scurvy grass Lepidium juvencum Salt pan cress Lepidium kirkii Button daisy Leptinella conjuncta (previously Leptinella (a) (CHR 515297; Clutha River/Mata-Au) Yellow forget-me-not Myosotis albosericea A forget-me-not Myosotis oreophila A cress Pachycladon exile A grass Poa spania Kettlehole cudweed Pseudognaphalium ephemerum (previously Gnaphalium luteoalbum var. compactum) Salt grass Puccinellia raroflorens A grass Simplicia laxa

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 213 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* Marsh arrow-grass Triglochin palustris Nationally A sedge Carex uncifolia Endangered Sneezeweed, centipeda Centipeda minima subsp. minima A crassula Crassula multicaulis A cudweed Euchiton ensifer A lily Iphigenia novae-zelandiae Papataniwha Lagenifera montana Cypress hebe Leonohebe cupressoides Thick-leaved scurvy grass Lepidium crassum Nau/Cook’s scurvy grass Lepidium oleraceum Kawarau cress, schist cress Lepidium sisymbrioides (formerly L. sisymbrioides subsp. kawarau) Alexandra cress, matau cress, Lepidium solandri (formerly L. sisymbrioides subsp. inland cress sisymbrioides & L. sisymbrioides subsp. matau) A forget-me-not Myosotis cheesemanii New Zealand mousetail, Myosurus minimus subsp. novae-zelandiae bearded mousetail Hectors tree daisy, deciduous Olearia hectorii tree daisy Pitpat Pittosporum patulum Alpine buttercup Ranunculus acraeus A buttercup Ranunculus brevis Hydatella Trithuria inconspicua (formerly Hydatella inconspicua) Hook sedge Uncinia strictissima Nationally Water broome Amphibromus fluitans Vulnerable Wind grass, rainbow grass, Anemanthele lessoniana gossamer grass Jersey fern, annual fern Anogramma leptophylla Buchanan’s orache Atriplex buchananii Curly sedge Carex cirrhosa Grassy mat sedge, unexpected Carex inopinata sedge A sedge Carex rubicunda Slender coral broom Carmichaelia crassicaulis subsp. racemosa A broom Carmichaelia juncea Climbing broom, Kirk’s broom Carmichaelia kirkii Native carrot, New Zealand Daucus glochidiatus carrot Turnip-rooted geranium Geranium retrorsum A herb Gratiola concinna (previously Gratiola nana) Pygmy clubrush Isolepis basilaris Kirkianella Kirkianella novae-zelandiae Estuary wind grass Lachnagrostis tenuis

214 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* An aquatic herb Lepilaena bilocularis New Zealand iris Libertia peregrinans Dwarf musk, matt leaved mazus Mazus novaezeelandiae subsp. impolitus f. impolitus A forget-me-not Myosotis brevis (formerly Myosotis pygmaea var. minutiflora) A forget-me-not Myosotis glauca (formerly M. pygmaea var. glauca) Pōmahaka tree daisy Olearia fimbriata A cress Pachycladon cheesemanii Heart-leaved kōhūhū Pittosporum obcordatum A buttercup Ranunculus recens A buttercup Ranunculus ternatifolius Slender bristle grass Rytidosperma merum Fireweed Senecio dunedinensis Declining Piripiri, bidibid Acaena buchananii Speargrass, Spaniard Aciphylla subflabellata Pirita, piriraki, yellow mistletoe Alepis flavida Climbing groundsel Brachyglottis sciadophila White sedge Carex albula Sea sedge Carex litorosa A carex Carex tenuiculmis Coral broom Carmichaelia crassicaulis subsp. crassicaulis A prostrate broom Carmichaelia nana A slender broom Carmichaelia uniflora Dwarf broom Carmichaelia vexillata Prostrate bluegrass Connorochloa tenuis (previously Elymus tenuis) Trailing bindweed, tussock Convolvulus verecundus bindweed Sand coprosma Coprosma acerosa A shrub Coprosma intertexta A shrub Coprosma obconica A shrub Coprosma pedicellata A shrub Coprosma virescens Bloodwood Coprosma wallii Tufted hair-grass, wavy hair- Deschampsia cespitosa grass Sea holly, coastal eryngo Eryngium vesiculosum Waiū-atua, shore spurge, sea Euphorbia glauca spurge, sand milkweed Pīngao, pīkao Ficinia spiralis (previously Desmoschenus spiralis) Short-flowered cranesbill Geranium sessiliflorum var. arenarium A gunnera Gunnera arenaria Shore cress Lepidium tenuicaule

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 215 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* Hypsela Lobelia ionantha (previously Hypsela rivalis s.s.) Dwarf woodrush Luzula celata Leafless māhoe Melicytus flexuosus Native mint Mentha cunninghamii Scree pea Montigena novae-zelandiae Leafless pōhuehue, leafless Muehlenbeckia ephedroides muehlenbeckia Pygmy forget-me-not Myosotis pygmaea (formerly M. pygmaea var. pygmaea) Fragrant tree daisy Olearia fragrantissima A tree daisy Olearia lineata Tarn speedwell Parahebe canescens Korukoru/pirita, roeroe, scarlet Peraxilla colensoi mistletoe Pikirangi/pīrata, roeroe, pirinoa, Peraxilla tetrapetala red mistletoe Pimelea Pimelea aridula subsp. aridula Cushion pimelea Pimelea sericeovillosa subsp. pulvinaris (previously Pimelea pulvinaris) Sand tussock Poa billardierei (previously Austrofestuca littoralis) A greenhood orchid Pterostylis tanypoda A greenhood orchid Pterostylis tristis A scree buttercup Ranunculus pilifera Scabweed, mat daisy Raoulia aff. hookeri (AK 239529; ‘coast’) Fan-leaved mat daisy Raoulia monroi Tarn bristle grass Rytidosperma telmaticum Shore pūhā Sonchus kirkii Teucridium Teucridium parvifolium Tāpia/pirita/tupia/white Tupeia antarctica mistletoe Swamp nettle Urtica linearifolia Sea grass Zostera muelleri ssp. novazelandica Relict Crystalwort Atriplex billardierei Naturally A dwarf daisy Abrotanella patearoa Uncommon A dwarf daisy Abrotanella rostrata Piripiri, bidibid Acaena microphylla var. pauciglochidiata Petries needle grass Achnatherum petriei Le Comtes Spaniard Aciphylla lecomtei A speargrass Aciphylla montana var. gracilis A speargrass Aciphylla spedenii A grass Agrostis petriei New Zealand anemone Anemone tenuicaulis A native carrot Anisotome cauticola

216 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* A native carrot Anisotome lanuginosa Lyalls carrot Anisotome lyallii Blue wheatgrass Anthosachne aprica (previously Elymus apricus) A grass Anthosachne falcis (previously Elymus falcis) Pātōtara, parsley fern Botrychium australe A dwarf daisy Brachyscome humilis Native bittercress Cardamine bilobata Allans sedge Carex allanii Berggrens sedge Carex berggrenii A sedge Carex capillacea Carses sedge Carex carsei Edgars sedge Carex edgariae A sedge Carex lachenalii subsp. parkeri A sedge Carex pterocarpa Cromwell broom Carmichaelia compacta Rock & Pillar daisy Celmisia haastii var. tomentosa Hookers mountain daisy Celmisia hookeri Lindsays daisy Celmisia lindsayi Mark’s daisy Celmisia markii Eyre Mountains daisy Celmisia philocremna Thomsons Mountain daisy Celmisia thomsonii A herb Chaerophyllum (a) (CHR 364086; ‘minute flower’) Snow tussock Chionochloa vireta A cushion plant Chionohebe glabra Pin cushion Colobanthus brevisepalus Shingle convolvulus Convolvulus fracto-saxosa Trotters Gorge spider orchid Corybas aff. trilobus (CHR 534742; Trotters Gorge) A herb Crassula mataikona A herb Crassula ruamahanga A grass Deschampsia pusilla A grass Deyeuxia youngii Sprawling inaka, sprawling Dracophyllum uniflorum var. frondosum turpentine scrub Little spotted moa Drymoanthus flavus A herb Einadia allanii Purple willow herb Epilobium purpuratum A cutweed Euchiton polylepis Otago blue fescue Festuca matthewsii subsp. pisamontis Little gentian Gentianella lilliputiana Geum Geum pusillum Enys aniseed Gingidia enysii var. enysii A herb Gingidia grisea (previously Gingidia aff. montana; Pratia

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 217 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* perpusilla) A hebe Hebe annulata Biggars hebe Hebe biggarii A hebe Hebe dilatata A hebe Hebe pimeleoides subsp. faucicola Hebejeebie Hebejeebie trifida None known Helichrysum selago var. tumidum Filmy fern Hymenophyllum atrovirens A fern Hypolepis amaurorachis A lily Iphigenia novae-zelandiae Dwarf mistletoe, leafless Korthalsella clavata mistletoe Dwarf mistletoe, leafless Korthalsella salicornioides mistletoe Sand wind grass Lachnagrostis ammobia Swamp wind grass Lachnagrostis uda A daisy Lagenifera barkeri A button daisy Leptinella albida Dryland button daisy Leptinella serrulata A creeping herb Lobelia arenaria A woodrush Luzula crenulata A woodrush Luzula leptophylla A woodrush Luzula traversii var. tenuis Sand musk Mazus arenarius Native musk, Māori musk, Mimulus repens native monkey flower A herb Montia angustifolia (previously Neopaxia linariifolia) A forget-me-not Myosotis aff. australis (AK 231051; ‘small white’) A forget-me-not Myosotis aff. tenericaulis (AK 7570; Garvie) Stewart Island forget-me-not Myosotis rakiura A forget-me-not Myosotis tenericaulis A forget-me-not Myosotis uniflora Mountain foxglove Ourisia confertifolia Mountain foxglove Ourisia spathulata An oxalis Oxalis aff. rubens (AK 234308; ‘scree’) A cress Pachycladon wallii Native oxtongue Picris angustifolia subsp. merxmuelleri Southern sand daphne Pimelea lyallii Poppelwells pimelea Pimelea poppelwellii Pimelea Pimelea pseudolyallii A pimelea Pimelea sericeovillosa subsp. alta (previously Pimelea (d) (CHR 472016; Pisa) A plantain Plantago obconica

218 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Threatened species

Threat Common name Scientific name status* Blanket fern Pleurosorus rutifolius A grass Poa incrassata A grass Poa pygmaea Old Man poa Poa senex Muttonbird poa Poa tennantiana Bristle fern Polyphlebium colensoi Fierce lancewood Pseudopanax ferox Greenhood Pterostylis auriculata Walkers saltgrass Puccinellia walkeri A buttercup Ranunculus maculatus Eyre Mountains buttercup Ranunculus scrithalis Beauverds scabweed Raoulia beauverdii A mat daisy Raoulia hectorii var. mollis Petries scabweed Raoulia petriensis A herb Schizeilema exiguum A groundsel Senecio carnosulus A groundsel Senecio glaucophyllus subsp. basinudus Grassland wheatgrass Stenostachys laevis Fennel-leaved pondweed, sago Stuckenia pectinata Hook sedge Uncinia longifructus Purple bastard grass, tussock Uncinia purpurata hook grass Green bastard grass Uncinia viridis A nettle Urtica aspera

* Threat status may change over time

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 219 Table A5.2. Fauna (freshwater fish).

Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name Nationally Critical Lowland longjaw galaxias (Kakaunui Galaxias cobitinis River) Teviot flathead galaxias (Teviot River) Galaxias “Teviot” Clutha flathead galaxias (Clutha River) Galaxias sp. D Nationally Central Otago roundhead galaxias Galaxias anomalus Endangered Eldon’s galaxias Galaxias eldoni Nevis galaxias (Nevis River) Galaxias “Nevis” Alpine galaxias (Manuherikia River) Galaxias aff. paucispondylus “Manuherikia” Dusky galaxias Galaxias pullus Pomahaka galaxias (Pomahaka River) Galaxias “Pomahaka” Nationally Gollum galaxias Galaxias gollumoides Vulnerable Taieri flathead galaxias Galaxias depressiceps Kanakana/lamprey Geotria australis Declining Tuna/longfin eel Anguilla dieffenbachii Piripiripōhatu/torrentfish Cheimarrichthys fosteri Taiwharu/giant kōkopu Galaxias argenteus Kōaro Galaxias brevipinnis Īnanga/whitebait Galaxias maculatus Canterbury galaxias Galaxias vulgaris Bluegill bully Gobiomorphus hubbsi Redfin bully Gobiomorphus huttoni Southern flathead galaxias (Southland, Galaxias “southern” Otago)

* Threat status may change over time Table A5.3. Fauna (vertebrates)

Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name Nationally Pārera/grey duck Anas superciliosa Critical Kōtuku/white heron Ardea modesta Pekapeka/long-tailed bat (South Island) Chalinolobus tuberculatus “South Island” Tarāpuka/black-billed gull Larus bulleri Nationally Matuku-hūrepo/Australasian bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus Endangered Tarapirohe/black-fronted tern Chlidonias albostriatus Mātukutuku/reef heron Egretta sacra sacra Tawaki/Fiordland crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus Southern forest gecko Mokopirirakau “southern forest” Kea Nestor notabilis Burgan skink Oligosoma burganae Grand skink Oligosoma grande

220 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name Otago skink Oligosoma otagense Pīwauwau/rock wren Xenicus gilviventris Nationally Ngutu pare/wrybill Anarhynchus frontalis Vulnerable Lesser knot Calidris canutus rogersi Pohowera/banded dotterel Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus Kārearea/southern falcon Falco novaeseelandiae “southern” Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia Kōwhiowhio/whio, blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos Tarāpunga/red-billed gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo chalconotus Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes Mohua/yellowhead Mohoua ochrocephala Roys Peak gecko Mokopirirakau “Roys Peak” South Island kākā Nestor meridionalis meridionalis Nevis skink Oligosoma toka Lakes skink Oligosoma aff. chloronoton “West Otago” Scree skink Oligosoma waimatense Kāmana/southern crested grebe Podiceps cristatus australis Declining Pīhoihoi/New Zealand pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae Mātātā/South Island fernbird Bowdleria punctata punctata Kororā/little penguin Eudyptula minor Tōrea/South Island pied oystercatcher Haematopus finschi Poaka/pied stilt Himantopus himantopus leucocephalus Large Otago gecko Woodworthia “Otago large” Kuāka/eastern bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica baueri Jewelled gecko Naultinus gemmeus Green skink Oligosoma chloronoton Cryptic skink Oligosoma inconspicuum Tītī/sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus Tara/white-fronted tern Sterna striata striata Recovering Tōrea pango/variable oystercatcher Haematopus unicolor Tīeke/South Island saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus Relict Buff weka Gallirallus australis hectori Spotted skink Oligosoma lineoocellatum Tītī wainui/fairy prion Pachyptila turtur Koitareke/marsh crake Porzana pusilla affinis Pūweto/spotless crake Porzana tabuensis tabuensis Naturally Toroa/southern royal albatross Diomedea epomophora Uncommon Toroa/northern royal albatross Diomedea sanfordi Koekoeā/long-tailed cuckoo Eudynamys taitensis Kōau/black shag Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae Kōtuku-ngutupapa/royal spoonbill Platalea regia

* Threat status may change over time

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 221 Table A5.4. Fauna (invertebrates)

Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name Nationally Critical A land snail Alsolemia cresswelli A moth Australothis volatilis A nematode Longidorus waikouaitii Ida Valley carabid Mecodema laeviceps A beetle Mecodema strictum A beetle Megadromus sp. 8 “Omeo Hut” A moth Notoreas “South Shag River” A moth Stathmopoda campylocha A moth Xanthorhoe bulbulata A spider Zealoctenus cardronaensis A beetle Zecillenus chalmeri Nationally A louse Acidoproctus gottwaldhirschi Endangered A moth Gingidiobora subobscurata species complex “eastern Otago” A spider Maniho centralis A moth Meterana “Foveaux Strait” Cromwell chafer beetle Prodontria lewisii Nationally A moth Acroclita discariana Vulnerable A moth Arctesthes sp. “Von” A moth Asaphodes stinaria Yellow-eyed penguin louse Austrogoniodes vanalphenae A moth Cephalissa siria A moth Declana griseata A moth Declana sp. “grey toreuta” A moth Glyphipterix euastera A moth Graphania cf. tetrachroa “Olearia” Ghost moth Heloxycanus patricki A moth Pseudocoremia cineracia A moth Stathmopoda sp. “Olearia” A moth Xanthorhoe frigida Declining Katipō spider Latrodectus katipo A beetle Mecodema chiltoni Praying mantis Orthodera novaezealandiae Recovering A moth Loxostege sp. “salt pan” A land snail Punctidae sp. 279 (NMNZ M. 273934) A land snail Rhytida otagoensis Relict A moth Elachista helonoma A moth Helastia angusta A moth Meterana exquisite A moth Meterana grandiose A moth Meterana pansicolor

222 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name A moth Paranotoreas fulva Naturally A spider Anoteropsis arenivaga Uncommon A spider Anoteropsis forsteri A spider Aorangia poppelwelli A beetle Cerodolus sinuatus A louse Colpocephalum pilgrimi A beetle Duvaliomimus (Duvaliomimus) taieriensis A beetle Duvaliomimus (Duvaliomimus) walkeri brittoni A moth Ericodesma cuneata A snail Flammocharopa “giant pilsbryi” (NMNZ M.79044) A snail Flammocharopa montana A louse Forficuloecus meinertzhageni Cromwell ground wētā Hemiandrus “Cromwell” A spider Huttonia palpimanoides A snail Laoma “ballanceae” (NMNZ M.84406) A snail Litopunctum “brunneum” (NMNZ M.89590) A snail Litopunctum “mayhillae” (NMNZ M.89589) A spider Metafroneta sinuosa A beetle Microbrontes lineatus A beetle Mimopeus lewisianus A beetle Mimopeus rugosus A louse Neopsittaconirmus kea A spider Neoramia nana A spider Neoramia otagoa A snail Pasmaditta aff. “hamiltoni” (NMNZ M.99639) A beetle Prodontria jenniferae A beetle Prodontria modesta A beetle Prodontria pinguis A beetle Prodontria regalis A snail Punctidae sp. 267 (NMNZ M.127727) A beetle Stethaspis pulchra A moth Tmetolophota blenheimensis A beetle Zeadelium chalmeri A beetle Zeadelium hudsoni A beetle Zeadelium senile A beetle Zelodes n.sp. 1 (Otago, NZAC04040241) * Threat status may change over time

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 223 Table A5.5 Marine species

Threatened species Threat status* Common name Scientific name Nationally Critical Barnacle Idioibla idiotica Ihupuku/southern elephant seal Mirounga leoninal Kera wēra/orca Orcinus orca Type A Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion Phocarctos hookeri Brachiopod Pumilus antiquatus Nationally Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori hectori Endangered Tohorā/southern right whale Eubalaena australis Polychaete worm Spio aequalis Nationally Octocoral Paragorgia alisonae Vulnerable Oceanic whitetip shark Carcharhinus longimanus Declining Mangō-taniwha/great white shark/white Carcharodon carcharias pointer shark Mangō-reremai/basking shark Cetorhinus maximus Precious coral or red coral Corallium spp. Stony coral Enallopsammia cf. maranzelleri Stony coral Enallopsammia rostrata Red coral Errina novaezelandiae Stony branching coral Goniocorella dumosa Basket starfish Gorgonocephalus chilensis Basket starfish Gorgonocephalus dolichodactylus Basket starfish Gorgonocephalus pustulatum Octocoral Iridogorgia spp. Deep sea bamboo coral Isidella Deep sea bamboo coral Keratoisis spp. Deep sea bamboo coral Lepidisis spp. Zigzag coral (stony coral) Madrepora oculata Octocoral Metallogorgia.sp Kaharoa octopus Octopus kaharoa Octopus Opisthoteuthis mero Sea fan Paragorgia arborea Stony branching coral Solenosmilia variabilis

* Threat status may change over time

224 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Sources Bats: O’Donnell, C.F.J.; Christie, J.E.; Lloyd, B.; Parsons, S.; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand bats, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 6. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 8 p. Birds: Robertson, H.A; Dowding, J.E.; Elliot, G.P; Hitchmough, R.A; Miskelly, C.M.; O’Donnell, C.F.J.; Powlesland, R.G.; Sagar, P.M.; Scofield, R.P.; Taylor, G.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand birds, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 4. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 22 p. Reptiles: Hitchmough, R.; Anderson, P.; Barr, B.; Monks, J.; Lettink, M.; Reardon, J.; Tocher, M.; Whitaker, T. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand reptiles, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 2. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 16 p. Invertebrates: Excel files from Ian Stringer (DOC S&R), leader of threat classification re-ranking exercise. Fish: Goodman, J.M.: Dunn, N.R.; Ravenscroft, P.J.; Boubee, J.A.T.; David, B.O.; Griffiths, M.; Nicholas Ling, N.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Rolfe, J.R. 2014: Conservation status of New Zealand freshwater fish, 2013. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 7. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 12 p. Vascular plants: de Lange, P.J.; Rolfe, J.R.; Champion, P.D.; Courtney, S.P.; Heenan, P.B; Barkla, J.W.; Cameron, E.K.; Norton, D.A; Hitchmough, R.A. 2013: Conservation status of New Zealand indigenous vascular plants, 2012. New Zealand Threat Classification Series 3. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 70 p.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 225 Appendix 6

Threats or pests and wild animals present in Otago Table A6.1. Pests and wild animals Note: Where a herd of certain wild animals has been designated as a herd of special interest to hunters under section 16 of the Game Animal Council Act 2013, the terminology changes to game animal (see Glossary for definition of game animal). Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Birds Karoro/black-backed Common Densities increased Control Based on ecosystem gulls throughout by land use changes and species Larus dominicanus Otago, but and other human management particularly near activities. priorities urban centres and Moderately the coast. significant predator of ground-nesting birds, reptiles and invertebrates. Canada geese Breeding, roosting Principally an Enable control on Based on ecosystem Branta canadensis and moulting agricultural and public and species aggregations aviation nuisance; conservation land management distributed from can cause localised by the principal priorities the high country trampling and fouling beneficiaries of to coast, in rural in valuable or management; and urban sensitive aquatic otherwise site-led contexts. systems. control of problem populations for conservation purposes by the Department. Greylag goose Breeding, roosting Can cause localised Support control Coastal lakes and Anser anser and moulting trampling and fouling by public groups. lagoons aggregations in valuable or distributed mainly sensitive aquatic in the coastal area, systems. in rural and urban contexts. Magpies Widespread Aggressively Control. Based on ecosystem Gymnorhina tibicen throughout territorial; predate and species Otago. nests and indigenous management birds, reptiles and priorities invertebrates.

226 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Invertebrates German wasp Subject to Threaten amenity Local intervention Based on ecosystem Vespula germanica seasonally values; disturb where necessary and species Common wasp variable ecological balance in to destroy nests management irruptions in V. vulgaris natural communities with registered priorities and density, especially through predation wasp toxins. amenity values in the beech and aggressive forests of western competition for food and alpine Otago. resources Redback spider Distributed near Potentially eats None. Cromwell Chafer Latrodectus hasseltii urban areas of chafers. Beetle Nature Wanaka and Reserve Cromwell. Mammals Cats (feral and Widespread Major extinction Monitoring for Based on ecosystem domestic) throughout urban, pressure through presence and and species Felis catus peri-urban, rural non-selective impacts; control management and backcountry predation of valued to low densities priorities Otago indigenous birds, through kill- reptiles and trapping, live invertebrates. capture and shooting. Chamois Largely confined Browser/grazer. Recreational Based on ecosystem Rupicapra rupicapra to western Beech forests ground hunting, and species mountain ranges; chamois impact occasional management usually in small grasses, herbs and commercial priorities matriarchal woody species—from harvest and groups and alpine bluffs to the helicopter solitary males. zone just below hunting for treeline; forest bluffs, trophy animals. scree margins; and Monitor and if cool streambeds necessary during summer. prevent infiltration into Fiordland National Park. Dogs (feral and Occasional wild or Predation and Define dog- Based on ecosystem domestic) stray, or disturbance of control and dog- and species Canis lupus accompanying ground-nesting birds, accessible areas, management familiaris visitors. bird colonies, resting exclude from priorities and areas sea birds and seals. national parks, where dogs not may require permitted by permit-only entry legislation or bylaws and bird aversion training, public education. Fallow deer Wakatipu Primarily grazer. Recreational Based on ecosystem Dama dama Recreational Browse impacts hunting will and species Hunting Area confined largely to continue to be management Tuapeka West low-/mid-altitudinal primary control priorities (part of Blue range. source in all Mountains established fallow Recreational herds in Otago.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 227 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Hunting Area), and scattered populations throughout Otago. Ferret Widespread Major extinction Monitoring for Based on ecosystem Mustela putorius throughout Otago, pressure for presence and and species furo particularly in indigenous impacts; control management rural regions. vertebrate taxa, by kill-trapping, priorities through predation of live capture and eggs, young and poisoning. adults. Goat (feral) Scattered Browsers impacting Undertake control Based on ecosystem Capra hircus populations on a wide altitudinal by ground and species throughout Otago, range of vegetation, hunting, aerial management increasing to high mainly on first- and operations, and priorities numbers in some second-tier plant use of judas goats, western species in forests and working with catchments. herbfields at higher recreational altitude. hunters and landowners. Hare Widespread in Browsing pressure, Support research Based on ecosystem Lepus europaeus open country, which reduces plant on species control and species especially above growth and inhibits and dynamics. management 400 m altitude and regeneration in Target control priorities in coastal dune valued habitats; prey where problems areas. of harmful occur. mammalian predators such as cats and mustelids. Hedgehogs Widespread in Predation on ground- Monitoring for Based on ecosystem Erinaceus europaeus lowlands and dry nesting birds and presence and and species inland basins of nest contents. impacts; control management Otago. to low densities priorities by kill-trapping. Himalayan tahr Confined Extensive browsing Control methods In accordance with Hemitragus principally to pressure on sensitive in accordance the Himalayan Thar jemlahicus designated feral alpine flora and with the Control Plan (1993) range. fauna. Himalayan Thar and based on Control Plan ecosystem and (1993) species management priorities Mouse Widespread Predation of valued Monitoring for Based on ecosystem Mus musculus throughout indigenous fauna, presence and and species terrestrial systems and retarding of impact; management in Otago. regeneration in plant eradication priorities communities. through registered vertebrate toxins. Pig (feral) Widespread Predation of valued Recreational Based on ecosystem Sus scrofa throughout Otago indigenous fauna and hunters with dogs and species except in Mount damage to plant will be permitted management Aspiring National communities through access to reserve priorities Park and Lake browsing, grazing areas, where

228 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Wakatipu and ground appropriate. (Whakatipu-wai- disturbance. Illegal pig māori) catchment releases will be area. followed up. Monitor impacts on indigenous species and soil disturbance to assess need for control. A target of zero pig density will be maintained in Mount Aspiring National Park. Possum Currently Affects a wide range Support Animal Based on ecosystem Trichosurus widespread but at of habitats by killing Health Board and species vulpecula low densities east indigenous programme. management of the Southern vegetation; preys on Target priority priorities Lakes due to the indigenous birds, ecosystem units Animal Health chicks and eggs. and prevent Board Tb-free spread into new programme. sites. Rabbit Widespread, can Principally an Control to very Based on ecosystem Oryctolagus reach high agricultural pest; low densities on and species cuniculus densities in exert severe public management suitable dryland browsing pressure on conservation priorities; public habitats. All valued indigenous lands (below 3 on conservation land islands are rabbit- plant systems; vital the Modified where required to free except Taieri prey for mammalian Mclean Scale) to comply with the Island/Moturata predators. protect Otago Regional and Stevensons conservation Council Pest Island (Te Peka values and for Management Karara). ‘good neighbour’ Strategy (2009) reasons. Red deer Widespread and Damage to forest and Control through Based on ecosystem Cervus elaphus escapes from deer shrubland structures, ground and aerial and species scoticus farms. composition and shooting, wild management animal communities animal recovery priorities through browsing on concessions and plant species (some the fostering of threatened) that are recreational not evolutionarily hunting. adapted to cope. Commercial aerial hunting operations confined to the western mountain areas of Otago and the Pisa Range. Commercial aerial hunting

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 229 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action operations over the balance of Otago if recreational hunting not effective. Sheep Few truly feral Browsers and grazers. Recreational Ex-tenure review (feral/domestic) animals. Browse, trampling hunting will be lands; public Ovis aries; Regular stock and tracking impacts encouraged conservation land and Cattle incursions in forest, especially where feral adjoining pastoral Bos taurus throughout Otago. bush edge. Severe animals are properties, especially Some illegal trampling and known to exist. where fencelines are grazing, especially pugging damage Improve and substandard. during drought or during prolonged maintain liaison Public conservation in winter. rain, and in wetlands, with neighbours. land, including Pisa upland bogs and Ensure boundary Range, Te Papanui river margins. fences are secure Conservation Park, Decline in water and boundary and The Catlins quality can affect gates locked, if aquatic fauna and necessary. recreational values. Act on illegal and Impaired accidental stock regeneration of incursions. This indigenous plant may result in species and soil loss. warnings and legal action. Rat Widespread Kill indigenous Currently, use of All islands in Otago; Rattus exulans except on islands animals (including trapping and Taiaroa Head (Kiore) within Otago. eggs) and poisoning (Pukekura); Rattus rattus invertebrates. (including para- mohua/yellowhead aminopropio- breeding areas and Rattus norvegicus Rodents also eat seeds and fruits, phenone (PAPP) sites within inhibiting toxin) to (a) Dart/Routeburn and regeneration and prevent the The Catlins; skink limiting food supply establishment of sites, hoiho/yellow- for indigenous predator species eyed penguin species. on islands, and (b) breeding areas; other target priority prescribed sites with sites for predator vulnerable fauna, control to low managed by the levels. Department or other Support and liaise groups, agencies and with community stakeholders groups and other stakeholders. Stoats Widespread Very significant Monitoring for Based on ecosystem Mustela erminea throughout predators of valued presence and and species terrestrial systems indigenous fauna. impact. management at all altitudes in Eradication or priorities Otago. control through registered vertebrate toxins and trapping.

230 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Wallaby (Bennett’s) Previously found Grazer/browser. Surveillance. Based on ecosystem Macropus rufogriseus at Quartz Creek, Low- to mid- Restrict and species rufogriseus between Lakes altitudinal range expansion management Hāwea and understorey trees, beyond existing priorities Wanaka; no recent shrubs and tussock area. sign observed grassland species. New liberations there. or sightings Recent sightings reported to Otago and kills in the Regional Council Clear Stream area and Environment (Waitaki District- Canterbury. Oteake Conservation Park). Weasel Widespread Predators of valued Monitoring for Based on ecosystem Mustela nivalis though not indigenous fauna. presence and and species vulgaris densely impact. management distributed Eradication or priorities throughout control through terrestrial systems registered in Otago. vertebrate toxins and trapping. White-tailed deer Low numbers, Generalist browser. Review the future Rees River and Dart Odocoileus confined to Rees Browses a wide range management of River/Te Awa virginianus borealis River and Dart of seral understorey white-tailed deer, Whakatipu valleys River/Te Awa species, especially in consultation Whakatipu valleys broadleaf, with Game in lower altitude Pseudopanax spp. Animal Council beech forest, tall and Coprosma spp. and other tussock grassland interested people. above treeline and poorer pastures on Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu valley floor. Struggle to compete with red deer; need a diverse diet.

Table A6.2. Pest plants Climbers Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Banana passionfruit Widespread in Smothers canopy and Target priority Based on ecosystem Passiflora mollissima coastal Otago, prevents recruitment; ecosystem units and species isolated instances birds and mammals and prevent management elsewhere in widely disperse spread into new priorities Otago sites Bittersweet Localised Smothers and Target priority Based on ecosystem Solanum dulcamara populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species Otago species management priorities

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 231 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Blackberry Widespread. Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Rubus fruticosus displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species plants by inhibiting management regeneration priorities Bomarea Localised areas in Smothers and kills all Eradication on All conservation land Bomarea multiflora coastal Otago plants to highest public in Otago as canopy and prevents conservation land prescribed in the recruitment Otago Regional Council Pest Management Strategy (2009) Cape ivy Isolated Considered a ‘low Eradication on Based on ecosystem Senecio angulatus populations incidence’; if not public and species controlled, these conservation land management plants have the priorities potential to rapidly colonise and disrupt indigenous ecosystems and cause significant damage to biodiversity values Chilean flame Localised Smothers and Target priority Based on ecosystem creeper populations displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species Tropaeolum species management speciosum priorities Climbing bomarea Localised areas in Smothers and kills all Eradication on All conservation land Bomarea caldasii coastal Otago plants to highest public in Otago Regional canopy and prevents conservation land Council Pest recruitment Management Strategy (2009) Hop Isolated instances Smothers and kills all Target priority Based on ecosystem Humulus lupulus in coastal Otago plants to highest ecosystem units and species canopy and prevents management recruitment priorities Japanese Localised Smothers and kills all Target priority Based on ecosystem honeysuckle populations plants to highest ecosystem units and species Lonicera japonica canopy and prevents and prevent management recruitment spread into new priorities sites Jasmine Isolated instances Smothers and kills all Target priority Based on ecosystem Jasminum in coastal Otago plants to highest ecosystem units and species polyanthum canopy and prevents and prevent management recruitment spread into new priorities sites Old man’s beard Localised Smothers and kills all Eradication or All conservation land Clematis vitalba populations in plants to highest control on public in Otago as Lake Wakatipu canopy and prevents conservation land prescribed in the (Whakatipu-wai- recruitment Otago Regional māori) catchment Council Pest and Central Otago Management Strategy (2009)

232 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Oriental clematis Commonly found Smothers and kills all Target priority Based on ecosystem Clematis tangutica in Central Otago plants to highest ecosystem units and species and in localised canopy and prevents and prevent management populations in recruitment spread into new priorities Lake Wakatipu sites (Whakatipu-wai- māori) catchment Smilax Isolated Has effects that are Contain existing Based on ecosystem Asparagus populations limited in extent or sites and prevent and species asparagoides temporary establishment on management public priorities conservation land

Grasses, rushes and sedges Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action African feather grass Localised Out-competes and Eradication on Based on ecosystem Pennisetum populations displaces indigenous public and species macrourum plants by inhibiting conservation land management regeneration priorities African lovegrass Isolated Displaces indigenous Eradication on Based on ecosystem Eragrostis curvula populations species within public and species drylands conservation land management priorities Bamboo Isolated Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Bambusa spp. populations in displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species roadsides, plants by inhibiting and prevent management shelterbelts, regeneration spread into new priorities settled areas; sites tolerates wide range of conditions but not shade Black salt rush Commonly found Forms monoculture Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus gerardii in coastal Otago stands preventing ecosystem units and species indigenous and prevent management regeneration, spread into new priorities particularly in sites wetlands and coastal areas Blunt flowered rush Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species subnodulosus Otago plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Bulbous rush Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus bulbosus populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species Otago plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Floating sweetgrass Commonly found Forms monoculture Target priority Based on ecosystem stands preventing ecosystem units and species

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 233 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Glyceria fluitans in coastal Otago indigenous and prevent management regeneration, spread into new priorities particularly in sites wetlands Floating sweetgrass Commonly found Forms monoculture Target priority Based on ecosystem Glyceria declinata in coastal Otago stands preventing ecosystem units and species indigenous and prevent management regeneration, spread into new priorities particularly in sites wetlands Giant reed Populations in Displaces all Target priority Based on ecosystem Arundo donax riparian margins, surrounding ecosystem units and species moist forest vegetation; changes and prevent management communities, habitat by shading spread into new priorities coastal and impeding sites drainage; gully plants heavily affected Heath rush Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus squarrosus displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Jointed rush Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus articulatus populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species Otago plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Blunt-flowered rush Isolated instances Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species subnodulosus plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Marram grass Widespread in A sand-binder and Target priority All coastal beaches Ammophila arenaria coastal dunelands dune builder, it ecosystem units within Otago that typically builds taller, and prevent have high denser dunes due to spread into new conservation values its leaf structure, sites which allows it to trap sand more efficiently than the native pīngao, which it out- competes for resources Mat grass Isolated instances Forms impenetrable Target priority Based on ecosystem Nardus stricta in coastal Otago ground cover, ecosystem units and species smothers indigenous and prevent management vegetation and spread into new priorities suppresses sites regeneration Nassella tussock Localised Out-competed and Eradication on Based on ecosystem Nassella trichotoma populations displaces indigenous public and species plants by inhibiting conservation land management regeneration priorities

234 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Pampas Localised Forms dense stands, Target priority Based on ecosystem Cortaderia jubata populations prevents ecosystem units and species regeneration of and prevent management indigenous species spread into new priorities and can provide sites habitat for introduced animals Pampas Localised Very invasive, Target priority Based on ecosystem Cortaderia selloana populations forming dense ecosystem units and species impenetrable stands and prevent management that inhibit spread into new priorities regeneration of sites indigenous plants Reed sweetgrass Commonly found Forms monoculture Target priority Based on ecosystem Glyceria maxima in coastal Otago stands preventing ecosystem units and species indigenous and prevent management regeneration, spread into new priorities particularly in sites wetlands; can be toxic to stock Sea couch Commonly found Forms monoculture Target priority Based on ecosystem Elytrigia pycnantha around Otago stands preventing ecosystem units and species coast indigenous and prevent management regeneration, spread into new priorities particularly along the sites coastline Soft rush Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Juncus effusus populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and species Otago plants by inhibiting and prevent management regeneration spread into new priorities sites Spartina Isolated Out-competes and Eradication in All estuaries in Spartina spp. populations displaces indigenous Otago estuaries Otago plants by inhibiting regeneration

Herbaceous species Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Agapanthus Localised Forms dense mats Target priority Based on ecosystem Agapanthus populations especially on ecosystem units and species praecox coastline; can and prevent spread management exclude all other into new sites priorities vegetation Aluminium plant Common across Smothers and Target priority Based on ecosystem Galeobdolon luteum Otago displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous and prevent spread management understorey species; into new sites priorities inhibits indigenous regeneration Arum lily Localised Smothers and Target priority Based on ecosystem Zantedeschia populations displaces ecosystem units and species

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 235 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action aethiopica indigenous and prevent spread management understorey species; into new sites priorities inhibits indigenous regeneration Buckshorn plantain Commonly found Forms dense mats; Target priority Based on ecosystem Plantago coronopus in coastal Otago can exclude all other ecosystem units and species and widespread in vegetation and prevent spread management Central Otago into new sites priorities Bur daisy Isolated Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Calotis lappulacea populations displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration Burdock Common in Forest margins, Target priority Based on ecosystem Arctium minus disturbed areas scrub, creek beds, ecosystem units and species adjacent to pasture, gardens, and prevent spread management farmland roadsides, waste into new sites priorities areas; prefers wet areas, tolerates shade; seeds hook onto clothes, wool and fur; burs damage wool and injure skin, mouth or eyes Californian thistle Widespread A perennial thistle Target priority Based on ecosystem Cirsium arvense with a far-reaching, ecosystem units and species extensive root and prevent spread management system; each plant into new sites priorities also sends up numerous aerial shoots that can grow to 1 metre high; as a result, large patches of thistles are formed, which can be difficult to control Cape honey flower Localised Forms impenetrable Target priority Based on ecosystem Melianthus major populations ground cover, ecosystem units and species smothers and prevent spread management indigenous into new sites priorities vegetation and suppresses regeneration Hemlock Localised Noxious invasive Target priority Based on ecosystem Conium maculatum populations across weed toxic to both ecosystem units and species Otago humans and stock and prevent spread management into new sites priorities King devil Widespread Invasive threat to Target priority Based on ecosystem Hieracium biodiversity values, ecosystem units and species praealtum particularly in and prevent spread management depleted into new sites priorities

236 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action tussocklands that have already been modified from their natural state Marsh thistle Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Cirsium palustre displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration, particularly in damp areas Meadow hawkweed Widespread across Invasive, and threat Target priority Based on ecosystem Hieracium Otago to biodiversity ecosystem units and species caespitosum values, particularly and prevent spread management in depleted into new sites priorities tussocklands that have already been modified from their natural state Mexican daisy Isolated instances Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Erigeron across Otago displaces ecosystem units and species karvinskianus indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration Montbretia Common in coastal Invades open or Target priority Based on ecosystem Crocosmia × Otago, localised disturbed forest, ecosystem units and species crocosmiiflora populations shrubland, stream and prevent spread management elsewhere and river margins into new sites priorities and most low- growing habitats. It forms very dense clumps, which prevent the regeneration of indigenous species, with specialised low- growing species being completely displaced. The masses of corms in the soil produced by montbretia can contribute to the breakdown of stream banks, erosion and siltation. Mouse-eared Widespread Invasive threat to Target priority Based on ecosystem hawkweed biodiversity values, ecosystem units and species Hieracium pilosella particularly in and prevent spread management depleted into new sites priorities tussocklands that have already been modified from their natural state

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 237 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action Nasturtium Localised Smothers and Target priority Based on ecosystem Tropaeolum majus populations displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous species and prevent spread management into new sites priorities Nodding thistle Isolated Out-competes and Eradication on Based on ecosystem Carduus nutans populations displaces public and species indigenous plants conservation land management by inhibiting priorities regeneration

Onion weed Widespread Forms dense mats in Target priority Based on ecosystem Allium triquetrum winter/spring in ecosystem units and species disturbed sites, and prevent spread management inhibits recruitment into new sites priorities Periwinkle Localised Prevents Target priority Based on ecosystem Vinca major populations regeneration in ecosystem units and species lowland scrub/forest and prevent spread management communities into new sites priorities Ragwort Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Jacobaea vulgaris displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration Stinging nettle Localised Out-competes and Eradication on All conservation Urtica dioica populations across displaces public land in Otago Otago indigenous plants conservation land by inhibiting regeneration Stinking iris Localised Forms dense clumps Based on ecosystem Iris foetidissima populations across excluding other and species Otago vegetation management priorities Stonecrop Isolated instances Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Sedum acre in coastal Otago displaces ecosystem units and species and localised indigenous plants and prevent spread management populations in by inhibiting into new sites priorities Central Otago regeneration Thistles Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Carduus spp. displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration Thistles Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on ecosystem Silybum spp. populations displaces ecosystem units and species indigenous plants and prevent spread management by inhibiting into new sites priorities regeneration Tussock hawkweed Widespread Invasive threat to Target priority Based on ecosystem Hieracium biodiversity values, ecosystem units and species lepidulum particularly in and prevent spread management depleted into new sites priorities tussocklands that

238 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places for scientific name response action have already been modified from their natural state White-edged Isolated instances Prevents Eradication on Based on ecosystem nightshade in coastal Otago regeneration in public and species Solanum lowland scrub/forest conservation land management marginatum communities priorities

Trees and shrubs

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action Alder Localised Forms monoculture Target priority Based on Alnus glutinosa populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Barberry Isolated Out-competes and Target priority Based on Berberis populations in displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and glaucocarpa coastal Otago and plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species Lake Wanaka regeneration new sites management catchment priorities Bishop pine Localised Forms monoculture Target priority Based on Pinus muricata populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Boxthorn Localised Forms impenetrable Target priority Based on Lycium populations in cover, smothers ecosystem units and ecosystem and ferocissimum coastal and Central indigenous vegetation prevent spread into species Otago and suppresses new sites management regeneration priorities Bright bead Widespread Forms dense thickets, Target priority Based on cotoneaster replacing desirable ecosystem units and ecosystem and Cotoneaster species along forest prevent spread into species glaucophyllus margins, shrubland, new sites management short tussock priorities grasslands and other low-growing habitats Broom Widespread Out-competes and Destroy all broom High-value Cytisus throughout displaces indigenous plants in designated conservation scoparius plants by inhibiting broom- and gorse-free sites in Otago regeneration areas (see Otago Regional Council Pest Management Strategy for Otago (2009)); control gorse within 10 m of a boundary with a neighbour outside of broom- and gorse-free areas; control to zero density

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 239 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action Buddleia Localised Forms dense stands, Target priority Based on Buddleja davidii populations prevent regeneration ecosystem units and ecosystem and adjacent to rivers of indigenous species prevent spread into species and streams and can provide new sites management habitat for introduced priorities animals Cherries Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Prunus spp. populations in Lake stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and Wanaka catchment indigenous prevent spread into species and isolated regeneration threat to new sites management instances elsewhere landscape character priorities Chinese privet Isolated instances Out-competes and Target priority Based on Ligustrum in coastal Otago displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and sinense plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Corsican pine Isolated instances Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Pinus nigra in catchments of stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and subsp. laricio Lakes Wanaka and indigenous prevent spread into species Wakatipu regeneration new sites management (Whakatipu-wai- priorities māori). Crack willow Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on Salix fragilis displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and plants; dense stands prevent spread into species can cause blockages, new sites management flooding and structural priorities change to waterways, leading to erosion and increased sedimentation Daphne Localised Daphne is often found Target priority Based on Daphne laureola populations in growing in shady ecosystem units and ecosystem and coastal Otago and places and forest prevent spread into species isolated instances margins; could become new sites management elsewhere a significant part of the priorities understorey in modified vegetation, excluding desirable species Darwin’s Widespread in Out-competes and Target priority Based on barberry coastal Otago and displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Berberis found in localised plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species darwinii areas in remainder regeneration new sites management of Otago priorities Douglas fir Common in coastal Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Pseudotsuga Otago and Lake stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and menziesii Wakatipu indigenous prevent spread into species (Whakatipu-wai- regeneration; threat to new sites management māori) catchment landscape character priorities Elderberry Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on Sambucus nigra displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species

240 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action regeneration new sites management priorities

Evergreen Isolated instances Competes strongly Target priority Based on buckthorn in coastal Otago with regeneration of ecosystem units and ecosystem and Rhamnus coastal species; serious prevent spread into species alaternus threat to coastal new sites management communities and priorities offshore islands as achieves 80–100% ground cover in a very short time Flowering Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on currant populations in displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Ribes coastal Otago and plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species sanguineum isolated instances regeneration new sites management elsewhere priorities Franchet’s Isolated Forms dense thickets, Target priority Based on cotoneaster populations replacing desirable ecosystem units and ecosystem and Cotoneaster species along forest prevent spread into species franchetii margins, shrubland, new sites management short tussock priorities grasslands and other low-growing habitats Gorse Widespread Competes with Destroy all gorse plants Based on Ulex europaeus indigenous plants, in designated broom- ecosystem and alters soil condition by and gorse-free areas species rising nitrogen levels; (see Otago Regional management however, can protect Council Pest priorities regrowth of native Management Strategy woody species and for Otago (2009)); dies back as control gorse within indigenous 10 m of a boundary regeneration proceeds with a neighbour outside of broom- and gorse-free areas; control to zero density Grey willow Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Salix cinerea populations in displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and coastal Otago and plants; dense stands prevent spread into species Lake Wakatipu can cause blockages, new sites management (Whakatipu-wai- flooding and structural priorities māori) catchment. change to waterways, leading to erosion and increased sedimentation Gums Isolated instances Out-competes Target priority Based on Eucalyptus spp. across Otago indigenous trees with ecosystem units and ecosystem and fast growth; reduces prevent spread into species soil moisture levels new sites management priorities Hawthorn Widespread Forms dense thickets, Target priority Based on Crataegus throughout replacing desirable ecosystem units and ecosystem and

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 241 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action monogyna species along forest prevent spread into species margins, shrubland, new sites management short tussock priorities grasslands and other low-growing habitats; found along roadsides and in deserted habitations, where it acts as a seed source for invasion into areas of indigenous vegetation Heather Found in localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Calluna vulgaris populations in Lake displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Wanaka catchment plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Himalayan Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on honeysuckle populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Leycesteria Otago plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species formosa regeneration new sites management priorities Holly Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Ilex aquifolium populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Otago plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Jerusalem Isolated instances Forms dense stands Target priority Based on cherry across Otago but generally has a low ecosystem units and ecosystem and Solanum impact; poisonous to prevent spread into species pseudocapsicum livestock and children new sites management priorities Khasia berry Isolated Forms dense thickets, Target priority Based on Cotoneaster populations replacing desirable ecosystem units and ecosystem and simonsii species along forest prevent spread into species margins, shrubland, new sites management short tussock priorities grasslands and other low-growing habitats Larch Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Larix decidua populations in displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and coastal Otago, Lake plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species Wanaka catchment regeneration new sites management and Central Otago, priorities found commonly in Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai- māori) catchment Lindley false Isolated Out-competes and Target priority Based on spirea populations displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and Sorbaria plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species tomentosa regeneration new sites management priorities

242 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action Lodgepole pine Localised Forms monocultural Destroy all seeding-age All conservation Pinus contorta populations stands preventing contorta pine on all land in Otago as indigenous land administered by prescribed in the regeneration the Department Otago Regional Council Pest Management Strategy (2009) Maritime pine Localised Forms monoculture Target priority Based on Pinus pinaster populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration; threat to new sites management landscape character priorities Montpellier Localised Out-competes and Eradication All conservation broom populations displaces indigenous land in Otago Teline plants by inhibiting monspessulana regeneration Mountain pine Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Pinus mugo populations in the stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and catchments of indigenous prevent spread into species Lakes Wanaka and regeneration; threat to new sites management Wakatipu landscape character priorities (Whakatipu-wai- māori) Privet Isolated instances Out-competes and Target priority Based on Ligustrum in coastal Otago displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and ovalifolium plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Radiata pine Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Pinus radiata populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration; threat to new sites management landscape character priorities Rowan Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Sorbus populations displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and aucuparia plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Russell lupin Isolated instances An aggressive weed Target priority Based on Lupinus in coastal Otago that invades braided ecosystem units and ecosystem and polyphyllus and Lake Wanaka rivers; dense stands prevent spread into species catchment and shade out and displace new sites management localised indigenous plants and priorities populations in Lake create unsuitable Wakatipu habitats for wading (Whakatipu-wai- birds māori) catchment. Scots pine Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Based on Pinus sylvestris populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration; threat to new sites management landscape character priorities

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 243 Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management Priority places scientific name response for action Silver birch Localised Forms monoculture Target priority Based on Betula pendula populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Spanish heath Commonly found in Forms monoculture Target priority Based on Erica lusitanica coastal Otago and stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and Lake Wakatipu indigenous prevent spread into species (Whakatipu-wai- regeneration new sites management māori) catchment. priorities Localised populations in Lake Wanaka catchment and Central Otago Spiny broom Isolated Considered a ‘low Eradication on public Based on Calicotome populations incidence’ plant; but conservation land ecosystem and spinosa can rapidly colonise species and disrupt indigenous management ecosystems and cause priorities significant damage to biodiversity values Sweet briar Widespread Out-competes and Target priority Based on Rosa rubiginosa displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Sycamore Widespread Forms dense stands Target priority Based on Acer that prevent ecosystem units and ecosystem and pseudoplanatus regeneration of prevent spread into species indigenous species new sites management priorities Tree lupin Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Lupinus populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and arboreus Otago plants by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Tutsan Localised Out-competes and Target priority Based on Hypericum populations across displaces indigenous ecosystem units and ecosystem and androsaemum Otago species by inhibiting prevent spread into species regeneration new sites management priorities Western yellow Localised Forms monocultural Target priority Based on pine populations stands preventing ecosystem units and ecosystem and Pinus ponderosa indigenous prevent spread into species regeneration; threat to new sites management landscape character priorities White poplar Isolated instances Forms dense stands by Target priority Based on Populus alba across Otago suckering; crowds out ecosystem units and ecosystem and indigenous vegetation prevent spread into species new sites management priorities

244 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Aquatic species

Common and Distribution Pressures/threats Management response Priority scientific name places for action Didymo Widespread in Forms thick layer that Prevent spread into new High-value Didymosphenia rivers smothers rocks, sites freshwater geminata submerged plants and sites and at- other materials risk species habitats Hornwort Isolated Submerged aquatic MPI-led total Based on Ceratophyllum populations plant displaces eradication70 ecosystem demersum indigenous and species macrophytes management priorities Horsetail Isolated Perennial aquatic herb, Eradication Based on Equisetum populations marginal zone ecosystem arvense and species management priorities Lagarosiphon Isolated Submerged aquatic Eradication Based on Lagarosiphon populations plant displaces ecosystem major indigenous and species macrophytes management priorities Sea squirt Localised Settles on hard surfaces, Target priority Based on Styela clava populations in the particularly man-made ecosystem units and ecosystem coastal water of structures, and threat to prevent spread into new and species Otago indigenous species sites management priorities Undaria Localised Can form dense masses; Target priority Based on Undaria populations in the outcompetes ecosystem units and ecosystem pinnatifida coastal waters of indigenous species prevent spread into new and species Otago sites management priorities Yellow flag iris Localised Perennial aquatic herb, Eradication Based on Iris pseudacorus populations marginal zone ecosystem and species management priorities

70 MPI = Ministry for Primary Industries

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 245 Appendix 7

Nationally iconic species in Otago These species were identified using a combination of web-based and phone-based public surveys in which those participating were asked what species they thought were quintessentially kiwi, contributing to their identity as New Zealanders. They are the 10 species identified most often. The table below includes only the nationally iconic species found in Otago.

Common name Scientific name Flora Ferns Various spp. Rimu Dacrydium cupressinum Kōwhai Sophora spp. Fauna Kiwi Apteryx spp. Tūī Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae Kea Nestor notabilis

246 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 8

Marine habitats and ecosystems in Otago Otago The Coastal Classification and Mapping Scheme depth zones are as follows: shallow 0–30 m; deep 30–200 m; upper slope 200–500 m; mid-slope 500–1000 m; lower slope 1000–4000 m. Conservation

Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas71 Southern South Island bioregion

Management Waitaki River— Saltmarsh Waikouaiti, Pleasant and Shag (Waihemo) River estuaries Threats to estuarine habitats East Otago Taiāpure Karitāne include coastal development, Estuarine sand and Extensive shallow rocky reef assemblages characterised by Moeraki Mātaitai Reserve contaminants in terrestrial mudflats large stands of giant bladder kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) supporting diverse associated species assemblage runoff and eutrophication, off- Moderate and road vehicle damage Strategy Broad continental shelf with extensive soft sediment sheltered rocky Coastal protection works—sea shore habitats supporting a productive inshore demersal ecosystem; offshore benthic invertebrate assemblages walls and earthworks 2016 Moderate shallow poorly known Large inputs of fine, reef Mangō taniwha/great white shark and mangō reremai/ terrestrially derived sediments Shallow sand basking shark habitat to the shelf. Shallow gravel Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin habitat (Moeraki to Otago Removal of epifauna and Peninsula) habitat homogenisation by Shallow mud mobile fishing gear Tohorā/southern right whale Deep sand Fishing Kekeno/New Zealand fur seal rookeries at Moeraki Point Deep gravel Macrocystis harvesting Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion haul-out at Shag Deep reef River (Waihemo) mouth Invasive marine species; particularly impact of undaria Water column Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins and kororā/little penguins on ecology of shallow coastal (esp. Oamaru) reef systems Kawau pāteketeke/spotted shags (Stictocarbo punctatus)

71 Not all these areas may qualify as marine protected areas under the Marine protected areas; classification, protection standard and implementation guidelines (Ministry of Fisheries and Department of Conservation. 2008), depending on the management controls implemented for the particular area. 247

248 Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas71 Waiputai/ Saltmarsh Productive customary, recreational and commercial bivalve Coastal development East Otago Taiāpure Blueskin Bay fishery Estuarine sand and Fishing mudflats Diadromous fish habitat Dredge spoil disposal

Otago Estuarine sea grass Historically diverse inshore fish fauna, including important Invasive marine species beds reperepe/elephantfish (Callorhinchus milii) spawning area Coastal protection works—sea Conservation Tidal estuarine Mangō reremai/basking shark habitat walls and earthworks channels Tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin habitat Catchment land use and Sheltered beach Wading bird habitat eutrophication

Management Sheltered shallow reef Sheltered shallow sand Strategy Otago Peninsula Saltmarsh Large numbers of wading birds feed in Otago Harbour, Coastal development, Aramoana Ecological Area and adjacent particularly the Aramoana area, and other inlets on the including subdivision and Sea grass Taiaroa Head Nature shelf peninsula reclamation 2016 Reserve extends 10 m Estuarine sand and Productive customary, recreational and commercial bivalve Coastal protection works—sea offshore from Mean High mudflats fishery in Otago Harbour and other inlets walls and earthworks Water Spring High current soft Two Nationally Critical/Endangered marine invertebrates Port maintenance and Voluntary trawl fishing sediment habitats in (barnacle Idioibla idiotica and brachiopod Pumilis development works; dredging closure to protect bryozoan tidal channels antiquatus) are only known from Otago Peninsula and dredge spoil disposal, reefs off Otago Peninsula Sheltered to exposed Productive shelf ecosystem supporting abundant bait spills and contaminated (Fisheries Act 1996) rocky shores fishes and associated predators discharges, vessel movements, Areas currently closed to industrial noise, invasive Sheltered to exposed Mid and outer shelf gravels between 70 and 110 m depth commercial shellfish marine species (see James et harvesting under fisheries beaches directly off the peninsula support biologically diverse al. 2007) attached epifauna characterised by reef-like thickets of legislation Moderate to exposed Waste and stormwater effluent shallow reef bryozoans; these ‘reefs’ provide habitat for commercial fishes and are used as foraging areas by hoiho/yellow-eyed discharges Shallow sand penguins and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lions Chronic disturbance, Shallow mud The outermost shelf is characterised by beds of the queen harassment and occasionally scallop (Psychrochlamys deliculata) more severe interactions Deep sand between people, dogs and The submarine canyons in the outer shelf support a diverse Deep gravel coastal wildlife

Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas71 Biogenic bryozoan benthic fauna, including protected deepwater coral species Fishing reefs Deep reefs historically supported fisheries for a variety of Removal of epifauna and Deep reef large reef fishes such as hāpuku, ling and trumpeter habitat homogenisation by mobile fishing gear Otago Upper slope Hector’s dolphin, mangō taniwha/great white shark and mangō reremai/basking shark habitat Invasive species Water column Conservation Kekeno/New Zealand fur seal and rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion haul-outs and breeding colonies Tohorā/southern right whale Otago Harbour and adjacent offshore area support a Management diverse seabird fauna, including 13 threatened species. The offshore area is an important foraging area for species breeding on the peninsula, and on the subantarctic islands Toroa/southern royal albatross (only mainland breeding

Strategy colony), gulls, shags, tītī/sooty shearwaters, tara/white- fronted terns, kororā/little penguin and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin all breed on the peninsula 2016 Blackhead to Saltmarsh Saltmarsh in Kaikorai Stream and others Removal of epifauna and Puna-wai-Tōriki (Hays Gap) Nugget Point/ habitat homogenisation by Mātaitai Reserve Exposed rocky Diadromous fish habitat in river mouths Tokatā mobile fishing gear shores Inner shelf sand zone at 20–40 m depth formed by sediments discharged mainly from the Clutha River/Mata- Coastal protection works—sea Moderate—exposed walls and earthworks beaches Au (c. 0.4 million tonnes p.a.) Fishing Exposed shallow reef Kekeno/New Zealand fur seal rookeries and haul-outs (large colony at Nugget Point/Tokatā) Interactions between people Exposed shallow and wildlife Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguins and kororā/little penguins, sand Stewart Island shags and tītī wainui/fairy prions Pressure from tourism on Deep sand (Pachyptila turtur) hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin viewing at Roaring Bay Deep gravel Mangō taniwha/great white shark Dogs and vehicles Rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion haul-outs Deep reef Potential threats from invasive Water column species Water quality from Clutha River/Mata-Au and Taieri River catchment land use 249

250 Ecosystem Habitat type Significant values Pressures/threats Protected areas71 Nugget Point/ Saltmarsh Sea grass beds in Catlins River estuary Coastal protection works—sea Tokatā to The walls and earthworks Estuarine beach Estuarine and diadromous fish habitats in the Catlins and Brothers Point Tahakopa rivers Fishing Estuarine sand and

Otago mud flats Hector’s dolphin habitat in southern part of The Catlins Interactions between people and wildlife Sea grass Large kekeno/New Zealand fur seal colony at Nugget Conservation Point/Tokatā Pressure from tourism on Exposed beach Rāpoka/ whakahao/New Zealand sea lion (Surat and hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin Exposed rocky shore Cannibal bays) viewing at Roaring Bay Exposed shallow reef Mangō taniwha/great white shark habitat Dogs and vehicles Management Exposed shallow Hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin sand Deep sand

Strategy Deep gravel Deep mud 2016

References Anderson, O.F.; Bagley, N.W.; Hurst, R.J.; Francis, M.P.; Clark, M.R.; McMillan, P.J. 1998: Atlas of New Zealand fish and squid distributions from research bottom trawls. NIWA Technical Report 42. 303 p. Batson, P.B.; Probert, P.K. 2000: Bryozoan thickets off Otago Peninsula. New Zealand Fisheries Assessment Report 2000/46. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington. 31 p. Department of Conservation and the Ministry of Fisheries. 2011: Coastal Marine Habitats and Marine Protected Areas in the New Zealand Territorial Sea: a Broad Scale Gap Analysis. Vol. 1–3. Department of Conservation and the Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington. Francis, M.P.; Morrison, M.A.; Leathwick, J.; Walsh, C. 2011: Predicting patterns of richness, occurrence and abundance of small fish in New Zealand estuaries. Marine and Freshwater Research 62: 1327–1341 (and supplementary publication). Fyfe, J.; Israel, S.A. 1996: A window on an underwater habitat: quantifying differences in giant kelp beds using colour aerial photographs and image processing software. Pp. 95–102 in Proceedings of the Spatial Information Research Centre’s 8th Colloquium, University of Otago, Dunedin. http://divcom.otago.ac.nz/conferences/geocomp97/cd-rom/sirc96/papers/fyfe.pdf Hurst, R.J.; Bagley, N.W.; Anderson, O.F.; Francis, M.P.; Griggs, L.H.; Clark, M.R.; Paul, L.J.; Taylor, P.R. 2000: Atlas of juvenile and adult fish and squid distributions from bottom and midwater trawls and tuna longlines in New Zealand waters. NIWA Technical Report 84. 162 p. James, M.; Probert, K.; Boyd, R.; John, A. 2007: Summary of existing ecological information and scoping of further assessments for Port Otago dredging project. National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd., NIWA Client Report: HAM2007-156, NIWA Project: POL08201. 65 p. Leathwick, J.R.; Elith, J.; Francis, M.P.; Hastie, T.; Taylor, P. 2006: Variation in demersal fish species richness in the oceans surrounding New Zealand: an analysis using boosted regression trees. Marine Ecology Progress Series 321: 267–281. Otago Regional Council. 2005: Environmental Status of the Near Shore Coastal Environment. Otago Regional Council, Dunedin. 68 p. Paavo, B.L. 2007: Soft-sediment Benthos of Aramoana and Blueskin Bay (Otago, New Zealand) and Effects of Dredge-spoil Disposal. PhD thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin. Rainer, S.F. 1969: Marine Benthic Ecology in Otago: the Macrofauna of Deposit Substrata in the Otago Harbour and Blueskin Bay. PhD thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin. Shears, N.T.; Babcock, R.C. 2007: Quantitative description of mainland New Zealand’s shallow subtidal reef communities. Science for Conservation 280. Department of Conservation, Wellington. 128 p. Shears, N.T.; Smith, F.; Babcock, R.C.; Duffy, C.A.J.; Villouta, E. 2008: Evaluation of biogeographic classification schemes for conservation planning: application to New Zealand’s coastal marine environment. Conservation Biology 22(2): 467–481.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 251 Appendix 9

Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes in Otago Table A9.1 Significant geological features, landforms and landscapes Type Geological feature/ Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on landform/ (international, public landscapes national or regional conservation land including significance and waters to tangata whenua) Representative Mount Aspiring Of national Refer to national See 2.1 Mount public National Park significance because park management Aspiring National conservation of their protected plan Park Place area land status (and Hunter River international Weed control; See 2.2 Te Papanui, Conservation Area significance for use at site Oteake and Hāwea Mount Aspiring Conservation National Park due to Parks Place World Heritage Remarkables Area status) Pest and weed See 2.3 Western Conservation Area control; Lakes and (including the Nevis modification Mountains/ Ngā River) Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place

Waipori Falls Scenic Pest and weed See 2.7 Eastern Reserve control; Otago and modification Lowlands/ Maukaatua Place Taiaroa Head Pest and weed See 2.7 Eastern Nature Reserve control; Otago and unauthorised visits Lowlands/ Maukaatua Place Aramoana Vehicles; See 2.7 Eastern Ecological Area dogs Otago and “Saltmarsh” Lowlands/ Maukaatua Place Geopreservation Akatore Creek Of international Modification or None sites metachert with and/or national intensification of akatoreite significance use; lack of Bains Eocene statutory diatomite protection. Kakanui (north and south) mineral breccias Lake Hāwea folded schist sequence Mitchell’s Point Paleocene Wangaloa fossils Moeraki Boulders/ Where above Kaihinaki Mean High Water Spring

252 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Type Geological feature/ Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on landform/ (international, public landscapes national or regional conservation land including significance and waters to tangata whenua) Mount Aspiring/ Mount Aspiring Tititea glacial horn National Park

Nine Mile Landslide None Nugget Point/ Tokatā Oamaru pillow lavas and volcaniclastic rocks Old Man/Kopuwai and Obelisk Range summit tors and sheath folds Canyon Creek glacial stairway Lowburn glacial outwash terraces Taieri River scroll plain Land formation Of at least regional In some cases; see examples, fossil or national Part Two—Places locations/beds, significance volcanic features, historic stone buildings, gold discovery and mining sites; at least 214 sites Outstanding Cape Wanbrow Of at least regional Modification or See Part Two— Natural Features Bridge Point significance intensification of Places and Landscapes Moeraki Point use; Katiki Beach lack of statutory Shag Point/ protection Matakaea Cornish Head Karitāne Headland Heyward Point Otago Peninsula Cargill Castle to Black Head Chrystalls Beach Nugget Point/ Tokatā Cannibal Bay to Surat Bay Penguin Bay to Wallace Beach

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 253 Type Geological feature/ Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on landform/ (international, public landscapes national or regional conservation land including significance and waters to tangata whenua) Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/ Hector Mountains, Garvie Mountains and Old Woman Range and the catchment of the upper and lower Nevis River valley to the confluence with the Kawarau River Kawarau Gorge Butchers Dam locality Cromwell Gorge Elevated areas Bendigo Blue Lake/St Bathans Hawkdun, St Bathans and Ida ranges Upper Manorburn/ Poolburn/ Serpentine Lindis Pass Pisa Range Dunstan Mountains

Kakanui Mountains

Carrick Range Horn Range Rock and Pillar, Lammermoor and Lammerlaw ranges Rough Ridge and North Rough Ridge Upper Manuherikia River and Dunstan Mountains Sugar loaf glacier river terrace Rocky backdrop to Alexandra Flat Top Hill Upper Taieri scroll plain Tiger Hill Ophir Gorge All islands within Otago’s coastal marine area

254 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Type Geological feature/ Significance Pressure/threats Protected areas on landform/ (international, public landscapes national or regional conservation land including significance and waters to tangata whenua) Features Taieri River identified in Shag River Otago Regional (Waihemo) Policy Statement Clutha River/ (1998) Mata-Au Shotover River Kawarau River Lakes Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai- māori), Wanaka, Hāwea Lake Dunstan Otago Peninsula (including Taiaroa Head (Pukekura)) The Catlins Coastal wetlands, including Lakes Waihola, Waipori, Tuakitoto Central Otago tors Features Numerous features At least of district Urban and rural See Part Two— identified in listed as outstanding importance, but may land development, Places Waitaki District, natural features, also be of regional rock and mineral Dunedin City, outstanding natural or national extraction, energy Central Otago landscapes, importance, as and irrigation District, Clutha outstanding determined through developments, District and landscape areas, Resource telecommunic- Queenstown coastal landscape Management Act ation facilities Lakes District preservation areas, 1991 case law (e.g. plans landscape the Project Hayes conservation areas, wind farm decision potentially for the Lammermoor outstanding Range) landscapes, inventory of protected features, visual amenity landscape, and significant coastal landscapes Representative Tōpuni: Pikirakatahi At least regionally See Part Two— sites of (Mount Earnslaw); significant due to Places significance to Maukaatua Scenic the size of the Ngāi Ngāi Tahu Reserve; Te Koroka Tahu rohe (Dart/Slipstream); Tititea (Mt Aspiring) Rock outcrops containing Māori rock art

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 255 Appendix 10

Actively conserved historic places on public conservation lands and waters, or managed by the Department, in Otago

Place Location Heritage topics Pressure/threats Destination manage-ment and significance category/access 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Earnslaw Hut Kea Basin Earnslaw Hut Visitor impacts; Backcountry; Track, Mount erosion; disasters accessible via Kea Basin Earnslaw/ walking track from Rees Pikirakatahi River 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place Ben Avon Hut Dingle Burn Hut Visitor impacts; Backcountry; valley erosion walking track accessed from Lake Hāwea or Ahuriri River, not available overnight Buster Mt Buster, Complex of sluice Visitor impacts Backcountry; Diggings Kyeburn, workings, water (vehicles); erosion Mt Buster Road accessed Oteake races and huts from Little Kyeburn Road or Conservation from Naseby Park 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Arrowtown Arrowtown Ah Wak’s Toilet, Ah Visitor impacts; natural Icon; walking access from Chinese Lum’s Store, Kong decay; erosion; Buckingham St road end, Settlement Lum’s Hut, Old vegetation; Arrowtown Historic Tom’s Hut, Kong disasters (surface Reserve Kai’s Hut, Rock flooding, building geo- Shelter, End Hut movement) Arrowtown Arrowtown Arrowtown Powder Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; corner Powder Magazine (stone decay (foundation Malaghans Road and Magazine building) instability); erosion; Arrowtown–Lake Hayes disasters Road, Arrowtown Bobs Cove Bobs Cove, Lime kiln ruins, Visitor impacts; Gateway; accessible via foot Recreation Lake building ruins erosion; vegetation; track from Glenorchy Reserve Wakatipu natural decay; disasters Queenstown Road, Bobs (Whakatipu- Cove wai-māori) Diamond Motatapu Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Lake/ River, disasters; erosion accessible via Wanaka–Mt Hospital Flat Diamond Lake Aspiring Road, Lake (Wanaka) Wanaka Conservation Area Invincible Invincible Concentrator, Visitor impacts (wheel Local Treasure; walking Mine Historic River, Rees Invincible berdans, hub dropping); erosion; track through pastoral lease Reserve Valley stamper battery, disasters easement, Rees Valley Road, overshot Glenorchy waterwheel

256 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Place Location Heritage topics Pressure/threats Destination manage-ment and significance category/access Macetown Macetown, Needham’s Visitor impacts Local Treasure; Historic Arrow River Cottage, Smith’s (vehicles and 4WD or walking access via Reserve Bakery, Anderson vandalism); vegetation Soho Creek and Arrow including stamper battery, (wilding trees and Rivers, Arrowtown Homeward Homeward Bound weeds); disaster Bound stamper battery, (building geo- historic trees, movement, fire) alluvial and reef gold mining Mill Creek Kinloch, Lake Roadman’s hut Visitor impacts; Not currently managed as a Roadmans Wakatipu vegetation visitor access; Greenstone Hut (Whakatipu- (overhanging trees) Station Road, Kinloch wai-māori) Sam Sumners Twelve Mile Sam Sumners Hut Visitor impacts Local Treasure; Hut Creek, Lake (fossicking); vegetation accessible via Twelve Mile Wakatipu (tree fall); disasters (fire Creek walking track off (Whakatipu- risk from campers); Glenorchy–Queenstown wai-māori) erosion Road. Skippers Skippers, Homestead Visitor impacts Gateway; township— Shotover building, school (vehicles); vegetation accessible via Skippers Road School and River building, graves, (wilding trees); Homestead Murphys Creek disasters (building geo- siphon, sluice movement and fire); workings, water natural decay races Skippers/Mt Skippers/ Copper Creek Visitor impacts Backcountry; Aurum— Bullendale, stamper battery, (vehicles); vegetation accessible via Skippers includes Shotover Crystal stamper (wilding trees); Road, foot access to Bullendale River battery, Crystal hut, disasters (Murdoch Bullendale Nugget stamper Creek flooding at battery, McLeod’s Bullendale) hut, Bullendale power generation site, Skippers Generator House, Priest’s Hut— McLeods/Skippers Whakaari Glenorchy, Scheelite Battery, Visitor impacts; Local Treasure, Conservation Lake Scheelite Battery disasters (fire); erosion Backcountry; Area Wakatipu Manager’s House, walking/horse/ (Whakatipu- Bonnie Jean Hut, mountain bike access wai-māori) Boozer Hut, State through Wyuna Station Mine and hut, easement, accessible via Wallers Hut, Mount Judah Road, Wyuna, McIntosh Hut, Glenorchy McIntyres Hut 2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place Deep Creek Cardrona Hut Visitor impacts; Backcountry; Hut Cromwell animals (stock grazing) accessible from Cardrona pack track, Cromwell pack track from Pisa either Lowburn, Cardrona or Conservation Ripponvale Area

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 257 Place Location Heritage topics Pressure/threats Destination manage-ment and significance category/access Kawarau Gibbston, Suspension bridge Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure Suspension Kawarau River decay (weathering of Bridge timbers); disasters Lindis Hotel/ Nine Mile Building ruins Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; Nine Mile Historic (stone buildings) decay (stone wall Goodger Flat accessed via Reserve, collapse, weather (frost Lindis Pass Tarras Road Lindis River and heave); erosion Lonely Graves Millers Flat, Graves Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; Historic Clutha River/ decay Millers Flat Beaumont Road Reserve Mata-Au Rum Curries Gibbston, Stone building Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Hut Kawarau River (former stables & erosion; natural decay Rafters Road off Gibbston rabbiter’s hut) Highway, Kawarau River Serpentine Near Church, huts (3), Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; Scenic Manorburn stamper battery and decay accessible via Serpentine Reserve Reservoir, waterwheel Road, Rough Ridge Alexandra 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place Alpine Kopuwai Stamper battery, Visitor impacts; natural Backcountry; Stamper Conservation gold mining decay accessible via Symes Road, Battery Area, Old Man Fruitlands, Alexandra Range/Kopuw ai Gorge Creek Gorge Creek, Miners’ memorial Visitor impacts Local Treasure; Recreation Lake and grave Fruitlands Roxburgh Road Reserve Roxburgh (Chamonix) Mitchell’s Fruitlands, Complex of stone Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; Cottage Alexandra buildings decay Symes Road off Fruitlands Roxburgh Road Young Carrick Range Overshot Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Australian waterwheel erosion Duffer Saddle Road via Waterwheel Bannockburn 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place Aldinga Conroys Alluvial gold Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Conservation Gully, mining, hut site vegetation; land use; access via Conroys Gully Area/ Alexandra ruins erosion; animals Road, Alexandra Illustrious Energy Alexandra Centennial Government Natural decay Local Treasure; Courthouse Avenue, services building Tarbert Road Alexandra Bannockburn Bannockburn, Hut site ruins Visitor impacts; Gateway; Sluicings Cromwell (Stewart town), disaster (stone access via Felton Road or Historic sluice workings, collapse); erosion (of Hall Road, Bannockburn Reserve stacked stone sluice face); vegetation reservoir (Menzies dam) Bendigo Bendigo Building ruins, Visitor impacts Gateway; Historic mine shafts, Come (vehicles); vegetation; Loop Road, Tarras Reserve, Lake in Time battery, erosion

258 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Place Location Heritage topics Pressure/threats Destination manage-ment and significance category/access Dunstan tracks and races, Bendigo Bakehouse Earnscleugh Alexandra Dredge tailings and Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Dredge ponds erosion; vegetation Marshall Road, Alexandra Tailings Golden Point Macraes Operable stamper Visitor impacts; natural Local Treasure; Historic battery, battery decay; disaster accessible via Golden Point Reserve building, Callery’s Road from Macraes house, Hughie Fraser’s hut, Ned’s hut, sod hut, Huntington mill Golden Oturehua, Miners cottage Visitor impacts; natural Icon; Reef Road, off Ida Progress Mine adjacent to decay Valley Road Otago Central Rail Trail Otago Central Middlemarch Railway route, Visitor impacts; natural Icon; Rail Trail to Clyde Wedderburn decay various access points station building and goods shed, tunnels, bridges Quartz Reef Quartz Reef Herringbone Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Point Historic Creek, tailings erosion Tarras Cromwell Road, Lake Reserve Cromwell Dunstan St Bathans St Bathans Blacksmith Visitor impacts; natural Gateway; historic township building (stone decay Loop Road, St Bathans buildings cottage), gold office, post office, public hall 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place Gabriels Gully Gabriels Sluice workings, Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; Historic Gully, reservoirs and vegetation; land use accessible via Gabriels Gully Reserve Lawrence water races (Department work Road from Lawrence programmes); erosion Huriawa Pā Karitāne Pā site, Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; archaeological sites, erosion; disasters accessible by foot from whaling site Sulisker Street end, Karitāne Katiki Point Katiki Point Pā site, Visitor impacts; Local Treasure; archaeological sites erosion; disasters walking access from Lighthouse Road end, Moeraki Otago Pioneer Lake Canton stamper Visitor impacts; natural Backcountry; Quartz Mahinerangi, battery decay; vegetation Pioneer Stream accessed via Reserve Waipori Mitchells Flat Road from Waipori Falls Road from Berwick or Lawrence Sir John Puketapu, Memorial Natural decay (loss of Local Treasure; McKenzie Palmerston structural integrity; walking track accessed from Memorial visitor impacts; Stour Street, Palmerston Historic vegetation Reserve (Puketapu)

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 259 Appendix 11

Icon and Gateway destinations in Otago This list has been taken from the Department’s national list of destinations managed as part of destination management as at July 2013. The list is accurate as at the date of approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Note 1: Local Treasure and Backcountry destinations are not included in this table. They are addressed in Parts One and Two of this CMS. Where specified, these destination types are accurate as at the time of CMS approval, and may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS. Note 2: Appendix 15 lists all publicly available huts on public conservation lands and/or managed by the Department within Otago.

Icon destinations Routeburn Track 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Arrowtown Chinese Settlement Historic 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Reserve Rākaihautū Place Otago Central Rail Trail 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place Taiaroa Head (Pukekura) 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place Nugget Point/Tokatā 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place Gateway destinations Rees/Dart Track 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Matukituki River West Branch tracks 2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Kidds Bush 2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place Greenstone/Caples tracks 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place Skippers 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place Twelve Mile Delta Recreation Reserve 2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place Bannockburn 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place Bendigo 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place St Bathans 2.6 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place Sandymount Recreation Reserve tracks 2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place Papatowai 2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place

260 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 12

Prescriptions for the management of visitor management zones Otago Refer to Volume II for maps of visitor management zones in Otago.

Conservation Setting Urban Rural Frontcountry Backcountry— Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in General  Areas inside or  Remnant  Where the majority of  Large-scale natural  Catchments  Gazetted description on the indigenous forest, visits occur; typically settings generally beyond the wilderness

Management periphery of wetlands, marine small areas, scattered accessed first backcountry urban areas reserves and within or on the through zone, forming the  Typically historic or cultural periphery of large, frontcountry wild lands in the includes a sites in areas relatively natural areas  Includes popular interior of large historic or dominated by  Includes the vicinity of walks and tramps protected areas, Strategy cultural site farmland and main ‘scenic’ roads set within large- with basic low- plantation forest passing through scale natural use tracks, marked routes

2016 public conservation settings and/or that lands access other settings and huts

 Often focused on a particular attraction Accessibility  Enabled for  Typically via  Readily accessible  People will have  Typically 5 or  Typically people of most sealed and areas, usually via travelled some more hours requires ages and unsealed roads, sealed roads, or distance to reach travel on foot passing abilities and in some cases scheduled ferry or air these settings from through by boat services  Backcountry frontcountry backcountry  Enabled for people  Mostly by car, but also accessible focuses  Access and remote of most ages or tour buses and guided on unsealed roads, supported by air areas to reach abilities parties to some sites four-wheel drive or watercraft in the boundary  Enabled for people of roads, navigable some areas most ages and waters and aircraft abilities landing sites  Motorised ground access generally restricted to roads and designated 261

262 Setting Urban Rural Frontcountry Backcountry— Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in routes  Backcountry walk-in is focused beyond Otago the influence of motorised access Conservation Predominant  Short-stop  Short-stop  Predominantly short-  Predominantly  ‘Backcountry  ‘Remoteness visitor groups travellers and travellers, day stop travellers, day ‘backcountry adventurers and seekers’ day visitors visitors and over- visitors and over- comfort seekers’ and remoteness nighters nighters ‘backcountry seekers’

Management  Other visitors in adventurers’ transition to backcountry and remote settings

Strategy Predominant  Icon, Gateway  Icon, Gateway and  Icon, Gateway and  Predominately Icon,  Predominately  If present, destination and Local Local Treasure Local Treasure Gateway and Local Backcountry Backcountry categories Treasure Treasure 2016 Facility setting  High-standard  Short walks,  Good-quality facilities  A range of facility  Basic huts,  No facilities footpaths, campsites and and services, and easy standards, including bridges, low-use cycleways and picnic areas, for a access any designated tracks and modified range of ages and  Sometimes the origin vehicle routes, and marked routes landscapes abilities for tramping tracks popular walks and  Evidence of  High degree of  High degree of and routes, with signs tramping tracks control is limited control via control via and information to  Evidence of control to essential signs information information and make this transition limited to essential and direction direction signs, clear directional signs signs, and and barriers  High degree of and barriers on barriers control via Great Walks, and information and where there are direction signs, and significant hazards barriers Desired visitor  Varying, from activities with large groups, time with small  Generally some time  Reasonable  Complete experience and groups/families, some time away from other groups and, in some away from other expectation of isolation from interactions cases, solitude groups and, in some isolation from sights, sounds cases, solitude sights, sounds and activities

Setting Urban Rural Frontcountry Backcountry— Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in  Occasional and activities of of other people encounters with other people  Maximum organised groups  Interaction with interaction with Otago  Generally accepting few other groups only one other of occasional  Considerable group is Conservation intrusion of noise self-reliance on generally backcountry acceptable skills Preferred  What is  50  15  15  8  6 Management maximum socially  Conforming  50 for periodic party size appropriate concessions tour parties  Conforming schedule—15  Conforming concessions concessions

Strategy schedule—15 schedule—15 Typical visitor  What is  20 or fewer people  30 or fewer people  15 or fewer people  One other party  Less than one interaction socially seen per hour seen per visit seen per day for seen per day other party 2016 levels appropriate duration ‘backcountry seen per week

adventurer’ tracks  40 or fewer people seen per day for ‘backcountry ‘comfort seeker’ tracks Concessions  Concessionaire activity may be permitted in all these visitor management zones, subject to conditions to avoid, remedy  Concessions operations or mitigate adverse effects, including compliance with criteria within this table; the outcomes and policies for Part are rare and Two—Places and policies in Part Three apply only where  Concessionaire client activities should not be advantaged or disadvantaged compared with those for non- activity is not concessionaire visitors, unless there is a specified reason for different management; the outcomes and policies for Part contrary to Two—Places and policies in Part Three apply policies for wilderness areas Preferred  Avoid, remedy or mitigate adverse  Avoid or mitigate  Avoid adverse effects  Avoid adverse concessions effects adverse effects effects effects  Concessions management must 263

264 Setting Urban Rural Frontcountry Backcountry— Remote Wilderness accessible and walk-in demonstrate the activity is necessary or

Otago desirable for the

Conservation preservation of the wilderness area’s indigenous natural Management resources Aircraft  Aircraft access for visitor use purpose should not be approved other than in accordance with Policies 3.6.1–3.6.9  Aircraft access management (Aircraft) in Part Three and the outcomes and policies in Part Two—Places for visitor use purpose must Strategy be necessary or desirable for the 2016 preservation of the wilderness area’s indigenous natural resources.

Appendix 13

Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 provisions relating to Otago 13.1 Tōpuni statements

13.1.1 Tōpuni for Matakaea (Shag Point) (Schedule 83)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Matakaea Recreation Reserve and Onewhenua Historic Reserve, as shown on Allocation Plan MS 9 (SO 24686).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Matakaea (Shag Point), as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Matakaea (Shag Point) The name “Matakaea” recalls the tradition of the Arai Te Uru canoe, which capsized off Moeraki. From Moeraki, the crew managed to swim ashore, leaving the cargo to be taken ashore by the waves. The crew members fled inland and were transformed into the mountains which form the Southern Alps. The Arai Te Uru tradition is also important because it explains the origins of kūmara. The story originally began with Roko i Tua who came to Aotearoa and met the Kāhui Tipua. The Kāhui Tipua gave Roko i Tua mamaku (tree fern) to eat. However Roko i Tua preferred the kūmara that he had in his belt which he took out and soaked in a bowl of water. The Kāhui Tipua tasted the kūmara and asked where it was from. Roko i Tua replied saying that the kūmara came from “across the sea”. The Kāhui Tipua then made a canoe and, under the leadership of Tū Kākāriki, went to Hawaiiki and returned with the kūmara to Aotearoa. The Kāhui Tipua planted the kūmara but the crop failed. However Roko i Tua had also sailed to Hawaiiki on the canoe called Arai Te Uru. Roko i Tua landed at Whangarā, Hawaiiki, and learnt the karakia (incantations) and tikanga (customs) connected with planting kūmara. Roko i Tua then gave his canoe to two crew members called Pakihiwitahi and Hape ki Tua Raki. The Arai Te Uru returned under the leadership of these two commanders and eventually foundered off the Moeraki Coast at Matakaea. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as this represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events which shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. The Matakaea area has been occupied for many centuries and is the site of numerous urupā and wāhi tapu. Urupā are the resting places of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna (ancestors) and, as such, are the focus for whānau traditions. Urupā and wāhi tapu are places holding the memories, traditions, victories and defeats of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna, and are frequently protected by secret locations. The mauri of Matakaea represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the area.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 265 Specific Principles Relating to Area (from Attachment 12.138 of the Deed of Settlement 1997) The following specific principals are directed at the Minister of Conservation avoiding harm to, or the diminishing of, the Ngāi Tahu Values relating to the Tōpuni: a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu association with Matakaea; b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu association with Matakaea; and c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga including archaeological sites.

Actions by the Director-General of Conservation in relation to the Specific Principles Pursuant to clause 12.5.10 of the Deed of Settlement, the Director-General has determined that the following actions will be taken by the Department of Conservation in relation to the specific principles: (a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu’s association with Matakaea (i) Staff, conservation board members, concessionaires and the public will be provided with information about the Ngāi Tahu values and the existence of the Tōpuni over Matakaea; (ii) Educational material will be made available to visitors to Matakaea asking that they picnic only in designated areas as there are urupā in the reserve which are tapu to Ngāi Tahu. (iii) A review of conditions to be applied generally to new concessions will be undertaken; (iv) The removal of all rubbish and wastes from Matakaea will be encouraged; (v) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it disposes of waste, particularly human waste, in a way that minimises the risk of contamination of waterways; and (vi) Te Rūnanga will be consulted about the siting and design of new huts or other buildings, and particular regard had to its views. (b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu’s association with Matakaea (i) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable that Ngāi Tahu’s association with Matakaea is accurately portrayed in all of its new public information and interpretative material; and (ii) The Department will consult with Te Rūnanga in the provision of its new public information or interpretative material, and as far as reasonably practicable will only use Ngāi Tahu cultural information with the consent of Te Rūnanga. (c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, including archaeological sites (i) Significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation will be avoided wherever possible; and (ii) Where significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation cannot be avoided, Te Rūnanga will be consulted and particular regard will be had to its relevant policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites.

266 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13.1.2 Tōpuni for Maukaatua Scenic Reserve (Schedule 84)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Maukaatua located west of the Taieri Plains, as shown on Allocation Plan MS 23 (SO 24679).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Maukaatua, as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Maukaatua Maukaatua is an ancient name brought to Te Wai Pounamu from distant homelands, and is one of a number of Māori place names that reappear in a recognisably similar form throughout the Pacific Islands and into Indonesia. The name thus serves as a reminder of the links between Ngāi Tahu and their whānaunga of Te Moana Nui a Kiwa (The Great Ocean of Kiwa—the Pacific Ocean). Maukaatua stands guard over the interior of Otago and is a dominant feature, visible from many vantage points. Travellers by sea, along the Lower Taieri, travelling inland either side of Maukaatua or returning to the coast from inland could not escape the gaze of Maukaatua. The maunga (mountain) is imbued with spiritual qualities that were respected by the tūpuna (ancestors). The maunga was likened to a sleeping giant and was said to be the source of strange noises in particular winds or climatic conditions. Maukaatua once sheltered kāinga (villages) within close proximity of its base, including one based at Whakaraupuka. The tūpuna had considerable knowledge of places for gathering kai and other taonga, ways in which to use the resources of the land, the relationship of people with the land and their dependence on it, and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. An urupā (burial site) is known to be located on the north shoulder of Maukaatua. Urupā are the resting places of Ngāi Tahu tūpuna and, as such, are the focus for whānau traditions. These are places holding the memories, traditions, victories and defeats of our tūpuna, and are frequently protected by secret locations. Te Rūnanga Ōtākou has manawhenua (tribal authority over land) and carries the responsibilities of kaitiaki in relation to it. The Rūnanga is represented by the tribal structure, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The mauri of Maukaatua represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the land. Specific Principles Relating to Area (from Attachment 12.142 of the Deed of Settlement 1997) The following specific principals are directed at the Minister of Conservation avoiding harm to, or the diminishing of, the Ngāi Tahu Values relating to the Tōpuni: a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu association with Maukaatua; b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu association with Maukaatua; and c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga including archaeological sites.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 267 Actions by the Director-General of Conservation in relation to the Specific Principles Pursuant to clause 12.5.10 of the Deed of Settlement, the Director-General has determined that the following actions will be taken by the Department of Conservation in relation to the specific principles: (a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu’s association with Maukaatua (i) Staff, conservation board members, concessionaires and the public will be provided with information about the Ngāi Tahu values and the existence of the Tōpuni over Maukaatua; (ii) A review of conditions to be applied generally to new concessions will be undertaken; (iii) The removal of all rubbish and wastes from Maukaatua will be encouraged; (iv) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it disposes of waste, particularly human waste, in a way that minimises the risk of contamination of waterways; and (v) Te Rūnanga will be consulted about the siting and design of new huts or other buildings, and particular regard had to its views. (b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu’s association with Maukaatua (i) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable that Ngāi Tahu’s association with Maukaatua is accurately portrayed in all of its new public information and interpretative material; and (ii) The Department will consult with Te Rūnanga in the provision of its new public information or interpretative material, and as far as reasonably practicable will only use Ngāi Tahu cultural information with the consent of Te Rūnanga. (c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, including archaeological sites (i) Significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation will be avoided wherever possible; and (ii) Where significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation cannot be avoided, Te Rūnanga will be consulted and particular regard will be had to its relevant policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites.

268 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13.1.3 Tōpuni for Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) (Schedule 87)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) as shown on Allocation Plan MS 4 (SO 24666).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw), as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw) The creation of Pikirakatahi (Mt Earnslaw) relates in time to Te Waka o Aoraki, and the efforts of Tū Te Rakiwhānoa. It is said that during its formation a wedge of pounamu was inserted into this mountain, which is the highest and most prominent peak in this block of mountains. The mountain is also linked to the travels of Rakaihautu, who dug out the great lakes of the interior with his kō (a tool similar to a spade), known as Tū Whakaroria and later renamed Tuhiraki at the conclusion of the expedition. The origins of the name “Pikirakatahi” have been lost, but it is known that many places and physical features have more than one name, reflecting the traditions of the successive iwi who peopled the land. It is, however, likely that the name relates to Rakaihautu or subsequent people, as most of the prominent lakes, rivers and mountains of the interior take their name from the journey of Rakaihautu. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as this represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events which shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. Pikirakatahi was of crucial significance to the many generations that journeyed to that end of Whakatipu-wai-māori (Lake Wakatipu) and beyond. Staging camps for the retrieval of pounamu were located at the base of the mountain, while semi-permanent settlements related to the pounamu trade were located closer to the lake. Pikirakatahi stands as kaitiaki (guardian) over the pounamu resource and marks the end of a trail, with the tohu (marker) to the pounamu resource sitting opposite on Koroka (Cosmos Peak). The tūpuna (ancestors) had considerable knowledge of whakapapa, traditional trails, places for gathering kai (food) and other taonga, ways in which to use the resources of the land, the relationship of people with the land and their dependence on it, and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. The retrieval of large amounts of pounamu from this source, so far inland and over a range of physical barriers, attests to the importance of this resource to the economy and customs of the iwi over many generations. The people would also gather native birds for kai, and firewood with which to cook and provide warmth, from the forests covering the lower flanks of Pikirakatahi. Strategic marriages between hapū strengthened the kupenga (net) of whakapapa and thus rights to use the resources of the mountain. It is because of these patterns of activity that Pikirakatahi continues to be important to rūnanga located in Otago, Murihiku and beyond. These rūnanga carry the responsibilities of kaitiaki in relation to the area, and are represented by the tribal structure, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The mauri of Pikirakatahi represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with Pikirakatahi.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 269 Specific Principles Relating to Area (from Attachment 12.135 of the Deed of Settlement 1997) The following specific principals are directed at the Minister of Conservation avoiding harm to, or the diminishing of, the Ngāi Tahu Values relating to the Tōpuni: a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu association with Pikirakatahi; b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu association with Pikirakatahi; and c) Recognition of Ngai Tahu relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga including archaeological sites.

Actions by the Director-General of Conservation in relation to the Specific Principles Pursuant to clause 11.12.9 of the Deed of Settlement, the Director-General has determined that the following actions will be taken by the Department of Conservation in relation to the specific principles: (a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu’s association with Tititea (i) Staff, conservation board members, concessionaires and the public will be provided with information about the Ngāi Tahu values and the existence of the Tōpuni over Pikirakatahi; (ii) A review of conditions to be applied generally to new concessions will be undertaken; (iii) The removal of all rubbish and wastes from Pikirakatahi will be encouraged; (iv) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it disposes of waste, particularly human waste, in a way that minimises the risk of contamination of waterways; and (v) Te Rūnanga will be consulted about the siting and design of new huts or other buildings, and particular regard had to its views. (b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu’s association with Tititea (i) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable that Ngāi Tahu’s association with Pikirakatahi is accurately portrayed in all of its new public information and interpretative material; and (ii) The Department will consult with Te Rūnanga in the provision of its new public information or interpretative material, and as far as reasonably practicable will only use Ngāi Tahu cultural information with the consent of Te Rūnanga. (c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, including archaeological sites (i) Significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation will be avoided wherever possible; and (ii) Where significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation cannot be avoided, Te Rūnanga will be consulted and particular regard will be had to its relevant policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites.

270 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13.1.4 Tōpuni for Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) (Schedule 91)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as the Dart/Slipstream Special Area as shown on Allocation Plan MS 306 (SO 24707).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream), as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream) The creation of Te Koroka relates in time to Te Waka o Aoraki, and the efforts of Tū Te Rakiwhānoa. The area is also linked to the travels of Rakaihautu, who dug out the great lakes of the interior with his kō (digging stick), known as Tū Whakaroria and renamed Tuhiraki at the conclusion of the expedition. The actual slip from which the pounamu is gathered is known as Te Horo. The name of the mountain where the pounamu vein occurs is Koroka (or Koloka). When viewed from the right vantage point, Koroka resembles a reclining giant, the pounamu exiting the mountain, in fact, from the mouth of the giant. Captain Cook's men were informed while moored in Dusky Sound, of the giant in the interior that emits pounamu from his mouth. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as these represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events which shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. Te Koroka area itself represented the end of a trail. Staging camps for the retrieval of pounamu were located at the base of the mountain, with semi-permanent settlements located closer to the lake. The tūpuna (ancestors) had considerable knowledge of whakapapa, traditional trails, places for gathering kai (food) and other taonga, ways in which to use the resources of the land, the relationship of people with the land and their dependence on it, and tikanga for the proper and sustainable utilisation of resources. All of these values remain important to Ngāi Tahu today. The retrieval of large amounts of pounamu from this source, so far inland and over a range of physical barriers, attests to the importance of this resource to the economy and customs of the iwi over many generations. Pounamu transported back to coastal settlements was fashioned into tools, ornaments and weapons. The types of pounamu gathered were inaka and koko-takiwai. Strategic marriages between hapū strengthened the kupenga (net) of whakapapa and thus rights to access the pounamu resource. It is because of these patterns of activity that Te Koroka continues to be important to rūnanga located in Otago, Murihiku and beyond. These rūnanga carry the responsibilities of kaitiaki in relation to the area, and are represented by the tribal structure, Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. The actual area from which pounamu was collected is now, and was in traditional times, under a tapu until an appropriate karakia (incantation) and ceremony was performed to permit access and retrieval of a taonga that was of the highest value to iwi. The area is largely unmodified since it was last visited by the ancestors and is a taonga to be treasured. Periodic storms reveal, on the slopes below the “collection” site, large boulders of pounamu, brought to the surface through raging torrents of water rushing down the maunga (mountain). The mauri of Te Koroka represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with Te Koroka.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 271 Specific Principles Relating to Area (from Attachment 12.131 of the Deed of Settlement 1997) The following specific principals are directed at the Minister of Conservation avoiding harm to, or the diminishing of, the Ngāi Tahu Values relating to the Tōpuni: a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu association with Te Koroka; b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu association with Te Koroka; c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga including archaeological sites; and d) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with pounamu resource, as given effect through Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997.

Actions by the Director-General of Conservation in relation to the Specific Principles Pursuant to clause 12.5.10 of the Deed of Settlement, the Director-General has determined that the following actions will be taken by the Department of Conservation in relation to the specific principles: (a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu’s association with Te Koroka (i) The Department will issue permits for entry in consultation with Te Rūnanga; (ii) The Department will review conditions of new permits in consultation with Te Rūnanga; (iii) The Department will consult with to Rūnanga if any applications for concessions are received; (iv) The removal of all rubbish and wastes from Te Koroka will be encouraged; (v) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it disposes of waste, particularly human waste, in a way that minimises the risk of contamination of waterways; and (vi) Te Rūnanga will consult about the siting and design of any new huts or other buildings, and particular regard had to its views. (b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu’s association with Te Koroka (i) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable that Ngāi Tahu’s association with Te Koroka is accurately portrayed in all of its new public information and interpretative material; and (ii) The Department will consult with Te Rūnanga in the provision of its new public information or interpretative material, and as far as reasonably practicable will only use Ngāi Tahu cultural information with the consent of Te Rūnanga. (c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, including archaeological sites (i) Significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation will be avoided wherever possible; and (ii) Where significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation cannot be avoided, Te Rūnanga will be consulted and particular regard will be had to its relevant policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites. (d) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with the pounamu resource, as given effect through the Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997 (i) Discourage unauthorised access to the area consistent with its status as a Special Area.

272 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13.1.5 Tōpuni for Tititea (Mount Aspiring) (Schedule 92)

Description of area The area over which the Tōpuni is created is the area known as Tititea (Mount Aspiring) as shown on Allocation Plan MS 2 (SO 24665).

Preamble Under section 239 (clause 12.5.3 of the deed of settlement), the Crown acknowledges Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu's statement of Ngāi Tahu's cultural, spiritual, historic, and traditional values relating to Tititea, as set out below.

Ngāi Tahu values relating to Tititea (Mount Aspiring) As with all principal maunga (mountains), Tititea is imbued with the spiritual elements of Raki and Papa, in tradition and practice regarded as an important link to the primeval parents. Tititea is a prominent and majestic peak, clearly visible from a number of vantage points in the south, and its role in Ngāi Tahu's creation stories gives rise to its tapu status. From the heights above Te Ana-au (Lake Te Anau), it is a particularly impressive sight when the sun is setting. The most common Ngāi Tahu name for the mountain known to Pākehā as Mount Aspiring is Tititea, referring to the mountain's white peak. It is not unusual, however, for places and physical features to have more than one name, reflecting the traditions of the successive iwi who peopled the land. Other names for the mountain include “Mākahi Tā Rakiwhānoa” (referring to a wedge belonging to Tū Te Rakiwhānoa) and “Ōtapahu”, which may refer to a type of dogskin cloak. The Bonar Glacier is known as Hukairoroa Tā Parekiore (which refers to the long, hard glacial ice and crevasses formed by Parekiore). Parekiore was a giant who used to stalk up and down the South and North Islands taking tītī (muttonbirds) northwards and returning with kūmara. The lakes represent his footprints and the frozen splashes from his footsteps in the south were transformed into glaciers. For Ngāi Tahu, traditions such as this represent the links between the cosmological world of the gods and present generations, these histories reinforce tribal identity and solidarity, and continuity between generations, and document the events which shaped the environment of Te Wai Pounamu and Ngāi Tahu as an iwi. The area was an integral part of a network of trails which were used in order to ensure the safest journey and incorporated locations along the way that were identified for activities including camping overnight and gathering kai. Knowledge of these trails continues to be held by whānau and hapū and is regarded as a taonga. The traditional mobile lifestyle of the people led to their dependence on the resources of the land. The mauri of Tititea represents the essence that binds the physical and spiritual elements of all things together, generating and upholding all life. All elements of the natural environment possess a life force, and all forms of life are related. Mauri is a critical element of the spiritual relationship of Ngāi Tahu Whānui with the area. Specific Principles Relating to Area (from Attachment 12.133 of the Deed of Settlement 1997) The following specific principals are directed at the Minister of Conservation avoiding harm to, or the diminishing of, the Ngāi Tahu Values relating to the Tōpuni: a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu association with Tititea; b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu association with Tititea; and c) Recognition of Ngai Tahu relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga including archaeological sites.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 273 Actions by the Director-General of Conservation in relation to the Specific Principles Pursuant to clause 12.5.10 of the Deed of Settlement, the Director-General has determined that the following actions will be taken by the Department of Conservation in relation to the specific principles: (a) Encouragement of respect for Ngāi Tahu’s association with Tititea (i) Staff, conservation board members, concessionaires and the public will be provided with information about the Ngāi Tahu values and the existence of the Tōpuni over Tititea; (ii) Educational material will be made available to climbers and all climbing guides explaining that, to Ngāi Tahu, standing on the very top of the mountain denigrates its tapu status. (iii) A review of conditions to be applied generally to new concessions will be undertaken; (iv) The removal of all rubbish and wastes from Tititea will be encouraged; (v) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it disposes of waste, particularly human waste, in a way that minimises the risk of contamination of waterways; and (vi) Te Rūnanga will be consulted about the siting and design of new huts or other buildings, and particular regard had to its views. (b) Accurate portrayal of Ngāi Tahu’s association with Tititea (i) The Department will ensure, as far as reasonably practicable that Ngāi Tahu’s association with Tititea is accurately portrayed in all of its new public information and interpretative material; and (ii) The Department will consult with Te Rūnanga in the provision of its new public information or interpretative material, and as far as reasonably practicable will only use Ngāi Tahu cultural information with the consent of Te Rūnanga. (c) Recognition of Ngāi Tahu’s relationship with wāhi tapu and wāhi taonga, including archaeological sites (i) Significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation will be avoided wherever possible; and (ii) Where significant earthworks and disturbances of soil and/or vegetation cannot be avoided, Te Rūnanga will be consulted and particular regard will be had to its relevant policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites.

274 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 13.2 Deed of Recognition sites that include public conservation land and waters

 Pikirakatahi (Mt Earnslaw) (Schedule 51)  Tititea (Mt Aspiring) (Schedule 62)  Matakaea (Shag Point) (Schedule 41)  Tokatā (Nugget Point) (Schedule 64)  Waihola-Waipori Wetland (Schedule 70)

13.3 Nohoanga entitlements on public conservation lands and waters

Site number Waterway Site 28 Lake Hāwea Lake Hāwea western shore 30 Lake Wakatipu Wye Creek 31 Lake Wanaka Dublin Bay 32 Lake Wanaka Waterfall Creek 33 Clutha River/Mata-Au lower Clutha - Kaitangata 34 Clutha River/Mata-Au lower Clutha – Te Kōwhai/Beaumont Bridge 35 Shotover River Tuckers Beach 36 Shotover River Maori Point 37 Taieri River Loganburn 38 Taieri River Taieri River off Murray Road 39 Taieri River Paerau Reservoir 40 Clutha River/Mata-Au upper Clutha - Clutha River Island 42 Waianakarua River Glencoe Reserve

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 275 13.4 Taonga species list as per Schedules 97 and 98 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998

Taonga species: Birds Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Hoiho Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes Kāhu Australasian harrier Circus approximans Kākā South Island kākā Nestor meridionalis meridionalis Kākāriki New Zealand parakeet Cyanoramphus spp Kakaruai South Island robin Petroica australis australis Kakī Black stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae Kāmana Crested grebe Podiceps cristatus Kārearea New Zealand falcon Falco novaeseelandiae Karoro Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus Kea Kea Nestor notabilis Kōau Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius varius Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos brevirostris Koekoeā Long-tailed cuckoo Eudynamys taitensis Kōparapara or Korimako Bellbird Anthornis melanura melanura Kororā Little penguin Eudyptula minor Kōtare Kingfisher Halcyon sancta Kōtuku White heron Egretta alba Kōwhiowhio Blue duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos Kūaka Bar-tailed godwit Limosa lapponica Kūkupa/Kererū New Zealand wood pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae Kuruwhengu/Kuruwhengi New Zealand shoveller Anas rhynchotis Matuku moana Reef heron Egretta sacra Miromiro South Island tomtit Petroica macrocephala macrocephala Mohua Yellowhead Mohoua ochrocephala Pākura/Pūkeko Swamp hen/Pūkeko Porphyrio porphyrio Pārera Grey duck Anas superciliosa Pīhoihoi New Zealand pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Pīpīwharauroa Shining cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus Pīwakawaka South Island fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa fuliginosa Poaka Pied stilt Himantopus himantopus Pūtakitaki Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata Riroriro Grey warbler Gerygone igata Roroa Great spotted kiwi Apteryx haastii Ruru koukou Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae Tara Terns Sterna spp Tete Grey teal Anas gracilis Tītī Sooty shearwater/ Puffinus griseus and Puffinus huttoni and Muttonbird/Hutton's Pelecanoides urinatrix and Pelecanoides shearwater georgicus and Procellaria westlandica

276 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Common diving petrel and Pachyptila turtur and Pachyptila Westland petrel vittata and Pelagodroma marina and Fairy prion Pterodroma cookii and Pterodroma Broad-billed prion inexpectata White-faced storm petrel Cook's petrel Mottled petrel Tītitipounamu South Island rifleman Acanthisitta chloris chloris Toroa Albatrosses and Mollymawks Diomedea spp Tūī Tūī Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae Weka Western weka Gallirallus australis australis Weka Buff weka Gallirallus australis hectori

Taonga species: Plants Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Akatorotoro White rātā Metrosideros perforata Aruhe Fernroot (bracken) Pteridium aquilinum var esculentum Harakeke Flax Phormium tenax Horoeka Lancewood Pseudopanax crassifolius Houhi Mountain ribbonwood Hoheria lyalli and H. glabata Kahikatea Kahikatea/White pine Dacrycarpus dacrydioides Kāmahi Kāmahi Weinmannia racemosa Kānuka Kānuka Kunzea ericoides Kāpuka Broadleaf Griselinia littoralis Karaeopirita Supplejack Ripogonum scandens Karaka New Zealand laurel/Karaka Corynocarpus laevigata Karamū Coprosma Coprosma coprosma lucida, coprosma foetidissima Kātote Tree fern Cyathea smithii Kiekie Kiekie Freycinetia baueriana subsp banksii Kōhia NZ Passionfruit Passiflora tetranda Korokio Korokio Wire-netting bush Corokia cotoneaster Koromiko/Kōkōmuka Koromiko Hebe salicfolia Kōtukutuku Tree fuchsia Fuchsia excorticata Kōwahi Kōhai Kōwhai Sophora microphylla Mamaku Tree fern Cyathea medullaris Mānia Sedge Carex flagellifera Mānuka Kahikātoa Tea-tree Leptospermum scoparium Māpou Red matipo Myrsine australis Mataī Mataī/Black pine Prumnopitys taxifolia Miro Miro/Brown pine Podocarpus ferrugineus Ngāio Ngāio Myoporum laetum Nīkau New Zealand palm Rhopalostylis sapida Pānako (Species of fern) Asplenium obtusatum Pānako (Species of fern) Botrychium australe and B. biforme Pātōtara Dwarf mingimingi Leucopogon fraseri Pīngao Pīngao Desmoschoenus spiralis

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 277 Pōkākā Pōkākā Elaeocarpus hookerianus Ponga/Poka Tree fern Cyathea dealbata Rātā Southern rātā Metrosideros umbellata Raupō Bulrush Typha angustifolia Rautāwhiri/Kōhūhū Black matipo/Māpou Pittosporum tenuifolium Rimu Rimu/Red pine Dacrydium cypressinum Rimurapa Bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica Taramea Speargrass, spaniard Aciphylla spp Tarata Lemonwood Pittosporum eugenioides Tawai Beech Nothofagus spp Tētēaweka Muttonbird scrub Olearia angustifolia Tī rākau/Tī Kōuka Cabbage tree Cordyline australis Tīkumu Mountain daisy Celmisia spectabilis and C. semicordata Tītoki New Zealand ash Alectryon excelsus Toatoa Mountain Toatoa, Celery pine Phyllocladus alpinus Toetoe Toetoe Cortaderia richardii Tōtara Tōtara Podocarpus totara Tutu Tutu Coriaria spp Wharariki Mountain flax Phormium cookianum Whīnau Hīnau Elaeocarpus dentatus Wī Silver tussock Poa cita Wīwī Rushes Juncus all indigenous Juncus spp and J. maritimus

Taonga species: Marine mammals Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Ihupuku Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina Kekeno New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri Paikea Humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae Parāoa Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus Rāpoka/Whakahao New Zealand sea lion/ Phocarctos hookeri Hooker's sea lion Tohorā Southern right whale Balaena australis

Taonga species: Fish Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Kāeo Sea tulip Pyura pachydermatum Koeke Common shrimp Palaemon affinis Kōkopu/Hawai Giant bully Gobiomorphus gobioides Kōwaro Canterbury mudfish Neochanna burrowsius Paraki/Ngaiore Common smelt Retropinna retropinna Piripiripōhatu Torrentfish Cheimarrichthys fosteri Taiwharu Giant kōkopu Galaxias argenteus

278 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Taonga species: Shellfish Name in Māori Name in English Scientific name Pipi/Kākahi Pipi Paphies australe Tuaki Cockle Austrovenus stutchburgi Tuaki/Hākiari, Surfclam Dosinia anus, Paphies donacina, Mactra Kuhakuha/Pūrimu discor, Mactra murchsoni, Spisula aequilateralis, Basina yatei, or Disinia subsosa Tuatua Tuatua Paphies subtriangulata, Paphies donacina Waikaka/Pūpū Mudsnail Amphibola crenata, Turbo smaragdus, Zedilom spp.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 279 13.5 Protocols on the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues (Clause 12.12, Deed of Settlement, 1997)

NOTIFICATION OF THE ISSUE OF PROTOCOLS Under Section 282 (4) of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 the Minister of Conservation hereby notifies that she has issued Protocols on behalf of the Crown regarding the Department of Conservation’s interaction with Ngāi Tahu on specified issues, and that the Protocols as set out in the Schedule hereto were issued on 22 October 1998. Schedule

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The purpose of the Conservation Act 1987 is to manage natural and historic resources under that Act and the Acts in the First Schedule of the Conservation Act. Section 4 of the Conservation Act requires that the Act be so interpreted and administered as to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. 1.2 The Director-General has certain management responsibilities in terms of legislation and can only delegate or share responsibility for decisions s/he makes within the limits of his/her legislation. However, in making such decisions, the Director-General will provide Te Rūnanga the opportunity for input, consistent with section 4, in its policy, planning and decision-making processes on the matters set out in these Protocols. 1.3 These Protocols apply across the Ngāi Tahu Takiwā, which spans five conservancies, and the Southern and Central Regional Offices of the Department. 1.4 Both the Department and Te Rūnanga are seeking a relationship consistent with the Treaty principle of partnership that achieves, over time, the conservation policies, actions and outcomes sought by both Te Rūnanga and the Department, as set out in this document.

2 PURPOSE OF PROTOCOLS 2.1 These Protocols are issued pursuant to section 282 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 and clause 12.12 of the 1997 Deed of Settlement between the Crown and Ngāi Tahu, which specifies the following:

2.1.1 Definitions Protocol means a statement in writing, issued by the Crown through the Minister of Conservation to Te Rūnanga, which sets out: a) how the Department of Conservation will exercise its functions, powers, and duties in relation to specified matters within the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area; and b) how the Department of Conservation will, on a continuing basis, interact with Te Rūnanga and provide for Te Rūnanga’s input into its decision-making process.

2.1.2 Authority to Issue, Amend or Cancel Protocols Pursuant to section 282 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Minister of Conservation may, from time to time issue, amend, and cancel Protocols.

280 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 2.1.3 Issue of Protocols On the Settlement Date (as defined in section 8 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) the Crown has agreed through the Minister of Conservation to issue Protocols in this form on the following matters: a) cultural materials; b) freshwater fisheries; c) culling of species of interest to Ngāi Tahu; d) historic resources; e) Resource Management Act 1991 involvement; and f) visitor and public information.

2.1.4 Protocols subject to Crown Obligations Pursuant to section 283 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the Protocols are issued and amended, subject to, and without restriction upon: a) the obligations of the Minister of Conservation and the Department of Conservation to discharge their respective functions, powers, and duties in accordance with existing law and Government policy from time to time; and b) the Crown’s powers to amend policy, and introduce legislation amending existing law. This clause is not intended to indicate, and should not be interpreted as indicating, any agreement by Te Rūnanga to any amendment to policy which would adversely affect the redress provided by the Crown pursuant to the Settlement Deed or the ability of either party to fulfil its obligations expressed in the Settlement Deed.

2.1.5 Noting of Protocols on CMS Pursuant to section 284 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: a) The existence of Protocols, once issued, and as amended from time to time, including a definition of Protocols as set out in section 281 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 and a summary of the terms of issue of Protocols, must be noted in conservation management strategies, conservation management plans and national park management plans affecting the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area; and b) Noting of Protocols pursuant to section 284(1) of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 is for the purpose of public notice only and is not an amendment to the relevant strategies or plans for the purposes of section 17I of the Conservation Act 1987 or section 46 of the National Parks Act 1980.

2.1.6 Enforceability of Protocols Pursuant to section 285 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: a) The Minister of Conservation must comply with a Protocol as long as it remains in force; b) If the Minister of Conservation fails unreasonably to comply with a Protocol, Te Rūnanga may, subject to the Crown Proceedings Act 1950, enforce the Protocol by way of public law action against the Minister of Conservation; c) Notwithstanding paragraph (b), damages are not available as a remedy for a failure to comply with a Protocol; and

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 281 d) This clause does not apply to any guidelines which are developed pursuant to a Protocol. 2.1.7 Limitation of Rights Pursuant to section 286 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, except as expressly provided in the Deed of Settlement, the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, or in a Protocol, a Protocol does not, of itself, have the effect of granting, creating, or providing evidence of any estate or interest in, or any rights of any kind whatsoever relating to, land held, managed, or administered under the Conservation Act 1987 or a statute listed in the First Schedule of that Act.

3 IMPLEMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION 3.1 The Department will seek to establish and maintain communication with Te Rūnanga and its Papatipu Rūnanga on a continuing basis by: a) maintaining at the conservancy level, with the assistance of Te Rūnanga, information provided on Papatipu Rūnanga, their office holders and addresses; and b) providing reasonable opportunities for Te Rūnanga and Papatipu Rūnanga to meet with Department managers and staff. 3.2 The Protocols provide for ongoing implementation of a range of matters, as well as Specific Projects which will require resourcing. It is not intended that all of the Specific Projects listed in these Protocols will be implemented in any one year. Implementation will be over time. Where these Protocols refer to Specific Projects that require resourcing, their implementation will be subject to provision being made in the relevant conservancy business plan. The process for the Department implementing any particular Specific Project in a business year will be as follows: a) The Department will meet with Te Rūnanga in each conservancy and at Regional level annually to identify priorities for undertaking Specific Projects as listed in these protocols for the upcoming business year; b) The identified priorities will be taken forward by the Department into its business planning process at the conservancy and regional levels and considered along with other priorities; c) The decision on whether any Specific Projects will be funded in any business year will be made by the Conservator and the Regional General Manager; d) The Department will advise Te Rūnanga of the outcome of this process; and e) Te Rūnanga and the Department will then meet again, if required, to finalise a work plan for implementation of the Specific Projects in that business year, in accordance with the resources which have been allocated in the business plan. The Department will apply the allocated resources to give effect to that work plan, subject to unforeseen management requirements which may arise from time to time, such as emergencies, adverse weather, staff shortages or reallocation of resources directed by the Minister. 3.3 The Department will: a) Meet with Te Rūnanga to review implementation of these Protocols and to deal with the matters in clause 3.2; four times per annum, unless otherwise agreed, in each conservancy, twice per annum at regional level, and at least once per annum at Chief Executive level; b) As far as reasonably practicable, train relevant staff on these Protocols and provide ongoing training as required; and

282 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 c) As far as reasonably practicable, brief Conservation Board and NZCA members on these Protocols and the Ngāi Tahu Settlement, and provide ongoing information as required.

4 CULTURAL MATERIALS 4.1 For the purpose of these Protocols, cultural materials are defined as: (i) plants, plant materials; and (ii) materials derived from animals, marine mammals or birds, to the extent to which the Department holds and is responsible for them, and which are important to Ngāi Tahu in maintaining their culture. 4.2 Current legislation means that generally some form of concession or permit is required for any gathering of cultural materials. 4.3 The Department will: a) Have particular regard to Te Rūnanga’s cultural use policy (Kawa Hua Taiao) as it relates to the Department’s activities, and other relevant Te Rūnanga statements of policy produced from time to time. b) Consider requests from members of Ngāi Tahu Whānui for the customary use of cultural materials in accordance with the appropriate legislation. c) Agree, where reasonably practicable, for Ngāi Tahu to have access to cultural materials which become available as a result of Departmental operations such as track maintenance or clearance or culling of species. d) Consult with Te Rūnanga in circumstances where there are competing requests from non-Ngāi Tahu persons or entities for the use of cultural materials, for example for scientific research purposes, to see if the cultural and scientific or other needs can be reconciled before the Department makes a decision in respect of those requests. 4.4 Specific projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: a) Develop and implement guidelines for each conservancy within the Ngāi Tahu Takiwā that help define levels of customary use of cultural materials, and set conditions, after consideration of tikanga, to be met for gathering; b) Identify local sources of plants and provide advice to Te Rūnanga with respect to the establishment by Te Rūnanga of cultivation sites; and c) Establish Departmental cultural materials banks for cultural materials which have come into the Department’s possession, and guidelines for their use.

5 FRESHWATER FISHERIES 5.1 The Department has a statutory role in advocating the conservation of aquatic life and freshwater fisheries generally. Its advocacy for freshwater biota, aquatic habitats and fish passage in all areas is primarily taken via statutory planning processes provided by the Resource Management Act 1991. 5.2 Section 48B of the Conservation Act 1987 (inserted by section 305 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) provides the power to promulgate regulations providing for customary Māori fishing rights with respect to freshwater fisheries within South Island Fisheries Waters. Pursuant to clause 12.14.11(e) of the Deed of Settlement such regulations are to be promulgated as soon as practicable, and in any event no later than two years after Settlement Date. Besides generally

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 283 consulting with Te Rūnanga and providing for its participation in the conservation and management of customary freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats, the Department will consult with, and have particular regard to the advice of, Te Rūnanga in its capacity as an Advisory Committee appointed under section 56 of the Conservation Act in all matters concerning the management and conservation by the Department of Conservation of Taonga Fish Species (as defined in section 297 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998) within the Ngāi Tahu Claim Area. This obligation does not derogate from the obligations of the Department under section 4 of the Conservation Act 1998 to give effect to the Treaty of Waitangi. 5.3 Advisory Committee The Department will, in relation to the Taonga Fish Species and as far as reasonably practicable, provide the Advisory Committee with all relevant information to enable it to give informed advice, and will meet with the Advisory Committee at conservancy level as necessary to give effect to the Deed of Settlement and the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998. 5.4 Customary freshwater fisheries regulations The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: a) Provide for Te Rūnanga participation in the development and promulgation of customary freshwater fishing regulations by: (i) Establishing a joint working group; (ii) Setting terms of reference for that working group; (iii) Setting timelines for progress; and (iv) Providing information to Te Rūnanga in a timely manner and allowing Te Rūnanga an opportunity to comment. 5.5 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: a) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to the promotion of compliance with customary freshwater fisheries regulations; b) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to monitoring the efficacy of the customary freshwater fisheries regulations at regular intervals; and c) Develop and implement guidelines for the Department with respect to sharing accumulated management information and research data on customary freshwater fisheries with Te Rūnanga. 5.6 Other matters The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to provide for active participation by Te Rūnanga in the conservation, management and research of customary freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats by: a) Seeking to identify areas for cooperation in advocacy, consistent with clause 9, focusing on fish passage, minimum flows, protection of riparian vegetation and habitats, water quality improvement and in the restoration, rehabilitation or enhancement of customary freshwater fisheries and their freshwater habitats; and b) Consulting with Te Rūnanga in developing or contributing to research programmes that aim to improve the understanding of the biology of customary freshwater fisheries and their environmental and habitat

284 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 requirements. The Department confirms that it regards Te Rūnanga as a possible science provider or collaborator for research projects funded or promoted by the Department in the same manner as other potential providers or collaborators. 5.7 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga to: a) Conduct research to establish and address ecosystem threats to specified customary freshwater fisheries including barriers to migration, habitat loss and exotic species interaction; b) Contribute to the resolution of eel management issues, in particular, the administration of the fish passage regulations in the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations, the promotion of the installation of effective fish passes where necessary and monitoring of their effects, by participating in discussions with Te Rūnanga and Te Waka a Māui me ona Toka Mahi Tuna; and c) Identify the need for, and where necessary prepare, management plans for freshwater fisheries management.

6 CULLING OF SPECIES OF INTEREST TO NGĀI TAHU 6.1 As part of an integrated management regime, or because a species population has risen to become an ecological pest, it may from time to time be necessary for the Department to carry out a cull of a protected species under the Wildlife Act 1953. The Department recognises that Te Rūnanga is interested in such operations in the following ways: a) the carrying out of such a cull where the species to be culled is causing or is likely to cause ecological damage to species or habitats of particular significance to Ngāi Tahu; b) the methods to be used in such culls; and c) cultural materials arising from the cull. 6.2 The Department will: a) Have regard to any requests initiated by Te Rūnanga for the carrying out of culling operations; b) Consult with, and have particular regard to the views of, Te Rūnanga before deciding to carry out a cull of protected species on land administered by the Department, in respect of the reasons for the cull and the method proposed to be used; and c) In situations where either a Fish and Game Council or a Regional Council intend to carry out a cull of protected species or game bird and the Department has a statutory role in the process, request the relevant body to consult with Te Rūnanga before carrying out any such cull.

7 HISTORIC RESOURCES 7.1 The Minister acknowledges the importance to Ngāi Tahu of their wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to them. Liaison with Te Rūnanga is important in the management of those places containing sites of historic and cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu, including places of settlement, horticulture, natural resource harvesting, warfare, communication, and places of cultural and spiritual connection.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 285 7.2 The Department notes that non-disclosure of locations of places known to Ngāi Tahu is a practice used by Ngāi Tahu to preserve the sanctity of a place. Respecting the principle of confidentiality brings management difficulties of a particular kind. Where information is not available, management practices which (unintentionally) contravene the cultural value associated with a specific site, may be put in place. Where reasonably practicable, the Department will respect the principle of confidentiality that applies to wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu. The primary responsibility for identifying and assessing Ngāi Tahu heritage values rests with Te Rūnanga. 7.3 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: a) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that Ngāi Tahu values attaching to identified wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu managed by the Department are respected by the Department, for example, by the Department giving consideration to impacts from visitor numbers, facilities and services; b) Manage, as far as reasonably practicable, wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu according to the standards of conservation practice outlined in the ICOMOS New Zealand Charter 1993; c) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that when issuing concessions giving authority for other parties to manage land administered by the Department, those parties manage the land according to the standards of conservation practice outlined in the ICOMOS New Zealand Charter 1993; d) Have particular regard to relevant Te Rūnanga policies, including those relating to Koiwi Tangata (unidentified human remains) and Archaeological and Rock Art Sites; e) Ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, that it uses Ngāi Tahu’s cultural information only with the consent of Te Rūnanga; and f) When issuing concessions to carry out activities on the land administered by the Department, request that the concessionaire consult with Te Rūnanga before using Ngāi Tahu’s cultural information. 7.4 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: a) Develop and implement guidelines for the identification, inventory and management by the Department of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu that take into consideration the traditional uses and practices of Ngāi Tahu and are, where reasonably practicable, consistent with Ngāi Tahu tikanga; b) Identify and actively protect specified wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga or other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu on land administered by the Department; c) Develop and implement guidelines for the active protection of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu; d) Identify cooperative projects covering a range of options for the protection and management of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to Ngāi Tahu;

286 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 e) Develop and implement guidelines relating to the use of Ngāi Tahu’s knowledge of wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance of Ngāi Tahu, including the use of this information by the Department; and f) Consult with and seek participation from Te Rūnanga with respect to research, survey or inventory projects that relate specifically to wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic significance to them.

8 VISITOR AND PUBLIC INFORMATION 8.1 In providing public information and interpretation services and facilities for visitors on the land it manages, the Department recognises the importance to Ngāi Tahu of their cultural, spiritual, traditional and historic values. 8.2 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to encourage respect for Ngāi Tahu values by: a) As far as reasonably practicable, seeking to raise public awareness of positive conservation partnerships developed between Te Rūnanga, the Department and other stakeholders, for example, by way of publications, presentations and seminars; b) Consulting on the provision of interpretation and visitor facilities (if any) at wāhi tapu, wāhi taonga and other places of historic or cultural significance to Ngāi Tahu; c) Ensuring, as far as reasonably practicable, that Department information on new panels, signs, and visitor publications includes Te Rūnanga perspectives and references to the significance of the sites to Ngāi Tahu, where appropriate, including the use of traditional Ngāi Tahu place names; and d) Encouraging Te Rūnanga participation in the Department’s volunteer and conservation events programmes. 8.3 Specific Projects The Department will, subject to clause 3.2, work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to: a) Develop and implement guidelines on the provision of information and interpretation facilities and services for visitors, so as to identify and consider issues of concern to Te Rūnanga; b) Consider possibilities for Te Rūnanga to contribute to visitor appreciation of the cultural value of sites of cultural and historic significance to Ngāi Tahu managed by the Department; and c) Provide information to education providers, including kohanga reo and kura kaupapa Māori, for the development of educational resources on conservation issues and associated Ngāi Tahu values.

9 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ACT 9.1 Te Rūnanga and the Department both have concerns with the effects of activities controlled and managed under the Resource Management Act. These include effects on:

a) wetlands;

b) riparian management;

c) effects on freshwater fish habitat;

d) water quality management;

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 287 e) protection of historic resources; and

f) protection of indigenous vegetation and habitats. 9.2 From time to time, Te Rūnanga and the Department will seek to identify further issues of mutual interest for discussion. It is recognised that their concerns in relation to any particular resource management issue may diverge and that each of them will continue to make separate submissions. 9.3 The Department will work with Te Rūnanga at Regional and conservancy levels to discuss the general approach that will be taken by each of Te Rūnanga and the Department in respect of advocacy under the Resource Management Act, and seek to identify their respective priorities and issues of mutual concern. 9.4 The Department will: a) Have regard to the priorities and issues of mutual concern identified in clause 9.3(a) in making decisions in respect of advocacy under the Resource Management Act. b) Make non-confidential resource information available to Te Rūnanga to assist in improving the effectiveness of Resource Management Act advocacy work at the Papatipu Rūnanga level.

10 AMENDMENT AND REVIEW PROVISIONS FROM THE DEED 10.1 Amendment and Cancellation of Protocols Pursuant to section 282 of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998: a) Protocols may be amended or cancelled by the Minister of Conservation, from time to time at the initiative of either the Crown or Te Rūnanga; b) The Minister of Conservation may amend or cancel Protocols only after consulting Te Rūnanga and having regard to its views; and c) As soon as reasonably practicable after the amendment, or cancellation of a Protocol, the Minister of Conservation must notify such amendment, or cancellation in the Gazette.

Dated at Wellington this 26 day of July 2001 MATT ROBSON, for SANDRA LEE, Minister of Conservation. (NZ Gazette 2001, page 2171)

288 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 14

Statement of outstanding universal value for Te Wāhipounamu— South West New Zealand World Heritage Area

Property Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand State Party New Zealand Id. N° 551 Date of inscription 1990

Brief synthesis Located in the south-west corner of New Zealand’s South Island, Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand covers 10% of New Zealand’s landmass (2.6 million hectares) and is spread over a 450km strip extending inland 40– 90km from the Tasman Sea. The property exhibits many classic examples of the tectonic, climatic, and glacial processes that have shaped the earth. The great Alpine Fault divides the region and marks the contact zone of the Indo-Australian and Pacific continental plates making it one of only three segments of the world’s major plate boundaries on land. Collision between the two tectonic plates constructs the main mountain range, known as the Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, which rise to nearly 4000m altitude within a mere 30km from the sea. Overwhelmingly a mountainous wilderness, including significant piedmont surfaces in the north-west glaciation, both historic and modern, is a dominant landscape feature. Spectacular landforms include: the 15 fiords which deeply indent the Fiordland coastline; a sequence of 13 forested marine terraces progressively uplifted more than 1000m along the Waitutu coastline over the past million years; a series of large lake-filled glacial troughs along the south-eastern margin; the Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers which descend into temperate rainforest; and spectacular moraines of ultramafic rock extending to the Tasman coastline. As the largest and least modified area of New Zealand's natural ecosystems, the flora and fauna has become the world’s best intact modern representation of the ancient biota of Gondwana. The distribution of these plants and animals is inextricably linked to the dynamic nature of the physical processes at work in the property. The region contains outstanding examples of plant succession after glaciation, with sequences along altitudinal (sea level to permanent snowline), latitudinal (wet west to the dry east), and chronological gradients (fresh post-glacial surfaces to old Pleistocene moraines). It is the combination of geological and climatic processes, the resultant landforms, the unique biota displaying evolutionary adaptation over a diverse range of climatic and altitudinal gradients, all in a relatively pristine state, that give Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand its exceptional and outstanding natural characteristics. Criterion (vii): Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand contains many of the natural features which contribute to New Zealand's international reputation for superlative landscapes: its highest mountains, longest glaciers, tallest forests, wildest rivers and gorges, most rugged coastlines and deepest fiords and lakes, as well as the remnant of an extinct volcano in Solander Island. The temperate rainforests of the property are unmatched in their composition, extent and intactness by any such forests anywhere in the world. From the vast wilderness of Fiordland in the south to the spectacular upthrust of the Southern Alps/ Kā Tiritiri o te Moana in the north, the landscapes are world class for the sheer excellence of their scenic beauty. It is an area of magnificent primeval vistas: snow-capped mountains, glaciers, forests, tussock

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 289 grasslands, lakes, rivers, wetlands and over 1000km of wilderness coastline. Only traces of human influence are evident and then mainly in peripheral areas. Criterion (viii): Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand is considered to be the best modern example of the primitive taxa of Gondwanaland seen in modern ecosystems – and as such the property is of global significance. The progressive break-up of the southern super-continent of Gondwanaland is considered one of the most important events in the earth’s evolutionary history. New Zealand’s separation before the appearance of marsupials and other mammals, and its long isolation since, were key factors enabling the survival of the ancient Gondwanan biota on the islands of New Zealand to a greater degree than elsewhere. The living representatives of this ancient biota include flightless kiwis, carnivorous land snails, 14 species of podocarp and genera or beech. The South West is also an outstanding example of the impact of the Pleistocene epoch of earth history. Ice-carved landforms created by these ‘Ice Age’ glaciers dominate the mountain lands, and are especially well-preserved in the harder, plutonic igneous rocks of Fiordland. Glacier-cut fiords, lakes, deep U-shaped valleys, hanging valleys, cirques, and ice-shorn spurs are graphic illustrations of the powerful influence of these glaciers on the landscape. Depositional landforms of Pleistocene glacial origin are also important, especially in Westland, west of the Alpine Fault. Chronological sequences of outwash gravels, and moraine ridges in elegant curves and loops, outline the shapes of both former piedmont glaciers and Holocene ‘post-glacial’ valley glaciers. Criterion (ix): A continuum of largely unmodified habitats, the property exhibits a high degree of geodiversity and biodiversity. Fresh-water, temperate rainforest and alpine ecosystems are all outstandingly well represented over an extensive array of landforms and across wide climatic and altitudinal gradients. Notable examples of on-going biological processes can be found in the large expanses of temperate rainforest, the plant succession after glacial retreat, soil/plant chronosequences on beach ridges, plant succession on alluvial terraces, vegetation gradients around the margins of glacial lakes and ecotypic differentiation of plants on ultramafic soils. The extensive and little modified freshwater habitats, the impressive diversity of alpine ecosystems, extensive alpine plant endemism, and on-going evolution associated with long-standing geographical isolation of animal populations, like the kiwi taxa of South-Westland, are further examples of on-going biological evolution. While there is little permanent physical evidence of past human interaction with the natural environment, tangata whenua (the indigenous people who have customary authority in a place) have long associations with the area which was significant to them for natural resources, particularly pounamu (nephrite). European associations are more recent and initially based on natural resource exploitation. The predominant human uses today are associated with sustainable tourism. Criterion (x): The habitats of Te Wāhipounamu contain an extensive range of New Zealand’s unusual endemic fauna, a fauna which reflects its long evolutionary isolation and absence of mammalian predators. The property contains the entire wild population of the rare and endangered takahē (Notornis mantelli), the entire population of the South Island subspecies of brown kiwi (Apteryx australis), New Zealand’s rarest Kiwi, the rowi (Apteryx rowi), the only significant remaining populations of the seriously declining mohua / yellowhead (Mohoua ochrocephala), the only large populations remaining of kākā and kākāriki / yellow-crowned parakeet, the only remaining population of pateke / Fiordland brown teal in the South Island. The world's rarest and heaviest parrot, kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) survived in Fiordland until the early 1980s. It is now thought to be extinct on the mainland and its survival depends on careful management of a limited number of offshore island populations.

Integrity Te Wāhipounamu encompasses many complete ‘mountains-to-the-sea’ or ‘mountains-to-inland basins’ landscape sequences. These landscapes cover the full range of erosion and deposition landforms of Pleistocene and modern glacial origin. The 2.6 million hectare property represents the 10 percent of

290 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 New Zealand that is least disturbed or modified by human settlement, and is largely in its natural state giving it a high degree of integrity. The property boundaries encompass all the values of the property which comprises a nearly contiguous network of reserved land covering much of the south-west of the South Island. The boundaries are closely and realistically aligned with the main features of the area. The property includes four national parks (Fiordland, Mount Aspiring, Mount Cook and Westland) covering 1,725,437 ha, two nature reserves, three scientific reserves, 13 scenic reserves, four wildlife management reserves, five ecological areas, conservation areas and one private reserve (20 ha). Bordered by other protected public conservation land the property has an effective buffer zone providing further protection for the natural values. The property contains nearly 2 million hectares of temperate rainforest on an extraordinary range of landforms and soils-including altitudinal, latitudinal, west-to east rainfall gradients, and age sequences associated with glacial retreat, prograding coastlines and marine terraces uplifted progressively over the last million years. In particular, the rainforest contains the best examples in the Southern Hemisphere of one of the most ancient groups of gymnosperms, the Podocarpaceae, which range from the densely-packed 50m-high rimus of the South Westland terraces to the world’s smallest conifer, the prostrate pygmy pine. The relatively recent introductions of alien browsing mammals and predators, such as rodents and mustelids, have resulted in localised extinctions, range reductions, and significant declines in abundance of some indigenous biota. These threats will remain, but with ongoing intervention can be managed and should not impact significantly on the integrity of the area. There is some evidence of the effects of global warming on the permanent icefields and glaciers in the region. The international profile of the area as a visitor destination places pressure on some of the main tourist attractions within the wider site. These pressures are being managed to provide visitor access but only where the conservation values at these sites are protected.

Protection and management requirements A comprehensive array of statutes and regulations protect the property, the most important being the National Parks Act 1980 and the Conservation Act 1987. These two pieces of legislation along with the Reserves Act 1977 are the principal means of ensuring legal protection for the property. The land encompassed by the boundaries of the property, with one small exception, is Crown (Government and the people of New Zealand) owned and it is administered by the Department of Conservation. The property is a reformulation of two previous property inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1986; Fiordland National Park and Westlands / Mt Cook National Park. This property adds 1.2 million ha of the intervening land, almost doubling the size of the area inscribed in 1986 and including almost 70% of the area under national park status, and greatly adding to the overall universal value, wilderness quality and integrity of the property. The Department of Conservation has a legislative mandate for the preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purpose of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options of future generations. The Department of Conservation is obligated through its legislation to give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. In practice this implies a partnership agreement with tangata whenua that have manawhenua (prestige, authority over the land) over the area. This involves an annual business planning process with the Ngāi Tahu iwi (the overarching tribal authority for tangata whenua). This process gives Ngāi Tahu the opportunity to engage in and contribute to the operational management of the property. The particularly high natural values of the property, along with the World Heritage status, mean that this area is a priority area for ongoing management. The Area covers four separate Conservancies,

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 291 although they all report to one Manager. The Department’s organisational structure therefore also provides for integrated management of the area. There is no single management strategy for the area, although under the National Parks Act, each national park is required to have a national park management plan and there are also a number of conservancy conservation strategies that acknowledge the values of the regions comprising the large site, as well as the property’s World Heritage status. Together these planning documents set strategic directions for the integrated management of this property. These are statutory documents formulated through a public consultation process. The national park management plans are prepared by the Department of Conservation (the administering authority for all national parks in NZ) and approved by the New Zealand Conservation Authority, in accordance with the General Policy for National Parks (a policy document that guides the implementation of the National Parks Act, also prepared and administered by the Department of Conservation). The principal uses of the property are nature conservation, nature based recreation and tourism and sustainable small-scale natural resource utilisation. Impacts from tourism at key sites and introduced species are being addressed by management actions and continue to be a concern. Traditional use of vegetation by native Maori people, fishing for whitebait, recreational hunting and short-term pastoral leases are closely regulated and do not result in significant impacts. Invasive species are the biggest impact on the property, despite their impacts being restricted to small areas of the property. Population increases of red deer as well as impacts from other browsing mammals such as wapiti, fallow deer, goat, chamois and tahr have caused severe damage in some parts of the property, in particular threatening the integrity of the forest and alpine ecosystems. Commercial hunting activities have assisted in reducing numbers and impacts from these species. Australian brush-tailed possum, rabbits, mustelids and rodents also impact habitats and indigenous birds. The Department of Conservation has control programmes in place and National Parks general policy seeks to eradicate new incursions and eradicate (where possible) or reduce the range of existing invasive species.

Source: http://whc.unesco.org/document/117094 p. 49–51

292 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Appendix 15

Publicly available huts on public conservation lands and/or managed by the Department within Otago

The list is accurate as at the date of approval of this CMS. Its contents may be amended or reviewed during the term of this CMS.

2.1 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place Hut name Public access Location

Aspiring Hut West Matukituki River Track Mount Aspiring National Park (NZAC— managed by DOC) Cameron Hut Cameron Track Mount Aspiring National Park Daleys Flat Hut Dart Track Mount Aspiring National Park Dart Hut Dart Track Mount Aspiring National Park Earnslaw Hut Kea Basin Track Mount Aspiring National Park Esquilant Bivvy Hut Base of Mount Earnslaw Mount Aspiring National Park (NZAC— managed by DOC) French Ridge Hut French Ridge Track Mount Aspiring National Park (NZAC— managed by DOC) Kerin Forks Hut Wilkin Valley Track Mount Aspiring National Park Liverpool Hut Liverpool Track Mount Aspiring National Park Makarora Hut Makarora Track Mount Aspiring National Park Olivine Hut Pyke Track Mount Aspiring National Park Routeburn Falls Hut Routeburn Track Mount Aspiring National Park Routeburn Flats Hut Routeburn Track Mount Aspiring National Park Shelter Rock Hut Rees Track Mount Aspiring National Park Shelter Rock Bunkroom Rees Track Mount Aspiring National Park Siberia Hut Wilkin Valley Track - Siberia Mount Aspiring National Park Track Top Forks Hut South Branch Wilkin Track Mount Aspiring National Park Top Forks Old Hut South Branch Wilkin Track Mount Aspiring National Park Young Hut Gillespie Pass Circuit Track Mount Aspiring National Park

2.2 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place

Hut name Public access Location

Ben Avon Hut Dingle Burn valley Hāwea Conservation Park (Historic) (Not for overnight use) Big Hopwood Burn Hunter Valley Station Road— Hāwea Conservation Park Hut Hopwood Burn Track.

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 293 Hut name Public access Location

Boundary Creek Hut Mutton Creek Track—Manuherikia Oteake Conservation Park River—west branch Bull Flat Hut Hunter River valley Hāwea Conservation Park Bush Hut Dingle Burn Valley Track Hāwea Conservation Park Buster Hut Little Kye Burn Tramping Track Oteake Conservation Park Cotters Hut Dingle Burn Valley Track Hāwea Conservation Park Ferguson Hut Hunter Valley Track Hāwea Conservation Park Forbes Hut Hunter Valley Track Hāwea Conservation Park Kyeburn Boundary— Mount Buster Track Oteake Conservation Park Hut 1 (Historic) Kyeburn Boundary— Mount Buster Track Oteake Conservation Park Hut 2 (Historic) Moonlight and Roses Foot of Dingle Peak Hāwea Conservation Park (Private—managed Hut by DOC) Sawyer Burn Hut Sawyer Burn Track Hāwea Conservation Park (Private—managed by DOC) Stodys Hut Timaru Creek/Breast Hill Track Hāwea Conservation Park Top Dingle Hut Dingle Burn Valley Track Hāwea Conservation Park Top Hut Ewe Range Track Oteake Conservation Park Top Timaru Hut Timaru Creek/Breast Hill Track Hāwea Conservation Park Pakituhi Hut Timaru Creek/Breast Hill Track Pakituhi Conservation Area

2.3 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai Karikari a Rākaihautū Place

Hut name Public access Location

Albert Burn Hut Albert Burn Track Albert Burn Conservation Area Archie’s Hut Aurum Basin—Cooper Creek Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve Ballarat Hut Flood Burn—Ballarat Creek Ballarat Creek Conservation Area Bullendale Hut Bullendale Track Mt Aurum Recreation Area Crystal Hut Crystal Battery Track Mt Aurum Recreation Track Dynamo Hut Dynamo Track Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve Dynamo Red Hut Skippers Creek beyond Dynamo Mt Aurum Recreation Reserve Track Fern Burn Hut Motatapu Track Private land with public access easement Glen Roy Racemans The Remarkables Remarkables Conservation Area Hut Greenstone Hut Greenstone Track Greenstone Conservation Area Heather Jock Hut Heather Jock Loop Track Whakaari Conservation Area Highland Creek Hut Motatapu Track Private land with public access easement

294 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Hut name Public access Location

Home Hill Hut Base of Home Hill Caples Conservation Area (derelict) Kay Creek Hut Kay Creek Track Caples Conservation Area McKellar Hut Greenstone Track Greenstone Conservation Area Macs Hut Mt McIntosh Loop Track Whakaari Conservation Area McIntyres Hut Mt McIntosh Loop Track Whakaari Conservation Area Mid Caples Hut Caples Track Caples Conservation Area Roses Hut Motatapu Track Private land with public access easement Sam Summers Hut Mr Crichton Loop Track Mt Crichton Scenic Reserve Slip Flat Hut Greenstone Track Greenstone Conservation Area Steele Creek Hut Steel Creek Track—Upper Caples- Greenstone Conservation Area Greenstone Stoney Creek Hut Upper Stoney Creek Whakaari Conservation Area Two Mile Hut The Remarkables Remarkables Conservation Area Wallers Hut Larkins Creek Whakaari Conservation Area Wanaka Faces Hut Lake Wanaka Lake Wanaka (East Side) Marginal Strip and Matatiaho Conservation Area (Managed by NZDA)

2.4 Central Otago Uplands Place

Hut name Public access Location

Big Hut Glencreag to Rock and Pillar Ridge Rock and Pillar Conservation Area (Owned and Track managed by Big Hut Trust) Deep Creek Hut Pisas—Cardrona to Cromwell Pack Pisa Conservation Area Track Kirtle Burn Hut Pisas—Kirtle Burn Track Pisa Conservation Area Lauder Basin Hut Lauder Basin Conservation Area Lauder Basin Conservation Area road Leaning Lodge Leaning Lodge Track Rock and Pillar Conservation Area (Owned and managed by Otago Mountain Trust) Meg Hut Pisas—Meg Hut Pack Track Pisa Conservation Area Staircase Hut Waianakarua Scenic Reserve Waianakarua Scenic Reserve (Owned and managed by NZDA)

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 295 2.5 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, and Garvie Mountains Place

Hut name Public access Location

Boundary Hut Kopuwai Track to Sisters Old Woman and Old Man/Kopuwai ranges Track Junction Hut Junction Hut Track—Kopuwai Bain Block (Old Man Range) Conservation Area Nicholsons Hut Nicholsons Track—Kopuwai Old Man/Kopuwai Conservation Area Old Woman Hut Duffers Saddle Road— Old Woman Range Conservation Area Kopuwai Ridge

2.7 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place

Hut name Public access Location

Jubilee Hut Silverpeaks ABC—Yellow Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve Ridge Route Philip J Cox Silverpeaks ABC Yellow Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve Memorial Hut Ridge Route Possum Hut Possum Hut Route Silverpeaks Scenic Reserve (derelict)

2.8 Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place

Hut name Public access Location

Maclennan Hut Thisbe Stream/Maclennan Catlins Conservation Park Hut Track Mohua Bivvy 1 Head of Tahakopa Valley Catlins Conservation Park Road Mohua Bivvy 2 Thisbe Stream Catlins Conservation Park Tautuku Hut Tautuku Hut Track Catlins Conservation Park

296 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Index access arrangements, 136, 145 Arrowtown Chinese Settlement, 20, 36, 44, 58, 62, accommodation, 53, 65, 78, 84, 89, 97, 104, 155, 173 66, 69 private, 61, 139–42, 155, 173 at-risk species, 159, See also threatened and at- active management, 28, 42, 54, 90, 97, 104 risk species adverse effects, 14, 21, 23, 37, 55, 69, 79, 85, 96, 103, authorisations, 14, 27, 43, 55, 61, 68, 79, 85, 91, 112, 104, 105, 110, 111, 116, 117, 118, 124, 126, 129, 119, 122–24, 131, 135, 137, 141, 142, 144, 145, 135, 137, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 146, 153, 155, 160, See also concessions 163, See also cumulative effects backcountry, 23, 50, 53, 60, 68, 130, 155 addressing, 30, 46, 52, 55, 57, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, experience, 18, 39, 63, 66, 76, 78, 97, 103 76, 77, 79, 83, 84, 97, 103, 105, 112, 123, 125, 127, 129, 132, 135, 137, 138, 144, 145, 146, 147, 150, Backcountry destinations, 13, 38, 39, 40, 51, 53, 65, 152, 155, 156 78, 84, 89, 160 avoiding, 69, 98, 104, 105, 106, 111, 118, 130, 136, bat. See pekapeka/bat 138, 144, 146, 153, 155, 165 beaches, 21, 93, 106, 109 advertising, 30, 31, 91, 102 access to, 98, 104, 106, 125 advocacy, 17, 29, 32, 34, 45, 78, 81, 84, 86, 98, 105, beetles, 19, 22, 60, 82, 88, 89, 102 107, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 124, 129, 131, 135, Beresford Range, 22, 101 144, 155, 157, 161 community, 90, 96, 117, 153 biodiversity, 34, 42, 44, 52, 89, 96, 101, 108, 114, 160 indigenous, 21, 76, 83, 88, 90, 93, 96, 144, 171 agriculture, 43, 86, 114 protecting, 18, 68, 76, 83, 90, 93, 102, 110 Air New Zealand, 44 biogeographic areas, 108 aircraft, 48, 51, 53, 54, 65, 66, 76, 78, 84, 104, 147, biosecurity, 121, 125, 160 152, 155, 156, 158–59, 164, 167 access, 46, 55, 62, 66, 67, 78, 85, 91, 99, 105, 129– Biosecurity Act 1993, 160, 172 35, 148 birds, 22, 23, 27, 52, 53, 82, See also seabirds access zones, 48, 123, 130–35 game, 42, 52,3 11 , 151, 165 activities with, 47, 52, 54, 63, 66, 121, 129, 130, indigenous, 42, 60, 114 146, 148, 149, 158, 166 nesting, 51, 54, 55, 98, 100, 102, 106, 107, 112, 136, landings, 50, 65, 66, 67, 76, 90, 97, 117, 129–35, 145, 146 150 protecting, 42, 110, 112, 136 operators, 131, 132, 135 threatened and at-risk, 21, 22, 50, 58, 66, 114 Airport Authorities Act 1966, 159 wading, 46, 102, 116 airstrips, 36, 65, 131, 132, 138, 159, 176 blue duck. See whio/blue duck albatross. See toroa/albatross boating, 52, 95, 109 alpine environments, 21, 23, 49, 57, 60, 67, 82, 94, bogs, 21, 22, 82, 87, 94, 115, 117 104, 115, 146, See also flora breeding grounds, 22, 58, 93, 96, 102, 103, 107, 109, Alps 2 Ocean Cycle Trail, 55, 76, 79 111, 114 angling, 23, 43, 52, 54, 59, 60, 63 browsing, 61, 102, 135 ara tawhito, 25, 36, 37, 46, 60, 63, 75, 81, 88, 94, 102, Building Act 2004, 141, 142, 160 113 buildings, 48, 64, 77, 83, 136, 141, 160 Aramoana, 42, 93, 95, 116 historic, 36, 58, 62, 75, 88, 95, 159 archaeological sites, 20, 36, 49, 51, 75, 88, 95, 102, businesses, 18, 91, 122 contribution of, 19, 28, 29, 38, 53, 66, 89, 90, 93 159, 166 working with, 17, 34, 42–44, 65, 87, 90

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 297 Buster Diggings, 51, 53, 54 working with, 17, 18, 35, 41, 65, 68, 69, 77, 78, 79, 83, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 98, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, bylaws, 15, 27, 117, 122, 156, 160 111, 112, 117, 118, 122, 143, 154 camping, 13, 23, 27, 62, 63, 67, 68, 82, 95, 166 compliance, 42, 55, 67, 78, 85, 105, 124, 142, 147 sites, 103, 104 concessionaires, 14, 31, 40, 43, 61, 76, 78, 98, 121, Canterbury, 51, 54 126, 130, 141, 153, 161, 177 Caples River, 60–61, 65–66, 68, 115 contribution of, 39, 40, 42, 65, 66, 67, 97 working with, 44, 106, 127 Catlins Conservation Park, 101, 103, 105, 107 concessions, 14, 23, 28, 31, 43, 47, 52, 55, 59, 63, 68, Catlins, The, 20, 21, 22, 23, 42, 44, 108, 109, 115 106, 112, 122, 123, 129–35, 141, 143, 144, 147– Catlins/Te Ākau Tai Toka Place, 101–7 50, 155, 157, 161 Central Otago Drylands/Manuherikia Place, 86– conflicts of use, 23, 40, 49, 76, 116, 124, 125, 126, 92 130, 135, 136, 137, 146, 147, 152 Central Otago Ecological Trust, 33, 41, 42, 88 connectivity, 34, 59, 61, 65, 66, 76, 77, 83, 89, 90, 96, Central Otago Uplands Place, 74–81, 89, 130 97, 101, 104, 105, 111, 114, 118 chamois, 52, 54, 148, 149, 150, 151 conservation awareness, 22, 34, 37, 43, 78, 89, 90, 97, 98, 99, Chinese history, 58, 66, 69 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117, 118, Civil Aviation Authority, 129 119, 142, 166, 168 concept of, 8, 17, 161 climate, 22, 50, 62, 82, 86, 88, 94, 103 contributing to, 41–44, 65, 79, 84, 88, 98, 103, 104, change, 17, 18, 21, 24, 59, 76, 96, 117, 154, 155 125, 127, 137 extremes, 21, 74, 75, 84 support for, 34, 42, 43, 44, 65, 66, 126, 168 climbing, 23, 47, 62, 63, 75, 95, 153, 154 threats to, 24, 49, 59, 88, 94, 100, 104, 106, 107, 110–11, 114, 116–17, 117, 119, 137, 154 Clutha River/Mata-Au, 21, 23, 75, 87, 88, 108, 110, 114, 115, 117 Conservation Act 1987, 8, 9, 11, 15, 27, 28, 43, 55, 58, 67, 78, 84, 90, 101, 105, 114, 121, 122, 129, coastal environments, 19, 21, 22, 33, 34, 51, 93–113, 136, 138, 143, 148, 159, 161, 162, 164, 171, 176, 115, 119, See also ecosystems; wetlands threats to, 34, 118, 136 178 coastal marine areas, 107–13 Conservation General Policy 2005, 9, 13, 14, 55, 121, 123, 139, 144, 146, 147 coastline, 22, 96, 101, 102, 104, 108, 109 conservation management plans, 8, 12, 14, 15, 26, codes of conduct, 84, 122, 135, 147, 153 144, 161, 162, 171 collaboration, 14, 23, 34, 35, 39, 41, 64, 65, 68, 74, 81, conservation management strategies (CMSs), 8, 86, 89, 90, 92, 100, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 118, 13, 14, 161, 162, 171 119, 120, 135 consultation, 9, 14, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 69, 90, 118, commercial activity, 18, 54, 65, 111, 112, 122, 130 125, 127, 141, 148, 154 limits to, 60, 61, 64, 132, 142–43 recreation-based, 23, 47, 49, 61, 62, 64, 76, 78, Convention on Biological Diversity, 16, 162 121, 122, 126, 154–55 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory community, 14, 24, 78, 84, 90, 160, 168 Species of Wild Animals, 16, 112, 119 consulting, 69, 125 contribution of, 33, 38, 41–43, 59, 64, 66, 74, 77, covenants, 49, 51, 60, 74, 81, 116, 176 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 104, 116, 117 cross-boundary, 12, 14, 46, 48, 51, 93, 101, 107, 112 groups, 28, 29, 33, 37, 41–42, 53, 55, 65, 66, 68, 75, 78, 79, 84, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, 97, 99, 103, 104, 111, Crown Minerals Act 1991, 9, 129, 145 116, 126 Crown Pastoral Land Act 1998, 9 values, 13, 18, 33, 36, 37, 52, 53, 76, 83, 84, 96, 109, 111, 117 cultural heritage, 9, 25, 28, 36–38, 75, 87, 104, 111, 113, 114, 117, 123, 166, 167, 178

298 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 protecting, 43, 68, 84, 93, 96, 104, 105, 122, 125, dryland, 18, 33, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92 127, 129, 137, 146, 152, 167 freshwater, 33, 50, 82, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 143, threats to, 96, 144, 153 145 understanding, 14, 40, 68, 98, 103 indigenous, 47, 59, 64, 67, 69, 76, 86, 87, 90, 104, 119, 120, 146 cultural sites, 37, 88, 97, 102, 124, 178 managing, 150, 174 cumulative effects, 123, 125, 127, 148, 149, 150, 155, marine, 18, 21, 24, 34, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 162, 163 protecting, 18, 30, 34, 53, 54, 64, 66, 69, 75, 77, 90, 96, 98, 104, 105, 111, 117, 118 customary use, 15, 27–28, 28, 29, 30, 162 saline, 33, 87, 89, 90 cycleways, 23, 42, 44, 59, 65, 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, services, 18, 21, 24, 43, 49, 53, 75, 89, 96, 115, 117, 90, 91, 92, 97, 126, See also mountain 163 threats to, 24, 59, 102, 103, 111, 124, 144, 172 biking; Otago Central Rail Trail wetland, 84, 104, 116, 117 cycling, 20, 23, 43, 55, 88, 89, 117, 126, See also education, 13, 31, 40, 41, 42, 50, 102, 103, 106, 116, mountain biking 119, 137, 152, 153, 154, 155 Dart River/Te Awa Whakatipu, 58, 64, 114, 117, 146 eel. See eeling; tuna/eel Deed of Recognition sites, 15, 26, 101, 113 eeling, 143 deer, 20, 50, 52, 54, 59, 61, 64, 66, 68, 148, 150, 151 electric power-assisted pedal cycles, 127–28, 155, departmental staff, 12, 30, 46, 112, 154 164 destination management, 13, 38, 162 Electricity Act 1992, 9 development, 24, 37, 63, 65, 76, 96, 115, 143, 155 emergencies, 15, 42, 46, 121, 129, 164 limits to, 64, 97, 103, 104 endemic species, 22, 63, 75, 82, 88, 90, 114, 116, 164 Dingle Burn, 115 energy, 24, 76, 96, 97, 138, 176, See also Director-General of Conservation, 12, 27, 31, 142, hydroelectricity 148, 160, 161 engagement, 24, 29, 30, 41–43 disabled people, 40, 136, 163, 172 erosion, 24, 83, 95, 102, 110, 135, 137, 153 disease, 110, 135, 137, 160 estuaries, 33, 34, 101, 102, 116 district plans, 60, 61, 63, 112, 118, 145, 167 European history, 18, 20, 51, 52, 58, 60, 67, 75, 102, dogs, 99, 103, 106, 135–37, 147, 163 162 domestic animals, 112, 135 Exclusive Economic Zone, 107 drylands, 22, 24, 74, 76, 86–92, 114, 116, See also exploration, 47 ecosystems historic, 18, 19, 20, 36, 52, 58, 60, 75, 77, 78, 117 Dunedin, 20, 21, 22, 23, 49, 50, 51, 95, 97, 102, 115 offshore, 110, 111 dunelands, 93, 98, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107 extinctions, 20, 64, 117 Eastern Otago and Lowlands/Maukaatua Place, extraction, 123, 145–46 93–100 facilities, 20, 24, 603 , 75, 10 , 107, 164 maintaining, 40, 41, 53, 78, 84, 89, 97, 104 ecological resources, 19, 49, 60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 69, managing, 38, 39, 66, 69, 100, 152 75, 81, 82, 87, 93, 94, 96, 104, 105, 114, 117 related, 139–42, 155, 156, 174 corridors, 35, 76, 89, 96 threats to, 24, 76, 87, 116, 124 Falls Creek, 102 economy, 19, 22, 43, 49, 75, 87, 89, 95, 102, 104, 117, families, 40, 60, 66 126, 160 farming, 60, 93, 94, 114, 115, 125, 135, 136, 144–45, traditional, 113 See also pastoral farming ecosystems, 18, 21, 22, 48, 49, 50, 74, 77, 82, 98, 101, deer, 148, 151 105, 163, See also priority ecosystem units impacts of, 24, 76, 87, 116 coastal, 21, 96, 1049 , 105, 10 marine, 110

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 299 fauna, 22, 109 four-wheel driving, 23, 43, 49, 50, 51, 54, 59, 62, 63, indigenous, 115, 143 67, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83, 154, 165 introduced, 59, 64 users, 98 fencing, 88, 93, 101, 116, 151, 165 Foveaux Strait (Te Ara a Kiwa), 108 historic, 50, 51, 75 Freedom Camping Act 2011, 9 filming, 43, 59, 65, 76, 102, 112, 123, 130, 135, 146–47 freshwater, 18, 87, 96, 108, 113–20, 144, See also Fire Service Act 1975, 33 ecosystems; fish; fisheries fires, 20, 24, 34, 49, 53, 59, 61, 62, 64, 76, 77, 88, 94, species, 34, 67, 113, 117, 118, 119 104, 125, 142, 153, 154 threats to, 22, 24, 144 fish, 27, 61, 108, 114, 116, 164 Freshwater/Wai māori Place, 113–20 endemic, 22, 50, 63 frontcountry, 39, 53, 75 freshwater, 21, 22, 30, 49, 50, 146, 165, 174, 175 indigenous, 22, 27, 30, 52, 53, 60, 87, 114, 115, 118, Gabriel’s Gully, 20, 50, 95 174 galaxiids, 18, 19, 22, 49, 50, 52, 63, 88, 89, 101, 114, introduced, 52, 53, 118 115, 116, 117, 119 marine, 109, 110 passage, 34, 53, 114, 117, 118 Game Animal Council, 42, 151 sports, 42, 52, 113, 115, 143, 161, 164, 174, 175 Game Animal Council Act 2013, 9, 148, 151, 166 threatened and at-risk, 21, 22, 50, 101, 117, 143 Gateway destinations, 13, 20, 36, 38, 39, 40, 46, 47, fish and game councils, 34, 113, 117, 118, 119, 143– 52, 54, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 89, 90, 95, 97, 44, 164 103, 104, 110, 111, 166 fisheries, 87, 101, 110, 115, 165 geckos, 22, 42, 44, 50, 51 freshwater, 34, 118, 144, 172, 174 indigenous, 118, 119, 144 General Policy for National Parks 2005, 9, 123, Fisheries Act 1996, 109, 110, 143, 169, 175 144, 166 fishing, 24, 109, See also angling geology, 22, 75, 94 commercial, 24, 52 features, 33, 34, 51, 53, 57, 64, 74, 77, 81, 83, 87, 94, customary, 26 101 recreational, 23, 24, 36, 47, 49, 50, 66, 75, 95, 109, goats, 59, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, 148, 150 144, 164, 174 gold mining, 87, 123, 145 fixed anchors, 153–54 historic, 18, 23, 36, 52, 75, 88, 94, 114, 115 floods, 24, 138, 142, 144, 145, 176 relics, 20, 36, 50, 51, 58, 63, 88, 115 sites, 66, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84 flora, 27, 63, 82, 93, 94, 107, 109, 111 alpine, 21, 22, 60, 62, 96 grazing, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 119, 123, 135, indigenous, 18, 21, 22, 54, 61, 74, 75, 89, 90, 103, 144–45 105, 114, 117, 135, 152 Green Island, 111, 112 introduced, 21, 24, 59, 62, 69, 144, 145 threatened and at-risk, 19, 21, 22, 46, 49, 51, 61, Greenstone 63, 74, 75, 82, 87, 88, 89 Recreational Hunting Area (RHA), 61, 66, 68, 74 threats to, 102, 135 River, 60–61, 65–66, 68, 115 Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977, 33, 154 group sizes, 68 forestry, 24, 76, 87, 93, 116 guiding, 31, 43, 47, 52, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 126, 127, 166 forests, 21, 22, 33, 51, 68, 87, 93, 94, 101, 102, 103, Hāwea, 48, 49, 51–55, 57, 88 104 Hawkdun Range, 49, 50 beech, 51, 57, 58, 63, 74, 82, 94, 101 impacts on, 61, 94, 102 Hector’s dolphin. See tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin indigenous, 93, 101 heli-biking, 23, 62, 63, 67, 76, 126 podocarp, 42, 94, 101 helicopters, 43, 83, 131

300 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 heli-skiing, 23, 52, 55, 62, 65, 66, 67, 130, 131, 132, Icon destinations, 13, 20, 23, 36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 46, 166 47, 58, 66, 69, 89, 90, 95, 97, 103, 104, 105, Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga, 37, 42, 78, 110, 111, 167 95 Iconic species, 13, 33, 170 Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014, identity, 13, 19, 170, See also Ngāi Tahu 9, 20, 145, 159, 167 indigenous species, 18, 29, 58, 59, 69, 78, 83, 103, heritage sites, 20, 24 145, 167, See also biodiversity; birds; fauna; High Country Stations, 60 fish; flora; forests; invertebrates protecting, 15, 30, 34, 41, 90, 96, 98, 105, 117, 121, historic heritage, 23, 28, 36–38, 50, 67, 75, 104, 115, 135, 136, 144, 152 137, 166, 174 threats to, 76, 103, 144, 172 appreciating, 36, 40, 59, 62, 77, 82, 104 insects, 60, 82, 87, 94, 102 protecting, 43, 66, 84, 90, 104, 105, 111, 122, 125, 127, 129, 137, 145, 146, 152, 153, 167 integrated management, 8, 11, 12, 13, 15, 29, 34, 45, historic sites, 36–38, 42, 48, 49, 62, 77, 81, 82, 88, 89, 77, 78, 83, 89, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 107, 102 113, 117, 118, 122, 162, 167, 172 actively conserved, 37, 46, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 62, international agreements, 16, 162 75, 82, 84, 88, 94, 95, 158 Icon, 13, 36, 58, 66, 69, 89 International Council on Monuments and Sites protecting, 64, 75, 78, 81, 84, 167 New Zealand Charter, 37, 167 threats to, 62, 124 international significance, 82, 87, 110, 116, See also history, 13, 20–21, 59, 82, 88, 114, 137, See also Wetlands of International Importance Chinese history; European history; Māori; interpretation, 18, 36, 37, 38, 55, 57, 65, 66, 67, 77, Ngāi Tahu 84, 90, 103, 104, 105, 106, 153, 155, 168 understanding, 18, 36, 53, 66 invasive species, 110, 117 hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin, 22, 93, 102, 103, 105, 106, 109, 111 invertebrates, 90, 102, 107, 109 endemic, 50, 63, 75 horse riding, 23, 49, 54, 55, 60, 62, 67, 75, 77, 78, 82, indigenous, 21, 75, 114 85, 88, 89, 91, 99, 105, 125, 135, 137–38, 147, threatened and at-risk, 21, 22, 49, 50, 63, 75, 88, 156 89, 109 human activity, 24, 32, 87, 94, 110, 159 irrigation, 21, 24, 49, 75, 115, 116 Humboldt Mountains, 60, 66 islands, 22, 34, 42, 95, 97, 98, 107, 109, 111, 112 lake, 58 Hunter River, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 114, 115 isolation, 51, 53, 69, 76, 83, 84, 97, 107 hunting, 19, 23, 42, 47, 49, 52, 58, 59, 60, 62, 75, 135, 136, 148, 150 iwi, 31, 42, 88, 112 commercial, 20, 50, 52, 160 jet boating, 23, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 115, 117 game animal, 151, 166 game bird, 143–44 journeying, 20, 25, 36, 58, 67, 82, 102, 117 groups, 54, 59, 66, 68, 105 Ka Whenua Roimata, 60, 65 historic, 81, 102 recreational, 20, 50, 52, 54, 59, 64, 66, 77, 82, 88, kaimoana, 94, 108 95, 103, 131, 148, 150, 164, 175 kaitiakitanga, 10, 15, 18, 19, 25, 28, 29, 112, 168 trophy, 52, 54, 148, 149, 158 kākā, 22, 51, 58, 60, 66 huts, 39, 40, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 66, 75, 95, 131, 132, Kakanui Mountains, 74, 78 136 backcountry, 20, 61, 68, 75, 76, 78, 103 kārearea/New Zealand falcon, 22, 51, 58, 60, 66, musterers', 20, 50, 75 101 hydroelectricity, 87, 110, 114, 115, 143 Kāti Huirapa Rūnaka, 116 hydrology, 108, 138, 176 Kawarau River, 21, 58, 63, 75, 114, 117

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 301 kayaking, 59, 63, 88, 103, 109, 115 impacts on, 20, 24, 59, 75, 76, 87, 88, 96, 116, 146 outstanding, 49, 50, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, kea, 46, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 63, 66 74, 83, 94 kekeno/New Zealand fur seal, 22, 102, 103, 109, protecting, 33, 34, 40, 47, 53, 54, 64, 68, 69, 76, 77, 111, 112, 142 83, 84, 88, 90, 97, 117, 146, 155, 174 kelp, 21, 108, 109, 110 limestone, 57, 74, 90 invasive, 110 livestock, 48, 68, 101, 104, 116, 135, 144, 168 kōwhai, 18, 87, 89 lizards, 22, 50, 51, 58, 88 Lake Alta, 63, 69, 70 local authorities, 59, 76, 93, 94, 116, 126, 129 Lake Hāwea, 51, 52, 55, 58, 115, 117 working with, 42, 77, 78, 84, 85, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, 106, 118, 122, 125, 129, 137 Lake Wakatipu (Whakatipu-wai-māori), 23, 42, local residents, 18, 23, 88, 97, 143 58, 59, 60, 62, 115, 117 Local Treasure destinations, 13, 38, 39, 40, 53, 65, Lake Wanaka, 58, 59, 114, 115, 117 78, 84, 89, 95, 97, 103, 104, 168 Lake Wanaka Preservation Act 1973, 114 Lochnagar, 61, 67 lakes, 20, 57–65, 101, 113, 114, 115–19 salt, 87 Lower Dart, 46, 48, 59, 64 Lakes Waihola and Waipori wetlands, 93, 95, 96, lowlands, 18, 82, 93–100, 115, 117 98, 113, 115, 116, 119, 120 Macetown, 38, 62, 66, 69, 74 community group, 41, 42 Macraes, 88, 89, 91 Lammerlaw Range, 49 mahinga kai, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 46, 51, 94, 96, 98, land. See also Ngāi Tahu 102, 104, 108, 113, 117, 168 community group lease, 95, 98 Māori, 107 maintenance, 37, 40, 48, 51, 101, 125, 131, 154 pastoral lease, 33, 37, 52, 58, 60, 61, 62, 124, 136, access for, 125, 130, 131, 132, 135 137, 144, 176 contribution to, 39, 40, 41, 53, 65, 67, 68, 75, 78, private, 33, 81, 82, 83, 87, 89, 101, 104, 105 84, 89, 97, 125, 126, 127, 137 status, 26, 31, 55, 57, 58, 67, 74, 77, 78, 84, 86, 90, mana whenua, 9, 25 91, 95, 98, 100, 105, 107, 112, 121 Manaaki Whenua/Landcare Research, 87 Land Information New Zealand, 118, 122, 176 Manorburn, 78, 115 Land Transport Act 1998, 170, 177 Manuhaea, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58 land use, 86 changes, 24, 59, 87, 103, 110 Manuherikia River, 50, 51, 75 consents, 14, 43, 121 Māori, 63, 107 impacts of, 21, 110, 111, 116, 118 history, 20, 67, 74, 75, 88, 102 intensification, 24, 76, 116 naming, 75, 93, 108 practices, 24, 87, 118, 154 settlements, 20 sustainable, 77, 116 marginal strips, 27, 49, 62, 93 landforms, 24, 33, 34, 50, 87, 94, 153, 174 marine environments, 18, 19, 22,6 33, , 96, 10 107– landowners, 23, 39, 78, 84, 127 13, See also coastal marine areas; approval of, 60, 82, 83, 84, 90 ecosystems; farming; fish; protected areas contribution of, 59, 64, 66, 76, 77, 88, 89, 93, 96, species, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113 104, 116, 117 threats to, 24, 34, 112 working with, 34, 44, 49, 55, 68, 78, 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 98, 99, 105, 111, 118, 154 marine mammals, 22, 23, 27, 29, 95, 96, 107, 108, landscapes, 19, 21, 26, 36, 43, 48, 52, 53, 59, 61, 75, 109, 168 protecting, 18, 42, 97, 98, 102, 103, 105, 106, 107, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 97, 101, 104, 108, 114, 110, 111, 112, 136, 142 115, 117, 146 threats to, 24, 34, 100, 103, 106, 110, 142 cultural, 69, See also whenua tūpuna viewing, 102, 111, 112, 142

302 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, 9, 27, 107, Management Plan, 30, 46, 47, 48, 124, 127, 128, 109, 111, 142, 162 137, 147, 150 Marine Reserves Act 1971, 9, 161, 162, 169 Mount Aspiring National Park/Tititea Place, 46– 48, 130, 150 marine shelf, 108–9, 110 Mount Earnslaw. See Pikirakatahi (Mount Marine/Te Tai o Arai te Uru Place, 107–13 Earnslaw) mātaitai, 108, 110, 111, 169 mountain biking, 23, 49, 52, 53, 54, 59, 62, 75, 77, 82, mātauranga Māori, 25, 28, 169 88, 91, 95, 125, 156, 163, 170 Matukituki River, 42, 58, 64, 114, 115 access, 55, 67, 78, 85, 95, 99, 105, 126–27 West Branch tracks, 44, 46, 47, 59, 65 groups, 23, 126, 127 tracks, 65, 77, 90, 97, 126–27 Maukaatua, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 mountaineering, 20, 23, 36, 47, 59, See also Maungatua, 94, 95, 96, 99 climbing River, 115 Mt Aurum, 62, 66, 69 McKerrow Range, 51, 52, 54 national park management plans, 8, 12, 26, 143, migratory species, 34, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119 144, 161, See also Mount Aspiring National milestones, 11, 31–32, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 43, 44, 45, Park 48, 57, 74, 81, 86, 92, 100, 107, 113, 119–20, National Parks Act 1980, 8, 15, 27, 55, 58, 67, 78, 84, 155–56, 169 90, 105, 122, 129, 141, 160, 161, 162, 166, 171, Mill Creek, 95, 96, 97, 98 178 minerals, 20, 58, 75, 88, 111, 114, 123, 145 national significance, 22, 32, 59, 61, 82, 87, 116 mining, 129, 145, 169, See also gold mining natural character, 64, 67, 69, 78, 96, 97, 103, 104, Minister of Conservation, 9, 12, 15, 26, 27, 129, 145, 105, 117, 170, 174 148, 151, 154, 160, 161, 166 natural heritage, 18, 32–35, 178 Minister of Energy and Resources, 145 appreciating, 40, 88, 103, 111, 112 protecting, 13, 32, 43, 125, 127, 129, 137, 146 Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI), 34, 110, natural quiet, 18, 19, 23, 50, 51, 53, 54, 67, 77, 78, 83, 112, 143 84, 170 moa, 20, 81 protecting, 62, 69, 76, 130, 132 modification, 24, 59, 65, 74, 75, 87, 88, 97, 102, 155 threats to, 124, 129, 148, 149 Moeraki Boulders/Kaihinaki, 36, 94, 95, 97, 108, natural resources, 19, 81, 115, 117, 170 conservation, 25, 28, 29, 34, 43, 104, 122, 143, 150, 110 152, 167 mohua/yellowhead, 22, 42, 46, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 66, gathering, 19, 20, 26, 49, 102, 171 101, 102 threats to, 116, 145, 153 Mokomoko Dryland Sanctuary, 88, 89 nesting sites, 22, 51, 54, 55, 58 monitoring, 11, 28, 31, 32, 52, 68, 86, 106, 112, 114, Nevis River, 62–64, 67,4 82, 11 , 115 119, 123, 125, 127, 132, 138, 142, 145, 152, 153, New Zealand Alpine Club, 153, 154 157 New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, 98, 105, moths, 22, 50, 60, 82, 93, 94, 102 109, 112, 113, 118 motorbiking, 62, 75, 76, 77, 82 New Zealand Conservation Authority, 9, 26, 31, users, 77, 84, 98 157, 161 Mount Aspiring. See Tititea (Mount Aspiring) New Zealand Deerstalkers’ Association, 61 Mount Aspiring National Park, 8, 16, 19, 46–48, 51, New Zealand Defence Force, 129 52, 53, 60, 62, 64, 68, 114, 121, 122, 132, 136, New Zealand falcon. See kārearea/New Zealand 143, 147 falcon

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 303 New Zealand Fire Service, 154 Olivine, 46, 47, 150 New Zealand fur seal. See kekeno/New Zealand Orokonui Ecosanctuary, 33, 42, 93 fur seal Otago and Southern Enlarged Rural Fire New Zealand Police, 42, 125, 136 Authority, 154 New Zealand sea lion. See Otago Central Rail Trail, 23, 36, 42, 44, 55, 88, 89, rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion 90, 92, 126, 137 Duathlon, 23, 126 New Zealand Threat Classification System, 13, Trust, 23, 41, 42, 88, 89, 90 176 Otago Conservation Board, 9, 11, 39, 141, 152, 157, New Zealand Transport Agency, 42 161 New Zealand Walking Access Commission, 39, Otago Fish and Game Council, 42, 116 42, 119, 122 Otago Peninsula, 22, 42, 44, 93, 94, 109 Ngāi Tahu, 9–10, 14, 25–32, 157, 171, See also Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Otago Regional Council, 113, 116, 146 access, 30, 112 Water Plan, 115, 119, 120 consulting, 27, 29, 118 Oteake, 48, 50–51, 53–55, 57 contribution of, 18, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 41, 57, 64, 77, 89, 90, 93, 94, 96, 98, 104, 116, 118 outcomes, 11, 45, 47, 52–55, 64–67, 77–78, 83–84, heritage, 26, 77, 81, 84, 95, 96, 108, 113, 118, 153 89–90, 103–4, 111, 117–18, 171 history, 20, 26, 46, 48, 52, 58, 88, 108 national, 13 identity, 19, 25, 113 over-flights, 65, 66, 76, 78, 97, 131, 135 land, 60, 65, 68, 75, 81, 84, 101, 116 links to areas, 18, 19, 21, 25, 26, 30, 31, 36, 37, 46, Papatipu Rūnanga, 9, 14, 25, 28, 30, 37, 42, 171, 172 47, 51, 52, 53, 58, 60, 81, 93, 94–95, 102, 107, 123, Papatowai, 20, 102, 103, 104, 110 138, 147, 153, 176, 177 naming, 25, 49, 51, 81, 108 partnerships, 10, 17, 19, 23, 30, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, stories, 18, 25, 29, 36, 37, 81, 90 42–44, 65, 66, 67, 86, 88, 89, 90, 126, 155, 172, working with, 15, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31, 37, 41, 44, 55, See also Treaty of Waitangi 61, 65, 68, 79, 91, 95, 98, 104, 105, 107, 111, 112, 117, 118, 143 pastoral farming, 20, 83 historic, 18, 20, 50, 51, 52, 58, 62, 75, 77, 78, 82, 84, Ngāi Tahu (Pounamu Vesting) Act 1997, 15, 173 88, 102, 114 Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, 9, 15, 25, impacts of, 24, 63, 74, 75, 87, 102 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 65 pekapeka/bat, 22, 58, 101 Ngāi Tahu Deed of Settlement 1997, 15, 29, 30, 60 penguins, 22, 95, 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, See also nohoanga sites, 14, 15, 26–27, 31, 113, 171 hoiho/yellow-eyed penguin Nokomai wetland complex, 82, 84, 115, 119, 120 permits, 27, 61, 68, 79, 85, 91, 111, 125, 135–36, 142, 145, 148, 149, 154 Nugget Point/Tokatā, 26, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 142 pest animals, 49 control of, 35, 42, 104 nutrient inputs, 108, 116, 144 pest plants, 24, 49, 76, 93, 94, 135, 137, 146, 153, See Oamaru, 22, 23, 51, 76 also wilding trees objectives, 11, 29, 32, 33–35, 39–40, 42–43, 44, 157 control of, 49, 64, 76, 94, 137 oil spills, 110 pests, 24, 59, 88, 160, 172 control of, 14, 27, 34, 35, 42, 44, 64, 77, 83, 89, 93, Old Man Range/Kopuwai, 81–85, 124, 125 96, 102, 104, 117, 121 Old Man Range/Kopuwai, Old Woman Range, photography, 23, 50, 95, 109, 146–47 and Garvie Mountains Place, 74, 81–86 pigs, 50, 52, 102, 105, 107, 148, 150, 151 Old Woman Range, 82, 83 Pikirakatahi (Mount Earnslaw), 26, 46, 47, 58 older people, 40

304 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Pisa Range, 76, 78, 79 species, 27, 28, 34, 54 pīwauwau/rock wren, 51, 58, 59, 60, 66 recreation, 13, 15, 18–19, 19, 23, 38–41, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60–61, 62, 63–64, 64–68, 75–76, plains. See Taieri River 77–78, 82–83, 87, 88–90, 95–97, 109, 110, 111, policies, 12, 30–31, 45, 47–48, 55, 67–70, 112, 118–19, 114, 115, 117, 131, 132, 137, 152, 155, 168, See 121–55 also commercial activity pollution, 24, 110 adventurous, 13, 23, 39, 59, 64, 66, 122, 160 future opportunities for, 20, 23, 39, 40, 49, 53, population trends, human, 17, 20, 154 54, 55, 74, 84, 103, 105, 155 Port Chalmers, 110 groups, 20, 23, 39, 41, 66, 75, 76, 79, 83, 125, 126, 127, 153, 154 possums, 42, 102 historic, 20, 36, 75 pou whenua, 31 impacts of, 64, 68, 105, 136, 154 managing, 99, 121, 122, 162 pounamu, 15, 20, 26, 27, 29, 31, 46, 58, 81, 173 network, 18, 39 predators, 51, 53, 59, 88, 110, 114, 116, 143 protecting, 69, 70, 76, 83, 90, 125,7 127, 129, 13 , control of, 42, 64, 66, 68, 77, 83, 88, 89, 93, 96, 145, 146, 152 101, 104, 117 seasonal, 18, 23, 39, 49, 55, 62, 75, 77, 82, 84 threats to, 116, 138, 153 priority ecosystem units, 13, 33, 34, 35, 47, 49, 54, 58, 63, 64, 75, 77, 82, 83, 87, 89, 93, 94, 96, 98, refuges, 18, 58, 87, 93, 107, 109, 111, 129, See also 101, 104, 105, 112, 113, 117, 118, 153, 157, 173 sanctuaries threats to, 34, 69, 70, 145, 148, 149 regional agencies, 88, 89, 99, 105, 106, 111, 118, 129, Project Gold, 87, 89 137 protected areas, 18, 24, 173 regional councils, 14, 42, 145, 146, 151 marine, 18, 19, 34, 110, 111, 169 regional plans, 61, 112, 118, 145 Protected Objects Act 1975, 9 regional significance, 87, 101, 115 public access, 21, 27, 40, 42, 52, 60, 63, 65, 66, 70, regulations, 15, 27, 33, 114, 122, 142, 143, 151, 156, 76, 78, 83, 84, 89, 90, 97, 104, 117, 119, 144, 174 146, See also aircraft; beaches; Remarkables, The, 58, 62–64, 67, 69, 74 maintenance; mountain biking; Ngāi Tahu; ski field, 59, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, 122, 155 vehicles; walking; watercraft ease of, 40, 53, 54, 63, 67, 95, 97, 109, 122, 124, 130 remoteness, 54, 61, 62, 67, 129, 130, 153 improving, 39, 41, 55, 58, 69, 90 reporting, 11, 35, 37, 40, 48, 112, 119, 157 limits to, 15, 51, 62, 78, 83, 97, 102, 121, 136, 143 research, 13, 41, 50, 54, 87, 88, 102, 111, 112, 116, 119, public benefits, 17, 18, 24, 39, 43, 47, 76, 102, 104, 122, 130, 132, 142, 147, 148, 151 109, 110, 114, 117, 119, 126 need for, 34, 75, 78, 88, 90 public notification, 9, 15, 123, 135, 152 Reserves Act 1977, 9, 15, 27, 30, 55, 58, 67, 78, 84, public safety, 15, 76, 121, 124, 125, 129, 137, 146, 153 90, 105, 112, 122, 129, 143, 160, 161, 162, 171, Quarantine Island/Kamau Taurua, 95, 97, 98 174, 176 Queenstown, 23, 59, 62, 65, 78, 126, 146 Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA), 14, 43, 113, 121, 145 Queenstown Lakes District Council, 52, 55, 67 restoration, 18, 33, 35, 38, 42, 44, 65, 66, 75, 79, 81, Ramsar Convention, 16, 124, 162 84, 89, 90, 92, 93, 96, 98, 102, 105, 111, 116, rangatiratanga, 9, 19, 25, 29, 175, 176, See also tino 117, 118, 119, 125, 144, 145, 174 rangatiratanga Richardson Mountains, 61–62, 66, 69 rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand sea lion, 22, 93, riparian areas, 18, 55, 90, 97, 104, 115, 116, 117, 118, 102, 109, 111, 142 144, 145 recovery operations, 54, 130, 148–49, 158

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 305 rivers, 19, 20, 21, 22, 36, 58–69, 75, 87, 88, 102, 103, shrublands, 18, 33, 50, 51, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 66, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113–20, 125, 145 68, 74, 82, 93, 94, 96, 101 braided, 18, 33, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 114, 136, sightseeing, 23, 62, 82 145 threats to, 61, 136 signage, 15, 106, 135, 136, 137 roads, 42, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 63, 68, 75, 76, 77, 78, Silverpeaks, The, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100 79, 82, 83, 84, 96, 98, 103, 105, 122, 124, 125, Sinclair Wetlands/Te Nohoaka o Tukiauau, 116 126, 137, 138, 139, 146, 165, 174, 176 ski fields, 23, 59, 65, 68, 76, 122, 124, 126, 154–55, Rock and Pillar Range, 75, 76, 78 See also Remarkables, The rock art, 37, 75 skiing, 23, 36, 43, 49, 63, 75 rock wren. See pīwauwau/rock wren backcountry, 75, 77, 83, 84, 124 Routeburn Track, 44, 46, 47, 60, 61, 66 skinks, 18, 19, 22, 42, 49, 50, 51, 54, 63, 88, 89 Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society, 41, 42, Skippers, 20, 36, 59, 62, 66, 67, 74 101 soils, 17, 83, 87, 95, 103, 144 Royal New Zealand Navy, 42 solitude, 23, 46, 53, 54, 63, 67, 77, 78, 84, 95 runoff, 110, 116 Southern Alps/Kā Tiritiri o te Moana, 19, 46, 51, saltmarshes, 93, 109, 116 54, 58, 114 saltpans, 21, 22 Southland, 63, 67, 81, 82, 101 CMS Places, 58 sanctuaries, 33, 88, 89, 93, 95, 97, 110, 129, See also refuges sporting events, 23, 53, 76, 90, 123, 126, 135, 152–53, 154 Sandymount, 97, 110 St Bathans, 36, 51, 89 schist, 50, 51, 74, 81, 87, 94, 108, 115 Range, 50 schools, 40, 41, 42, 54, 103 Statement of Intent, 13, 14, 32, 157, 175 seabirds, 22, 96, 102, 109, 111 statement of outstanding universal value, 47, 54, protecting, 18, 97, 103, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112 55, 123 threats to, 24, 34, 103, 110 State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986, 9 sealing, 20 Statutory Adviser, 15 seals, 22, 102, 109, 135 Stewart Island/Rakiura, 108 search and rescue, 42, 124, 129, 136 stone resources, 20, 51 sediments, 93, 107, 108, 110, 115, 116 structures, 36, 96, 97, 122, 123, 152, 155, 159, 175 Setpoint Solutions Ltd, 33, 44 free of, 67, 69, 97 settlement, human, 19, 20, 36, 48, 52, 58, 60, 66, 93, limits to, 53, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 77, 83, 91, 99, 104, 94, 95, 102, 108, 114, See also Arrowtown 138–39 Chinese Settlement subdivision, 24, 59, 103 impacts of, 75, 87, 88 tahr, 35, 52, 54, 57, 59, 64, 74, 148, 149, 150, 151 Shag Point/Matakaea, 26, 93, 94, 98 taiāpure, 108, 110, 111, 175 Shag River (Waihemo), 20, 88, 108, 115, 116 Taiaroa Head (Pukekura), 8, 22, 95, 97, 109, 110 sharks, 109 Taieri River, 21, 22, 50, 75, 87, 88, 94, 108, 110, 114, shellfish, 27 115, 117 shipwrecks, 108, 110, 159 scroll plain, 21, 87, 89, 90, 115, 116, 119, 120 Shotover, 46, 48 tangata whenua, 9, 19, 25, 146, 162, 168, 169, 175 River, 58, 61–62, 66–67, 69, 115 taonga, 18, 25, 28, 175 species, 15, 27, 29, 30, 31, 109, 113

306 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 Tāpuae-o-Uenuku/Hector Mountains, 62–63, 63, trails, 20, 21, 37, 38, 48, 52, 58, 69, 76, 84, 137, See 67, 69 also ara tawhito tauranga waka, 94 tramping, 13, 20, 23, 36, 47, 49, 50, 52, 58, 59, 60, 61, Tautuku, 20, 101, 102, 103, 106 62, 63, 66, 68, 75, 77, 82, 95, 103, 160, 166 River, 101, 102, 115 transition zones, 50, 51, 62, 94, 109 TBfree New Zealand, 42, 102, 104 translocation, 89, 176 Te Araroa Trail, 52, 54, 55 Treaty of Waitangi, 15, 20, 175 Te Koroka (Dart/Slipstream), 26, 46, 47 partnership, 9, 10, 15, 17, 25–32 Te Papanui, 48–50, 53–54, 115 Treaty of Waitangi (Fisheries Claims) Settlement Act 1992, 28 Te Papanui, Oteake and Hāwea Conservation Parks Place, 48–57, 74 trout, 50, 52, 101, 114, 115, 116, 143, 175 Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu, 9, 14, 16, 26, 27, 29, 30, tuna/eel, 18, 20, 27, 30, 101, 107, 114, 119, 143 longfin, 52, 60, 119, 143 31, 68, 171 Freshwater Policy, 14, 113 tūpoupou/Hector’s dolphin, 24, 34, 109 Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu Act 1996, 9, 171, 172 tussock grasslands, 18, 21, 33, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 57, Te Wāhipounamu—South West New Zealand 61, 62, 66, 68, 74, 75, 82, 87, 94, 115, 117, 118 park, 77, 78, 81, 84, 86 World Heritage Area, 16, 19, 35, 46, 47, 51, 54, 55, 64, 123 University of Otago, 41, 116 telecommunications, 96, 99, 123, 138, 139, 176 uplands, 22, 74–86, 87, 90, 94, 101, 105, 116, 117, See also wetlands tenure reviews, 19, 20, 33, 34, 37, 39, 55, 58, 67, 77, 78, 83, 84, 90, 144, 176 urupā, 93, 95, 108, 176 threatened and at-risk species, 19, 22, 35, 46, 50, utilities, 69, 97, 99, 125, 130, 131, 132, 135, 138–39, 58, 75, 82, 86, 93, 101, 102, 109, 114, 115, 157, 176 176 vegetation sequences conservation, 33, 34, 47, 53, 54, 64, 69, 77, 83, 87, altitudinal, 18, 50, 51, 53, 54, 60, 63, 64, 67, 77, 90, 89, 90, 96, 97, 98, 104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 112, 94 117, 118, 153 indigenous, 21, 57, 63 threats to, 59, 88, 100 vehicles, 48, 146, 147, 152, 177 tikanga, 26, 31, 162, 168, 176 access, 13, 50, 51, 53, 55, 62, 67, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, timber milling, 52, 60, 102 83, 84, 85, 91, 96, 98, 99, 103, 105, 106, 124–35, 174 tino rangatiratanga, 10, 15, 18, 28, 29 impacts of, 53, 54, 57, 64, 69, 76, 77, 79, 83, 84, 86, Tititea (Mount Aspiring), 26, 46, 47 98, 103, 104, 106, 156 motorised, 53, 55, 62, 67, 76, 77, 78, 84, 85, 91, 95, Tōpuni, 15, 21, 26, 31, 46, 47, 58, 93, 96, 98, 176 99, 105, 124–26, 156, 169 toroa/albatross, 22, 24, 93, 97, 109 over-snow, 68, 76, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 124, 125, 155, 169, 172 tourism, 13, 15, 19, 23, 24, 43, 44, 59, 62, 64, 65, 103, user groups, 83, 84, 125 104, 111, 114, 115, 122, 126, 137, 155, 162, 167 visitor groups, 38, 150 sector, 44, 65, 127 wildlife, 22, 95, 97, 102, 103, 110 visitor management zones, 38, 48, 65, 121, 123, 125, tracks, 20, 40, 42, 46, 47, 52, 54, 59, 60, 65, 66, 77, 129, 131, 135, 138, 146, 147, 152 103, 104, 105, 132, 137, 152, See also visitors, 20, 36, 40, 88, 177 cycleways; mountain biking conditions on, 31, 112, 122 backcountry, 58, 61, 75 experience, 13, 18, 38, 44, 46, 49, 51, 53, 65, 66, 67, historic, 36, 37, 38, 51, 62, 75 97, 103, 104, 111, 118, 122, 131, 132, 135, 137, 148, lack of, 48, 50 149, 150, 167 informing, 36, 77, 84, 90, 96, 105 trading, 20, 46, 95, 108 international, 13, 23, 43, 44, 60, 65, 88, 102

Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016 307 number of, 23, 40, 41, 59, 64, 65, 69, 95, 103, 105, upland, 18, 22, 33, 49, 78, 84, 98, 114 155 Wetlands of International Importance, 84, 89, 90, viticulture, 24, 87 98, 119, 123, 177 volcanic environments, 74, 94, 108 Whakaari, 61–62, 69 volunteers, 40, 41 whakahao. See rāpoka/whakahao/New Zealand vulnerability, 24, 32, 62, 78, 84, 98, 99, 104, 111, 112, sea lion 114, 126, 136, 154 whakapapa, 25 wāhi taonga, 81, 93 whales, 34, 109 wāhi tapu, 25, 29, 32, 93, 146, 153, 176, 177 whaling, 20, 94, 102 Waipori Falls, 95, 96, 97, 98 Wharekakahu Island, 111, 112 Waitaki River, 74 whenua tūpuna, 18, 21, 25, 28, 37, 52, 88, 94, 113, 177 waka, 108 whio/blue duck, 22, 58, 59, 60, 66, 114 walking, 13, 20, 23, 43, 47, 55, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 77, whitebait, 101, 114, 115 88, 89, 95, 103, 104, 105, 117, 160 whitewater activities, 115 access, 53, 60, 66, 67, 76, 103 Wild Animal Control Act 1977, 9, 148–50, 151, 158, Walking Access Act 2008, 9 161, 162, 171, 178 Wanaka, 23, 42, 59, 126, 146 wild animals, 49, 178 water, 87, 117, See also freshwater areas free of, 54, 64 flows, 21, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118 control of, 20, 34, 35, 46, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, quality, 18, 22, 34, 49, 58, 61, 69, 75, 96, 102, 110, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, 102, 104, 105, 107, 131, 135, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 146 148–51, 158, 171 quantity, 22, 49, 69, 75, 114, 116, 117 in captivity, 148, 151 supply, 21, 115, 138, 176 liberation of, 20, 102 yield, 21, 49, 53, 75, 76, 117, 118 wilderness, 19, 38, 46, 47, 150 Water Conservation (Kawarau) Order 1997, 58, areas, 46, 48, 123, 130, 135, 150, 178 60, 61, 63, 66, 67, 82, 114, 118 wilding trees, 24, 35, 42, 44, 49, 50, 53, 55, 59, 62, water races, 50, 58, 62, 75, 88 64, 66, 67, 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 85, 88, 91, 94, 96, watercraft, 171 99, 116, 117 access, 52, 128–29 wildlife, 43, 61, 65, 93, 103, 115, 116, 119, 178 motorised, 48, 167, 172 behaviour around, 110, 142 weeds, 24, 86, 87, 94 corridors, 64, 77, 89, 90, 96, 98, 104, 105, 117 aquatic, 116, 117 protecting, 95, 103, 104, 106, 107, 111, 112, 129, control of, 64, 77, 83, 89, 96, 104, 117 135, 136, 137, 152 threats to, 124, 129, 135, 152 Western Lakes and Mountains/Ngā Puna Wai viewing, 22, 23, 39, 43, 95, 96, 97, 102, 103, 104, Karikari a Rākaihautū Place, 16, 57–74, 130 109, 110, 111, 112, 123 wetlands, 21, 24, 33, 49, 50, 55, 74, 82, 87, 90, 93, 98, Wildlife Act 1953, 9, 27, 107, 109, 128, 151, 161, 162, 102, 105, 109, 113, 114, 115–18, 162, 177, See 171, 178 also ecosystems; Lakes Waihola and World Heritage Area, 123, 178 Waipori wetlands; Nokomai wetland complex Wye Creek, 63, 67, 69 coastal, 93, 101, 102 yellow-eyed penguin. See hoiho/yellow-eyed lowland, 18, 21, 22, 33, 93, 96, 114 penguin protecting, 18, 22, 86, 93, 96, 114 restoring, 18, 93, 116 Yellow-eyed Penguin Trust, 33, 41, 42, 93, 101, 111 saline, 87 yellowhead. See mohua/yellowhead threats to, 61, 83, 100

308 Otago Conservation Management Strategy 2016