Environmental Impact Assessment Study Coromandel International Limited Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited

Final Report Environmental Impact Assessment Study

For the Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700

MTPD to 1000 MTPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer Complex

Project Proponent

Coromandel International Limited Corporate Office Plant Address Coromandel International Limited, Post No 1116, Sriharipuram, Coromandel House, Sardar Patel Road, Malkapuram Post, Visakhapatnam - Secunderabad 500 003, Telangana, 530011 India January 2017

Project Consultant

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited Accredited EIA Consulting Organization Certificate No: NABET/EIA/1 011/011 Parry House, 4th Floor, No:2, NSC Bose Road, Parrys, Chennai – 600 001

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD Project No:PJ-ENVIR- to 1000 TPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary 2016425-764, 18th January (A Murugappa Group Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel International 2017 Declaration Company) Limited, Visakhapatnam

DECLARATION BY PROJECT PROPONENT

Coromandel International Limited, Visakhapatnam has conducted the “Environmental Impact Assessment Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD to 1000 TPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel International Fertilizers, Visakhapatnam”

The EIA report preparation have been undertaken in compliance with the ToR issued by MoEF & CC. Information and content provided in the report is factually correct for the purpose and objective for such study undertaken.

We hereby declare the ownership of contents (information and data) of EIA/EMP Report.

For on behalf of Coromandel International Limited

Signature Name: Designation: Date: 18th January 2017

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 2

DECLARATION BY EIA CONSULTANT

This EIA report has been prepared by Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited (CMSRSL), in line with EIA Notification, dated 14th September 2006, seeking prior Environmental Clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, New Delhi. This work has been undertaken in accordance with ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms & Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. Further, this report is confidential to the client and the use of this report by unauthorized third parties without written authorization from CMSRSL shall be at their own risk.

For and on behalf of Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited

Approved by : N V Subba Rao

Sign :

Designation : Chief Executive

Date : 18th January 2017

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 3

PROJECT DECLARATION BY EIA CONSULTANT ORGANIZATION

I, hereby, certify that I was part of the EIA team in the following capacity that developed the above EIA.

Sector as per NABET Scheme 16 Chemical Fertilizer Sector as per EIA Notification 5(a) Chemical Fertilizer

EIA Coordinator: Name: Mr. B.P.Raju

Signature: Date: 18th January 2016 Period of Involvement: April to till date Contact Information: M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited “PARRY” House 3rd Floor, No. 2 NSC Bose Road, Chennai – 600 001 [email protected] +91-044- 3044 5620 Functional Area Experts: Involvement S.No. Functional Areas Name of the Expert/s Signature (Period and Task) April to till date Task: Site visit, design of Ambient air quality monitoring network, evaluation of result of ambient air AP- Air Pollution quality monitoring, inferring baseline 1 Prevention, Monitoring Mr. Ravishankar D data collected, identification of & Control potential impact to air quality during construction and operation phase, developing and finalizing EMP to minimize impact to air quality. April to till date Task: Site visit, Finalization of WP- Water Pollution sampling locations, finalizing water 2 Monitoring Prevention Mr. V S Bhaskar balance for the project, inference of & Control baseline data collected identification of impacts and preparation of mitigation plan. April to till date SHW- Solid and Task: Identification of solid waste to 3 Hazardous Waste Mr. Ravishankar D be generated from the process and Management suggesting mitigation plan. MSW – Municipal April to till date 4 Ms. Sathya.S Task: Identification of solid waste to Solid Waste Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 4

Involvement S.No. Functional Areas Name of the Expert/s Signature (Period and Task) be generated from the process and suggesting mitigation plan and coordination with EIA coordinator & functional area expert in report writing June 2016 to Ongoing Task: Undertaking primary socio- SE- Socio-Economic Dr. Mangalam economic survey, identification of 5 Aspects Balasubramanian social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan. April to till date Task: Undertaking primary socio- SE- Socio-Economic Mr. Karthick C S economic survey, identification of 6 Aspects social impact due to proposed project, preparation of mitigation plan, development of CSR plan. April to till date Task: Field survey. Impact prediction EB- Ecology and Mr. I. Siva Ram 7 and suggesting mitigation measures. Biodiversity Krishna Preparation of ecology management plan. April to till date Task: Field survey. Impact prediction EB- Ecology and 8 Dr. T. Balakrishna and suggesting mitigation measures. Biodiversity Preparation of ecology management plan. April to till date Task: Supervision of air quality AQ- Meteorology, Air modeling and identification of 9 Quality Modeling & Mr. V S Bhaskar impacts due to proposed expansion. Prediction Finalization of mitigation measures with client. April to till date Task: Inference from noise NV- Noise & 10 Mr. V S Bhaskar modelling, identification of potential Vibration impacts due to proposed project and developing mitigation measures. April to till date Task: Preparation of land use land 11 LU- Land Use Mr. Rajendra Prasad cover maps for the study area using

GIS/ related tools followed by ground truth verification. April to till date HG- Hydrology Task: Aquifer details, groundwater Ground Water & potential, determination of ground use 12 T.P.Natesan Water Conservation pattern, Study of local hydro-geology, GEO- Geology development of rainwater harvesting program, preparation of contour map Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 5

Involvement S.No. Functional Areas Name of the Expert/s Signature (Period and Task) for the study area and estimation of groundwater direction. April to till date Task: Identification of risk due to RH- Risk & Hazard 13 Mr. V S Bhaskar storage of fuel and raw materials, Management interpreting consequence contours, suggesting risk mitigation measures.

Associate Functional Area Experts involved: 1. Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh – AFAE – AP & AP 2. Mr.B.Mahendra

Declaration by the Head of the Accredited Consultant Organization/ Authorized Person

I, N.V.Subbarao, hereby, confirm that the above mentioned experts prepared the EIA Report for the “EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

to 1000 TPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel International Fertilizers, Visakhapatnam”.

I also confirm that the consultant organization shall be fully accountable for any misleading information mentioned in this statement.

Signature: Name : N V Subbarao Name of the EIA Consultant Organization : M/s.Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited NABET Certificate No. :NABET/EIA/1316/RA009 & Extension Letter No. QCI/NABET/EIA/ACO/ 16/12/0224 dated, 2nd December 2016

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 6

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

The Coromandel International limited, Visakhapatnam plant at Sriharipuram, Visakhaptnam was commissioned in the year 1967 and subsequently the plant was fully owned by M/s Murugappa group, from the year 1995. The existing facility has grown several folds and catering to the complex fertilizer needs of the country. The facility is involved in the manufacture of various NPK and fertilizer grades such as 28-28-0, 14-35-14, 20-20-0-13, 10- 26-26, 18-46-0 and 24-24-0-8S etc. depending on the market demand and needs. The existing facility was expanded in the year 2007 from a production capacity of 2700 MTPD to the current consented capacity of 3900 MTPD. Prior Environmental Clearance was obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF) for the same.

The existing facility is located within the Visakhapatnam Port Trust Industrial Zone and the area is widely dominated by industrial and mixed urban land use. Location of the existing facility and its environs are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The existing facility area spreads in 436.48 Acres of land with the following facilities: rock phosphate storage and handling, phosphoric acid plant (PAP), sulphuric acid plant (SAP), ammonia storage tanks, NPK fertilizer granulation plants and bagging plant. Other utilities consist of raw water treatment facilities, LSHS boilers, wastewater treatment, and recycling facilities. A dedicated colony comprising of about 40 residential units and guesthouse is catering the needs of the plant employees and staff.

Salient features of the study area are presented in Table 1. It can be noted that there are no notified ecological and wildlife sanctuaries within 10Km radius (Figure 3). The facility is bordered by petroleum refinery of M/s Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) on the eastern side, urban settlements on the western and southern side. No settlements were observed on the northern side of the facility boundary. Visakhapatnam international air port is located at 1Km from the facility boundary on the northern side of the facility.

The facility was issued environmental compliance MoEF, vide letter no. F.No. J- 11011/388/2006-IA-II (I), dated 18th May 2007, F.No. F.No. J-11011/314/2007-IA-II (I), dated 31st August 2007 and no. F.NO. J-11011/548/2008-IA-II (I), dated 10th June 2009. The consent For operate under Air (Prevention) and Control of Pollution Act and Water (Prevention) and Control of Pollution Act are being obtained as per the norms and guidelines

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Project No:PJ-ENVIR- to 1000 TPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary 2016425-764, 18th January (A Murugappa Group Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer 2017 Complex of Coromandel International Executive Summary Company) Limited, Visakhapatnam of the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) from time to time. The latest consent for Operate issued by APPCB vide letter no. APPCB.VSP/VSP/65/CFO/HO/2015- 454, dated 19th August 2016, is valid up to 31st October 2021.

Table 1 Salient Features of the Study Area S.No Particulars Details Location Visakhapatnam Village Sriharipuram 1 District Visakhapatnam State Andhra Pradesh Elevation above mean sea 2 6 to 9 m level (MSL) Nearest IMD Station Kailsalagiri, Visakhapatnam Annual (averages) Max Temp:41.3 Deg C Climatic Conditions 3 Annual (averages) Min Temp:13.7 Deg C as per IMD Predominant Wind Direction (Annual): South West Annual Average Wind Speed: 9 km/h 4 Nearest highway/road NH-16 (3km aerial distance) Eastern Naval Command Head Quarters is located at 5 km 5 Defence installations from the plant boundary Visakhapatnam Railway Station is located at 4 Km from 6 Nearest railway station the plant boundary Visakhapatnam Airport is located at 1Km from the plant 7 Nearest airport boundary 8 Nearest village Gullalapalem, Mulagada, Malkapuram 9 Nearest town Sriharipuram is located at 1.0 Km from the plant boundary 10 Nearest river No rivers were found within 10Kms radius Meghadrigadda Over Flow channel within 500m from 11 Nearest drain plant boundary Archaeologically important No Archaeological places were identified within the 10 12 places Km radius from the plant boundary. x Dolphin Nose, a tourist attraction is identified towards Nearest place of south at 3.5km from the plant boundary. 13 Tourist/Religious importance x Simhachalam temple is located at 6.5km from the plant boundary towards Northern direction. Ecologically sensitive areas (National parks/Wildlife No Ecological sensitive areas were identified within 10 14 sanctuaries/bio-sphere Km radius from the plant boundary. reserves) x Narava Reserved Forest is located at 6.5 km from the plant boundary. x Yerrakonda Reserved Forest is located at 9 km from 15 Reserved/Protected forests the plant boundary. x Kailasakonda Forest is located at 5 km from the plant boundary.

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

x Visakhapatnam steel plant, x HPCL, x Visakhapatnam Port Trust, x East India Petroleum Limited x Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd (erstwhile BHPV), 16 List of major industries x Hindustan Zinc Limited, x Hindustan Ship Yard, x Andhra Petro Chemicals Limited, x LG Polymers India Private Limited, x Essar Steel, x Rain CII, 17 Nature of soil in the study Red loamy soil, Sandy loamy soil, Black cotton soil area

Figure 1 Location of Coromandel International Ltd-Visakhapatnam Plant, Andhra Pradesh

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Figure 2 Land Use of the Visakhapatnam Port Area

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Figure 3 Toposheet showing the 10Km radius of the Existing Facility

1.1. Need for the Proposed Expansion Project

In view of demand for fertilizers in India and in order to achieve consented production of 3900 MTPD NP/NPK production, the facility intends to adopt the following modifications and upgrades, in the upstream of the complex fertilizer manufacturing units. Since the existing A, B and C granulation plants have adequate capacity to generate a maximum daily

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

production of 3900 MTPD of complex fertilizers, no modifications and upgradation are envisaged under this upgrade program.

1. Enhancing Phosphoric acid plant production capacity from 700 TPD to 1000 TPD

P2O5 including evaporation section and fluorine recovery unit. 2. De-bottlenecking the existing Sulphuric Acid Plant (SAP)-1 from 1400 TPD to 1700 TPD, 3. De-bottlenecking the existing Sulphuric Acid Plant -2 from 300 TPD to 400 TPD, 4. Installing a 40 TPH coal fired boiler to meet the additional steam required for the increased evaporation capacity. 5. Installing a 5 MW back pressure turbine in order to maximize the efficiency of steam utilization.

6. Installing of storage facility for a capacity of 20000 MT (P2O5 solution) for phosphoric acid. 7. Installation of 400 TPD evaporation system for phosphoric acid including fluorine recovery system. The purpose of the proposed project is to optimally utilize the existing main plant capacities and also to ensure that Phosphoric acid is made available on sustained basis, therefore the proposed project comprises of retrofitting of PAP units, enhancing the SAP and other supporting facilities will be developed within the existing facility. Hence procurement of additional land is not envisaged. Developing the proposed activities within the existing facility also will help to optimally utilize the existing land within the plant.

1.2. Environmental Impact Assessment Study

The proposed project falls under category ‘A’ of the Chemical Fertilizers sector as per the EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendments. The project appraised in the MoEF 6th Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) meeting held on 30th March and 9th Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) meeting held on 27th June 2016 for undertaking the EIA study. This EIA study was undertaken by M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, an NABET accredited EIA consulting organisation, with specific project related inputs required for undertaking the EIA studies from the project department of M/s. Coromandel International Limited, Visakhapatnam. M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services is authorized to undertake EIA studies for Chemical Fertilizer plants as per the NABET accreditation scheme. The environmental impact assessment study team headed by an accredited EIA Coordinator, Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 12

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

along with the approved Functional Area Experts have undertaken detailed baseline studied between 4th April 2016 and 14th July 2016 to represent the pre-monsoon conditions. Various physiochemical parameters such as meteorology, air quality, water quality, noise level recording, and soil quality were undertaken by M/s. Team Labs, Hyderabad, which is a MoEF and NABL accredited testing agency (Annexure 6). Various specialized studies such as hydro-geological studies, socioeconomic survey, ecological and biological survey etc were undertaken by the respective experts. Based on the project inputs provided by Coromandel with regards to the material, energy and water balance etc a detailed environmental impact assessment study was undertaken using qualitative and quantitative methods, wherever applicable. The adequacy of the risk mitigation measures considered in the pre-feasibility report provided by Coromandel was evaluated and, the residual environmental risks if any have been evaluated. Additional environmental risk control measures, wherever applicable were suggested. As per the standard ToR issued by MoEF and EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendments, the Public Consultation (Public Hearing) for the project was conducted on 08- 12-2016 at 11AM at Coromandel Recreation Centre Ground located adjacent to the existing Coromandel International Limited facility, Sriharipuram. 2. Environmental Stewardship in the Existing Facility of Coromandel

The management of Coromandel has been adhering to the emissions and discharge standards in the existing facility. Online emission monitoring systems were installed on all sulphuric acid and granulation plant process stacks. Similarly three continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed as per the APPCB directions and the criteria pollutants of concern are being monitored. In addition to the online sampling systems, Coromandel has been engaging MoEF&CC/NABL accredited environmental testing agency for undertaking emissions and ambient air quality monitoring on periodical basis. The emission and ambient air quality data indicates that the all prescribed parameters are well within the stipulated standards and criteria. A dedicated environment team headed by Asst. General Manager- Health, safety and environment is supported by a team of seven engineers to implement various HSE related programs in the facility. A dedicated CSR team is implementing various community development and CSR activities in the region. The team leaders of environment and CSR teams are directly reporting the facility occupier (Factory manager). A comprehensive emergency management plan and disaster management plans are being implemented as per the applicable regulations and guidelines.

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

About 80 TPH of steam from the waste heat generated is recovered from the existing SAP plants, which has helped to avoid burning of fossil fuel (LSHS or Diesel) to the tune of 150

T/day in the existing utility boilers. This has resulted in avoidance of about 2000 TPA of SO2

and 1.6 lac TPA of CO2. A dedicated wastewater treatment facility is in operation in the existing facility. Large quantities of treated wastewater are being recycled in the existing facility as a part of the corporate environment management initiatives. Due to implementation of various water conservation measures and treated wastewater recycling programs, the specific water consumption in the existing facility is maintained at 2 m3/T of the NPK fertilizer produced as against the industry benchmark of 4 m3/T, as per the published literature (ref)1.

Coromandel undertook a project on Reclamation (Greening) of Phospho Gypsum, offering an environmental solution to a critical aspect of fertiliser plants within the country and world over. This project has attracted the nation's attention by winning 3 innovation awards so far. The joint team (Coromandel & TERI) successfully reclaimed the gypsum pond areas and completed plantation of about 18,000 units in an area of 18 acres. This project is going to set a benchmark for all phosphoric acid plants within the country as well as across the world for improving environment. Coromandel has implemented massive plantation and greenbelt activities in the existing facility. About 145 acres of Factory area was converted into green cover. Since Coromandel is undertaking such a plantation program since the inception of the unit in 1960s, these trees are fully grown and supported a good biodiversity in the middle of a rapidly growing urban environment in the neighbourhood. Based on the baseline studies it is noted that the biodiversity of faunal species at the plant greenbelt area was reported increase from the background area due to massive plantation activities undertaken at the facility. The management of Coromandel International Limited has constructed 7 number of storm water harvesting pits for the collection and reuse of the storm water for the main plant make-up applications.

3. Baseline Environmental Conditions

The study area falling under Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, is a rapidly growing urban area. Various large industrial activities such as Visakhapatnam Port, Hindustan Zinc, Steel Authority of India, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation etc in the region

1 Water Conservation in Indian Fertilizer Industry, 2005 IFA Technical Committee Meeting, 11 to 13 April 2005, Alexandria, Egypt Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 14

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

are constantly providing impetus to the economic growth in the region for the last several decades. The neighbourhood of Gajuwaka, Malkapuram and Sriharipuram area transformed into rapidly growing urban settlements due to various economic development activities in the region. 2011 census data indicated that the Below Poverty Line (BPL) population in the study area was reported less than 7% as against the state average value of about 21%. Similarly the working population in the region is reported to be higher than that of state levels. These economic indicators reconfirmed that the industrial and commerce activities in the region have boosted the overall economic scenario and living conditions of the people in the study area.

Visakhapatnam has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate with a noticeable dry in the low- sun month, no cold season, and wet season is in the high- sun months. Visakhapatnam reaches mean maximum temperature to 40.4°C during the summer months, especially in May, whereas the lowest temperature reported during the winter season (December, January month) was in the order of 14.8°C. According to the data published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD Met data Handbook), the average annual rainfall of the Visakhapatnam was reported to be in the order of 950 mm. The annual windrose indicates that nearly 28% time winds predominantly blow from Southwest direction and 13% of time winds blows from South, North and west directions. During the summer period, nearly 45% of time winds predominantly blow from Southwest direction and 25% of time wind blows from South direction. Baseline studies indicated that the average concentrations of air pollutants such as 3 PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx in the study area were found to be in the range of 62 µg/m to 87 µg/m3, 30 µg/m3 to 43 µg/m3, 11 µg/m3 to 15 µg/m3, 15 µg/m3 to 23 µg/m3 respectively. These values are comparable with that of the monitoring data reported by Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB)2, which are well within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQs). Data pertaining to the continuous ambient air monitoring stations at the existing facility indicated that the stipulated criteria pollutants are well within the NAAQs.

Noise levels at the facility boundary were reported be below 55 dBA, whereas the noise levels at the urban areas were found to exceed 55 dBA due to vehicular traffic and urban activities. The real time noise monitoring data by APPCB for the Visakhapatnam region (Siripuram) indicated that the noise levels are in the range if 65 to 70 dBA during the day

2 http://appcb.ap.nic.in/ambient-air-quality-monitoring-state-ambient-air-quality-monitoring-saaqm/ Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 15

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

time (APPCB)3. Soil samples collected from the study area confirmed that the samples are free from any toxic contamination and also mineral oils. Ground water table in the region was found to vary between 2m to 10m depending on the local geological formation. Ground water quality data indicated that Total Dissolved Solids, Hardness, Fluoride are in the range of 159 mg/l to 868 mg/l, 134 mg/l to 465 mg/ and 0.33 mg/l to 0.8 mg/l respectively. These values are within the stipulated drinking water standards.

Narava Reserve Forest (RF) is situated towards West direction at distance of 6.5 km from the project site and Yerrakonda Reserved Forest is located at 9 km aerial distance from the project site. Kailasakonda Forest is located at 5 km from the plant boundary. These RFs are on hillocks mainly dominant with dry thorny type and mixed deciduous type vegetation. Borassus is the predominant patch occurs near the Yarada beach road. But the open places and plantations of Causarina and Anacardium developed by local communities, forest officials and nearby Industries make the environment green. Since Coromandel is undertaking such a massive plantation program since the inception of the unit in 1960s, these trees are fully grown and supported a good biodiversity in the middle of a rapidly growing urban environment in the neighbourhood. Based on the baseline studies it is noted that the biodiversity of faunal species at the plant greenbelt area was reported increase from the background area.

4. Prediction of Environmental Impacts

The construction activities of new installation will not necessitate any land acquisition. Hence, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) regulations are not applicable. There are no natural streams passing through the existing facility. The proposed project layout and construction activities will be designed to ensure that existing storm water drains are undisturbed. The proposed project will not disturb any greenbelt and plantation area in the existing facility and hence the ecological and biological environment at the existing facility will not be altered. Small quantities of top soil to the tune of 2000 m3 will be generated in the construction phase during the foundation works. This soil will be utilized for filling the low lying areas to develop plantation and other parts of the vacant area.

The possible impacts due to the proposed upgrades will be due to increased emissions from the SAP plants, proposed imported coal fired boiler and proposed phosphoric acid

3 http://appcb.ap.nic.in/2046-2/ Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 16

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

manufacturing facilities. Other environmental aspects are generation of additional gypsum from the PAP plant and small quantity of fly ash from the proposed coal fired boiler.

Air quality modelling was undertaken using AERMOD modelling system to assess the

possible increase in ground level concentrations of PM10, SO2 and NOx from the proposed activities. The peak predicted ground level concentrations of the PM10, SO2 and NOx were estimated as 1.7µg/m3, 28.2µg/m3 and 8.3µg/m3 respectively. Due to non-buoyant type emissions and also due to adoption of efficient pollution control systems, the peak predicted ground level concentrations would occur within 500m from the existing sources. Hence the resultant post project scenario (baseline plus predicted increase) of pollutant concentration in the ambient air will be within the NAAQs. It is estimated that about 3300m3/day of fresh water would be required in addition to the existing 8700 m3/day of water demand in the existing facility. Coromandel has approached Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation for additional water allocation for the proposed project. The management of Coromandel has been adopting various water conservation measures in the existing facility and the total treated wastewater discharge into the existing industrial drain has been maintained less than 1800 m3/day as against the consented and permitted discharge quantity of 7890m3/day. Similarly the treated waste water discharge into the industrial drain will be limited to 1800m3/day during the post project operations. Although Coromandel has adopted dry gypsum handling operations at the facility and disposing to cement plants for further utilization, it has been proposed to develop an additional 5 Acres of land (within the facility) to store the unutilized gypsum, if any during the lean cement manufacturing period. A single composite liner comprising of a HDPE geo-membrane construction will be adopted for the proposed gypsum storage yard as per the CPCB guidelines. Hence the possibility of ground water contamination due to storage of additional gypsum generated the project will be less significant.

5. Public Hearing

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Coromandel Recreation Centre Ground located adjacent to the existing Coromandel International Limited facility, Sriharipuram. Public hearing meeting was chaired by Sri. Pravin Kumar, IAS, Collector and District Magistrate, Visakhapatnam. The meeting was conducted by Sri R. Lakshminarayana, Environmental Engineer, Regional Office, APPCB, Visakhapatnam.

About 1000 persons attended the Public Hearing meeting and 44 persons gave their opinion on the proposed project. It was on record that before the public hearing 13 nos written representations were received by APPCB. Out of these 10 nos are in favour of the proposed expansion and 3 nos are against the proposal. Further during the public hearing, 94 nos written representations were received by APPCB out of which 85 nos are welcoming the expansion and 7 nos are against the proposal.

The salient points raised by the public in public hearing includes employment to local people, CSR activities around the factory premises and environmental protection measures implemented.

The EIA report has been updated based on the public suggestions, by incorporating comments of public and replies from the project proponent on the same.

6. Summary of Various Environmental Management Programs

In addition to the existing pollution control systems and environmental management program of the existing facility, the management of Coromandel has proposed to invest additionally Rs.2642 Lacs towards various pollution control and environmental management programs under the proposed project.

x The existing scrubbers in the SAP 1 and SAP 2 will be upgraded to meet the

additional SO2 emissions and gas volumes. The existing stack heights will be

adequate for the marginal increase in SO2 emissions. x Similar to the existing rock phosphate handling operations, ventilation system and bag filter will be provided for the proposed rock phosphate storage area and grinding units. x Due to utilization of the high calorific, low Sulfur and low ash content coals, the

overall SO2 emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler will be almost 1.5 times lower than that of the boilers fired with Indian coal having lower calorific value. It is proposed to adopt dry limestone addition method for capturing at least 50% of the Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 18

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

total SO2 emissions within the combustion chamber of the proposed FBC boiler. The proposed electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will be designed to meet an outlet particulate matter concentration less than 50 mg/Nm3 as per the applicable standards. x The proposed back-pressure steam turbine will be placed within a closed room with noise reduction of 30 dBA across the room walls, thereby achieving a noise level of 70 dBA outside the room. x Ash generated from the proposed boiler will be stored in dedicated silos and the same will be disposed to local brick manufacturing units and cement plants. The total gypsum generation from the facility during the post project scenario will be about 5000 TPD. Coromandel has signed necessary expression of interests from cement plants for the disposal of fly ash and gypsum to the tune of 1.5 Million MT per year. x The proposed 5 acres gypsum storage yard will be provided with the following facilities: (1) Single composite liner comprising of a HDPE geo-membrane as per CPCB guidelines, (2) Leachate collection drains and collection pit, (3) Storm water collection drains. x Coromandel has been undertaking various CSR programs at plant and corporate levels across all their operations in India. The management of Coromandel has constituted a CSR committee and the company Board of directors is constantly monitoring various activities. Based on the local and regional needs, Coromandel is focusing on the key CSR activities in the areas of education, environment and health and disaster relief support. The management of Coromandel has spent about Rs. 3.13 Cr on various CSR activities in the region during the past 6 years. As a continued support for the CSR activities, the management of Coromandel has proposed to spend about Rs. 10 Lakhs per year for various CSR activities in the study area with a focused approach on education, health, regional plantation and disaster relief. 7. Project Cost and Implementation Schedules

The estimated project cost of the proposed upgrades and installations will be in the order of Rs. 225 Crores. Out of the above mentioned capital cost, about Rs. 26 Crores has been budgeted towards environmental management programs like upgrading the existing scrubbers in SAP 1 and SAP 2, installation of dust collection systems, fume stack gas scrubber and Fluorosilicic acid recovery unit within the proposed PAP unit, dry lime-stone addition system in the proposed coal fired boiler etc. Coromandel will commence construction activities after

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

obtaining necessary approvals from regulatory authorities and will be completed within 18 months period.

8. Conclusions

The exiting NPK fertilizer facility of Coromandel is significantly contributing to the farmer’s needs thus supporting the nation’s food security initiatives by the way of producing NPK fertilizers. Due to adoption of various pollution control measures, the overall SO2 emissions will be reduced from the current levels and there will not be any increase in treated wastewater discharges into the drains. The environmental impact assessment study concludes that the proposed upgrade scheme will have minimal environmental impacts.

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Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...... 34

1.1. About the Company ...... 34 1.2. Environmental Friendly Operations in the Existing Facility ...... 38 1.3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs Implemented ...... 40 1.3.1. Education...... 41 1.3.2. Health ...... 43 1.3.3. Community Development ...... 44 1.4. Overview of the Proposed Project ...... 45 1.5. Need for the Project ...... 45 1.6. Alternative Sites Proposed for the Project ...... 46 1.7. Location of the Facility ...... 46 1.8. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study ...... 49 1.9. Regulatory Context ...... 49 1.10. Overview of the Methodology of the EIA study ...... 52 1.11. Structure of the EIA report ...... 54 2. Details of Existing Fertilizer unit and Environmental Compliance...... 56

1.12. Overview of Exiting Unit ...... 56 1.13. Description of the Existing Facilities...... 58 1.14. Raw Material Receipts and Wharf Facilities...... 58 1.15. Manufacture of Phosphoric Acid ...... 59 1.16. Sulphuric Acid Process Description ...... 61 1.17. Manufacture of Complex Fertilizers ...... 64 1.18. Environmental Clearance and Compliance ...... 65 2.1.1. Stack Emissions and Compliance ...... 66 2.1.2. Ambient Air Quality Status at the Facility ...... 67 2.1.3. Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation ...... 68 2.1.4. Gypsum Generation and Disposal ...... 71 2.1.5. Existing Greenbelt and Plantation ...... 72 2.1.6. Occupational Health ...... 77 2.1.7. Solid and Hazardous Wastes Generation and Disposal ...... 80 2.1.8. Disaster Management Plan ...... 80

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3. Proposed Project ...... 81

3.1. Overview ...... 81 1.19. Proposed Facilities ...... 84 3.1.1. Sulphuric Acid Manufacturing Plants ...... 84 3.1.2. Proposed Phosphoric Acid Plant ...... 86 3.1.3. Utilities and auxiliary supporting Facilities ...... 87 3.1.4. Proposed Coal Fired Boiler ...... 90 1.20. Project Cost and Implementation Schedules ...... 94 4. Baseline Environmental Status ...... 96

4.1. Introduction ...... 96 4.2. Land Environment ...... 98 4.2.1. Physiography of the Study Area ...... 98 4.3. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data ...... 101 4.3.1. Methodology ...... 101 4.3.2. Data Base ...... 102 4.3.3. Results of Land Use/Land Cover Mapping ...... 105 4.4. Geology and Soil Quality ...... 111 4.4.1. Geology ...... 111 4.4.2. Geomorphology and Structure ...... 112 4.5. Soil Environment ...... 115 4.5.1. Soil Types ...... 115 4.5.2. Background Soil Quality in Study Area ...... 116 4.6. Seismic zone ...... 120 4.7. Meteorological Data ...... 122 4.7.1. Climatological Data- IMD Visakhapatnam ...... 122 4.7.2. Site Specific Meteorology Data...... 126 4.8. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ...... 127 4.8.1. Methodology Adopted for Air Quality Survey ...... 127 4.9. Noise Environment ...... 138 4.10. Water Environment ...... 141 4.10.1. Surface Water Sources in the Study Area ...... 141 4.10.2. Surface Water Quality ...... 143 4.10.3. Ground Water Resources...... 145

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

4.10.4. Ground Water Quality ...... 157 4.11. Ecological Environment ...... 161 4.11.2. Quantitative Analysis of the Vegetation ...... 170 4.11.3. Identification of local Protected Species ...... 183 4.12. Socioeconomic Environment ...... 187 4.12.1. Regional Socioeconomic Profile ...... 187 4.12.2. Socioeconomic Profile of Study Area ...... 189 4.12.3. Historical Important Places in the study Area ...... 190 4.12.4. Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study area compared to State Indicators 191 5. Assessment of Environmental Impacts ...... 192

5.1. General ...... 192 5.2. Impacts during Construction Phase ...... 192 5.2.1. Impact on Land Use Scenario ...... 192 5.2.2. Impact on Soil and Ground Water Quality during Construction Phase ...... 193 5.2.3. Impact on Air Quality ...... 193 5.2.4. Impact on Noise Levels...... 194 5.2.5. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology ...... 194 5.2.6. Socio-Economic Aspects ...... 194 5.3. Impacts during Operational Phase ...... 194 5.3.1. Overview ...... 194 5.3.2. Impact on Air Quality- Point Source Emissions ...... 195 5.3.3. Fugitive Emissions...... 207 5.3.4. Vehicular Traffic and associated Impacts ...... 208 5.3.6. Fresh Water Demand ...... 211 5.3.7. Effluent Treatment Plant and Impacts from Disposal of Treated wastewater .... 213 5.3.8. Impact on the Land Environment ...... 214 5.3.9. Impacts due to Handling and Storage of Coal...... 214 5.3.10. Impacts due to Handling and Disposal of Fly ash ...... 215 5.3.11. Impacts due to handling and storage of Gypsum ...... 216 5.3.12. Impacts on Ecological and Biological Environment ...... 217 5.3.13. Socioeconomic Impact ...... 218 5.4. Summary of the Environmental Impacts and Impact Matrix ...... 219 6. Analysis of Alternatives ...... 221

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

6.1. Introduction ...... 221 6.2. No Project Scenario ...... 221 6.3. Alternative Sites ...... 221 6.4. Alternative Technologies ...... 221 7. Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 223

7.1. Preamble ...... 223 7.2. Objective of Environmental Monitoring ...... 223 7.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure ...... 223 7.4. Environmental Monitoring Program...... 224 8. Additional Studies ...... 226

8.1. Public Hearing Aspects ...... 226 8.1.1. Public Hearing Event ...... 226 8.1.2. Overview of the Public Hearing Aspects ...... 231 8.2. Pollution Prevention ...... 238 8.3. Safety Management ...... 238 8.4. Occupational Health Centre at Coromandel...... 240 8.4.1. OHC facilities extended to local people under CSR ...... 242 8.5. Disaster Management Plan ...... 242 9. Project Benefits...... 243

10. Environmental Management Plan...... 244

10.1. Introduction ...... 244 10.2. Environment Stewardship adopted by Coromandel in the Existing Facility ...... 244 10.3. Environmental Management Plan during Construction Phase ...... 248 10.3.1. Construction Phase Dust Management ...... 248 10.3.2. Noise Management Plan – Construction Phase ...... 249 10.3.3. Water Quality Management Plan – Construction Phase ...... 249 10.3.4. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management – Construction Phase ...... 250 10.3.5. Ecological Aspects – Construction Phase ...... 250 10.4. Environmental Management Plan during Operation Phase ...... 250 10.4.1. Air Quality Management Plan ...... 250 10.4.2. Noise Management Plan ...... 252 10.4.3. Water and Wastewater Management ...... 252

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

10.4.4. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management ...... 253 10.4.5. Storm Water Management ...... 253 10.5. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management ...... 253 10.6. Proposed CSR Programs ...... 254 11. CONCLUSION ...... 255

12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ...... 256

12.1. Introduction ...... 256 12.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant ...... 256 12.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study ...... 256

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Salient Features of the Project Site ...... 48 Table 1-2 General Noise Standards ...... 50 Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards ...... 51 Table 1-4 Tolerance Limits for Discharge of Trade Effluents ...... 51 Table 2-1 Summary of Existing Production Details ...... 65 Table 2-2 Biodiversity Indices at Coromandel facility Area ...... 73 Table 2-3 Biodiversity Indices for Coromandel Facility Area ...... 75 Table 3-1 Capacities and Sizes of Existing and Proposed Facilities ...... 82 Table 3-2 Proposed Upgrades in Sulfuric Acid Plant ...... 85 Table 3-3 Steam Generation Capacity and Demand in the Facility...... 87 Table 4-1 Details of Satellite Data ...... 102 Table 4-2 Characteristics of IRS Resourcesat-2 Data ...... 103 Table 4-3 IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS4, Satellite Spectral Bands and their Principal Applications ...... 103 Table 4-4 Level-I - Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 km Radius Area ...... 105 Table 4-5 Level-II - Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 km Radius Area ...... 109 Table 4-6 Soil Classification in the Study Area ...... 115 Table 4-7 Details of Soil Sampling Locations ...... 116 Table 4-8 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil samples Collected Within the Study area ...... 118 Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 25

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Table 4-9 Indian Meteorological Department – Climatological Tables 30 Years Data: 1971- 2000 (Kailashigiri IMD station) ...... 125 Table 4-10 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 128 Table 4-11 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants during the Study Period (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) ...... 132

Table 4-12 PM10 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period ...... 133

Table 4-13 PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period...... 133

Table 4-14 SO2 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period ...... 135

Table 4-15 NOX Concentration in the Study Area during the study period ...... 136

Table 4-16 NH3 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period ...... 137 Table 4-17 Various Pollutant Concentration in the Study Area during the study period ..... 138 Table 4-18 Noise Sampling Locations ...... 139 Table 4-19 Recorded Noise Levels ...... 141 Table 4-20 Surface water Sampling Location ...... 143 Table 4-21 Surface Water Quality ...... 144 Table 4-22 Details of Location of Ground Water Level Data Collection ...... 147 Table 4-23 Watershed wise runoff ...... 156 Table 4-24 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations...... 157 Table 4-25 Analysed Ground Water Quality for Various Parameters ...... 159 Table 4-26 GPS coordinates of the sampling points for flora and fauna: ...... 164 Table 4-27 Quantification of vegetation in the Coromandel ...... 173 Table 4-28 Quantification of vegetation in the Core zone ...... 176 Table 4-29 Quantification of Vegetation in the Buffer Zone ...... 179 Table 4-30 Status wise (Local status) floral distribution in the study area ...... 182 Table 4-31 Historical Important Places in the study area ...... 191 Table 4-32 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area ...... 191 Table 5-1 Sulphur-di-Oxide Emissions ...... 199 Table 5-2 Air Quality Modelling Inputs ...... 201 Table 5-3 Estimated Resultant GLC’s of Particulate Matter...... 202 Table 5-4 Estimated Resultant GLC’s Sulphur Dioxide ...... 203 Table 5-5 Estimated Resultant GLC’s of Oxides of Nitrogen...... 203

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Table 5-6 Summary of the predicted GLCs ...... 207 Table 5-7 Existing and Proposed Traffic Details...... 208 Table 5-8 Carrying capacity of the Connecting Road ...... 209 Table 5-9 Envisaged Equipment Noise Levels (Sound Pressure Levels) ...... 210 Table 5-10 Detailed Water Balance - Existing Facility (m3/day) ...... 212 Table 5-11 Detailed Water Balance – Post Project Scenario (m3/day) ...... 213 Table 5-12 Summary of Water Balance (m3/day)...... 213 Table 5-13 Once Through Cooling Water (Sea water) Requirement ...... 214 Table 5-14 Summary Environmental Impact Matrix ...... 220 Table 7-1 Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 224 Table 10-1 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan ...... 254 Table 10-2 Expenditure Incurred for CSR during Years 2011-2016 (Rs in Lakhs) ...... 254 Table 12-1 Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study ...... 256

List of Figures

Figure 1 Location of Coromandel International Ltd-Visakhapatnam Plant, Andhra Pradesh .. 9 Figure 2 Land Use of the Visakhapatnam Port Area ...... 10 Figure 3 Toposheet showing the 10Km radius of the Existing Facility ...... 11 Figure 1-1 Location of Coromandel International Ltd-Visakhapatnam Plant, Andhra Pradesh ...... 35 Figure 1-2 Google Map Showing the Coromandel Facility and Study Area ...... 36 Figure 1-3 Wharf Location form Coromandel...... 36 Figure 1-4 Typical view of Coromandel, Visakhapatnam Facilities ...... 37 Figure 1-5 Topographical Map Showing the Coromandel Facility and Study Area ...... 38 Figure 1-6 Various Awards Received by Coromandel International Limited – Visakhapatnam plant ...... 40 Figure 1-7 Land Use of the Visakhapatnam Port Area ...... 47 Figure 1-8 Coromandel International Ltd Existing Plant ...... 47 Figure 2-1 Existing Layout of the Coromandel Facility ...... 57 Figure 2-2Typical Process Flow Diagram of Existing Operations ...... 63 Figure 2-3 View of Existing Scrubbers in SAP and Granulation Units ...... 67

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Figure 2-4 View of Existing Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Stations ...... 68 Figure 2-5 Existing Effluent Treatment Plant Scheme ...... 69 Figure 2-6 View of Existing Effluent Treatment Plant ...... 70 Figure 2-7 View of Gypsum Storage Yard...... 72 Figure 2-8 Indicial Value Index (IVI) of Tree Species ...... 74 Figure 2-9 Greenbelt and Plantation Activities at Coromandel Visakhapatnam plant ...... 75 Figure 2-10 Greenbelt and Plantation Area of Coromandel Facility ...... 77 Figure 2-11 Facilities in Occupational Health Centre...... 79 Figure 3-1 Typical Illustration of Existing and Proposed Facilities ...... 82 Figure 3-2 Location of Proposed facilities ...... 84 Figure 3-3 View of Existing Sulphuric Acid plants ...... 85 Figure 3-4 Typical SAP Manufacturing Process ...... 85 Figure 3-5 Typical Process Flow Diagram of Phosphoric Acid ...... 86 Figure 3-6 Once Through Seawater Intake and Discharge Drains ...... 89 Figure 3-7 Typical Illustration of FBC Boiler (UNEP) ...... 90 Figure 3-8 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FBC Boiler System ...... 92 Figure 3-9 Typical Illustration of Fly Ash Handling System ...... 94 Figure 3-10 Typical View of FBC Boiler ...... 94 Figure 4-1 10Km Radius Study Area around the Project Site ...... 97 Figure 4-2 Physiography of the Study Area ...... 98 Figure 4-3 Drainage Map of the Study Area ...... 100 Figure 4-4 Digital Elevation Map Showing the Drainage Pattern of the Study Area ...... 101 Figure 4-5 Flowchart of simplified methodology ...... 102 Figure 4-6 IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS4 Image of the Study Area ...... 104 Figure 4-7 Land Use/Land Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area (Level-I) ...... 107 Figure 4-8 Distribution of Land Use/Cover in 10 Km Radius Area ...... 108 Figure 4-9 Land Use/Land Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area – Level-II ...... 110 Figure 4-10 Distribution of Land Use/Cover in 10 Km Radius Area ...... 111 Figure 4-11 Geology of the Study area ...... 112 Figure 4-12 Geomorphology of the Study area ...... 114 Figure 4-13 Soil classification of Study area...... 115

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Figure 4-14 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area...... 117 Figure 4-15 Seismic Zone Map of India ...... 120 Figure 4-16 Seismic Zone Map of Andhra Pradesh ...... 121 Figure 4-17 Earthquake Hazard Map ...... 121 Figure 4-18 Annual Windrose as per IMD Kailashigiri observatory data ...... 123 Figure 4-19 Seasonal Windrose as per IMD Kailashigiri Observatory Data ...... 124 Figure 4-20 Average Ambient Temperature Variation during the Study Period ...... 126 Figure 4-21 Site Specific Wind Rose for the Study Period ...... 127 Figure 4-22 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations ...... 129 Figure 4-23 Photographs Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ...... 130

Figure 4-24 Trends of Ambient PM10 Concentration in the Study Area ...... 134

Figure 4-25 Trends of Ambient PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area ...... 135

Figure 4-26 Trends of Ambient SO2 Concentration in the Study Area ...... 136

Figure 4-27 Trends of Ambient NOX Concentration in the Study Area ...... 137

Figure 4-28 Trends of Ambient NH3 Concentration in the Study Area ...... 138 Figure 4-29 Noise Sampling Location ...... 140 Figure 4-30 Google Image of the Meghadri Gedda Reservoir within the Study Area ...... 142 Figure 4-31 Google Image of the Kanithi Balancing Reservoir within the Study Area ...... 143 Figure 4-32 Ground water level zone of the Study area ...... 148 Figure 4-33 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon) ...... 150 Figure 4-34 Showing the Ground Water Estimation ...... 155 Figure 4-35 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations ...... 158 Figure 4-36 Sampling points of Flora and Fauna at 1km, 5km and 10 km Radius of the Study Area ...... 162 Figure 4-37 Flora and Fauna in the Study Area ...... 163 Figure 4-38 Zone –I (Within Coromandel) Core area Sampling Locations Typical View ... 165 Figure 4-39 Zone –II (Coromandel boundary to 5 sq km –Core zone) Sampling Locations Typical View ...... 166 Figure 4-40 Zone –III (5 sq km to 10 Sq. km –Core zone) Sampling Locations Typical View ...... 167 Figure 4-41 Graph Showing IVI Values of the dominant floral species within Coromandel 174

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

Figure 4-42 Graph showing IVI Values of the dominant species within Core Zone (Coromandel Boundary to5 Sq.m) ...... 176 Figure 4-43 Habitat wise distribution of Flora ...... 181 Figure 4-44 Photographs Showing various Species ...... 184 Figure 4-45 Photographs showing various Floral Species in the Study Area ...... 185 Figure 5-1 Typical Illustrtaion of FBC Boiler with Coal and limestone addition System.... 198 Figure 5-2 Predicted 24-Hrs Avg. GLC’s of Particulate Matter within 10 km Radius of the Study Area ...... 204

Figure 5-3 Predicted 24 hrs Avg. GLC’s of SO2 within 10 km radius of the Study area ..... 205

Figure 5-4 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’s Avg. of NOX within 10 km Radius of the Study Area 206 Figure 5-5 Typical Design of Coal Storage Shed ...... 207 Figure 5-6 Layout Showing the Existing Roads Used for Material Transport by the Existing Facility ...... 209 Figure 5-7 Predicted Noise Levels ...... 211 Figure 5-8 Typical illustration of Covered Storage Yard ...... 215 Figure 5-9 Typical View of Proposed Drainage System for Covered Coal Yard ...... 215 Figure 5-10 Plant Layout Showing the Existing and Proposed Lined Gypsum Storage Areas and Drainage Collection Systems ...... 217 Figure 8-1 Public Notice ...... 228 Figure 10-1 Plant Layout Showing the Location of the Storm water Recharge Pits ...... 247

List of Abbreviation A/F Abundance/Frequency AAQ Ambient Air Quality AAQM Ambient Air Quality Monitoring AFBC Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler AP Andhra Pradesh

APEPDCL Eastern Power Distribution Company of A.P. Ltd APGPCL Andhra Pradesh Gas Power Corporation Ltd. APPCB Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board CAAQMS Continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System CGWB Central Ground Water Board CII Confederation of Indian Industry CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CSR Corporate social responsibility

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

CFO Consent For Operate DAP Di-Ammonium Phosphate dB(A) A-weighted decibels DCDA Double Conversion Double Absorption DG Diesel Generator DLHS District Level House hold and Facility Survey ECG Electrocardiogram EMP Environmental Management Plan ERDAS Earth Resource Data Analysis System ESP Electrostatic precipitator ETP Effluent Treatment Plant FAI Fertiliser Association of India FBC Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler GCP Ground Control Point GLC Ground Level Concentrations GVMC Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation HBF Horizontal Belt Filter HDPE High Density Polyethylene HPCL Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited HYVs High Yielding Varieties ID Induced Fan IF Infiltration Factor IMD India Meteorological Department IRS Indian Remote Sensing ISO International Organization for Standardization IVI Indicial Value Index LISS Low Intensity Steady state Cardio LSHS Low Sulphur Heavy Stock MAP Mono Ammonium Phosphate MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MOU Memorandum of Understanding MSL Mean Sea Level NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards NABET National Accreditation Board for Education and Training NABL National Accreditation Board for Laboratories NGOs Non Governmental Organization NIDM National Institute of Disaster Management NP Nitrogen, Phosphorous NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre OHC Occupational Health Centre OSHAS Occupational Health and Safety Assessment System PA Phosphoric Acid PAP Phosphoric Acid Plant PCB Pollution Control Board

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

PCU Passenger Car Equivalent PLC Programmable Logic Controller PMS Productivity Management Systems PSV Public Service Vehicle R&D Research and Development R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement RFs Reserve forest RO Reverse Osmosis RO Regional Officer SA Sulfuric Acid SAP Sulfuric Acid Plant SHE Safety, Health and Environment SOI Survey of India SSP Single Super Phosphate SW Surface Water TCA Tri Carboxylic Acid TDS Total Dissolved Solids TERI The Energy Research Institute ToR Terms of Reference UAP Urea AmmoniumPhosphate USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VSP Visakhapatnam VUDA Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority

List of Units referred in the EIA study

MTPD Product in Metric Tons Per Day TPD Tons Per day TPA Tons Per Annum µg Micrograms mg Milligrams db(A) Decibels of “A” weightage Kg Kilograms g/sec Grams per second KCal Kilo Calories ppm Parts Per Million m3 Cubic meter P2O5 Solution expressed as P2O5

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EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD

List of Annexure

Annexure Particulars Section-1 Introduction 1 Copy of Existing Environmental Clearances 2 Copy of Existing Consent For Operate 3 Minutes of Meeting copy – ToR 4 NABET Accreditation Certificate- Chola MS Risk Services 5 ToR Compliance Status Report 6 Laboratory Accreditation (MoEF&CC and NABL) Section-2 Details of Existing Fertilizer unit and Environmental Compliance 7 Copy of Latest six months EC compliance report submitted to MoEF 8 RO Compliance status report 9 Response to the MoEF RO letter 10 External Lab stack emission data test reports 11 External Lab AAQ monitoring data test reports 12 External Lab Treated waste water quality data test reports 13 MOU’s of Gypsum Disposal to Cement Plants Section-3 Proposed Project 14 Layout Showing Proposed Facilities Section-4 Baseline Environmental Status 15 Baseline Soil test reports-Teams Labs 16 Baseline AAQ monitoring test reports-Teams Labs 17 Baseline Noise test reports-Teams Labs 18 Baseline Surface water test reports-Teams Labs 19 Baseline Ground water test reports-Teams Labs 20 List of Ecological Species Spotted/ Recorded in Core and Buffer Zones 21 List of Mammals Spotted/ Recorded in the Study Area 22 List of Birds Spotted/ Recorded in the Study Area 23 List of Herpetofauna Spotted/ Recorded in the Study Area 24 Ward wise Demographic Details 25 Ward wise worker group distribution Details 26 Ward wise Literacy pattern Section-5 Assessment of Environmental Impacts 27 Additional Freshwater Requirement request letter submitted to GVMC 28 Modeling Input & Output File Section-8 Additional Studies 29 Public Hearing Proceedings and 29A Consolidated response submitted by Coromandel International 29B Point wise Reply for public query by Coromandel International Section-10 Environmental Management Plan 30 Coromandel CSR Brochure

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1. Introduction

1.1. About the Company Coromandel International Ltd (Coromandel), formerly Coromandel Fertilizers Ltd, was established in 1961 and the company went for public in 1964. Coromandel was formed by the joint efforts of two major companies of the US, namely Chevron Chemical Co and International Minerals and Chemicals Corp. Coromandel is a leading manufacturer of a wide range of fertilisers and pesticides. The company has phosphatic fertiliser plants at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh, and Ennore and Ranipet in Tamil Nadu. It produces Phosphatic fertilisers, plant protection chemicals, speciality nutrients, sulphur bentonite and potash. Some of the major products of the Coromandel International Limited are complex fertilisers, including Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP), Single Super Phosphate (SSP), Speciality fertilizers etc. Its products are sold under the brand names “Gromor”, “Paramfos”, “Parry Sulphur” and “Parry Gold”. The Coromandel International limited, Visakhapatnam plant was commissioned in the year 1967 and subsequently the plant was fully owned by M/s Murugappa group, from the year 1995. The existing facility has grown several folds and catering to the complex fertilizer needs of the country. The facility is involved in the manufacture of various NPK and fertilizer grades such as 28-28-0, 14-35-14, 20-20-0-13, 10-26-26, 18-46-0 and 24-24-0-8S etc. depending on the market demand and needs.

The company’s manufacturing plant at Visakhapatnam was the first in the country to manufacture UAP and was commissioned during the year 1967. It presently produces NP, NPK and water soluble fertilizers. The facility was majorly expanded in the year 2007 from a production capacity of 2700 MTPD to the current consented capacity of 3900 TPD. Prior Environmental Clearance was obtained from the Ministry of Environment and Forest and Climate Change (MoEF & CC) for the same. Location of the existing facility, 10Km radius of the existing facility and 5km wharf area from the Coromandel boundary are presented in Figure 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 respectively. The typical view of the Coromandel plant facility is given in Figure 1.4 and topographical Map Showing the Coromandel Facility and Study Area is given in Figure 1.5.

The existing facility comprises of raw material unloading wharf (captive jetty), material transporting pipelines and dedicated raw material transporting road from the wharf to plant site. The plant is located at about 5Km from the wharf area. The main plant consists of two Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 34

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 TPD Project No:PJ-ENVIR- to 1000 TPD P2O5 and Other Auxiliary 2016425-764, 18th January Facilities within the Existing Fertilizer (A Murugappa Group 2017 Complex of Coromandel International Chapter 1: Introduction Company) Limited, Visakhapatnam streams of sulphuric acid manufacturing plant, one stream of phosphoric acid manufacturing plant, three streams of complex fertilizer manufacturing units, one stream of granulated sulphur manufacturing plant, one stream of Water Soluble Fertiliser, one stream of Customised Fertiliser Plant, Power Generation through Steam Turbo Generator and Diesel Generators, Oil fired Boilers, Research & Development centre, Solid and Liquid raw material and finished products storage facilities and other supporting facilities including full-fledged air pollution control systems and wastewater treatment facilities. The Raw materials for the manufacturing of Phosphatic Fertilisers includes Rock Phosphate, Sulfur, Urea, Potash, MAP (Mono Ammonium Phosphate ) and Ammonia.

Figure 1-1 Location of Coromandel International Ltd-Visakhapatnam Plant, Andhra Pradesh

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Figure 1-2 Google Map Showing the Coromandel Facility and Study Area

Coromandel

Figure 1-3 Wharf Location form Coromandel

Coromandel

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Figure 1-4 Typical view of Coromandel, Visakhapatnam Facilities

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Figure 1-5 Topographical Map Showing the Coromandel Facility and Study Area

1.2. Environmental Friendly Operations in the Existing Facility The facility has been adopting a robust environmental management programs and have been achieving the regulatory compliance and beyond in the existing facility. The facility was issued environmental compliance MoEF & CC, vide letter no. F.NO. J-11011/388/2006-IA-II (I), dated 18 May 2007, no. F.NO. J-11011/314/2007-IA-II(I), dated 31st August 2007 and no.

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F.NO. J-11011/548/2008-IA-II (I) dated 10th June 2009. The consent for operate under Air (Prevention) and Control of Pollution Act and Water (Prevention) and Control of Pollution Act are being obtained as per the norms and guidelines of the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) from time to time. The latest consent for operate issued by APPCB vide letter no. APPCB.VSP/VSP/65/CFO/HO/2015-454, dated 19thAugust2016, is valid up to 31st October 2021. Copy of the environmental clearances and consent for operate are enclosed as Annexure 1 and Annexure 2 respectively.

The environmental department headed by a qualified and senior executive has been implementing various environmental compliance, environmental monitoring and management aspects in the existing facility. Half yearly environmental compliance reports are regularly submitted to MoEF & CC Regional office. Online monitoring systems on consented stacks and treated wastewater discharge line have been installed as per the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) directions and state pollution control board guidelines. The facility is meeting the stipulated emissions and wastewater discharge quality norms. A massive greenbelt/plantation area has been developed in an area of 145 acres.

The facility has won the following awards and certifications from various reputed organizations and agencies for various environment and energy conservation aspects. Various awards received by Coromandel is shown in the Figure 1.6

x Implemented ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 systems in the existing facility. x Implemented 5S Productivity management systems (PMS)4 and achieved award for resource optimization and conservation for achieving highest quality in the plant operations. x Won Energy conservation awards and Water Conservation awards from CII. x British Council 'Five Star' rating for Safety Management Systems x CII EXIM-BANK Business Excellence Award for 'Strong Commitment to Excel' for Vizag & Kakinada Plants. x FAI Best Production Performance Award for the Phosphoric Acid Plant at Vizag received 14timesout of 21 occasions. x Won Best Innovation and Breakthrough Award from Skoch and Frost & Sullivan for Green Belt development in Phospho Gypsum heaps through Bio-remediation Process

4 5S is a simple tool for organizing the workplace in a clean, efficient and safe manner to enhance the productivity, visual management and to ensure the introduction of standardized working Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 39

which is first of its kind in world. x Best Management Award

Figure 1-6 Various Awards Received by Coromandel International Limited – Visakhapatnam plant

Energy efficient unit award received from Green Plantation in Phospho gypsum CII sediments -Skoch Renaissance Award

Frost & Sullivan – Innovation of year Best Operating Phosphoric acid plant award Award for Green Plantation in Phospho from FAI Gypsum 1.3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs Implemented Social responsibility has been an intrinsic part of the company’s guiding principles since the inception of the Murugappa Group in 1900. Murugappa Group believes not only in value- added business but also in discharging its responsibilities towards various sections of society, by providing opportunities to learn, contribute, advance; recognise and reward initiative, innovativeness and creativity. We believe in not only making our customers delighted but the community around us also delighted, by establishing service-oriented institutions. Originally founded in 1953 as the AMM Charities Trust, the Foundation fulfils the group's commitment Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 40

With a background entrenched in upliftment of the lesser privileged, Coromandel has always contributed a fixed share of its profits towards supporting social causes. The organisation is driven by the distinct characteristics of the group's social conscience on sharing the wealth from their enterprises amongst the communities around them. Involving the community in every facet of operations is an integral part of the organization’s functioning.

Coromandel have been contributing continuously to CSR since the inception of the facility. Growth is benchmarked based not only on profits, but on the resources that the organization invests in engaging with the community. Over the years, Coromandel have developed several methods of engagement with the community, all aimed at driving improvement.

Broadly, Coromandel’s CSR initiatives can be categorised as: education, health, community development and research & development projects aimed at communities living close to facility; as well as capability enhancement, empowerment of the under-privileged.

1.3.1. Education

Coromandel is committed to creating an enabling environment for children and young people to develop and evolve as responsible citizens. Through Coromandel’s education initiatives focus on access, equity and quality of education especially in government schools. Through its education initiatives Coromandel has been able to enhance interest in studies and is working towards reducing the dropout rate and ensure children attend school regularly. The initiatives support the government programs of Swachh Vidyalaya and ensure the children get a conducive environment to study. Across the interventions in government schools and colleges, it has been our endeavour to ensure the standards and the experience of education received is similar to any other school in the country. The support to government schools began as a response to a study undertaken by Coromandel, having noted it in young girls who are not comfortable going to school due to lack of toilets and in schools with toilets, due to lack of cleanliness and hygiene. The initiative is working with government schools in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

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Coromandel is working with government schools across locations like Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Jammu, Sarigam, Ankleshwar, Ennore, Ranipet and Hospet.

The girl child education scheme provides assistance to the girls in IX and X classes and encourages them to continue their education. One of the oldest and most successful programmes, the scheme identifies girls studying in government schools in IX and X classes. It is also an impetus for the parents to recognize the inclination and talent that the girl has and provide her an opportunity to continue her education. Most of the girls are married off after finishing Class– X. The scholarships are a motivation for the parents and the girl students to achieve greater heights for themselves. The initiative is working with government schools in Gujarat, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.

Girl Child Education Scholarship Program, Special Programs on Education Enhancement Malkapuram School, Vizag Program at Vizag

Computer education training program classes at WASH programs for school children, Sriharipuram School, Vizag Pilkavanipalemschool, Vizag

Coromandel has partnered with IIM Ahmedabad Alumni Association, Hyderabad Chapter to provide quality education to the under privileged children in Hyderabad. Udbhav School has classes from standard I to X, with a total student strength of 640 and staff strength of 30. In addition to the monetary support, our employees volunteer in this education initiative to improve child development. The employees spend two hours every Saturday and work on various aspects of development with the children. The school has provisional recognition for

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Classes I to X by the District Education Officer, Hyderabad. It follows the modern participatory teaching methodology initiated by the Rajiv Gandhi Foundation, to ensure children inculcate an approach towards learning and not follow the rote system. The initiative is in Hyderabad, Telangana.

1.3.2. Health

Coromandel is committed to the health and well-being of the communities across all areas of its operations. They recognize the need to support the government health delivery system for effective primary healthcare. Within this larger objective, Coromandel has undertaken several initiatives with rural communities focused on promoting integrated healthcare and developing health seeking behaviour and appropriate responses.

The Coromandel Medical Centres have been successful in imbibing the practice of preventive healthcare among the beneficiaries and inculcate awareness towards leading a healthy lifestyle. It offers outpatient facilities including injections/ IV fluid, nebulisation, and instant sugar testing. Coromandel Medical Centres at Visakhapatnam, Kakinada and Ennore provide medical facilities to more than 4000 people every month. We also organize medical and awareness camps in the area of Diabetes, Anemia, Eye testing etc, where provide consultation, and medicinal support.

Support in setting up of Super specialty ward at St. Awareness on Anemia at Medical Camp in Vizag Ann’s J.M. Hospital, Malkapuram, Vizag Coromandel identified super specialty services is one of the major gap area in rendering services at an affordable price for the community who are residing in nearby villages. To fulfill the gap, Coromandel played a major role in the construction of a super specialty wing at St. Ann's Jubilee Memorial Hospital, Visakhapatnam by donating Rs.60 lakhs. The wing was named after the erstwhile Chairman, Late Dr. Bharat Ram. The hospital is a charitable institution located in the neighbourhood of the Visakhapatnam Plant, catering to the medical

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1.3.3. Community Development

Coromandel firmly believes that women empowerment can bring a sea change among communities and has been generously contributing towards it for creating alternative livelihood activities. While working with women, the communities have attributed the success of the programme to the women’s ability to enhance their family income as an important indicator of success apart from the improvement in hygiene, sanitation, education of children and community health. The programmes initially started with health awareness sessions and then the groups were strengthened to initiate livelihood intervention programme. The group of women are engaged in making safety hand gloves which are used by Coromandel employees in Visakhapatnam. The operations are being scaled up to include more women and provide an opportunity for an alternate income to many more women.

Established RO Plant in supplying of purified Encouraging Women for Livelihood drinking water for patients at Urban Health Programs, Vizag Centre, Sriharipuram

Construction of Community buildings & Halls Established bore wells in the communities at Vizag

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1.4. Overview of the Proposed Project In view of demand of fertilizers in India and in order to achieve consented production of 3900 MTPD of NP/NPK production, the facility intends to adopt the following modifications and upgrades in the upstream of the complex fertilizer manufacturing units. Since the existing “A”, “B” and “C” granulation plants have adequate capacity to generate a maximum daily production of 3900 MTPD of complex fertilizers, no modifications and upgrades are envisaged under this upgrade program.

1. Enhancing Phosphoric acid plant (PAP) production capacity from 700 TPD to 1000

TPD P2O5 including evaporation section and fluorine recovery unit. 2. De-bottlenecking the existing Sulphuric Acid Plant (SAP)-1 from 1400 TPD to 1700 TPD, 3. De-bottlenecking the existing Sulphuric Acid Plant -2 from 300 TPD to 400 TPD, 4. Installing a 40 TPH coal fired boiler to meet the additional steam required for the increased evaporation capacity. 5. Installing a 5 MW back pressure turbine in order to maximize the efficiency of steam utilization.

6. Installation of storage facility for a capacity of 20000 MT (P2O5 solution) for phosphoric acid. 7. Installation of 400 TPD evaporation systems for phosphoric acid including fluorine recovery system.

1.5. Need for the Project Fertilizers have been considered as an essential input to Indian agriculture for meeting the food grain requirements of the growing population of the country. Chemical fertilizers bear a direct relationship with food grain production along with a number of supporting factors like High Yielding Varieties (HYVs), irrigation, access to credit, enhanced total factors of productivity, the tenure conditions, size of the product market and prices they face both for inputs and the outputs etc. Keeping in view of demand of fertilizers in India and in order to achieve consented production of 3900 TPD NP/NPK production, the facility intends to adopt the above modifications and upgrades in the upstream of the complex fertilize manufacturing units. Since the existing A, B and C granulation plants have adequate capacity to generate a maximum daily production of 3900 TPD of complex fertilizers, Coromandel, Visakhapatnam will be able to achieve the desired production levels by increasing the in-house capacities of

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sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid plants. This enables Coromandel in uninterrupted supply of fertilizers to the farming community in all the addressable markets, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in particular. It also helps in reducing the dependence on the highly fluctuating international supplies. This is in line with the ‘Make in India’ initiative directed by Government of India.

1.6. Alternative Sites Proposed for the Project The purpose of the proposed project is to optimally utilize the existing main plant capacities and also to ensure that Phosphoric acid is made available on sustained basis, therefore the proposed project comprises of enhancing the SAP and PAP within the existing facility. Hence procurement of additional land is not envisaged. Developing the proposed activities within the existing facility also will help to optimally utilize the existing land within the plant.

1.7. Location of the Facility The existing facility is located in Sriharipuram area, Malkapuram Post, Visakhapatnam. Due to rapid industrialization in the region and also due to presence of reputed and large industrial facilities such as Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL), Steel Plant and Visakhapatnam Port etc, the rural areas of Sriharipuram and its environs has transformed into modern urban areas. The Coromandel facility is located about one kilometre from the main Sriharipuram area. The existing area of Coromandel is leased from Visakhapatnam Port Trust and the master plan (land use) of the Visakhapatnam Port Trust Industrial Zone showing the Coromandel is presented in Figure 1.7. The existing plant coordinates are shown in Figure 1.8. Salient features of the study area are presented in Table 1.1.

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Figure 1-7 Land Use of the Visakhapatnam Port Area

Source: Land Use Plan Report of Visakhapatnam Port5, Figure 1-8 Coromandel International Ltd Existing Plant

5 http://www.vizagport.com/Doc/VPT%20LAND%20USE%20%20PLAN%20FINAL.pdf Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 47

Points Latitude Longitude A 17°41'54.70"N 83°13'42.69"E B 17°41'47.67"N 83°13'57.09"E C 17°41'45.54"N 83°14'08.10"E D 17°42'23.92"N 83°14'18.26"E E 17°42'26.17"N 83°14'11.83"E F 17°42'27.32"N 83°13'50.26"E Table 1-1 Salient Features of the Project Site S.No Particulars Details Location Visakhapatnam Village Sriharipuram 1 District Visakhapatnam State Andhra Pradesh Elevation above mean sea 2 6 to 9 m level (MSL) Nearest IMD Station Kailasagiri, Visakhapatnam Annual (avg) Max Temp:41.3 Deg C Climatic Conditions 3 Annual (avg) Min Temp:13.7 Deg C as per IMD Predominant Wind Direction (Annual): South West Annual Average Wind Speed: 9 km/h 4 Nearest highway/road NH-16 (3km aerial distance) Eastern Naval Command Head Quarters is located at 5 km 5 Defence installations from the plant boundary Visakhapatnam Railway Station is located at 4 Km from 6 Nearest railway station the plant boundary Visakhapatnam Airport is located at 1Km from the plant 7 Nearest airport boundary 8 Nearest village Gullalapalem, Mullugada, Malkapuram 9 Nearest town or settlement Sriharipuram is located at 1.0 Km from the plant boundary 10 Nearest river No rivers were found within 10Kms radius Megradrigadda over flow channel within 500m from plant 11 Nearest drain boundary Archaeologically important No Archaeological places were identified within the 10 12 places Km radius from the plant boundary. Dolphin Nose, a tourist attraction is identified towards Nearest place of south at 3.5km from the plant boundary. 13 Tourist/Religious importance Simhachalam temple is located at 6.5km from the plant boundary towards Northern direction. Ecologically sensitive areas (National parks/Wildlife No Ecological sensitive areas were identified within 10 14 sanctuaries/bio-sphere Km radius from the plant boundary. reserves) x Narava Reserved Forest is located at 6.5 km from the plant boundary. x Yerrakonda Reserved Forest is located at 9 km from 15 Reserved/Protected forests the plant boundary. x Kailasakonda Forest is located at 5 km from the plant boundary. x Visakhapatnam steel plant, 16 List of major industries x HPCL, x Visakhapatnam Port Trust, Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 48

S.No Particulars Details x East India Petroleum Limited x Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd (erstwhile BHPV), x Hindustan Zinc Limited, x Hindustan Ship Yard, x Andhra Petro Chemicals Limited, x LG Polymers India Private Limited, x Essar Steel, x Rain CII, 17 Nature of soil in the study Red loamy soil, Sandy loamy soil, Black cotton soil area Note: All the distances given in above table are aerial distances from the existing manufacturing facility 1.8. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study The proposed project falls under category A of the Chemical Fertilizers sector as per the EIA Notification 2006 and its amendments. The project appraised in the MoEF & CC 6th Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) meeting held on 30th March and 9th Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry-2) meeting held on 27th June 2016 for undertaking the EIA study. Copies of the minutes of meeting issued by MOEF & CC are enclosed in Annexure 3. This EIA study was undertaken in line with the specific and standard TOR issued by MOEF & CC. This EIA study was undertaken by M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, a NABET accredited EIA consulting organisation, with specific project related inputs required for undertaking the EIA studies from the project department of M/s. Coromandel International Limited, Visakhapatnam. M/s Cholamandalam MS Risk Services is authorized to undertake EIA studies for Chemical Fertilizer plants as per the NABET accreditation scheme. A copy of the accreditation status is presented in Annexure 4.

1.9. Regulatory Context The following environmental laws are applicable to the proposed project: Environment Protection Act 1986, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Storage and handling of hazardous material, Hazardous waste (management and handling) rules. The following guidelines and regulations are applicable for the proposed project: EIA Notification and its amendments, Emission and wastewater discharge standards stipulated by Ministry of Environment and Forests and Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Noise level standards, National Ambient Air Quality Standards, minimum stack height requirements specified by Central Pollution Control Board, fly ash utilization notifications etc.

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Air Emission discharge standards – According to the emissions standards suggested Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) for chemical fertilizer industry, particulate matter emissions from boilers should not exceed 100 mg/Nm3.

Minimum stack height standards – according to the environmental protection rules, a minimum stack height of the thermal power plant will be defined based on the total SO2 emission released from the stack using empirical formula (14 x (Q)0.3), where Q is expressed in SO2 emission rate in Kg/hr). The stack height requirement for the proposed boiler has been estimated based on the uncontrolled emissions as per the CPCB guidelines.

Work-zone noise standards: Noise levels in the work-zone area should not exceed 85 dB(A) for a cumulative exposure time of eight hours. The Central Pollution Control Board has finalized the Ambient Air Quality standards in respect of Noise under Section 16 (2) (h) of the Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 as amended in 1987 as follows:

Table 1-2 General Noise Standards Limits in dB(A) Leq Area Code Category of Area Day Time Night Time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40 Definition Day time: Between 6 AM and 10 PM, Night time: Between 10 PM and 6 AM Silence Zone: Areas upto 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the Competent Authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.

Ambient air Quality Standards – The specific criteria pollutants that are applicable to the

current project are Particulate Matter size less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter size less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO). Summary of the ambient air quality standards are presented in Table 1.3.

Treated wastewater discharge standards – The treated wastewater discharge standards as per the consent issued by APPCB are presented in Table 1.4. Among the criteria pollutants specified, Nitrate Nitrogen, Ammonical Nitrogen, Free Ammonical Nitrogen, Phosphates, Oil and Grease and Fluoride are applicable to the proposed project.

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Table 1-3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration in Ambient Air (µg/m3) Time Weighted Industrial Ecologically Sensitive Pollutant Average Residential, Rural Areas (notified by & Other Areas Central Government) Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Annual Average* 50 20 (µg/m3) 24 hrs** 80 80 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Annual Average* 40 30 (µg/m3) 24 hrs ** 80 80 Particulate Matter (Size Annual Average* 60 60 less than 10 µg) (PM10) 24 hrs ** 100 100 (µg/m3) Particulate Matter (Size Annual Average* 40 40 less than 2.5 µg) (PM2.5) 24 hrs ** 60 60 (µg/m3) 3 Ozone (O3) (µg/m ) 8 hrs ** 100 100 1 hrs ** 180 180 Lead (Pb) (µg/m3) Annual Average* 0.5 0.5 24 hrs ** 1.5 1.0 Carbon monoxide (CO) 8 hrs ** 2000 2000 (µg/m3) 1 hrs ** 4000 4000 Ammonia (NH3) Annual Average* 100 100 (µg/m3) 24 hrs ** 400 400 Benzene (C6H6) Annual* 5 5 Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP)- Annual* 0.001 0.001 Particulate phase only (µg/m3) Arsenic (As) (µg/m3) Annual* 0.006 0.006 Nickel (Ni) (µg/m3) Annual* 0.020 0.020

Table 1-4 Tolerance Limits for Discharge of Trade Effluents Outlet Parameter Limiting Standards 1&2 pH 6.5 - 8.0 Ammonical Nitrogen 50 mg/l Free Ammonical Nitrogen 4 mg/l Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 100 mg/l Nitrate Nitrogen 10 mg/l Cyanide as CN 0.2 mg/l Vanadium as V 0.2 mg/l Arsenic as As 0.2 mg/l Phosphate as P 5 mg/l Suspended solids 100 mg/l Oil and Grease 10 mg/l Fluoride as F 10 mg/l Hexavalent Chromium as Cr 0.1 mg/l Total Chromium as Cr 2.0 mg/l

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1.10. Overview of the Methodology of the EIA study This environmental impact assessment report was prepared once the case is appraised in the MoEF & CC Industry Committee meetings held on 30th Mar 2016 & 27th June 2016. A summary compliance statement to the specific conditions of the terms of reference is presented in Annexure 5.

The environmental impact assessment study team headed by an accredited EIA Coordinator along with the approved Functional Area Experts have undertaken detailed baseline studies between 4th April 2016 to 14th July 2016 to represent the pre-monsoon conditions. Various physiochemical parameters such as meteorology, air quality, water quality, noise level recording, and soil quality were undertaken by M/s Team Labs, Hyderabad, which is an MOEF & CC and NABL accredited testing agency. Copies of the accreditation of the lab are presented in Annexure 6. Micro-meteorological data comprising of hourly readings of wind speed, wind direction, dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, rainfall were measured by installing an onsite meteorological station at the Coromandel plant. Micro-meteorological data was adopted for generating wind-rose diagrams and also to predict the ground level concentrations due to release of emissions from the proposed facility.

Ambient air quality was measured at 8 locations in the study area as per the methods and procedures suggested by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)6. Air quality sampling was undertaken for period of 14 weeks and a total of 196 samples were taken. Stipulated criteria pollutants such as particulate matter size less than 10 microns (PM10), particulate matter size less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ammonia

(NH3), ozone (O3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Arsenic (As), Benzene and Particulate phase Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) were analyzed at all the locations. The measured background air quality data was compared with that of the prevailing National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQs) and this will also form the basis for predicting the cumulative air quality scenario due to operation of the proposed facility.

Ground water samples from 8 locations were analyzed as per the ToR for all the designated parameters. The measured values were compared with drinking water standards. Secondary data on the regional ground water status was also collected from Central Ground Water and State Ground Water Board.

6 Guidelines for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring by CPCB, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Delhi April 2003 Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 52

There are no perennial rivers flowing within the study area. All seasonal streams and rivers located within the study area were mapped through latest remote sensing data under land-use land cover study. Walkthrough surveys were undertaken to assess the current status of the water resources. The major cropping pattern and irrigation methods etc were also collected from local village offices and also published district census data. Surface water quality in the study area were also collected and analysed for designated physicochemical, elemental and biological parameters.

Land use and land cover was mapped using remote satellite imagery, LISS IV satellite dated 24th April 2016. The data was processed using applicable software models and level 1 and level 2 land use classification within the study area was developed. Digital Elevation Model of the study area was developed to assess the terrain conditions. Flora and fauna survey was undertaken in the study area and all spotted ecological and biological aspects were mapped based on grid sampling method. Bio-diversity density and abundance were estimated.

Primary socioeconomic survey was undertaken in the core zone of the study area to capture the socioeconomic conditions, major occupation of the people, drinking water and sanitation facilities, transportation and other amenities in the study area, with a specific reference to the settlements located within 5Km radius of the project site. Based on the socioeconomic survey, a need based Community Development Plan under Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) was suggested.

A detailed review on the process and material balance of the proposed operations were undertaken. Water and steam balance diagrams were developed as per the ToR issued for the proposed project. In addition a detailed review on the process technology, material balance, source of raw materials, fuels etc were also studied. A typical review on the process equipment, various pollution control systems proposed, details of wastes and discharges that are envisaged from the proposed project were also undertaken. Such inputs are adopted while predicting various environmental impacts due to operation of the facility and also to suggest an appropriate environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan.

As a part of the environmental impact assessment study, an attempt was made to predict the possible and likely impacts on background environment. Likely air quality impacts due to release of emissions from the proposed project components were modelled using AERMOD, an USEPA approved model. Ground level concentration of criteria pollutants such as particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen was estimated using MoEF&CC Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 53

approved AERMOD model. Hourly meteorological data generated at the project site was adopted to assess ground level concentrations. 2nd Highest ground level concentrations were predicted and concentration iso-pleths of the above mentioned pollutants were plotted. The predicted ground level concentrations of the respective pollutants were added to the prevailing baseline concentrations of the designated pollutants to assess the likely cumulative post project scenario and such values were compared with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Noise generating sources and the expected noise levels (with and without control measures) were estimated. ISO compliant noise propagation models were used to predict likely noise levels at the facility boundary. In addition to the above aspects, the positive environmental benefits arsing from community development plans under CSR programs, ecological and biodiversity enhancement aspects due to development of plantation and green-cover development in the vicinity of the project site were also studied.

Based on a detailed environmental impact assessment study, a comprehensive environmental management plan was developed covering the following aspects: construction phase environmental management plan, air quality management plan, noise and water quality management plan, wastewater treatment, reuse, recycling and disposal program, solid and hazardous waste collection, storage and disposal program, fly ash and gypsum collection and disposal plans, socioeconomic and community development plan. An outline of the proposed environmental management plan is presented in this report.

Public Consultation/ Public Hearing was conducted to take the views and comments of the public for the proposed project on 08.12.2016 at 11AM at Coromandel Recreation Centre Ground located adjacent to the existing Coromandel International Limited facility, Sriharipuram

The proposed project doesn’t involve in handling and storage of any flammable materials such as fuel oils etc. the existing facility has already obtained necessary approvals from relevant authorities under factories rules.

1.11. Structure of the EIA report This report is organized into ten sections. Chapter 2 of this report presents details of the existing facility and various compliance related aspects. Chapter 3 presents the proposed facility, process and material balance, raw-materials and energy balance and details of

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various supporting facilities required for the project and an outline of the project cost and project implementation schedules. Chapter 4 of this report presents the description of the baseline environmental conditions of the study area. This includes the data obtained from primary surveys and also secondary published data from various authentic sources. All the specified environmental components such as, meteorological data, air quality, noise levels, surface and ground water quality, geological features, soil quality, land use and land cover in the study area, cropping pattern, ecological and biological environmental conditions, socioeconomic and cultural aspects of the project site. All the relevant aspects as mentioned in the terms of reference were thoroughly addressed. Chapter 5 presents the environmental aspects associated with the proposed project, envisaged emissions and discharges from the facility, an overview of various pollution control systems proposed under project planning activities in the detailed project report and construction and operational phase environmental impacts. Chapter 6 presents the discussions on alternatives analysis. Chapter 7 depicts the environmental monitoring program for the proposed expansion. Chapter 8 various special studies like overview of Public Hearing, Safety Management and Disaster Management. Section 9 presents the benefits of the project. Chapter 10 depicts the summary of proposed environmental management plan. Chapter 11 summary and conclusions of the project and Chapter 12 presents the declaration by the EIA consultant organization as per the NABET requirements.

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2. Details of Existing Fertilizer unit and Environmental Compliance

2.1. Overview of Exiting Unit Coromandel has implemented good safety and environmental engineering practices since the inception of the plant and has been complying with all applicable environmental regulations and standards. Coromandel had always taken the lead in environment friendly technology in fertilizer manufacturing and as part of the above, Coromandel has updated the technology with state of the art technology such as DCDA (Double Conversion Double Absorption)with 5 beds converter in Sulphuric acid plant, Dry disposal and storage of gypsum on lined pond in Phosphoric acid plant, improved design of Effluent treatment plant, Pipe reactor technology in granulation plant, Air pre-heater in place of fuel oil based hot air generators in granulation plants, Screw un-loader in place of conventional grab bucket at wharf for unloading of solid raw materials and usage of molten sulfur in place of solid sulphur for manufacturing of sulphuric acid.

This section presents an overview of the environmental compliance in the existing facility with respect to Environmental Clearances accorded (vide letter no. F.NO. J-11011/388/2006- IA-II (I), dated 18th May 2007, no. F.NO. J-11011/314/2007-IA-II(I), dated 31st August 2007 and no. F.NO. J-11011/548/2008-IA-II (I), dated 10th June 2009) and Consent For Operate (vide letter no. APPCB.VSP/VSP/65/CFO/HO/2015-454, dated 19thstAugust 2016 2016). The facility was granted environmental clearance for the manufacture of 3900 TPD of complex fertilizers of various grades and types and 700 TPD of Phosphoric acid.

The existing facility consists of the following:

x Sulphuric acid plant (SAP): SAP-1:1400 TPD, SAP-2: 300 TPD, sulphuric acid storage tanks, sulphur storage facilities, waste heat recovery boilers, scrubbers etc x Phosphoric acid plant (PAP): rock phosphate storage and grinding facilities, 700 TPD of phosphoric acid manufacturing facility, scrubbers, fluorosilcic acid recovery plant and phosphoric acid storage tank. x Three streams of granulation plants with a total capacity of 3900 TPD consisting of main plant facilities, scrubbers, ammonia storage tanks, urea storage facility, product handling and bagging plant. x LSHS fired boilers to meet the requirement of process steam and power generation.

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x Other supporting facilities include raw water treatment, sea water supply system, wastewater treatment & recycling facilities and gypsum storage facilities x 2 nos of DG sets each with a capacity of 4 MW and 1 number of TG set with 5MW capacity x Raw material storage warehouse and wharf facility x Canteen and colony facilities The existing layout is given as Figure 2.1

Figure 2-1 Existing Layout of the Coromandel Facility

The existing facility initially commenced production in the year 1967 with an installed capacity of 2,50,000 MTPA of complex fertilizer manufacturing and upgraded to 8,00,000 MTPA (2700 MTPD) over a period prior to EIA notification 2006. Hence EC clearance for 2700 TPD is not applicable. However the facility has enhanced the production capacity from

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2700 TPD to 3900 TPD during the year 2009 after obtaining the necessary environmental clearance for the expansion facility from MoEF vide letter no. F.NO. J-11011/388/2006-IA-II (I), dated 18th May 2007. The facility has enhanced Phosphoric Acid Plant capacity from 500 TPD to 700 TPD in the year 2009 after obtaining the necessary environmental clearance, MoEF vide letter no. F.NO. J-11011/314/2007-IA-II (I), dated 31st August 2007. The management of Coromandel has introduced customized fertilizer products manufacturing facility in the year 2010 for which the environmental clearance was also obtained vide letter no. F.NO. J-11011/548/2008-IA-II (I), dated 10th June 2009 as per the applicable guidelines. Copies of the environmental clearances issued for the existing facility are presented in Annexure 1.

The management of Coromandel has been submitting the half yearly compliance reports to MoEF & CC regional office after meeting all the stipulated Environmental Clearance conditions. Copy of the half yearly compliance report is presented in Annexure 7.

2.2. Description of the Existing Facilities Coromandel International Limited, Visakhapatnam, is able to produce various NP / NPK fertilizer products at the existing facility as per the permitted and consented production capacity of 3900TPD.

2.3. Raw Material Receipts and Wharf Facilities Raw materials such as Rock phosphate, molten sulphur, solid sulphur, potash, Mono- Ammonium Phosphate (MAP), urea and ammonia are being imported at the facility (wharf/jetty area) which is exclusively for Coromandel, is located at Visakhapatnam Port about 5 Km away from the main plant. The existing wharf/ jetty are connected by a dedicated road of Coromandel.

Ammonia, which is the raw material for complex fertilizers is currently imported at the existing wharf/jetty and directly transferred to the plant through dedicated pipe line and stored in atmospheric Ammonia storage tanks located in plant premises. The rock phosphate, which is the raw material for phosphoric acid production is imported and stored initially in silos at wharf/jetty. Closed pipe conveyors are used for raw material transfer in order to minimize the dust emissions. These solid raw materials are later transferred to plant by covered trucks through dedicated road of Coromandel. Similarly Potash, Urea and Sulphur (solid sulphur and molten sulphur) are also imported and transported through trucks.

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The total requirement of phosphoric acid is about 1000 TPD for 3900 TPD of NP/NPK product manufacturing, of which about 700 TPD is manufactured internally and the additional requirement of 300 TPD is met through imports. Similarly, the total requirement of sulphuric acid is about 2900 TPD, of which about 1700 TPD is manufactured internally and the additional requirement of 1200 TPD is met through imports. The phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid are stored in dedicated storage tanks available within the facility. Coromandel is having 7 Nos. of phosphoric acid storage tanks (7 x 610 m3) and 4 Nos. of sulphuric acid storage tanks (total 10,000 MT) within the facility.

Molten sulphur storages tanks of 10,000 MT (2 X 5000 MT) capacity are present at wharf facility and maintained with help of LSHS fired steam generating boilers. Molten sulphur is transferred to the plant through insulated trucks. Solid sulphur received from wharf/jetty is stored in closed godowns having a capacity of 24,000 MT. Rock phosphate received from the wharf/jetty is stored in closed go-downs having a total capacity of 80,000 MT. Ammonia is stored in two numbers of atmospheric storage tanks of total capacity 12,500 MT located in the plant premises. Urea received from wharf/jetty is stored in a closed go down having a capacity of 30,000 MT. Potash received from wharf/jetty is stored in a closed go down of 10,000 MT.

2.4. Manufacture of Phosphoric Acid The primary raw materials required for the manufacture of complex fertilizers are Phosphoric acid, Sulphuric acid, Ammonia, Urea and Potash. Sulphuric acid is also used in the manufacturing of Phosphoric acid. The rock phosphate received at the site is subjected to grinding. Ground rock phosphate is reacted with sulphuric acid to form phosphoric acid and

gypsum slurry. This slurry is filtered to separate dilute phosphoric acid (26% P2O5) and gypsum in a vacuum operated filter, which is further concentrated in evaporators to

concentrate to 47% P2O5 concentration. During the concentration of phosphoric acid, fluorine vapors generated are recovered in the form of 18% concentration of Hydro fluoro silicic acid.

The existing phosphoric acid is designed to produce 700 TPD as P2O5 of acid. Closed circuit cooling tower is being used for cooling purpose in the evaporators system in the Phosphoric acid plant.

The process technology adopted for the manufacturing of Phosphoric Acid is the conventional Di-hydrate process. The imported rock phosphate is stored in a closed godown,

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within the factory, is transported to the Grinding area. The Ball Mill with open loop grinding arrangement is envisaged to crush the rock phosphate to the appropriate size and will be stored in an intermediate silo. Ground Rock is then conveyed to Phosphoric acid plant using state of art Pipe Conveyor system.This rock phosphate is then carefully weighed on automatic electronic weigh feeders and fed to the Reaction Vessel. Sulphuric acid is diluted, cooled and mixed with the rock phosphate. The formed slurry is intensely agitated using specially designed agitators in a circular Reaction Tank. This slurry is well agitated in the outer compartment to facilitate the completion of reaction between rock phosphate and sulfuric Acid before entering an inner vessel placed within the circular tank. This vessel is designed to allow de-super saturation and then slurry enters Filter Feed Tank. The entire slurry is pumped into Horizontal Belt Filter (HBF). Cooling Air is impinged on the reaction mass for cooling. The filtration is carried out on HBF to ensure the separation of the liquid phosphoric acid from the solid calcium sulphate (otherwise known as phosphogypsum). The phosphogypsum is washed repeatedly using fresh water to ensure complete recovery of phosphoric acid. The washings of the filter cake are recycled to the main reaction tank. The product phosphoric acid is transferred to storage and the washed filter cake is transported to the dry gypsum handling yard. The gases containing the fluorides are recovered using the suction fan from the various vessels of the plant and scrubbed with fresh water to ensure recovery of fluorides containing compounds from the gases. The fluoride free gas is then vented through a high stack.

Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3H2SO4 + 2H2O 2H3PO4+3CaSO4.2H2O Fluorine and silica containing gases liberated during Evaporation are led into fluorine recovery unit, where the gases are absorbed in circulating water to produce Hydrofluorosilicic acid, which is sold as a by-product. The phosphoric acid plant is designed by M/s Dorr Oliver of U.S.A. The plant is provided with:

a) Multi stage Fumes Scrubber supplied by M/s MDEEL to scrub and recover the Fluorine b) Pipe Conveyor System for rock phosphate transfer – with technology of M/s FLSmidth c) Fluorine Recovery Unit – with technology of M/s Nissan, Japan. d) Distributed control system for the process control by M/s Yokogawa e) Dry gypsum disposal by M/s HDO

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f) Effluent Treatment Plant by M/s HDO

2.5. Sulphuric Acid Process Description The sulphuric acid required for the main product and also for producing the Phosphoric acid is met through both captive productions as well as by imports or sourcing locally. Two numbers of sulphuric acid manufacturing plants (1400 TPD + 300 TPD) are in operation at the facility. Sulphur is heated to the required temperature and fired in the combustion chamber. The heat generated in the process is used for producing steam in respective waste heat boilers which is consumed for process heating and balance steam for power generation.

The process Technology used here is that of the Double Conversion Double Absorption (DCDA) system with 5 beds convertor and features incorporated for maximum energy recovery. Imported Sulfur available in two states is being used (solid and molten form). The solid sulfur granules are melted by the use of steam, using coils placed in the melter pit and then is pumped through the sulfur filter into a holding pit, while liquid sulphur is directly fed into the holding tank. The cleaned sulfur is then pumped into the sulfur burner where in the presence of oxygen from the dry air it is converted into sulfur dioxide. The air before being fed to sulfur burner is dried in drying tower using sulfuric acid as the medium for absorbing moisture from the air. The heat generated in the reaction between sulfur & oxygen is recovered as steam using the waste heat boiler. The cooled gas is then catalytically converted using vanadium pent-oxide to sulfur tri-oxide. This reaction being exothermic, raises the reacting gas temperature, the resulting heat is then effectively recovered by superheating the steam, generated by the waste heat boiler. After cooling, the gas is then further converted for the second time to produce more sulfur tri-oxide. The resulting heat is then recovered in the hot heat exchanger before being sent to the converter for the 3rd time for more conversion to sulfur tri-oxide. The 3rd pass obtains the conversion efficiency of up to 95% and the heat of reaction of the 3rd pass is recovered in the cold heat exchanger & economizer. The cooled gas containing substantial quantities of sulfur tri-oxide is then sent to the intermediate absorption tower wherein it absorbed in water which is present in 98.5% circulating sulfuric acid to form 98.9% sulfuric acid. Water is mixed with 98.9% sulfuric acid to make 98.5% sulfuric acid in circulation tank. The gas free of sulfur tri-oxide is passed through the mist eliminator to ensure that droplets of sulfuric acid are removed from the gas stream. this gas is then heated in the cold and the hot heat exchangers to a temperature of 400 C before being sent into the 4th and 5th pass of the converter wherein the small quantities of sulfur di-oxide leftover is ͼ Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited 61

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD PO and Other 2 5 2016425-764, 18th January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing Chapter 2: Details of 2017 (A Murugappa Group Company) Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel Existing fertilizer unit and International Limited, Visakhapatnam Environmental Compliance converted to the tri-oxide form. The heat of reaction obtained here is also recovered in the economizer by heating the boiler feed water that is being sent to the waste heat boiler. The cooled gas containing the sulfur tri -oxide is then absorbed in the final absorption tower using sulfuric acid to form the additional quantities of sulfuric acid.

The spent gasses are passed through alkali scrubber before being vented to the atmosphere through a stack. The steam produced in waste heat boiler is super heated in the super heater placed downstream of the first pass of the converter is then used to:

1) Generate power in captive Turbo Generator Power plant (5 MW). 2) Run Sulphuric acid plant Main Air Blower. 3) Hot air generator for drying in granulation plant. 4) The Exhaust steam from Main Air Blower is then used as a) Heating medium in the Evaporation Section of Phosphoric Acid Plant. b) Heat medium in Granulation Section of Complex Fertiliser Granulation Plant c) A part of the steam is also used for heating the sulfur in the melters and de- aerating the fresh boiler feed water.

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Figure 2-2Typical Process Flow Diagram of Existing Operations Sulphur Water Air Sulphur Water Air

Sulphuric acid Plant – I Sulphuric acid Plant – II 1400 MTPD 300 MTPD

Auxiliary Boiler Steam LSHS 48 MTPH 31 MTPH Sulphuric Acid

Water Phosphoric acid Plant By Product Gypsum Rock Phosphate 700 MTPD LSHS Diesel Generators 2 nos x 4 MW Weak P2O5 Acid

Steam Evaporation By Product Hydro fluoro & Fluorine Recovery silicic Acid

Strong P2O5 Acid

Steam Granulation Plant Products 3900 MTPD (3 streams) NP / NPK Ammonia fertilizer Urea Turbo Generator 1 nos X 5 MW Potash

Bought out Sulf Acid Bought out Phos Acid

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2.6. Manufacture of Complex Fertilizers Existing facility consists of three streams of Granulation plants A, B and C. Plants A & B are based on TVA Pre-Neutralization Technology supplied by M/s Wellman Lord, U.S.A, while Plant C is based on Pipe Reactor Technology supplied by Incro, Spain.

The plants A, B and C are equipped with the following: x Multi Stage scrubbing system for dust, ammonia and fluorine removal. x Plant A and C are provided with high efficiency Pipe reactors. x Steam based hot air generation system for drying purpose. x Distributed Control System for Process Control. Raw Materials required for the manufacture of complex fertilizers are, Liquid Ammonia, Urea, Potash, sulphur, phosphoric acid at 26% concentration, phosphoric acid at 47% concentration and sulphuric acid at 98.5 % concentration. The conventional process for manufacturing of complex Phosphatic (NP/NPK) Fertilizer involves the reaction between ammonia, phosphoric and sulfuric Acid. The slurry thus formed containing upto 80-85% of solids is then pumped into a Rotary Drum Granulator wherein it coats the recycled fertilizer solid (of fine size) and Urea / Potash granules to form larger granules of complex fertiliser prior to drying and separation of appropriately sized product granules. As a technological improvement, Pipe Reactor is introduced to improve efficiency, quality & throughput. Pipe Reactor is positioned such that the spray from the outlet of the reactor falls directly on to the bed of recycled fertilizer in the Granulator. The feed of raw materials is carefully controlled using high accuracy flow meters to ensure the desired grade of fertilizers manufactured. The Pipe Reactor allows a higher temperature operation of the reacting slurry & also eliminates the problems of pumping the slurry into the Granulator. These allow better Granules & a lower ratio of recycled fertilizer material to fresh feed material. Thus, for a given capacity of the recycled fertilizer handling system the pipe reactor enables a higher throughput of product. The discharge from the Granulator is dried in a Rotary Dryer using hot air as a drying medium, screened in industrial sieves to separate the oversize particles from the product size Granules and under size fines material. The oversize is crushed in oversize Pulverizers and is compounded with the under size fines to form the recycled fertilizer which is fed back to the Granulator. The product size granules are taken to the bulk storage and consequently to the bagging plant as and when required for bagging operations prior to despatch from factory.

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Sea water is used in sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid plants for the purpose of process cooling and in the condenser of TG (Turbo Generator) as once through medium. This water is finally discharge into the common effluent channel related to all neighbouring industries.

Power requirement for the existing facility is met from internal power generation through TG and the balance is met through APEPDCL and APGPCL.

The existing production details are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2-1 Summary of Existing Production Details Existing installed/ Parameter Units permitted capacity Complex fertilizers Total main plant production capacity TPD 3900 Sulphuric Acid SAP 1 – Production capacity TPD 1400 SAP 2 – Production capacity TPD 300 SA Imports TPD 1200 Total SA TPD 2900 Phosphoric Acid PA (as P2O5) production capacity TPD 700 PA Import (as P2O5) TPD 300 Total PA (as P2O5) TPD 1000 Steam generation capacity of Boilers LSHS Fired boilers TPH 1x31 + 1x48 Waste-heat boilers in SAPs TPH 1x65 + 1x15 Total steam generation capacity TPH 159 Power Generation Capacity Existing DG Sets (stand by) MW 1x4 + 1x4 Steam Turbo Generator (Condensing + Back MW 5 pressure) Total installed power generation MW 13

2.7. Environmental Clearance and Compliance MoEF & CC regional officer (RO) from Chennai has visited the plant on 27th May 2015 and issued compliance status. Copy of the compliance report is presented in Annexure 8. Coromandel has complied with all the conditions stipulated in the environmental clearance issued for the existing facility and the responses to the MoEF RO letter is also enclosed in Annexure 9.

The facility was also accorded Consent For Operate (CFO) under Air (Prevention and

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Control of pollution) Act and Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act and the latest renewed consent is valid up to the 31st of October 2021 and the letters are enclosed as Annexure 2.

Coromandel is committed to ensure environmental compliance and highest environmental quality in the existing unit. A dedicated environmental team headed by a qualified and experienced Assistant General Manager -EHS under the leadership and guidance of Sr. Associate Vice President-Manufacturing and supported by Manager- Environment and other staff from quality control & laboratory. The team has been implementing various day to day environmental management programs in the existing facilities.

As per the earlier EC, the following specific and general conditions are complied and summary of the compliance status is discussed hereunder:

2.7.1. Stack Emissions and Compliance

Emissions sources in the existing facilities are sulphuric acid plants, phosphoric acid plant, complex fertilizer plant and LSHS boiler. The vapour evolved during evaporation of phosphoric acid is containing fluorine which is converted to Hydro-fluro silicic acid using

absorbers. The fluorine is recovered as H2SiF6 and sold as a valuable by-product and thereby minimizing pollution load. Four number of bag filters are installed to control the dust generated from handling of rock phosphate. Closed type pipe conveyors are used for the transfer of rock phosphate thereby preventing dust emissions. The quantities and the composition of the gaseous, liquid and solid waste that are generated in the plant are regulated such that their final disposal into the environment meets all the statutory requirements and the environmental impacts are minimized. The gaseous emissions from all the process stacks are being monitored in the existing facility on daily basis by the in-house laboratory. In addition, MoEF&CC/NABL accredited lab is carrying the emission monitoring on monthly basis. Continuous emission monitoring systems are installed on the designated stacks and the data has been uploaded to the APPCB/CPCB server through online data transmission system. It is noted from the long term plant data and also the external testing lab data, that the concentration of the stipulated pollutants (PM and Ammonia) are meeting the 3 3 stipulated emission levels of 45 mg/Nm and 175 mg/Nm for PM and NH3 respectively. The lab test reports and summary of the long term emission data are presented in Annexure 10.

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Figure 2-3 View of Existing Scrubbers in SAP and Granulation Units

Sulphuric Acid Plant 1 & Plant 2

Granulation Plants 2.7.2. Ambient Air Quality Status at the Facility Three continuous ambient air quality monitoring (CAAQM) stations were installed as per the EC conditions within the plant premises. CAAQM data from these stations have been connected to APPCB server. AAQ is also monitored by MoEF&CC accredited laboratory at three locations twice a week. The plant ambient air quality data indicated that the ambient air quality at the facility was found to comply with the NAAQs. The lab test reports and summary of the long term ambient air quality are presented in Annexure 11. Long term AAQ 3 3 data indicated that The PM2.5 in the facility is ranging from 23µg/m to 50µg/m Similarly

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3 3 PM10 is varying in the range of 46µg/m to 88µg/m . The SO2 and NOX concentrations in the facility were found to be in the ranges of 8µg/m3 to 37µg/m3 and 15µg/m3 to 35µg/m3 respectively. Ammonia is varying in the range of 0.05mg/m3 to 0.1mg/m3. All the measured parameters in the ambient air within the facility are maintained well within the NAAQ standards.

Figure 2-4 View of Existing Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Stations

AAQM Station near Garage AAQM Station near Admin Building

AAQM Station Near Bagging Plant 2.7.3. Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation

The existing facility has obtained permission from GVMC for the supply of about 9092 m3/day of water from Thatipudi Reservoir and Meghadrigedda Reservoirs. The current water consumption in the facility was reported to be in the order of 8700 m3/day which is about 2 m3/T of complex fertilizer manufactured at site. This specific water consumption is less than

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the industry benchmark level of 4m3/T. This has been achieved due to adoption of recycling of treated wastewater in the main plant and adopting various water conservation measures in process and cooling operations. The facility is permitted to discharge about 7890 m3/day of treated wastewater into industrial drain, whereas the facility is achieving maximum possible recycling with the plant and the maximum discharge of the unutilized treated wastewater into the drain is maintained less than 1800 m3/day. Treated wastewater quality is maintained within the stipulated discharge limits. The lab test reports and summary of the long term data are presented in Annexure 12. The existing wastewater treatment plant is designed to treat about 1800 m3/day. The treatment plant is designed based on physiochemical treatment process (two stage Lime Neutralization system). The treatment units present in the ETP are: equalization Tank, clarifloculators, buffer tank and filter presses etc.

In order to reduce the fresh water consumption for cooling, once through sea water cooling system was installed during the inception of the plant during the year 1967. The existing facility is permitted to utilize and discharge the sea water to the tune of 60,000 m3/day. As per the applicable guidelines the return seawater temperature is maintained less than 3 Degrees C from the background ambient levels as against the standards of 5 Degrees C. Due to adoption of once through sea water cooling system in the main plant, about 4500 m3/day of fresh water is conserved.

Figure 2-5 Existing Effluent Treatment Plant Scheme

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Figure 2-6 View of Existing Effluent Treatment Plant

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2.7.4. Gypsum Generation and Disposal

Coromandel has adopted the dry disposal system replacing the wet disposal practices. About 3500 TPD of gypsum is generated from the existing facility while manufacturing about 700 TPD of phosphoric acid. The average moisture content in the gypsum is reported to be in the order of 15 to 20%. Hence leaching of water from the gypsum due to storage at the lined pad was observed to be minimal, which is recycled in the process.

The initial gypsum storage area was about 155 Acres. Coromandel undertook a project on Reclamation (Greening) of Phospho Gypsum heaps in area of 18 acres, offering an environmental solution to a critical aspect of fertiliser plants within the country and world over. This project has attracted the nation's attention by winning three innovation awards so far. The joint team (Coromandel & TERI) successfully reclaimed the gypsum pond areas and completed plantation of about 18,000 units in an area of 18 acres in the year 2013. This project has already set a benchmark for all phosphoric acid plants within the country as well as across the world for improving environment.

Coromandel has disposed the old stocks of the gypsum lying in the existing gypsum pond and currently about 360000 Tonnes of gypsum is lying at the gypsum storage yard, which will be further disposed to cement manufacturing units. The gypsum generated from the existing operations is constantly disposed to cement manufacturers, thereby achieving 100% utilization of gypsum. Coromandel has signed expression of interest with cement plants such as M/s Myhome cements, M/s Ramco cements, M/s Deccan cements etc for disposal of gypsum produced in the plant. Copies of the expression of interest are enclosed in Annexure13.

About 5 acres of the lined gypsum yard is being used for the storage of gypsum during the contingency period (lean cement manufacture period). The design details conform with CPCB guidelines and single composite liner comprising of a HDPE geo-membrane system was provided for gypsum storage facilities. Three test wells were installed near the existing gypsum storage facility. Two types of garland drains are constructed all along the existing gypsum storage area. The rainwater runoff from gypsum storage is collected in the existing leachate collection sump and further reused in the main plant operations. In order to avoid cross contamination of rain water from upstream of the plant area, a garland drain was constructed all along the southern boundary of the existing gypsum storage area. This

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Figure 2-7 View of Gypsum Storage Yard

View of Garland storm water drain View of Leachate collection drain

View of leachate collection sump & transfer pump to process units

2.7.5. Existing Greenbelt and Plantation

Coromandel has developed a massive plantation and greenbelt activities in the existing facility. Out of 436 acres of the total extent of the land, 145 acres are developed as Green Belt. The current green cover area comprises of more than 33% of the built area of the existing facility. View of the existing green belt and its layout is shown in Figure 2.9 & 2.10 respectively

Coromandel is undertaking massive plantation program since the inception of the unit in 1960s, these trees are fully grown and supported a good biodiversity in the middle of a rapidly growing urban environment in the neighbourhood. Based on the baseline studies it is noted that the biodiversity of faunal species at the plant greenbelt area was reported increase from the background area.

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The preliminary studies reveal that there are more natural as well as planted species of flora inside Coromandel. The natural species includes Borassus, Neem, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus microcorpe and more number of climbers and grass species. The shrubs include Calotropis and Datura stramonium. Ground flora is dominant with common grass varieties. Near the plantation zone, Cressa cretica, Ipomea prescarpe are predominant. These two species generally occur near sea shores. Cressa cretica is used as medicinal plant and cultivated. This species is a perennial halophyte (Hemicryptophyte) that lives in salty oases or in seasonally wet depressions in wet sandy areas, including such as temporary pools and marshes. The proposed unit is within the plant and need not to clear any type of vegetation.

Near the Coromandel main entrance area, more woody species such as Peltoforum, Samania and Delonix which attaract birds and other smaller mammals present. Plantations include Ficus varities, Parkinsonia, Casuarina, Grevia, Pongamia and Terminalia. The ornamental plants maintained near the Coromandel guest house as well as office premises attracts more butterfly species. The plantation was taken up within the plant unit and low lying areas are enhancing the ecological values of the surroundings. The food chain is already building near Casuarina plantation. The ground flora is also maintained well with typical grass species and creepers such as Ipomea pres-carpe.

Table 2-2 Biodiversity Indices at Coromandel facility Area (Outcome of plantation and biodiversity initiatives by Coromandel over a period of 40 years) Relative Relative Relative S.No Scientific Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 1 Acacia auriculiformis 1.59 4.00 2.50 8.09 2 Albizia lebbeck 1.59 4.00 2.50 8.09 3 Azadirachta indica 4.37 6.00 4.59 14.95 4 Bambusa arundinacea 3.17 6.00 3.34 12.51 5 Borassus flabellifer 2.78 4.00 4.38 11.16 6 Casuarina equisetifolia 27.78 10.00 17.52 55.30 7 Dalbergia sissoo 3.97 6.00 4.17 14.14 8 Delonix regia 2.38 4.00 3.75 10.13 9 Eucalyptus globulus 9.13 8.00 7.19 24.32 10 Ficus benghalensis 5.95 10.00 3.75 19.71 11 Ficus microcape 4.76 8.00 3.75 16.52 12 Grewia hirsuta 5.95 6.00 6.26 18.21 13 Peltophorum pterocarpum 10.32 6.00 10.84 27.16 14 Plumeria alba 2.78 2.00 8.76 13.54

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Relative Relative Relative S.No Scientific Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 15 Polyalthia longifolia 5.95 6.00 6.26 18.21 16 Pongamia pinnata 2.78 6.00 2.92 11.70 17 Cocos nucifera 4.76 4.00 7.51 16.27 Figure 2-8 Indicial Value Index (IVI) of Tree Species

As per the primary data presented in Figure 2.8 that Casuarina and Peltophorum are predominant within the Coromandel boundary and this may be due to more plantation works. Biodiversity indices for the Coromandel area are shown in Table 2.3. The Shannon indices value is 2.694 indicates good diversity and population of individuals more and Dominance of the species is 80% and Evenness is upto 87%. Distribution pattern of species was identified as contiguous/clumped distribution as the value of A/F ratio is 0.128 which is more than 0.050 as per Curtis and Cottam (1956). Contiguous distribution is most common in where plantation works taken up.

Fauna at Coromandel facility: Within the Coromandel there are several roosting spots for Birds. Certain fruit birds are observed on the Eucalyptus trees. Palm squirrels are commonly seen near coconut and other ornamental tree species. There are no indirect evidences of any other higher mammals within the boundary of Coromandel plant unit. Few reptilian species such as garden lizards, snakes and frogs and toads are common throughout the plantation area and near open spaces of guesthouse campus. From the secondary source (local people working in the plant) it is also revealed that presence of Rat snakes and other common green vine snakes exists here.

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Avifaunal diversity at Coromandel facility: Common bird species such as Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, White headed babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows are sighted here.

Scheduled species at Coromandel facility: Based on the primary survey as well as literature collected and from local villagers, it is revealed that there Schedule –I species are not present within the boundary of Coromandel.

Table 2-3 Biodiversity Indices for Coromandel Facility Area Dominance D 0.080 Shannon H 2.694 Simpson 1-D 0.920 Evenness e^H/S 0.870 Margalef 2.805 A/F value 0.128 Figure 2-9 Greenbelt and Plantation Activities at Coromandel Visakhapatnam plant

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Figure 2-10 Greenbelt and Plantation Area of Coromandel Facility

2.7.6. Occupational Health

Coromandel International Limited is equipped with a full-fledged Occupational Health Centre within the factory premises. OHC is manned by a qualified full time Medical Officer and a contracted Medical officer supported with eight para medical staff.

1. The following are facilities and services were available as a part of corporate occupational healthcare program. 2. A dedicated Occupational Health Centre (OHC) headed by a qualified doctor 3. First aid facilities was made available across the facility 4. OHC facilities were equipped with the following: Stools, height appropriate to counter, adjustable with backs Examination tables Medication cabinet, with locks, Instrument trays, Refrigerator Sphygmomanometer, Electrocardiograph, Vision screening apparatus, Spiro meter, audiometer, nebulizer, Multipara monitors, suction apparatus, continuous positive airway pressure apparatus Crutches, walkers, oxygen supply systems, Vaccines

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Patients and staff education aids Well equipped laboratory 5. The following medical tests were undertaken at the facility: Pre - employment medical checkup at the time of employment Periodical medical checkup will be been done for all employees twice in a year Urine tests: Cells (exfoliate cytology) - bladder cancer, Level of toxin e.g. mercury, Level of metabolite e.g. TCA (tricarboxylic acid), Protein (especially kidney damage), Bile (jaundice), Sugar (diabetes) - relevant to shift work, public service vehicle (PSV) driving Blood tests- Full blood count and haemoglobin - work in the tropics, Serum (deep frozen) - baseline antibody levels in pathogen exposure, Liver function tests - alcohol, hepatotoxic chemicals, Renal function tests - kidney toxins,. ECG - was conducted once in 6 months for those above 40 years. Food handlers test - was conducted once in a year (typhoid & stool tests). Eye testing by Ophthalmologist - was conducted Once in a year (every 6 months for >40 yrs). Water testing - quarterly for fitness for human consumption. Vision - Acuity tests e.g. lorry drivers, pilots etc, Colour blindness tests e.g. civil aviation, railways, microscopy. X-rays - Chest x-rays are useful for conditions such as infection, Pneumoconiosis chest x-rays was conducted once in 3 years. Audiometry - The lowest intensity of hearing was conducted once in a year. Spirometric - diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other conditions that affect breathing were conducted once in a year. One Ambulance is stationed in the Plant 24 hours with basic facilities fitted like retractable stretcher, first aid boxes with medicines, oxygen cylinders etc., and first aid boxes provided with medicines kept at vulnerable places inside the Plant. The Photographs of the Occupational Health centre and ambulance is given in Figure 2.11.

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Figure 2-11 Facilities in Occupational Health Centre

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2.7.7. Solid and Hazardous Wastes Generation and Disposal

Coromandel has obtained the authorization (vide CFO letter no. APPCB.VSP/VSP/65/CFO/HO/2015-454, dated 19th August 2016, Valid up to 31.10.2021) under Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules 2008 & amendments thereof

Coromandel generates solid wastes like spent catalysts (disposed to government approved TSDF), used oils (authorised recyclers) and acid residues ( recycled inside the manufacturing operations) etc., are being disposed as per the Hazardous Waste Authorisation.

2.7.8. Disaster Management Plan

Coromandel manufacturing facility has developed on site emergency plan for their facility which includes on site emergency response plan for receipt, storage and handling of hazardous chemicals like ammonia, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid. Periodical mock drills are also conducted as part of disaster mitigation plan. The existing site is a part of mutual aid with the neighbouring industries like HPCL & APCL. Offsite emergency plan is also in place, which was developed by the district crisis group ( Headed by the district collector).

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3. Proposed Project

3.1. Overview In order to achieve consented production of 3900 MTPD NP/NPK production, Coromandel intends to adopt the following modifications and upgrades in the upstream of the complex fertilize manufacturing units. Since the existing “A”, “B” and “C” granulation plants have adequate capacity for a maximum daily production of 3900 MTPD of NP/NPK complex fertilizers, no modifications and upgrades are envisaged for granulation plants under this upgrade program.

Details of the enhancements proposed are

1. De-bottlenecking the existing sulphuric acid plant 1 from 1400 TPD to 1700 TPD. 2. De-bottlenecking the existing sulphuric acid plant2 from 300 TPD to 400 TPD. 3. Enhancing Phosphoric acid plant production capacity from 700 TPD to 1000 TPD

P2O5 including evaporation section and fluorine recovery unit. 4. Installing a 40 TPH coal fired boiler to meet the additional steam required for the increased evaporation capacity. 5. Installing a 5 MW back pressure turbine in order to maximize the efficiency of steam utilization.

6. Installation of storage facility for a capacity of 20000 MT (P2O5 solution) for phosphoric acid. 7. Installation of 400 TPD evaporation system for phosphoric acid including fluorine recovery system. It has been estimated that for generating 1000 TPD of phosphoric acid and also utilization in the main products during the post project scenario, about 3800 TPD of sulphuric acid will be required. By upgrading the existing Sulphuric Acid Plants (SAP 1& 2) about 2100 TPD of Sulphuric acid can be manufactured. Hence the balance additional 1700 TPD of Sulphuric acid will be sourced externally as is being presently done. Depending on the type of grade of the complex fertilizer manufactured at the site, any additional quantities of the phosphoric acid, if required will be imported. Necessary supporting facilities such as coal storage and handling, additional rock phosphate storage godowns will be constructed at the facility.

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 81 EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD P O and Other 2 5 2016425-764, 18th January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing 2017 (A Murugappa Group Company) Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel Chapter 3: Proposed Project International Limited, Visakhapatnam

Figure 3-1 Typical Illustration of Existing and Proposed Facilities (Note: Values in the parenthesis indicate the post project scenario)

Details of the current and future capacities of various plants are presented in Table 3.1. It can be inferred from the data presented in the table that the overall production capacity of final product in the plant will remain unchanged from the consented production capacity. The proposed facilities will be installed in the vacant land within the existing facility (Figure 3.2). Layout showing the proposed facilities is enclosed as Annexure 14.

The existing facility of 436.48 Acres, comprises of 173.48 Acres, 145 acres under main plant & built up area and green belt respectively. About 15 Acres of land would be required for the installation of new facilities such as rock phosphate storage and grinding facilities, coal storage facilities, PAP unit.

Table 3-1 Capacities and Sizes of Existing and Proposed Facilities Existing installed/ Additional Quantity Total Capacity Parameter Units permitted Envisaged under –Post Project capacity Upgrade Scheme Scenario Complex fertilizers Total main plant TPD production 3900 No addition 3900 Sulphuric Acid SAP # 1 TPD 1400 300 1700

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 82 EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD P O and Other 2 5 2016425-764, 18th January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing 2017 (A Murugappa Group Company) Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel Chapter 3: Proposed Project International Limited, Visakhapatnam

Existing installed/ Additional Quantity Total Capacity Parameter Units permitted Envisaged under –Post Project capacity Upgrade Scheme Scenario SAP # 2 TPD 300 100 400 Imports TPD 1200 500 1700 Total SA TPD 2900 900 3800 Phosphoric Acid PA (as P2O5) TPD 700 300 1000 PA Import (as P2O5) ** TPD 300 -300 0 Total PA (as P2O5) TPD 1000 0 1000 Steam generation capacity of Boilers No addition and LSHS Fired boilers TPH 1x31 +1x48 existing units will be 79 kept as stand by Waste-heat boilers in TPH SAPs 1x65 +1x15 21 101 Coal Fired boiler TPH NA 40 40 Total steam generation TPH 159 61 220 Power Generation Capacity Existing DG Sets (stand MW 1x4+1x4 No addition 8 by) Steam Turbo Generator MW 5 5 10 (Condensing + Back pressure) Total installed power MW 13 5 18 generation ** The quantity of PA import will depend on the Grade of fertiliser production.

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Figure 3-2 Location of Proposed facilities

3.2. Proposed Facilities

3.2.1. Sulphuric Acid Manufacturing Plants

The existing sulphuric acid plants are designed based on the contact process with double conversion and double absorption system (DCDA). Sulphur after melting is filtered and stored in pits. Sulphur is fired in furnace to produce sulphur dioxide and it is further

converted into SO3 in five stage convertor. SO3 is absorbed in circulated acid in absorption towers and thus acid produced is cooled and stored in storage tanks. The waste-heat generated from combustion process is utilized for generation of steam. In addition to this, intermediate economizers are also in place to recover the heat by preheating the boiler feed water required for steam generation. Based on the preliminary study, it has been observed that the existing five stage convertors in both the plants are adequate to produce enhanced capacities. Hence it has been proposed to install the following additional units in each of the

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SAP unit to enhance the production from 1400 MTPD to 1700 MTPD in SAP 1 and 300 MTPD to 400 MTPD in SAP 2 respectively.

Table 3-2 Proposed Upgrades in Sulfuric Acid Plant Description SAP 1 SAP 2 Air blower up-gradation Yes Yes Waste heat boiler system up-gradation Yes Yes Up-gradation of absorption towers Yes Yes Up-gradation of heat recovery system Yes Yes Upgradation of alkali scrubber Yes Yes

Typical requirements of raw materials and utilities of the proposed enhancement of 400 TPD of sulphuric acid are as follows:

Total Sulphur feed : 132 TPD Additional Power requirement for enhancing by 400 MTPD : 1 MW

Figure 3-3 View of Existing Sulphuric Acid plants

Figure 3-4 Typical SAP Manufacturing Process

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3.2.2. Proposed Phosphoric Acid Plant

Similar to the existing Phosphoric Acid plant (PAP), a 300 TPD phosphoric acid plant will also be designed and operated based on Di-Hydrate process. Additional rock phosphate also will be imported along with the current requirement at our wharf from the prevailing sources and will be transported to the plant. The existing rock phosphate storage facilities will be enhanced accordingly. The rock phosphate will be ground in a dedicated grinding mill at the site and the ground rock phosphate will be stored in dedicated storage bins intended for the proposed enhanced capacity. Additional gypsum produced from the facility will be disposed to cement industries. The proposed enhancement of Phosphoric acid plant consists of the following units: (1) Rock grinding section (2). Reaction section, (3) filtration section (4) Phosphoric acid concentration section, (5). Fluorine recovery unit, (6). Phosphoric acid storage tank and (7). Phosphoric acid scrubbing systems. Typical requirements of raw materials and utilities for enhanced capacity of 300 TPD Phosphoric acid are as follows: Rock phosphate feed required : 990 TPD Steam requirement for evaporation and filtration : 43 TPH Additional phospho gypsum produced : 1500 TPD

Additional Power requirement for proposed enhancement of 300 TPD P2O5 : 5 MW

Figure 3-5 Typical Process Flow Diagram of Phosphoric Acid

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3.2.3. Utilities and auxiliary supporting Facilities

3.2.3.1.Steam Demand and Proposed Coal Fired Boiler

The total steam demand in the existing facility is about 80 TPH and the same will be in the order of 135 TPH during the post project scenario. About 101 TPH of steam will be generated from the waste-heat boilers and the balance steam can be sourced from a new coal fired boiler of capacity 40 TPH. The existing two number of LSHS boilers will be kept as stand-by mode for operation during the emergency needs. Steam balance in the facility is shown in Table 3.3.

Table 3-3 Steam Generation Capacity and Demand in the Facility Additional Total – Post Description Units Existing quantities Project Steam Generation capacity LSHS Boiler capacity 2nos TPH 79 Standby Standby Waste heat boilers TPH 80 21 101 (SAP 1 and SAP 2) Proposed coal fired boiler TPH Nil 40 40 Total TPH 159 61 141 Demand Total TPH 80 55 135 Note: the existing LSHS boilers will be kept on standby

The proposed coal fired boiler will be a fluidized bed combustion boiler (FBC) with necessary provision of dry lime addition arrangement to capture sulphur dioxide generated during the combustion process. It is proposed to utilize imported coal (Indonesian coal) for steam generation in the proposed coal fired boiler.

Indonesian coals will have a wide range of properties that would depend on the mine. Based on the published information and information provided by the coal supplying vendors, the calorific value, ash content, moisture and sulphur would vary from 5500 to 5800 Kcal/Kg, 5 to 12%, 18 to 25% and 0.15 to 0.7& respectively. For the purpose of this EIA study, the following values were considered to depict the worst case scenarios of coal consumption and sulfur dioxide emissions: (1). Calorific value: 5000 Kcal/Kg, (2). Ash content: 12%w/w, (3) sulfur content: <0.7% w/w

Typical consumption of the imported coal with 5000 Kcal/Kg will be in the order of 168 TPD. Coal will be imported in Visakhapatnam Port Trust coal handling berth and only 7 days

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storage system is envisaged at the plant site. Covered coal storage shed with an area of about 500 m2 will be provided at the plant site to accommodate seven days coal requirement of the

boiler. The uncontrolled SO2 emission from the proposed coal fired boiler will be in the order of 2370 Kg/day, whereas due to implementation of dry limestone addition in the boiler, SO2 emissions will be captured and limited to as low as 1188 Kg/day with about 50% sulfur capture efficiency in the boiler. The minimum stack height required for the proposed boiler

based on uncontrolled SO2 emissions will be in the order of 56m, whereas the minimum stack height based on controlled emissions will be about 45 m. However, a taller stack of 56m has been proposed for the coal fired boiler. A suitably designed Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) will be installed to collect the fly ash for further disposal to cement manufacturing units.

Coal based steam generation consists of boiler, coal storage and handling, fly ash collection system and ESP, lime addition and gypsum handling etc.

3.2.3.2.Water Demand and Wastewater Generation

Water consumption in the existing facility is in the order of 8700 m3/day, whereas about 3300 m3/day of additional fresh water will be required for the process and cooling for the proposed operations. The overall specific water demand in the facility will be about 3 m3/T of product manufactured as against the industry benchmark of 4 m3/T. Necessary permits for the supply of additional water for the plant will be obtained from Greater Vishakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) in addition to the existing water allocation of 9092 m3/day The existing infrastructure such as raw water storage, pre-treatment facilities are adequate to meet the additional fresh water demand in the facility.

Once through sea water cooling system is in place since inception of the plant in 1967. A dedicated sea water canal was built for the purpose of various industrial use in the region. The facility is consented to draw about 63,000 m3/day of sea water for the once through cooling needs in the facility. Due to increase in cooling needs in the SAP and PAP plants, the additional water demand 21,600 m3/day of sea water shall be drawn from the exiting intake facilities during the post project scenario. No additional infrastructure would be required to draw additional sea water for the cooling needs. Similar to the existing facility, once through sea water cooling system will be adopted in the PAP and SAP. As per the applicable guidelines the return seawater temperature is maintained less than 3 Degrees C from the

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 88 EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD P O and Other 2 5 2016425-764, 18th January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing 2017 (A Murugappa Group Company) Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel Chapter 3: Proposed Project International Limited, Visakhapatnam background ambient levels as against the standards of 5 Degrees C will be discharged into the exiting industrial drain.

Figure 3-6 Once Through Seawater Intake and Discharge Drains

Return Sea Water Drain Sea water Intake Canal

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3.2.3.3.Electrical Energy Demand

The average electrical energy demand in the existing facility is in the order of 14 MW. The facility has contracted grid power of 12 MW, 5 MW from APGPCL and in-house steam turbine capacity of 5MW. The net available power for the existing operation is in the order of 22 MW. Hence the available power is adequate to meet the total requirement of 20 MW post enhancement. The additional steam generated from the SAP 1 & SAP 2 and the proposed coal fired boiler will be passed through a back pressure steam turbine to generate another 5 MW and the low pressure steam will be used for evaporator section in the enhanced capacity of Phosphoric acid plant.

3.2.4. Proposed Coal Fired Boiler

3.2.4.1.Overview of the Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler

FBC offers multiple benefits, such as: compact boiler design, flexibility with fuel used higher

combustion efficiency and reduced emissions of noxious pollutants such as SO2 and NOX. When an evenly distributed air or gas is passed upward through a finely divided bed of solid particles such as sand supported on a fine mesh, the particles remain undisturbed at low velocities. As the air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is reached when the individual particles are suspended in the air stream and the bed is called “fluidized”. With further increase in air velocity, there is bubble formation, vigorous turbulence, rapid mixing and formation of dense defined bed surface. This principle of fluidization is illustrated in Figure 3.7.

Figure 3-7 Typical Illustration of FBC Boiler (UNEP)7

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Fluidization depends largely on the particle size and the air velocity. The mean solids velocity increases at a slower rate than does the gas velocity. The difference between the mean solid velocity and mean gas velocity is called as slip velocity. Maximum slip velocity between the solids and the gas is desirable for good heat transfer and intimate contact. If sand particles in fluidized state are heated to the ignition temperatures of fuel, and fuel is injected continuously into the bed, the fuel will burn rapidly and the bed attains a uniform temperature. The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) takes place at about 840°C to 950°C. Since this temperature is much below the ash fusion temperature, melting of ash and associated problems are avoided. The lower combustion temperature is achieved because of high coefficient of heat transfer due to rapid mixing in the fluidized bed and effective extraction of heat from the bed through in-bed heat transfer tubes and walls of the bed. The gas velocity is maintained between minimum fluidization velocity and particle entrainment velocity. This ensures a stable operation of the bed and avoids particle entrainment in the gas stream.

Any combustion process requires three “T”s - that is Time, Temperature and Turbulence. In FBC, turbulence is promoted by fluidization. Improved mixing generates evenly distributed heat at lower temperature. Residence time is many times higher than conventional grate firing. Thus an FBC system releases heat more efficiently at lower temperatures. Since limestone can also be used as particle bed, control of SOx and NOx emissions in the combustion chamber is achieved without any additional control equipment. This is one of the major advantages over conventional boilers.

3.2.4.2.Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion Boiler

AFBC is one of the most important types of FBC boilers as it can be used for variety of fuels. This type of boiler finds use in industries where there is a possibility of having a combined heat and power generation application. In AFBC boilers the fuel is sized depending on the type of fuel and the type of fuel feeding system and is fed into the combustion chamber. The atmospheric air, which acts as both the fluidization air and combustion air, is delivered at a pressure and flows through the bed after being preheated by the exhaust flue gases. The velocity of fluidizing air is in the range of 1.2 to 3.7 m /sec. The rate at which air is blown through the bed determines the amount of fuel that can be reacted. Almost all AFBC/ bubbling bed boilers use in-bed evaporator tubes in the bed of limestone, sand and fuel for extracting the heat from the bed to maintain the bed temperature. The combustion gases pass

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over the super heater sections of the boiler, flow past the economizer, the ESP and the air pre- heaters before being exhausted to atmosphere.

General Arrangements of AFBC Boiler AFBC boilers comprise of following systems:

x Fuel feeding system x Air distributor x Bed & In-bed heat transfer surface x Ash handling system

Figure 3-8 Typical Process Flow Diagram of FBC Boiler System

3.2.4.3.Coal Feeding System

For feeding fuel and adsorbents like limestone or dolomite, usually two methods are followed: under bed pneumatic feeding and over-bed feeding.

Under Bed Pneumatic Feeding: If the fuel is coal, it is crushed to 1 to 6 mm size and pneumatically transported from feed hopper to the combustor through a feed pipe piercing the distributor. Based on the capacity of the boiler, the number of feed points is increased, as it is necessary to distribute the fuel into the bed uniformly.

Over-Bed Feeding: The crushed coal, 6 to 10 mm size is conveyed from coal bunker to a spreader by a screw conveyor. The spreader distributes the coal over the surface of the bed uniformly. This type of fuel feeding system accepts over size fuel also and eliminates transport lines, when compared to under-bed feeding system.

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3.2.4.4.Air Distributor

The purpose of the distributor is to introduce the fluidizing air evenly through the bed cross section thereby keeping the solid particles in constant motion, and preventing the formation of de-fluidization zones within the bed. The distributor, which forms the furnace floor, is normally constructed from metal plate with a number of perforations in a definite geometric pattern. The perforations may be located in simple nozzles or nozzles with bubble caps, which serve to prevent solid particles from flowing back into the space below the distributor.

3.2.4.5.Bed & In-Bed Heat Transfer Surface

Bed: The bed material can be sand, ash, crushed refractory or limestone, with an average size of about 1 mm. Depending on the bed height these are of two types: shallow bed and deep bed. At the same fluidizing velocity, the two ends fluidize differently, thus affecting the heat transfer to an immersed heat transfer surfaces. A shallow bed offers a lower bed resistance and hence a lower pressure drop and lower fan power consumption. In the case of deep bed, the pressure drop is more and this increases the effective gas velocity and also the fan power.

In-Bed Heat Transfer Surface: In a fluidized in-bed heat transfer process, it is necessary to transfer heat between the bed material and an immersed surface, which could be that of a tube bundle, or a coil. The heat exchanger orientation can be horizontal, vertical or inclined. From a pressure drop point of view, a horizontal bundle in a shallow bed is more attractive than a vertical bundle in a deep bed. Also, the heat transfer in the bed depends on number of parameters like (i) bed pressure (ii) bed temperature (iii) superficial gas velocity (iv) particle size (v) Heat exchanger design and (vi) gas distributor plate design.

3.2.4.6.Ash Handling System

In the FBC boilers, the bottom ash constitutes roughly 30 – 40 % of the total ash, the rest being the fly ash. The bed ash is removed by continuous over flow to maintain bed height and also by intermittent flow from the bottom to remove over size particles, to avoid accumulation and consequent defluidization. While firing high ash coal such as washery rejects, the bed ash overflow drain quantity is considerable, so special care has to be taken. Although the quantity of ash generation from the proposed boiler will be minimal due to utilization of low ash coal, the amount of fly ash to be handled in FBC boiler is relatively very high, compared to conventional boilers. This is due to elutriation of particles at high velocities. Fly ash carried away by the flue gas is removed in number of stages; firstly in

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convection section, then from the bottom of air pre-heater/economizer and finally in the electrostatic precipitators (ESP’s).

Figure 3-9 Typical Illustration of Fly Ash Handling System

Source: http://www.macawber.com

Figure 3-10 Typical View of FBC Boiler

Source: ThyssenKrupp Industries India

3.3. Project Cost and Implementation Schedules The estimated project cost of the proposed upgrades and installations will be in the order of Rs. 225 Crores. Out of the above mentioned capital cost, about Rs. 26 Crores has been

Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 94 EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD P O and Other 2 5 2016425-764, 18th January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing 2017 (A Murugappa Group Company) Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel Chapter 3: Proposed Project International Limited, Visakhapatnam budgeted towards environmental management programs like upgrading the existing scrubbers in SAP 1 and SAP 2, installation of dust collection systems, fume stack gas scrubber and Fluorosilicic acid recovery unit within the proposed PAP unit, dry lime-stone addition system in the proposed coal fired boiler etc.

Coromandel will commence construction activities after obtaining necessary approvals from regulatory authorities and will be completed within 18 months period.

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4. Baseline Environmental Status

4.1. Introduction This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers 10 km radius around the boundaries of the proposed project site. The study area is shown in Figure 4.1. The site is located at Malkapuram Post, Sriharipuram, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. The Existing Facility lies within the coordinates of 17º41'54.00"N to 17º42'23.73"N latitude and 83º13'50.03"E to 83º14'08.01"E longitude and can be identified in the survey of India Open Series Map Nos. E44R2 & E44R6. The study area of 10 Km radius from the facility was defined for primary data collection as per the ToR approved by MoEF & CC.

The project site is well connected to Grant Northern (GNT) high road which is adjacent to the project boundary running between Gajuwaka and Visakhapatnam Port and a National Highway (NH-16) which is located at distance of 4Kms running along the east coast of West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Nearest railway station is Visakhapatnam railway station which is located at an Aerial distance of 4 km and the nearest airport is Visakhapatnam Airport and the main entrance of airport is located at a distance of 3 km from the project site.

The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use and socio-economic profile of the people.

x Land use section forms the first part of this chapter.

x The physical environment consisting of geology forms the second part of this baseline chapter.

x The third part contains the description of primary as well as secondary data for environmental attributes viz.

Soil quality

Micro-meteorology

Ambient air quality

Water quality

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Ecology and Biodiversity

Socio-economic profile of the study area

The primary baseline data collection covered three months i.e., from 4th April 2016 to 14th July 2016 and secondary data was collected from respective Government and other organizations. The primary baseline data has been generated by M/s. Team Labs and Consultants, a MoEF approved Environmental Testing Laboratory.

Figure 4-1 10Km Radius Study Area around the Project Site

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4.2. Land Environment

4.2.1. Physiography of the Study Area

The Study area of 10 km radius exhibits terrain of the existing facility project site and relatively elevated terrain in the northern, southern and western side of the project site with isolated hills. The minimum and maximum elevation of the study area is 1 and 527 m amsl (above mean sea level) respectively. The maximum elevation is noticed in the Northern side of the study area. There are isolated hillocks noticed within study area. The minimum and maximum elevation of the existing facility is 10 and 20 m amsl (above mean sea level) respectively. The Physiographic map is presented Figure 4.2. The proposed upgrades will be developed within the existing facility.

Figure 4-2 Physiography of the Study Area

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4.2.1.1. Drainage System of the District and Study Area

Vishakapatinam district is drained by Machikund, Tandava, Varaha, Sarada and Gostani. Most of the rivers are ephemeral (Seasonal) in nature. However, some of the tributaries of Machikund are perennial with indications of substantial ground water discharge. Almost all the rivers and streams experience flash floods during rainy season. A good number of springs exist in Paderu and Araku areas. The district is characterized by sub-dendritic to dendritic nature of drainage pattern and is of coarse texture. Many of the hill streams in Paderu valley disappear on entering the plains due to high permeability of the pediment gravels. The disappearance of streams in and along the hill slopes is contributing to the ground water, which is again discharged through the silty soils at lower elevations.

The Study area is drained by Narava Gedda River which is a seasonal river. The river Narava Gedda flows in the northern side of the existing facility at a distance of 0.5 Km. Meghadri Gedda Reservoir is located in the north western part of the study area at distance of 7.2 km from the existing facility. The surplus water from the Meghadri Gedda Reservoir flows from North West and confluences with Bay of Bengal. Another water body Kaniti Reservoir is located in the study area. The drainage pattern is sub-dendritic to dendritic. Based on the surface elevation and the drainage pattern, watershed of the study has been classified.

The drainage of the study area is given in Figure 4.3 and digital elevation map showing the drainage pattern of the study area is given as Figure 4.4

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Figure 4-3 Drainage Map of the Study Area

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Figure 4-4 Digital Elevation Map Showing the Drainage Pattern of the Study Area

4.3. Land Use Pattern based on Remote Sensing Data Remote sensing satellite imageries were collected and interpreted for the 10 km radius study area for analyzing the land use pattern of the study area. Based on the satellite data, land use/ land cover maps, drainage maps and digital elevation maps were developed.

4.3.1. Methodology

The land use/land cover map is prepared by adopting the interpretation techniques of the image in conjunction with collateral data such as topographical maps and census records. Image classification can be done by using visual interpretation techniques and digital classification using any of the image processing software.

For the present study, ERDAS and ArcView Softwares are used for reprocessing, rectification, enhancements and classifying the satellite data for preparation of land use land cover map and assessing land use land cover and land developmental activities.

The imagery is interpreted initially based on the secondary data available and image characteristics. Thorough ground verification is done by Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd. team to check each class of land use/land cover spread over the entire study area and final land use/land cover analysis is made after necessary corrections. Flowchart showing the methodology adopted is presented in Figure 4.5

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Figure 4-5 Flowchart of simplified methodology

4.3.2. Data Base

4.3.2.1. Satellite Data

IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS4 multispectral satellite data of 24th April 2016 was utilized for the present study and shown in Figure 4.6. The rectification of imagery was carried out on to bring the digital data on the earth coordinate system by means of ground control point (GCP) assignments from SOI toposheets.

Table 4-1 Details of Satellite Data Path Date of S. No. Satellite Sensor Scale SOI Toposheets No. & Row Pass IRS 104 & 65O01, 65O02-03, 1 LISS4 1:50,000 24.04.2016 Resourcesat-2 60D 655O05 & 65O06 (OSM)

The spectral bands of IRS Resroucesat-2 data are furnished in Table 4.2 and Table 4.3 respectively.

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Table 4-2 Characteristics of IRS Resourcesat-2 Data Multi Spectral Type of the Bandwidth / wave Product Format / Spectral resolution Satellite length in microns type scale Bands (mts.) IRS 2,3,4 Band 2 : 0.52-0.59 5.8 Digital Geocoded Resourcesat-2 Band 3 : 0.62-0.68 scale Band 4 : 0.76-0.86 1:50,000

Table 4-3 IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS4, Satellite Spectral Bands and their Principal Applications Wave Length Band Application (Microns) Soil/vegetation differentiations, coniferous/deciduous flora discrimination, vegetation vigour assessment, rock/soil 2 0.52 - 0.59 boundary differentiation, turbidity and bathymetry in shallow water. Strong chlorophyll absorption leading to discrimination of 3 0.62 - 0.68 vegetation types mining area, mapping of settlements and transport network. Delineation of surface water features, land forms / rock types, 4 0.76 - 0.86 mining area, mapping of settlements and transport network.

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Figure 4-6 IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS4 Image of the Study Area

4.3.2.2. Collateral Data, Other Data and Ground Verification

The imagery was interpreted initially based on the secondary data available such as Survey of India Toposheets, land use data from revenue/census records and satellite image characteristics.

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Visually interpreted 10 Km radius area of the satellite image and the interpreted features were checked on the ground during the field visit by experts of Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd. team.

The pre-field interpreted map details were revised based on the additional field information, wherever necessary and modified Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) legend was adopted for finalizing the LU/LC maps.

4.3.2.3. Scale of Mapping

Satellite data interpretation was done at 1:50,000, which indicates that one unit of distance on the map, corresponds to 50,000 of the same units on the ground. Thus, one centimeter on the map refers to 50,000 centimetres (500m) on the ground.

4.3.3. Results of Land Use/Land Cover Mapping

Using the standard land use classification system proposed by NRSC, 7 classes of level I, 20 of level II land use/land cover classes were identified and mapped using satellite data in the present study. Subsequently land use/land cover map of the study area are digitally composed in ArcView module and the results of Level I and Level II land use/land cover of the present project are presented in the following steps.

4.3.3.1. General Level-I Land Use/Land Cover in the Study Area

The Level-I land use/land cover statistics and features of the study area are presented in Table 4.4 and Figure 4.7 respectively.

The overall land use/cover of 10 km radius area reveals the dominance of built-up land including industry/institutional setups (41.74%) followed by waste land (27.48%), water bodies including Bay of Bengal (18.87%), agriculture land (5.09%), and forest (11.47%), wet lands including mangroves (2.10%) and other land use classes covering coastal sand/sand dunes (0.26%).

Graphical representation to understand the variations in Level-I land use/land cover of the study area has been projected by column chart in Figure 4.8.

Table 4-4 Level-I - Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 km Radius Area Level-I (Land Use/Cover Area Area S. No. Category) (Hectares) (%) 1 Built-up Land 13063.39 41.74 2 Forest 3590.66 11.47

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Level-I (Land Use/Cover Area Area S. No. Category) (Hectares) (%) 3 Agricultural land 1592.63 5.09 4 Waste Land 6408.98 20.48 5 Water Body 5907.60 18.87 6 Wet Lands 655.86 2.10 7 Others 80.10 0.26 Total 31299.22 100.00

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Figure 4-7 Land Use/Land Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area (Level-I)

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Figure 4-8 Distribution of Land Use/Cover in 10 Km Radius Area

4.3.3.2. The Level-II Land Use/Land Cover in the Study Area

The Level-II land use/land cover is further subdivision into meaningful sub-classes to highlight the dominant land use/cover in the study area. The Level-II land use/cover statistics and features of the study area are presented in Table 4.5 and Figure 4.9 respectively. The distribution of different land use/cover classes is presented in the form of column chart for a better understanding in Figure 4.10.

Built-up land is the major land use/land cover category in the study area. Of the 41.74% built- up land, 19.07% is occupied by settlement/villages/towns including Visakhapatnam, district headquarters. Industry/institutional setups occupy 21.65% of the study area followed by new developments coming up in 1.01% area.

Forest cover occupies 11.47% of the study area. Of the 4.35% reserved forest, 3.87% is occupied by dense/open forest followed by degraded scrub (0.42%) and forest blanks devoid of vegetation (0.06%). Kailasakonda Forest spread around Simhachalam in the NE in 7.12% of the study area.

Agricultural land occupies 5.09% of the study area. In agriculture, single crop land predominates (1.76%) followed by fallow land (1.58%), irrigated/double crop land (1.12%) and plantations in 0.63% of the area.

Waste lands is the second major land use/land cover category in the study area occupying 20.48% of which waste lands with or without scrub takes a share of 19.83% followed by rocky/stony/barren land in 0.39% and quarry/mining in 0.26% of the study area.

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Water body is the third major land use/cover category occupying 18.87% of the study area. Bay of Bengal spreads in 13.68% of the study area covering eastern part. Of the other water body categories, Narava Gedda and other streams and canals occupy 1.69% of the study area followed by small to medium ponds (2.72%) and water logged area (0.78%). Kaniti Balancing Reservoir in the WSW and Meghadri Gedda in the north are the major water bodies in the study area.

Coastal sand/sand dunes along the beach have been classified under other categories occupying 0.26% of the study area.

Table 4-5 Level-II - Land Use/Land Cover statistics of 10 km Radius Area

S. No. Level-I Level-II Area (Hec) Area (%) 1 Built-up Land 1.1 Village/Settlements/Town 5968.43 19.07 1.2 Industry/Institutional Land 6777.30 21.65 1.3 Layout/New Development 317.66 1.01 2 Forest Reserved/Protected Forest 2.1 Dense/Open Forest 1209.88 3.87 2.2 Degraded Scrub 131.96 0.42 2.3 Forest Blank 19.08 0.06 2.4 Other Forest (Kailasakonda Forest) 2229.74 7.12 3 Agricultural land 3.1 Plantation 197.19 0.63 3.2 Irrigated/Double Crop 351.51 1.12 3.3 Other Agriculture Land/Single Crop 549.53 1.76 3.4 Fallow Land 494.40 1.58 4 Waste Land 4.1 Land with/without Scrub 8435.33 26.95 4.2 Rocky/Stony/Barren Land 121.23 0.39 4.3 Quarry/Mining Land 82.16 0.26 5 Water Body 5.1 Stream/River/Canal 528.23 1.69 5.2 Tank/Reservoir/Pond 852.67 2.72 5.3 Bay of Bengal 4282.39 13.68 5.4 Water Logged 244.31 0.78 6 Wet Lands 6.1 Mudflat/Marshy Land 588.82 1.88 6.2 Mangroves 67.04 0.21 7 Others 7.1 Coastal Sand/Sand Dunes 80.10 0.26 Total 31299.22 100.00

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Figure 4-9 Land Use/Land Cover Map of 10 Km Radius Area – Level-II

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Figure 4-10 Distribution of Land Use/Cover in 10 Km Radius Area

4.4. Geology and Soil Quality

4.4.1. Geology

Vishakapatinam district is underlain by variety of geological formations from the oldest Archaeans to Recent Alluvium. The Archaean group of rocks includes Khondalites and Charnockites of Eastern Ghat super group and Granitic gneisses of Migmatite group. The Gondwana rocks which are represented by sandstones are in very limited aerial extent. The recent alluvium is prevalent along the rivers.

General Geological Succession Age Formation Recent Coastal Alluvium, River Alluvium and Residual Soils Sub-Recent Laterite and Laterite capping Archaeans Khondalite suite of rocks intruded by Charnockite and quartzite

Geologically the study area is covered by Khondalite and Alluvium – Sand silt dominant. The study area is predominantly composed of Khondalite. The study area is underlined by Alluvium and Khondalite. The geology of the study area is presented in Figure-4.11.

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Figure 4-11 Geology of the Study area

4.4.2. Geomorphology and Structure

The geomorphology and structures of the area plays the vital role in identifying the ground water potential zones. Geomorphologically the Vishkapatinam district is divided into three regions, viz., northern hilly terrain with valleys, middle pediplains and alluvial coastal plains.

The northern half of the district is mainly occupied by the structural hills and valleys, which is part of the Eastern Ghats. The hill range trends parallel to coast. By virtue of their topography, these hilly terrains largely form run off areas and are not suitable for ground Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 112

water development. The valleys fill areas underlain by weathered formations in posses high infiltration and high permeability. These areas form good to moderate aquifers depending on their thickness. The hard rock terrain exposed in the Tandava-Varaha-Sarada-Gosthani river basins constitutes the vast denudational pediplains, exhibiting the gradational phase of denudational-residual -inselberg -pediment areas. Pediment is well developed around the khondalite outcrops (in the study area also), whereas in the Charnockite outcrops, it is not extensively developed. The pediment area accelerates surface run off with moderate to less infiltration along the jointed and weathered zone. The Tandava, Varaha, Sarada and Gosthani rivers and their tributaries have contributed to the formation of extensive flood plain areas. There is not much surface drainage in the plains because of the high infiltration and permeable characteristics of the sediments. The coastal plain is a feature of the marine deposition, which is very extensive, wide and even extends to several kilometers inland.

The land forms / geomorphic units and structures such as fractures, fissures and faults have been interpreted from the recent satellite image. All the landform / geomorphic units and structures occurring in the study area are mapped. The geomorphic units of the study area are as follows:

1. Bajada Shallow 2. Coastal Plain Moderate 3. Denudational Hill 4. Inselberg 5. Mud Flat 6. Pediment 7. Pediment inselberg Complex 8. Pediplain Moderately weathered 9. Pediplain Shallow weathered 10. Piedmont Slope 11. Salt Flat 12. Structural Hill 13. Valley fill Moderate

All the land forms are having very good ground water potential except pediment, Structural Hilll, Dedudational hill, inselberg, Pediment inselberg, Mud flat and Salt flat. The existing

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Apart from the above there are numerous fractures occur in and around the existing facility. The fractures are the good ground water conduit. High yielding bore wells expected in the intersection of fractures. In the existing facility there are no promising fracture systems. However, miner fractures are observed. It is also observed that there are promising fracture aquifer within 1km from the facility boundary. The Geomorphology of the study area is presented in Figure 4.12.

Figure 4-12 Geomorphology of the Study area

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4.5. Soil Environment 4.5.1. Soil Types

Soil type and its fertility of an area are essential to plan for cropping. Soils are primarily derived from parent rocks. The colour, texture and mineral content are normally used to classify the soils. The soils in the study area are classified into 6 types and are presented in the Table 4.6. The soil map of the study area is prepared based on the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land use Planning, Nagpur. The soil type in the project site is Red loamy Soils. The soil classification of the study area is classified and shown in Figure 4.13.

Table 4-6 Soil Classification in the Study Area S. No. Soil Type 1 Alluvio – Colluvial Clay 2 Brown Forest Soils 3 Red Clayey Soils 4 Red Loamy Soils 5 Red Shallow Gravelly clay Soils 6 Sand Soil Figure 4-13 Soil classification of Study area

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4.5.2. Background Soil Quality in Study Area

For studying the soil quality in the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the existing plant area representing various land use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy concentrations were determined.

Eight locations within the 10 km of the study area were selected for soil sampling. At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized with the help of stainless steel soil-sampling probe. The soil samples were collected during summer season. Various physical and chemical parameters were analyzed as per Indian Standards. The soil sampling locations are given in the Table 4.7 and the same are shown in Figure 4.14.

Table 4-7 Details of Soil Sampling Locations Sampling Coordinates Location Name Location Code (Latitude, Longitude) Mulagada S1 17°41'58.00"N, 83°13'27.60"E Sriharipuram S2 17°41'31.56"N, 83°14'12.06"E Gnanapuram S3 17°43'18.06"N, 83°17'7.14"E Coromandel Plant Site S4 17°41'59.22"N, 83°14'11.16"E Gajuwaka S5 17°40'15.72"N, 83°12'14.94"E Gantyada S6 17°40'56.52"N, 83°12'18.72"E Marripalem S7 17°44'26.58"N, 83°14'37.68"E Malkapuram S8 17°41'8.34"N, 83°14'50.34"E

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Figure 4-14 Soil Quality Monitoring Location of the Study area

Physico-chemical characteristics of collected soil samples within study area of 10Kms are given in Table 4.8 and the laboratory test reports are presented in Annexure 15. The soil sampling results are compared with the standard soil classification.

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Table 4-8 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Soil samples Collected Within the Study area S. Parameters units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 No. 1 pH - 7.46 7.39 7.52 7.47 7.29 7.8 7.19 7.66 2 Electrical Conductivity dS/m 0.79 0.159 0.202 0.201 0.150 0.453 0.182 0.523 3 Bulk Density g/cc 1.25 1.33 1.05 1.25 1.33 1.33 1.33 1.33 4 Cation-Exchange Capacity Col(+)/kg 4.2 2.8 3.7 4.0 1.7 3.9 2.6 5.3 5 Infiltration rate mm/hour 13 26 27 11 27 27 16 26 6 Porosity % 53 50 60 53 50 50 50 50 Water Holding Capacity % 7 9.5 5.8 8.9 7.3 6.9 3.6 6.8 6.5 (W.H.C) 8 Moisture % 10.52 6.18 9.74 7.82 7.42 3.79 7.34 6.90 9 Organic Matter % 0.53 0.20 1.12 0.63 1.32 0.46 0.99 1.12 10 Carbonates % Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Loam Sandy Sandy Loam Sandy Sandy Loam Sandy Soil Texture Soil Loam Soil Loam Soil Soil Loam Soil Loam Soil Soil Loam Soil 11 Sand % 50 53 61 48 66 69 50 67 Silt % 35 37 29 30 28 25 40 22 Clay % 15 11 10 22 6 6 10 11 13 Organic Carbon % 0.31 0.11 0.65 0.36 0.77 0.27 0.57 0.65 14 Nitrogen(as N) % 0.040 0.029 0.140 0.055 0.064 0.214 0.183 0.274 Carbon/ Nitrogen Ration - 15 7.7 4.0 4.6 6.6 12.0 1.3 3.1 2.4 (C/N) 16 Phosphorus (as P) % 0.444 0.262 2.719 2.416 2.038 0.269 0.670 1.396 17 Potassium (as K) mg/kg 389 447 700 344 232 270 346 925 18 Sodium (as Na) mg/kg 504 164 260 544 82 434 211 414 19 Calcium (as Ca) mg/kg 450 122 85 111 100 198 102 183 20 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/kg 78 32 41 19 30 44 31 20 21 Calcium/Magnesium ratio - 5.7 3.84 2.06 5.76 3.29 4.53 3.29 9.05

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S. Parameters units S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 No. Sodium Absorption Ratio - 22 3.60 3.71 6.56 13.32 2.02 7.81 5.15 8.09 (SAR) 23 Chloride (as cl) mg/kg 241 123 90 84 147 415 121 353 24 Sulphates ( as SO4) mg/kg 110 16 24 19 9.6 75 5.3 45 25 Aluminium (as Al) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 26 Arsenic ( as As) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 27 Boron (as B) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 28 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg 6.0 2.6 3.2 5.2 11 1.6 6.1 4.1 29 Chromium ( as Cr) mg/kg <10 12 <10 27 12 <10 15 <10 30 Copper (as Cu) mg/kg 30 16 19 19 26 20 21 32 31 Iron ( as Fe) mg/kg 1087 1093 1048 1103 1037 1103 1091 1056 32 Lead (as Pb) mg/kg 56 16 24 <10 36 10 35 50 33 Manganese (as Mn) mg/kg 334 275 543 415 226 589 235 537 34 Mercury ( as Hg) mg/kg <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 35 Nickel ( as Ni) mg/kg 40 36 39 44 20 46 30 25 36 Selenium ( as Se) mg/kg <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 37 Silver ( as Ag) mg/kg <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 38 Zinc ( as Zn) mg/kg 20.3 30 76 36 132 43 66 113 Note: BDL: Below Detectable Limit

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Soil analysis result- The pH is in the range of 7.2 to 7.8 indicating that the soil reaction is neutral to slightly alkaline. Organic matter is in the range of 0.2 to 1.3%, indicating that Organic matter present in the soil is in normal range. Electrical conductivity ranges from 0.2 to 1.7 ds/m. The concentration of chlorides and sulphates varied from 84 mg/kg to 415 mg/kg and 5.3 mg/kg to 1076 mg/kg respectively. Available Nitrogen level in the soil was found ranged from 0.03 % to 0.3 %. Cation exchange capacity is in the range of 1.7 to 11.4 Col (+)/kg. Calcium is in the range of 85 to 1343 mg/kg. Phosphorous one of the macro nutrients is in the range of 0.3 to 2.7 % which indicates that Phosphorous present in the soil ranges from medium to high range. Carbonates, aluminium, Arsenic, Boron, Mercury, Selenium and Silver content in the soil of the study area are found to be below detectible limit. Evidence for contaminates of soils due to operation of existing facility was not observed.

4.6. Seismic zone The project area falls under Zone II of seismic zones of India which is a moderate risk zone as per IS 1893 (part 1):2002.The seismic zone map of India and Andhra Pradesh state is shown in Figure 4.15 and Figure 4.16 respectively.

With respect to earthquake hazard, the project site falls in Low Damage Risk Zone (Vulnerability Atlas of India 1997, Ministry of Urban Development (Figure 4.17).

Figure 4-15 Seismic Zone Map of India

Project Site

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Figure 4-16 Seismic Zone Map of Andhra Pradesh

Figure 4-17 Earthquake Hazard Map

Project Site

Source: Vulnerability Atlas of India 1997, Ministry of Urban Development

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As per the National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM), Visakhapatnam has experienced 3 Severe and 7 normal cyclones during 1892-1997.Recently Visakhapatnam experienced a very Severe Cyclonic storm called HudHud in the year 2014.

4.7. Meteorological Data Micro-meteorological data is one of the important components of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study. As a part of the EIA study, both published long-term data and site specific meteorological data were collected as per the ToR (Terms of Reference) awarded for the proposed project. A meteorological station was installed in the project site.

4.7.1. Climatological Data- IMD Visakhapatnam

The meteorological data was collected from “Climatological Normals” published by Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune was referred. The data was recorded over a period of 30 years (1971 to 2000). The nearest IMD station located at Kailashigiri (areal distance of 13Km) was referred for the current project. This data was compared with the site specific

data generated during baseline monitoring studies.

The meteorological data comprises monthly mean wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall etc., and is presented in below Table 4.9.

4.7.1.1. Ambient Temperature (as per long term IMD data)

4.7.1.2. Relative Humidity (as per long term IMD data)

The maximum relative humidity is generally experienced during August and September with a peak level of about 79%. The lowest humidity can be observed during winter period in the month of December 69%.

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4.7.1.3. Rainfall (as per long term IMD data)

The average annual rainfall of the Visakhapatnam was reported to be in the order of 950 mm. December is the driest weather month with an average rainfall of 6mm of rainfall and wettest weather is in October with an average rainfall of 195 mm of rainfall.

4.7.1.4. Wind (as per long term IMD data)

Annual: Nearly 28% winds predominantly blow from Southwest direction and 13% of winds blow from South, North and west direction.

Summer: Nearly 45% of winds predominantly blow from Southwest direction and nearly 25% wind blows from South direction.

Monsoon: Nearly 45% winds blow from Southwest direction and 22% of winds blow from West direction.

Post monsoon: Nearly 25% winds blow from East direction and 14% of winds blow from Northeast, Southeast direction.

Winter: Nearly 18% Winds blows from East direction and 10% of winds blow from North, South, Northwest and Southeast direction.

Annual as well as Seasonal wind rose diagrams are presented in Figure 4.18 and Figure 4.19 respectively.

Figure 4-18 Annual Windrose as per IMD Kailashigiri observatory data

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Figure 4-19 Seasonal Windrose as per IMD Kailashigiri Observatory Data

Summer (March to May) Winter (January to February)

Monsoon (June to September) Post monsoon (October to November)

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Table 4-9 Indian Meteorological Department – Climatological Tables 30 Years Data: 1971-2000 (Kailashigiri IMD station) Temperature (ºC) Rainfall (mm) Humidity Mean wind Month Mean Extremes (%) Monthly No. of Heaviest fall Date and speed (Kmph) Highest Lowest Highest Lowest Total Rainy days in 24Hrs Year Jan 31.6 14.4 34.1 10.5 76 7.4 0.7 132.1 13-1908 6.4 Feb 34.3 16.8 38.0 12.8 75 13.8 0.9 64.5 15-1901 7.0 Mar 37.3 19.5 39.4 14.4 71 6.6 0.4 116.6 27-1990 8.5 Apr 37.8 22.2 40.5 18.3 68 24.2 1.8 92.7 9-1971 12.0 May 40.1 23.1 44.9 20.0 68 45.3 2.9 168.0 10-1990 12.2 Jun 40.4 23.9 45.4 21.1 72 117.7 6.6 166.1 20-1929 11.8 Jul 37.0 23.7 41.0 21.3 78 128.2 8.1 145.0 24-1951 11.8 Aug 36.2 23.8 38.8 21.1 78 161.4 8.9 152.1 12-1986 10.6 Sep 35.5 23.3 37.8 17.5 79 171.9 9.4 148.6 15-1914 7.1 Oct 34.6 21.5 37.2 17.6 75 194.7 8.7 293.3 20-1958 6.0 Nov 32.7 17.5 34.0 12.9 69 73.5 3.5 270.5 18-1923 7.4 Dec 31.1 14.8 33.4 11.3 69 6.0 0.7 191.3 4-1909 7.2 Avg./ 41.3 13.7 45.4 10.5 73 950.8 52.6 293.3 - 9.0 Annual Total Note: The nearest IMD station located at Kailashigiri with an aerial distance of 13Km was referred for the facility.

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4.7.2. Site Specific Meteorology Data

The continuous weather monitoring station was installed near the proposed project site at a height of 5m above the ground level and hourly measurements of the following parameters were measured at site during the study period i.e. from 4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016. Wind speeds (m/s), wind direction (Degrees), Temperature (ºC), Relative Humidity (%), Solar Radiation (Watt/m2), Rainfall (mm) etc were monitored.

4.7.2.1. Site Specific Ambient Temperature Profile (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016)

The maximum mean ambient dry bulb temperature was observed in the study period was observed to be 42.6ºC, whereas the minimum mean ambient dry bulb temperature of 7.9ºC was also observed in the study period. The twenty four hour variation of maximum, average and minimum ambient dry bulb temperatures are shown in Figure 4.20.

Figure 4-20 Average Ambient Temperature Variation during the Study Period (4th April 2016 to 14th July 2016)

45 40 35 ) C

ͼ 30 (

e r

u 25 t a r

e 20 p m

e 15 T 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (hrs) Min Average Max

4.7.2.2. Relative Humidity (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016)

The average hourly relative humidity variation at site during the study period is 77%.

4.7.2.3. Wind Direction and Wind Rose (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016)

The predominant wind direction (Figure 4.21) during the study period was from North-West and South-West. The average wind speed during the study period was about 5.82 m/s

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(20.9Kmph). These readings are in line with IMD long term data.

Figure 4-21 Site Specific Wind Rose for the Study Period (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016)

4.8. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring The ambient air quality with respect to the study area of 10 km radius around the existing facility forms the baseline information. Various sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, industrial emissions and airport traffic, urban activities, part activities. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the plant operation. The study area represents mostly urban and industrial environment. This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling.

4.8.1. Methodology Adopted for Air Quality Survey

4.8.1.1. Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

The selection of the ambient air quality monitoring stations was done based on the CPCB guidelines and Environmental Impact Assessment Manual published by MoEF & CC.

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The air quality monitoring stations were selected based on a screening air quality modelling exercise prior to commence of the study. Long-term meteorological data of nearest IMD station located at Kailashigiri for the specific seasons was adopted while estimating the possible impact zone due to emissions from the proposed facilities at the Project site. The regional meteorological data for 4thApril 2016 to 19thJuly 2016 indicates the winds predominantly blow from Southwest direction.

Eight (8) air quality monitoring stations were selected for a detailed monitoring as per the CPCB guidelines. Details of the air quality monitoring stations are presented in Table 4.10 and Figure 4.22. Gajuwaka (AAQ5), Sriharipuram (AAQ2) and Gantyada (AAQ6) represent the upwind direction with respect to the existing facility, where as stations at Gnanapuram (AAQ3) represent the downwind direction of proposed project. AAQ4 station is installed within the project site. Mulagada (AAQ1), Marripalem (AAQ7) and Malkapuram (AAQ8) represent crosswind direction and also typical urban areas of the existing facility.

Table 4-10 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations Aerial distance Location Environmental Latitude Location from the plant Direction code setting Longitude boundary (Km) 17°41'58.00"N AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 West Crosswind 83°13'27.60"E 17°41'31.56"N AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 South upwind 83°14'12.06"E 17°43'18.06"N AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Northeast Downwind 83°17'7.14"E 17°41'59.22"N AAQ4 Plant site - - - 83°14'11.16"E 17°40'15.72"N AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Southwest Upwind 83°12'14.94"E 17°40'56.52"N AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Southwest Upwind 83°12'18.72"E 17°44'26.58"N AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 East Downwind 83°14'37.68"E 17°41'8.34"N AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Southeast Crosswind 83°14'50.34"E

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Figure 4-22 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at a frequency of two days per week at each of the identical location during study period from 4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016. The following parameters were monitored according to the terms of reference and National

Ambient Air Quality Standards: Particulate Matter (PM10), Particulate Matter (PM2.5),

Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Ozone (O3), Lead

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(Pb), Ammonia (NH3), Benzene (C6H6), Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni),

Hydrocarbons (HC), and Mercury(Hg). Although the parameters such as Benzene (C6H6), Benzo (a) pyrene (BaP), Arsenic (As), Nickel (Ni), Hydrocarbons (HC) are not relevant to the Coromandel operation. These parameters are analysed as per NAAQ standards. The photograph of the sampling location is given in Figure 4.23. The collected data of ambient air quality monitoring is shown in Table 4.11 and test reports are attached as Annexure 16. It indicates that all values are within the limits of National Air Quality Standard prescribed b y Central Pollution Control Board

Figure 4-23 Photographs Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations

AAQM - Gajuwaka AAQM - Malkapuram

AAQM - Sriharipuram AAQM - Mulgada

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AAQM - Marripalem AAQM – Gantyada

AAQM - Coromandel Plant site AAQM - Gnanapuram

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Table 4-11 Summary of the Average Baseline Concentrations of Pollutants during the Study Period (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) PM PM SO NO NH CO O Benzene Code Location 10 2.5 2 X 3 3 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (mg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) AAQ1 Mulagada 62.1 30.03 13.8 14.8 26.4 0.95 12.7 0.7 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 65 31.5 12.2 17.3 29.5 0.99 11.8 0.7 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 87.2 42.5 11.3 22.50 40.07 0.87 12.3 0.6 AAQ4 Plant site 63.2 30.8 14.9 21.5 28.3 0.81 12.1 0.4 AAQ5 Gajuwaka 78.9 38.6 12.5 19.5 29 1.04 12.4 0.4 AAQ6 Gantyada 70.5 34.0 12.0 18.9 27.04 1.04 12.5 0.5 AAQ7 Marripalem 73.3 34.8 10.6 17.6 25.04 1.09 14.04 0.4 AAQ8 Malkapuram 66.4 31.7 12.01 17.8 34 0.915 13.5 0.4 NAAQ’S 100 60 80 80 400 4 180 5 Note: other parameters such as pb, Ni, BaP, As, are below detectable limit at all the locations.

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4.8.1.2. Observations on Ambient Air Quality of the Study Area

Particulate Matter: PM10 and PM2.5 concentration in the study area is analysed and the summary is presented in Table 4.12 and Table 4.13 and the trends were presented in Figure 4.24 and Figure 4.25 respectively.

Table 4-12 PM10 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) PM Concentration(µg/m3) Distance Direction 10 Station code Location 98th from the site wrt to site Min Avg Max percentile AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 48 62.1 70.9 72 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 48 65 74.5 75 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 68 87.2 99.8 102 Coromandel AAQ4 - - 56 63.2 69.6 70 plant AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 57 78.9 91.6 94 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 58 70.5 84.2 88 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 12 73.3 88.5 89 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 37 66.4 83.9 85

Table 4-13 PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period (4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) PM Concentration(µg/m3) Distance from Direction 2.5 Station code Location 98th the site wrt to site Min Avg Max percentile AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 25.0 30.03 34.5 35.0 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 24.0 31.5 35.5 36.0 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 34.0 42.5 49.8 52.0 Coromandel AAQ4 - - 25.0 30.8 35.0 35.0 plant AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 27.0 38.6 45.04 46.0 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 22.0 33.9 41.6 43.0 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 9.0 34.8 43.0 43.0 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 22.0 31.7 43.1 45.0

3 The PM10 concentration in the study area is ranging from 12ʅg/m at Marripalem village to as 3 102ʅg/m at Gnanapuram village. The ratio between the average PM10 concentrations at plant site to adjacent village Sriharipuram is about 0.97 which shows that no additional dust load is

contributed by plant operations. Similar pattern is observed for PM2.5 concentration in the study area ranging from 9ʅg/m3 at Marripalem village to 52ʅg/m3 at Gnanapuram village.

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The average measured PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the study area are within the stipulated National Ambient Quality Standards of 100µg/m3 and 80µg/m3 respectively.It can

be noted that ambient PM10, PM2.5 cocnentrations at the Coromandel facility and its near by environment were with in the NAAQ standards. Relatively high levels of PM10 na PM2.5 at other areas could be due to various urban and mixed activites. These means PM10, PM2.5 are in line with APPCB data.

The trend of PM10 concentration in the study area is given in Figure 4.24 and Figure 4.25

Figure 4-24 Trends of Ambient PM10 Concentration in the Study Area

120 ) 3 100 m / g ȝ (

n 80 o i t a r

t 60 n e c n

o 40 C

0 1

M 20 P

0 AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 AVG. 62.14 65 87.25 63.17 78.88 70.52 73.33 66.4 MAX 72 75 102 70 94 88 89 85 MIN 48 48 68 56 57 58 12 37

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Figure 4-25 Trends of Ambient PM2.5 Concentration in the Study Area

60 ) 3 m

/ 50 g ȝ (

n 40 o i t a r

t 30 n e c n

o 20 C 5 . 2 10 M P 0 AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 AVG. 30.03 31.53 42.46 30.78 38.56 33.96 34.79 31.7 MAX 35 36 52 35 46 43 43 45 MIN 25 24 34 25 27 22 9 22

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2): Average, minimum and maximum reported concentrations of SO2 are presented in Table 4.14 and the trends are presented in Figure 4.26. SO2 concentrations in the study area were observed to be in the range of 5.9µg/m3 at Malkapuram village to 17.2µg/m3at Coromandel Plant Site respectively. The average values were found to be in the 3 3 range of 10.7µg/m to 14.8µg/m . Thus, the observed SO2 concentrations are well within the limits (80µg/m3) specified for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas. These means values are in line with the APPCB air quality data for the year 2015-16.

Table 4-14 SO2 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period

(4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) Distance SO Concentration (µg/m3) Direction 2 Station code Location from the 98th wrt to site Min Avg Max site percentile AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 7.2 10.6 13.5 14.4 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 8.8 12.1 15.03 15.2 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 6.9 11.3 14.8 16.5 Coromandel AAQ4 - - 10.0 14.8 16.8 17.2 Plant AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 10.5 12.4 13.9 14.2 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 10.5 11.9 14.2 14.9 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 6.8 10.6 12.9 13.0 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 5.9 12.01 16.4 16.8

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Figure 4-26 Trends of Ambient SO2 Concentration in the Study Area

3 18 m /

g 16 µ

n 14 i

o 12 i t

r 10 a t n

e 8 c n

o 6 c

2 4 O S 2 0 AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 AVG. 10.57 12.1 11.3 14.8 12.36 11.96 10.57 12.01 MAX 14.4 15.2 16.5 17.2 14.2 14.9 13 16.8 MIN 7.2 8.8 6.9 10 10.5 10.5 6.8 5.9

NOX: Average, minimum and maximum reported concentrations of NOX are presented in Table 4.15 and Figure 4.27.

Table 4-15 NOX Concentration in the Study Area during the study period

(4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) NO Concentration (µg/m3) Distance from Direction X Station code Location 98th the site wrt to site Min Avg Max percentile AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 9.8 14.8 18.36 18.8 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 10.5 17.2 20.3 20.5 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 15.2 22.5 27.6 27.7 Coromandel AAQ4 - - 14.8 21.6 28.5 28.5 Plant AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 14.8 19.48 26.12 27.9 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 12.2 18.9 25.2 25.5 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 8.8 17.6 22.52 22.8 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 7.9 17.85 25.09 27.3

3 The NOX concentration in the study area was observed in the range of 7.9µg/m at Malkapuram village to 28.5µg/m3at Coromandel Plant site. The average values were found to 3 3 range from 14.9µg/m to 22.9µg/m . Thus, the observed NOX concentrations are well within the limits (80µg/m3) specified for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas. Due to vehicular emissions and influence of other industries in the region, the NOx levels are relatively higher than that of typical rural levels. These means values are in line with the APPCB air quality data for the year 2015-16.

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Figure 4-27 Trends of Ambient NOX Concentration in the Study Area

3 m / 25 g µ

n i 20 n o i t r 15 a t n e c 10 n o c

x 5 O N 0 AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 AVG. 14.8 17.2 22.5 21.6 19.48 18.9 17.6 17.85 MAX 18.8 20.5 27.7 28.5 27.9 25.5 22.8 27.3 MIN 9.8 10.5 15.2 14.8 14.8 12.2 8.8 7.9

Ammonia (NH3): Average, minimum and maximum reported concentrations of Ammonia

NH3 are presented in Table 4.16 and Figure 4.28.

Table 4-16 NH3 Concentration in the Study Area during the study period

(4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) NH Concentration(µg/m3) Distance Direction 3 Station code Location 98th from the site wrt to site Min Avg Max percentile AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 20.0 26.42 37.3 40.0 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 20.0 29.46 41.68 46.0 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 20.0 40.07 74.6 80.0 Coromandel AAQ4 - - 22.0 28.34 40.48 44.0 Plant AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 22.0 29 37.04 38.0 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 22.0 27.04 36.16 40.0 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 20.0 25.04 32.32 34.0 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 20.0 34.0 49.28 50.0

3 The NH3 concentrations at the eight locations were observed in the range of 20µg/m to 80µg/m3. The average values were found to range from 25.1µg/m3 to 37.5µg/m3. The ratio of average NH3 concentration at plant site to nearby village Sriharipuram is one which shows that there is no additional increment of NH3 due to plant emissions. Thus the observed NH3 concentrations are well within the limits (400 µg/m3) specified for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas.

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Figure 4-28 Trends of Ambient NH3 Concentration in the Study Area

90 3

m 80 / g µ

70 n i 60 n o i t 50 r a t

n 40 e c

n 30 o

C 20 3

H 10 N 0 AAQ1 AAQ2 AAQ3 AAQ4 AAQ5 AAQ6 AAQ7 AAQ8 AVG. 26.42 29.46 40.07 28.34 29 27.04 25.04 34 MAX 40 46 80 44 38 40 34 50 MIN 20 20 20 22 22 22 20 20

Other Parameters: Average, minimum and maximum reported concentrations of other parameters such as O3, and CO are presented in Table 4.17. The concentrations of Pb, As and Ni were found to be below detectable limit. All the parameters are well within the limits specified for Industrial, Residential, Rural and other areas.

Table 4-17 Various Pollutant Concentration in the Study Area during the study period

(4thApril 2016 to 14thJuly 2016) Station Distance Direction O (µg/m3) CO(mg/m3) Location 3 Code from the site wrt to site Min max Min max AAQ1 Mulagada 0.71 Crosswind 10.0 14.0 0.5 1.3 AAQ2 Sriharipuram 1 Upwind 10.0 14.0 0.6 1.2 AAQ3 Gnanapuram 6.3 Downwind 10.0 16.0 0.6 1.2 Coromandel - 10.0 16.0 0.6 1.1 AAQ4 Plant - AAQ5 Gajuwaka 4.2 Upwind 10.0 14.0 0.9 1.2 AAQ6 Gantyada 3.3 Upwind 10.0 14.0 0.8 1.2 AAQ7 Marripalem 4.8 Downwind 12.0 18.0 0.9 1.3 AAQ8 Malkapuram 2.4 Crosswind 10.0 16.0 0.7 1.2 4.9. Noise Environment Noise levels were recorded at eight locations in the study area. The measurements were carried out using Type 1 noise level integrated sound level meter. Mointoring was done at each location during the study period for 24 hrs on hourly basis to obtain hourly equivalent sound pressure level. A digital noise level meter was used to record the noise levels. From

these values, day time and night time and 24-hrs Leq values were calculated. Day time is considered from 0600 hrs to 2200 hrs and night from 2200 hrs to 0600 hrs.

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Noise mointoring locations are represented in Table 4.18 and Figure 4.29. The measured noise levels have been compared with the standard specified in Schedule III, Rule 3 of Environmental Protection Rules.

Table 4-18 Noise Sampling Locations Location Latitude & S.No Location Type of area Code Longitude 17°41'58.00"N Residential Area 1 Mulagada N1 83°13'27.60"E and Urban Area 17°41'31.56"N Residential Area 2 Sriharipuram N2 83°14'12.06"E and Urban Area 17°43'18.06"N Residential Area 3 Gnanapuram N3 83°17'7.14"E and Urban Area Coromandel 17°41'59.22"N 4 N4 Industrial Area Plant 83°14'11.16"E 17°40'15.72"N Residential Area 5 Gajuwaka N5 83°12'14.94"E and Urban Area 17°40'56.52"N Residential Area 6 Gantyada N6 83°12'18.72"E and Urban Area 17°44'26.58"N Residential Area 7 Marripalem N7 83°14'37.68"E and Urban Area 17°41'8.34"N Residential Area 8 Malkapuram N8 83°14'50.34"E and Urban Area

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Figure 4-29 Noise Sampling Location

Based on the recorded noise levels, various statistical parameters have been presented in Table 4.19

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Table 4-19 Recorded Noise Levels L in dB(A) S.No Location Location code eq Day Night 1 Mulagada N1 62.5 49.5 2 Sriharipuram N2 71.1 61.6 3 Gnanapuram N3 69.7 61.1 4 Coromandel N4 70.2 66.4 Plant 5 Gajuwaka N5 74.7 62.9 6 Gantyada N6 69.8 61.1 7 Marripalem N7 74.1 66.8 8 Malkapuram N8 66.3 51.0 Average day time and night time noise levels at residential areas in the study area was found to be varying from 62.5 to 74.7 dB(A) and 49.5 dB(A) to 66.8 dB(A) respectively and the values are higher than CPCB limits for residential areas. The hourly noise level monitoring data is enclosed in Annexure 17. Noise levels at the Coromandel plant was reported to be within the noise limits prescribed for industrial area. Noise level in the study area was found to exceed the standards due to urban activities and vehicular traffic in the region, which represents a typical urban area.

4.10. Water Environment The water resources and water quality of both surface and ground water is studied within 10 Km radius of the existing facility for this EIA study. Gajuwaka, Pedagantyada and Visakhapatnam Rural are the three mandals covered in the study area of 10km radius from the project site.

4.10.1. Surface Water Sources in the Study Area

Two major water bodies in the study area are Meghadri Reservoir and Kanithi Reservoir which are located at an aerial distance of 8 Km from North-West direction and 7.50 Km of South-West direction. The reservoirs in the study area are described in detail below.

4.10.1.1. Meghadri Gedda Reservoir

The Meghadri Gedda Reservoir as represented in Figure 4.30 lies in between the geographic coordinates of 83° 00' to 83° 17' of eastern longitudes and 17°42' to 17°57' northern latitudes and is bound by three administrative mandals (sub-districts) of Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh namely Sabbavaram, Pendurthi, K.Kotpadu and Kottavalsa Mandal of Vizianagaram district. Meghadri Gedda is an east flowing non- perennial river taking its rise

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Figure 4-30 Google Image of the Meghadri Gedda Reservoir within the Study Area

Meghadrigadda Reservoir

Existing Facility

The river flows towards Rajapurajapeta village in S. Kota Mandal of Visakhapatnam district then it turns south up to Karuvapuvanipalem village and thereafter it runs in the south-east direction and joins the Bay of Bengal near Ramapuvanipalem, Visakhapatnam. The reservoir was commissioned in the year 1979, with an increased water withdrawal capacity of 37,854 m3/day from the year 1989. The Meghadri Gedda is a typical shallow reservoir covering a larger area. This major city Visakhapatnam is dependent on this reservoir for its industrial, agricultural and domestic water use.

4.10.1.2. Kanithi Balancing Reservoir

The Kanithi Reservoir as represented in Figure 4.31 is located at Ukkunagaram, Visakhapatnam and lies in between the geographic coordinates of 17°40ƍ11ƎN 83°09ƍ23ƎE to 17.66972°N 83.15639°E. It draws its water from a special canal built exclusively for it from

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the Yeleru River flowing in East Godavari district. The reservoir spans 2.2 km by 2.0 km area.

Figure 4-31 Google Image of the Kanithi Balancing Reservoir within the Study Area

Existing Facility

Kanithi Balancing Reservoir

4.10.2. Surface Water Quality

Water quality parameters of the surface water resources within the study area have been considered for assessing the water environment. A surface water sample was collected from the Meghadri Gedda Reservoir, Kanithi Reservoir and Coromandel jetty water. The summary of surface water quality analysis is given in the Table 4.21 below.

Table 4-20 Surface water Sampling Location Location Code Location SW1 Meghadri Gedda Reservoir (Fresh water) SW2 Kanithi Reservoir (Fresh water) SW3 Coromandel Jetty Water (Sea water)

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The observation of the surface water sample is given below and surface water quality analysis as represented in Table 4-21 and the report is enclosed in Annexure 18.

Table 4-21 Surface Water Quality S. No. Parameters Units SW1 SW2 Method of Analysis o 1 Temperature C 26 29 IS:3025 part 09:2002 2 Colour Hazen 1 1 IS:3025 part 04:2012 3 Turbidity NTU 0.1 0.1 IS:3025 part 10:2006 4 pH - 7.83 7.87 IS:3025 part 11:2006 5 Total Solids mg/l 381 213 IS:3025 part 15:2003 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 368 203 IS:3025 part 16:2006 7 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 13 10 IS:3025 part 17:2006 8 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 174 101 IS:3025 part 21:2009 9 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 29 25 IS:3025 part 40:2009 10 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 24 10 IS:3025 part 46:2009 11 Sodium (as Na) mg/l 89 46 IS:3025 part 45:2003 Sodium Absorption Ratio - 3.5 2.2 - 12 (SAR) 13 Potassium (as K) mg/l 8.2 4.6 IS:3025 part 45:2003 14 Ph Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l Nil Nil IS:3025 part 51:2006 15 MO Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 180 115 IS:3025 part 51:2006 16 Total Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 180 115 IS:3025 part 23:2003 17 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 85 30 IS:3025 part 32:2007

18 Sulphates (as SO4) mg/l 28 18 IS:3025 part 24:2009 19 Nitrite Nitrogen (as NO3) mg/l 0.22 0.14 IS:3025 part 34:2009 20 Silica (as SiO2) mg/l 2.9 4.7 IS:3025 part 35:2003 21 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.55 0.37 IS:3025 part 60:2008 22 Residual, Free Chlorine mg/l <1.0 <1.0 IS:3025 part 26:2009 23 Mineral Oil mg/l Nil Nil IS:3025 part 39:2013 24 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l <0.2 <0.2 IS:3025 part 27:2003 25 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 APHA-3500-Al 26 Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 37:2003 27 Boron (as B) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 57:2010 28 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 IS:3025 part 41:2003 29 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 52:2003 6+ 30 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr ) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 IS:3025 part 52:2003 31 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 42:2009 32 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.48 0.56 IS:3025 part 53:2009 33 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 47:2009 34 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 APHA-3500-Mn

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S. No. Parameters Units SW1 SW2 Method of Analysis 35 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 48:2003 36 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 IS:3025 part 54:2003 37 Selenium (as Se) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 56:2003 38 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 IS:3025 part 49:2009 Phenolic Compounds (as mg/l A A IS:3025 part 43:2003 39 C6H5OH) Polynuclear aromatic mg/l A A IS:1557:2005 40 hydrocarbons 41 Pesticides mg/l A A APHA 4660-B 42 Oil and Grease mg/l <5.0 <5.0 IS:3025 part 39:2003 43 Dissolved Oxygen (as DO) mg/l 4.0 4.1 Is:3025 Part 38:2003 Chemical Oxygen Demand (as mg/l 10 13 IS:3025 Part 58:2006 44 COD) 0 45 BOD 3 days at 27 C mg/l 3.2 4.0 IS:3025 Part 44:2003 MPN/100 APHA9221A & Total Coliforms 30 24 46 ml 922B:2012

Observations- The pH of Meghadri Gedda Reservoir, Kanithi Reservoir water was found to be slightly alkaline. The TDS levels in the surface water were found to vary from 203mg/l to 368mg/l as per IS:3025 part 16:2006. The Total Hardness of the surface water was found to be ranging from 101mg/l to 174mg/l as per IS:3025 part 21:2009. The Fluoride concentration was found to be varying between 0.37mg/l to 0.55mg/l as per ISO:3025 part 60:2008.The microbiological content as total coliform ranging from 24 MPN/100ml to 30 MPN/100ml. Heavy metal concentrations are well within the permissible limits as per drinking water standards.

The pH of Coromandel Jetty water (sea water) was found to be neutral. The TDS levels (salinity) in the sea water were found to be 29118mg/l.

4.10.3. Ground Water Resources

Ground water occurs in almost all geological formations. The aquifers in the district are broadly classified into hard formations (Khondalites, Charnockites, granitic gneisses etc.) and Soft rock formations (sand stones and alluvium). Ground water occurs under unconfined to semi-confined conditions in the hard formations, while it occurs under unconfined to confined conditions in soft formations. The yields in the weathered zones of hard formations range from 25 to 100 m3/day. The bore wells drilled in the fractured and fissured zones of hard formations, The yields of the bore wells in hard rock formations range between 5 to 25 m3/hr. Sand stones are exposed in the small isolated places. In these formations, ground water

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Ground water level data published by CGWB for the Anakapalle observation well indicates that the deepest water level is 6.95 m bgl during May 1999 and shallowest water level is 0.97 m bgl during November 2010.The season wise ground water level data collected for Anakapalle monitoring well is given in below.

The occurrence of ground water in the study area (10 km radius) has been studied in detail by collecting the water level from 17 well (Bore / open wells). The depth of the wells ranges from 4 m to 60 m. The ground water levels are collected from the bore and open well.

The ground water level zone map shows that the water level ranging between 2.9-4.4 m occupies majority of the area. The project site is located in 1.4-2.9 m zone. The ground water level zone map is presented in Figure 4.32. The location, ground water level and depth collected from the 10 km radius are given in Table 4.22.

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Table 4-22 Details of Location of Ground Water Level Data Collection Water level S.No. Location Longitude Latitude Depth in m in m 1 Krishnanagaram 83° 13' 0.618" 17° 45' 26.3" 6.5 30.2 2 Chimalapalli 83° 12' 1.189" 17° 46' 54.526" 45.0 30.2 3 Adavivaram 1 83° 14' 34.733" 17° 46' 23.291" 6.4 64.9 4 Adavivaram 2 83° 15' 24.358" 17° 46' 41.39" 5.0 91.3 5 Velrapuvanapalem 83° 12' 21.33" 17° 44' 25.652" 40.0 5.6 6 Satyavampalem 83° 11' 9.521" 17° 43' 39.238" 12.0 13.0 7 Jaggayampalem 83° 12' 6.151" 17° 43' 3.625" 55.0 8.7 7 Vadlapudi 83° 10' 9.679" 17° 41' 11.24" 12.0 16.1 9 Duggapavanipalem 83° 9' 28.228" 17° 39' 1.341" 30.0 33.6 10 Kongapalem 83° 13' 42.773" 17° 38' 33.317" 9.0 8.1 11 Mindi 83° 13' 17.669" 17° 41' 53.859" 4.0 11.7 12 Madhavadhara 83° 15' 39.245" 17° 44' 38.788" 30.0 41.6 13 Maddilapalem 83° 19' 11.755" 17° 44' 7.262" 40.0 31.7 14 Ninukatta 83° 16' 23.615" 17° 39' 44.543" 60.0 10.1 15 Peddakorada 83° 11' 22.365" 17° 38' 14.927" 15.0 8.5 16 Vizagapattinam 83° 15' 30.171" 17° 42' 21.68" 10.0 5.8 17 Jerripnulepalem 83° 10' 28.511" 17° 46' 5.529" 40.0 21.6

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Figure 4-32 Ground water level zone of the Study area

4.10.3.1. Lithology

The Bore well lithology pertaining to Vishkapatinam project site has been collected from the CGWB Bore well and it is presented below. The lithology of the borehole shows that up to 6.0 m the bore well composed of Alluvium – Clay mixed. The horizontal and vertical permeability of the formation up to 49 m/day which is very less.

Depth Range (m bgl) Thickness (m) Lithology 0-2 2.0 Top Soil 2-6 4.0 Alluviam 6-16 10.0 Highy weathered 16-28 12.0 Partially weathered

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Depth Range (m bgl) Thickness (m) Lithology 28-36 8.0 Highly Jointed Rock 36-45 9.0 Fractured Rock 45-55 10.0 Joitned Rock 55-60 5.0 Massive Rock

4.10.3.2. Movement of Groundwater

The movement of ground water is controlled by the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and hydraulic gradient. In study area the hydraulic conductivity is mainly based on the Primary porosity. The homogeneity of the sedimentary formation plays a vital role in the movement of the ground water. In the study area the formations are hetrogenous in nature. The hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is mainly due to the coarseness of the sedimentary formations and fractures in the hard rock formations. Based on the water level data (Pre and Post monsoon) the ground water table has been constructed for the Pre and Post monsoon periods. The ground water table contour depicts two different patterns 1) ground water moves from north to central part of the study area and 2) south, west to central part the study area ( to river) both the seasons. The hydraulic gradient study area depicts two different scenario ie., 1) from north to south towards project site and 2) from the project site to east.

x Pre-monsoon hydraulic gradient 5.87 m/Km and 4.52 m/Km x Post- monsoon hydraulic gradient 5.12 m/Km and 4.06 m/Km

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It is also noticed ground water trough is noticed in the north western and south eastern part of the project site. The ground water table constructed for the study area is represented in Figure 4-33 and 4-34:

Figure 4-33 Ground water Table of the Study area (Pre monsoon)

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Figure 4-34 Ground water Table of the Study area (Post monsoon)

4.10.3.3. Evaluation of Aquifer Parameters

Pumping test is the most accurate reliable and commonly used method to evaluate the hydraulic parameters of an aquifer, efficiency of a well / bore well, safer operational rates of pumping and selection of suitable pump. The methods of a pumping test are highly varying in its application. The main objective of pumping test is to determine the aquifer parameters such as Transmissivity (T), Storage co-efficient (S) Hydraulic Conductivity (K), well performance and safe yield for execution of water supply.

The pumping test conducted in the same hydrogeological environment has been collected from the government department. The results are as follows:

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Bore Well in m 60 Static Water level in m 4.5 Pump capacity 7.5 HP Discharge in lpm 120 lpm Time in min. 320 minutes Stability not attained Drawdown in m 2 m Specific Capacity lpm per m draw down 60 Transmissivity of the fractured aquifer 42 m2/day In 320 minutes static water level Rate of recovery was attained

The pumping test results revels that the drawdown is 2 m at the pumping rate of 120 lpm. As the aquifer moderately potential aquifer, the drawdown is moderate. It is also observed that the average T Value is 42 m2/day which indicates the aquifer is a moderately productive aquifer.

4.10.3.4. Estimation of Ground water potential

As per the ground water resource estimation (CGWB Report) the VSP Urban Mandal has been categorized as ‘Safe’ Block, where the stage of ground water development is only 25%. The net ground water resource of Budhni Block is as follows:

Estimation of Ground water potential – Study area

10 km radius from the project boundary has been considered to estimate the ground water potential. The estimation of ground water potential has been made based on the ground water estimation committee norms 1997 of Government of India. The estimation is made based on the Rain fall infiltration Factor method. The specific yield, infiltration factors have been adopted as per the recommendations given in the estimation committee norms.

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The computation of ground water potential estimation as per the estimation committee norms for Rainfall infiltration factor method is as follows:

Monsoon Recharge Normal Rainfall Recharge – Ri mon = A X If X Rf Ri_mon = Rainfall recharge during monsoon A = Area If = Infiltration factor Rf = Rainfall Recharge from other uses – Ro mon = Rc+Rsw+Rgw+Rt+Rwc Ro mon = Recharge from other uses (infiltration and seepages) Rc = Canal Seepage Rsw= Return seepage from surface water irrigation Rgw= Return seepage from ground water irrigation Rt = Recharge from Tank Rwc= Recharge from water conservation Stuctures Ground water Draft – Dg mon = Ird+Dd+Id Dg mon = Gross ground water draft in monsoon season Ird = Irrigation Draft Dd = Domestic Draft Id = Industrial Draft Non-Monsoon Recharge Normal Rainfall Recharge – Ri nm = A X If X Rf Ri_nm = Rainfall recharge during monsoon A = Area If = Infiltration factor Rf = Rainfall Recharge from other uses – Ro nm = Rc+Rsw+Rgw+Rt+Rwc Ro nm = Recharge from other uses (infiltration and seepages) Rc = Canal Seepage Rsw= Return seepage from surface water irrigation Rgw= Return seepage from ground water irrigation Rt = Recharge from Tank Rwc= Recharge from water conservation Structures

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Ground water Draft – Dg nm = Ird+Dd+Id Dg nm = Gross ground water draft in Non monsoon season Ird = Irrigation Draft Dd = Domestic Draft Id = Industrial Draft ARGWS-nnual Replenishable Ground water resources = Ri_mon + Ri_nm ANDnm-Allocation of Natural discharge during non-monsoon period= 10% NAGW-Net annual ground water availability = ARGWS-ANDnm SGWD-Stage of Ground water Development: (Dg mon+Dgnm)/NAGWX100 The ground water estimation has been made (as represented in Figure 4.34) considering the following: x Normal monsoon and non-monsoon rainfall for 5 years from the Sehore District Rainfall. x Actual rainfall data for 5 years from the IMD Government department. x Geomorphology based infiltration factor. x 5 km around the project site is completely composed of limestone x Infiltration factor of 14% for Alluvium and Khondoline (Hard rock) 10% (as per estimation committee norms) x Rivers flowing in the center of the project area (10 km radius) & reservoir and their contribution to the ground water system. x Computation of Ground water draft based on crop water requirement. x Norms for return flow from irrigation based on the source of irrigation i.e. ground water or surface water, type of crops and depth to water table below ground level. x Allocation for domestic and industrial water supply based on population density and relative load on ground water. x Deeper aquifer system has not been considered for the ground water estimation. The estimation results clearly states that the Categorization ‘Safe’ around 10km radius of the project site. The stage of ground water development is only 45%.

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Figure 4-34 Showing the Ground Water Estimation

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4.10.3.5. Estimation Catchment Yield

Runoff is one of the most important hydrologic parameter used in most of the water resources applications. The predication of quantity and rate of runoff from the land to the streams is very difficult and it requires more time for un-gauged watershed.

Rainfall, if it is not intercepted by vegetation of by artificial surfaces such as roofs or pavements, falls on the earth and either evaporates, infiltrates or lies in depression storage. When the loss arising in these ways is all provided for, there may remain a surplus that, obeying the gravitation laws, flows over the surface to the nearest stream channel. The streams coalesce into rivers and the rivers find their way down to sea.

Runoff may consist of surface runoff, subsurface runoff and groundwater runoff. Surface runoff is that part of runoff which travels over the ground surface and through channels into the basin outlet. Groundwater runoff is a portion of groundwater discharged into the streams.

Subsurface runoff (Interflow) is that part of precipitation which infiltrates the surface soil and moves laterally through the upper soil horizons towards the streams.

The surface runoff assessment is very essential to quantify the water that flows out of the watershed. A portion of the surplus flow can be used for conservation within the watershed. The runoff for the watersheds covering the 10 km radius has been estimated based on rational method and presented below.

The total runoff from the watersheds of the study area is 64329362.55 m3/year i.e. 64.33 million m3/year watershed wise run off as given below Table 4-23

Table 4-23 Watershed wise runoff Micro Catchment Yield in Area in Sq.Km Area in Sq.m Watershed Code m3/year 1 18.40 18397706 4092754 2 27.60 27601457 6140220 3 3.05 3046496 677724 4 19.50 19498934 4337733 5 47.20 47195867 10499193 6 18.92 18917763 4208446 7 16.38 16375763 3642952 8 17.01 17013223 3784761 9 34.67 34666894 7711997 10 6.64 6639826 1477095 11 10.42 10422646 2318622

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Micro Catchment Yield in Area in Sq.Km Area in Sq.m Watershed Code m3/year 12 31.94 31943932 7106247 13 21.99 21987471 4891333 14 15.46 15464738 3440286 Total 289.18 289172717 64329363

4.10.4. Ground Water Quality

Selected water quality parameters of ground water resources within the study area have been considered for assessing the water environment. To assess the water quality of the study area, seven (7) ground water sampling locations were selected. These samples were collected as grab samples and were analyzed for various parameters. Forty (40) water quality parameters are analyzed. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table 4.24 and the locations are marked in 10 km map which is given below in Figure 4.35.

Table 4-24 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations Location Code Location Coordinates 17°41'59.22"N GW1 Coramandal plant 83°14'11.16"E 17°41'58.00"N GW2 Mulagada 83°13'27.60"E 17°41'31.56"N GW3 Srihari puram 83°14'12.06"E 17°41'8.34"N GW4 Malkapuram 83°14'50.34"E 17°40'15.72"N GW5 Gajuwaka 83°12'14.94"E 17°40'56.52"N GW6 Gantyada 83°12'18.72"E 17°44'26.58"N GW7 Marripalem 83°14'37.68"E 17°43'18.06"N GW8 Gnanapuram 83°17'7.14"E

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Figure 4-35 Ground Water Quality Monitoring Locations

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Table 4-25 Analysed Ground Water Quality for Various Parameters IS 10500:2012 IS 10500:2012 S.No Parameters Units GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 Method of Analysis Standard Standard . (Acceptable) (Permissible) 1 Temperature oC 27 31 29 26 30 29 27 27 IS:3025 part 09:2002 - - 2 Colour Hazen 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 IS:3025 part 04:2012 5 15 3 Turbidity NTU 0.1 <0.1 0.1 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 10:2006 1 5 4 pH - 7.87 8.31 8.06 7.96 7.4 7.6 7.61 7.73 IS:3025 part 11:2006 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 5 Total Solids mg/l 173 885 698 728 862 866 621 599 IS:3025 part 15:2003 NS NS 6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 159 868 687 717 849 850 609 586 IS:3025 part 16:2006 500 2000 7 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 14 17 11 11 13 16 12 13 IS:3025 part 17:2006 NS NS 8 Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 134 192 403 291 252 465 381 347 IS:3025 part 21:2009 200 600 9 Calcium (as Ca) mg/l 36 34 45 65 83 67 54 67 IS:3025 part 40:2009 75 200 10 Magnesium (as Mg) mg/l 11 53 71 31 11 72 60 44 IS:3025 part 46:2009 30 100 11 Sodium (as Na) mg/l 17 400 148 175 224 190 119 116 IS:3025 part 45:2003 NS NS 12 Potassium (as K) mg/l 3.2 1.6 1.1 56 114 6 1.4 7.9 IS:3025 part 45:2003 NS NS 13 Ph Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil IS:3025 part 51:2006 NS NS 14 MO Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 105 140 365 410 295 440 325 300 IS:3025 part 51:2006 NS NS 15 Toal Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 105 140 180 210 295 440 325 300 IS:3025 part 23:2003 200 600 16 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 15 34 119 116 204 165 55 95 IS:3025 part 32:2007 250 1000 17 Sulphate (as SO4) mg/l 10 83 61 61 86 67 83 63 IS:3025 part 24:2009 200 400 18 Nitrate Nitrogen (as NO3) mg/l 0.33 4.2 7.8 8.7 4 10 13 8.7 IS:3025 part 34:2009 45 no relaxation 19 Silica (as SiO2) mg/l 6.8 13 15 13 19 14 18 13 IS:3025 part 35:2003 NS NS 20 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.37 0.7 0.8 0.6 0.45 0.56 0.8 0.33 IS:3025 part 60:2008 1 1.5 22 Residual, Free Chlorine mg/l <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 IS:3025 part 26:2009 0.2 1 23 Mineral Oil mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil IS:3025 part 39:2013 0.5 no relaxation 24 Cyanide (as CN) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 IS:3025 part 27:2003 0.05 no relaxation 26 Aluminium (as Al) mg/l <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 APHA-3500-Al 0.03 0.2 28 Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.001 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 37:2003 0.01 0.05 29 Boron (as B) mg/l <0.1 < 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 IS:3025 part 57:2010 0.5 1 30 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 IS:3025 part 41:2003 0.003 no relaxation 32 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 IS:3025 part 52:2003 0.05 no relaxation 6+ 34 Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr ) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 IS:3025 part 52:2003 0.05 - 35 Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 IS:3025 part 42:2009 0.05 1.5 36 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.18 0.2 0.22 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.28 0.3 IS:3025 part 53:2009 0.3 no relaxation

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IS 10500:2012 IS 10500:2012 S.No Parameters Units GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 Method of Analysis Standard Standard . (Acceptable) (Permissible) 38 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 IS:3025 part 47:2009 0.01 no relaxation 40 Manganese (as Mn) mg/l <0.1 < 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APHA-3500-Mn 0.1 0.3 41 Mercury (as Hg) mg/l <0.001 < 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 48:2003 0.001 no relaxation 43 Nickel (as Ni) mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 IS:3025 part 54:2003 0.02 no relaxation 45 Selenium (as Se) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 IS:3025 part 56:2003 0.01 no relaxation 46 Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 2.1 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 IS:3025 part 49:2009 5 15 Phenolic Compounds (as A A A A A A A A IS:3025 part 43:2003 0.001 0.001 47 C6H5OH) mg/l Polynuclear aromatic A A A A A A A A IS:1557:2005 0.0001 0.0001 48 hydrocarbons mg/l 49 Pesticides mg/l A A A A A A A A APHA 4660-B Absent Absent A- Absent

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Observation The analysis results of ground water samples indicate that the average pH ranges in between 7.4 to 8.31 and it shows slightly Alkaline, TDS ranges from 159 mg/l to 868 mg/l. The TDS concentration was found to be in the permissible limit. Total hardness is in the range of 134 mg/l to 465 mg/l was found be in the desirable limit. The nitrate content in the study area varied in the range of 0.33 to 13 mg/l which is within the permissible limit. The heavy metal concentration is found to be Below Detectable Limit and fluoride concentrations are in the ranges of 0.33 mg/l to 0.8 mg/l which are found within the drinking water standards. Chloride concentration was found in the range of 15 to 204 mg/l which are found within permissible limits of drinking water standards.

Groundwater in the study area was found be within the desirable limits as per drinking water. The analysis results are compared with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 – 2012 “Specification for drinking Water” and the analysis report is enclosed as Annexure 19.

4.11. Ecological Environment 4.11.1. Terrestrial Ecology

Biological environment is one of the most important components in environmental impact assessment study. Ecological system shows inter-relationships between biotic and abiotic components including dependence, competition and symbiotism. Biotic component comprises of both plants (Flora) and animal (Fauna) communities, which interact not only within themselves but also with the abiotic components, viz. physical components of the environment. Generally the diversity of biological (flora & fauna) communities is an indicator of prevailing status of environmental conditions. The species of natural flora and fauna get organized into communities with mutual dependencies, which reflect the sensitivity to anthropogenic influences. The status of biotic communities is studied in the form of distribution, abundance and diversity.

Details of the area are collected through Google earth and given in Figure 4.36. Collected the maps related to road, rail network, drainage pattern, Contour, forest type, forest cover, Land use and Land cover from the office. The entire schedule is communicated to the consultant and client to discuss all possible impacts on flora and fauna. The total area is analyzed in detail and with GIS tools and marked around 32 sampling points as given in Table 4-26 (Zone- I within Coromandel Boundary. 8 sampling points, Zone-II from Boundary of Coromandel to 5 sq km for 8 sampling points and Zone –III from 5 km boundary to 10 km

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for.8 sampling points) by covering the various ecosystems of core and buffer zones in all the directions. The detailed field visit planned during 3rd to 5thd August, 2016. The entire tour was planned to cover all sampling points in shortest duration. During the survey, a random observation based on the topo map and also Google map is made for village side, road side, hillocks (RFs) and near the agriculture. The sampling points are selected to gather maximum primary information that fulfills the statistical analysis. General Interviews were made with the local people about the native animals and medicinal plants that are used frequently. A thorough review is made about each sampling point and spent about 10 to 20 minutes at each sampling point and documented the flora and fauna in the prescribed formats. Photographs were taken during the field visit covers vegetation structure and given below in Figures 4.37, 4.38, 4.39 & 4.40. Generally pictures were not taken for the repeated species which are already taken during the previous point.

Figure 4-36 Sampling points of Flora and Fauna at 1km, 5km and 10 km Radius of the Study Area

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Figure 4-37 Flora and Fauna in the Study Area

Google map showing the study area with sampling points Coromandel plant area

Core zone vegetation Buffer zone vegetation

Field Survey Team Field Survey Team

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Table 4-26 GPS coordinates of the sampling points for flora and fauna: Sampling Point Latitude Longitude Zone – I (0 to 1 km radius) 1 17°41'40.64"N 83°14'6.51"E 2 17°41'46.35"N 83°14'1.95"E 3 17°41'49.10"N 83°13'51.39"E 4 17°42'25.47"N 83°13'53.62"E 5 17°42'9.40"N 83°13'43.49"E 6 17°42'7.56"N 83°14'15.70"E 7 17°42'16.02"N 83°14'7.02"E 8 17°41'52.51"N 83°13'27.81"E Zone – II (1 to 5 km radius) 9 17°40'30.73"N 83°15'40.50"E 10 17°40'33.61"N 83°15'8.21"E 11 17°40'19.50"N 83°13'37.14"E 12 17°42'1.64"N 83°11'51.47"E 13 17°43'20.62"N 83°12'37.06"E 14 17°43'59.86"N 83°14'15.15"E 15 17°42'49.70"N 83°15'43.40"E 16 17°41'46.21"N 83°15'48.45"E Zone – III (5 to 10 km radius) 17 17°39'3.92"N 83°14'47.73"E 18 17°39'36.92"N 83°15'47.40"E 19 17°39'57.92"N 83°16'52.85"E 20 17°41'6.49"N 83°17'0.41"E 21 17°44'41.75"N 83°16'43.67"E 22 17°45'43.20"N 83°15'3.67"E 23 17°45'20.87"N 83°13'20.21"E 24 17°41'1.07"N 83°10'24.35"E 25 17°38'57.28"N 83°10'7.10"E 26 17°40'42.48"N 83° 9'27.82"E 27 17°45'52.32"N 83°10'28.23"E 28 17°46'13.92"N 83°12'26.68"E 29 17°45'15.32"N 83°18'16.53"E 30 17°45'14.85"N 83°17'41.16"E 31 17°45'45.05"N 83°15'46.41"E 32 17°46'22.67"N 83°15'19.98"E

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Figure 4-38 Zone –I (Within Coromandel) Core area Sampling Locations Typical View

Sampling Point No. 1 Sampling Point No. 2

Sampling Point No. 3 Sampling Point No. 4

Sampling point No. 5 Sampling point No. 6

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Figure 4-39 Zone –II (Coromandel boundary to 5 sq km –Core zone) Sampling Locations Typical View

Sampling Point No. 9 Sampling Point No. 10

Sampling Point No. 13 Sampling Point No. 14

Sampling Point No. 15 Sampling Point No. 16

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Figure 4-40 Zone –III (5 sq km to 10 Sq. km –Core zone) Sampling Locations Typical View

Sampling Point No. 17 Sampling Point No. 18

Sampling Point No. 19 Sampling Point No. 20

Sampling Point No. 21 Sampling Point No. 22

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Sampling Point No. 23 Sampling Point No. 24

Sampling Point No. 26 Sampling Point No. 30

Sampling Point No.31 Sampling Point No. 32

4.11.1.1. Pre-site Work Plan

Before starting the field trip, collected the details of the project from the EIA coordinator discussed the probable impact on the local flora and fauna though the present activity and the extent of the area. Secondary data collected from published papers (see references) on Flora and fauna components of the study area. A through revision on ecological and biodiversity

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aspects of the region was also gathered through web sites. Published working plan data containing the list of flora and fauna are collected from Divisional Forest Officer, Visakhapatnam. Area specific details, related to road, rail network, drainage pattern, Contour, forest type, forest cover, Land use and Land cove of the proposed fertilizer capacity expansion unit area are collected

4.11.1.2. Field Survey

A detailed survey of flora and fauna was carried out from 3rd to 5th August, 2016 by Ecological expert. The present study period supports good number of herbaceous species which are under blooming and can be easily identified during this season. Only photographs are taken during the field survey and no damage was created to flora and fauna during the sampling. None of the specimens collected as voucher specimens and for herbarium. It is basically done through field observations only.

Survey Types used:

1. Reconnaissance survey (Near Agricultural, Human habitations and Road side) 2. Quadrate and Line transact method for trees, shrubs and herbs. 3. Belt transects method for road side trees and butterflies. 4. Point count method for birds. 5. Direct and Indirect evidences for Mammals and other faunal species. Equipment / Instruments deployed

¾ Digital Camera (NIKON P510 MODEL 42 X zoom) ¾ GPS ¾ Measuring tape (Small) ¾ Binoculars ¾ Field observation book The primary data was collected by visual observations (documented in the field forms) as well as by discussion with villagers. For floral study quadrate method has been used for adopted to study woody and non woody species. 20 m X 20 m for tree species, 5 m X 5 m quadrates for shrubs and 1 m X 1 m quadrates for herbs. In locations where the quadrants are not possible such as hilly areas and agricultural, plantation areas a belt transect of 100m X 10m was adopted. List of floral species observed at each quadrant is documented and

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photographed. Species are compared with standard floras and identifying the plants need for conservation.

The assessment of wildlife/fauna was carried out by field observations (direct sightings) and or by indirect evidences like droppings, skeletal remains etc. As the animals are migratory, habitats used by protected, important or sensitive species for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration are ascertained. An effort was also made to indentify invertebrate species. Birds were recorded using binoculars by point count method in dawn and desk in the study area and compared with published literature. An effort has been made to identify the impacts of the proposed project at different stages. Floral and faunal resources used by local communities such as timber, medicinal and fishing are also collected. The mitigation measures were suggested and conservation of Scheduled species has been given. No quantitative assessment done for mammals, reptiles and other vertebrate species. Most of the data gathered from authenticated secondary data as well as local villager’s information. Scheduling of species done according to Indian Wildlife Protection act (1972) and checked the local and national status of the species.

The secondary data corresponding to project region were gathered from published literature, District Forest Department and Social Forestry Division. The authenticity of field observations are confirmed through discussions with local people and based on secondary data collected from different Government offices like Forest Department, Wildlife Department and Fisheries Department etc. The status of individual fauna species are ascertained as per the schedules in Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act.

4.11.2. Quantitative Analysis of the Vegetation

Plot-based random quadrate sampling method was adopted to generate the Phytosociological data viz., density, frequency, abundance and important value index (IVI). Other ecological parameters viz., abundance, density, frequency, IVI, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Simpson’s dominance index, Abundance/Frequency (A/F) ratio for distribution pattern of species and Similarity Index were derived from the above basic data. These indices are also been calculated with statistical tools such as PAST, SPSS, and Biodiversity PRO etc.

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4.11.2.1. Secondary Data

List of flora and fauna from Forest Department, Previous studies for EIA and other NGOs research in the study area and local villager’s information was taken into consideration while preparing the list and other parts of the report.

The species specific literatures gathered are as follows:

Aves:

1. Status of avifaunal diversity in saline marsh and swampy habitats of Visakhapatnam coastal environments in International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2016; 3(5): 01-06 2. Avifauna of Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Birds Vol. 4 No. 5 (September–October 2008) 3. Owls: International Journal of Scientific Research, Volume : 3, Issue : 8 Butterflies: International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 6, 948-958

Mammals: Mammalian fauna of Narsipatnam forest near Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. J Nature Conservator, 14(2)(2002), 191-208

Fishes: Ichthyo Faunal Bio Diversity in the Meghadrigedda Reservoir at Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh: International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 3, March 2016India Source: DOI:10.15680/ IJIRSET.2016.0503207

Flora: Forest department working plan

The proposed project will be developed within the existing plant and no additional land will be required. The proposed project falls in 6C – Deccan Peninsula Eastern Highland as per the Bio-geographic Classification of India and Tropical Savannah Evergreen type as per the India's Köppen climate classification. The vegetation of the study area falls under 5A: Southern tropical dry deciduous forests C3: Southern dry mixed deciduous forest; 6A: Southern tropical thorn forests DS1: Southern thorn scrub, 2S1: Secondary dry deciduous forest by revised classification of Indian forest types (Champion and Seth, 1968). These types of forests are seen throughout the Eastern Ghats and few parts of Western Ghats of the country. The common type of species present in the forested areas is Anacardimum, Terminalia, Grevia tilifolia, Acacia species.

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4.11.2.2. Study Area Ecology

The proposed project locality is 8 km from Gajuwaka town with few residential colonies surrounded to it. The no national parks or sanctuaries exist in the core and buffer area.

x Reserve Forest Vegetation: There are two reserve forests within the study area. Narava RF is towards West direction at distance of 6.5 km from the project site and Yerrakonda RF is towards North direction at 9.0 km aerial distance from the project site. These RFs are on hillocks mainly dominant with dry thorny type and mixed deciduous type vegetation. Borassus is the predominant patch occurs near the Yarada beach road. But the open places and plantations of Causarina and Anacardium made by local communities, nearby industries and forest officials make the environment green. x Non Forest Vegetation (Road side, Village side etc): In the non-forest area, different types of vegetation are recorded. Tree species are mostly planted and few are natural. Trees available in the non-forest area are classified into the following categories in the study area. These are:

x Roadside: Trees planted along the road side. The dominant plant species are Dalbergia sisoo, Acacia nilotica, Neem, Ficus, Peltophorum, Pongamia pinnata, Mangifera indica, Borassus etc.

x Village woodlot: Naturally growing or planted trees on community /private land. The dominant plant species are Coconut, Terminalia (Badam), Ficus religiosa, Banana, Mango, Bamboo, etc.

x Pond side vegetation: The dominant floral species near the ponds and seasonal water bodies are Samania saman, Ipomoea, Typha ungustifolia, Cassia ungustata, Lantana camera, Asperagus etc.

x Cropland Ecosystem: Most of the buffer zone occupies croplands. Paddy is the most commonly cultivated food crop. The other crops are Ragi, Bajra and Jowar and Cash Crops such as Sugarcane, Groundnut, Sesamum niger and Chillies. Musa, Coconut, and Mango trees are also cultivated here.

Ecology of Coromandel unit Area: The proposed unit is within the Coromandel plant boundary. The preliminary studies reveal that there are more natural as well as planted

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species of flora inside Coromandel. The natural species includes Borassus, Neem, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus microcorpe and more number of climbers and grass species. The shrubs include Calotropis and Datura stramonium. Ground flora is dominant with common grass varities. Near the plantation zone, Cressa cretica, Ipomea prescarpe are predominant. These two speices generally occur near sea shores. Cressa cretica is used as medicinal plant and cultivated. This species is a perennial halophyte (Hemicryptophyte) that lives in salty oases or in seasonally wet depressions in wet sandy areas, including such as temporary pools and marshes. The proposed unit is within the plant and need not to clear any type of vegetation.

Overview of the Area and Plantation Activities Undertaken by Coromandel: Near the Coromandel entrance more woody species such as Peltoforum, Samania and Delonix which attract birds and other smaller mammals present. Plantations include Ficus varities, Parkinsonia, Casuarina, Grevia, Pongamia and Terminalia. The ornamanetal plants maintained near the Coromandel guest house as well as office premises attracts more butterfly species. The plantation taken up with the plant unit and near low lying areas is enhancing the ecological values of the surroundings. The food chain is already building near Casuarina plantation. The ground flora is also maintained well with typical grass species and creepers such as Ipomea pres-carpe. Quantification of vegetation in Coromandel is given in Table 4.27 and Graph Showing IVI Values of the dominant floral species within Coromandel is given in Figure 4.41

Table 4-27 Quantification of vegetation in the Coromandel Rel Rel Rel S. No. Scientific Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 1 Acacia auriculiformis 1.59 4.00 2.50 8.09 2 Albizia lebbeck 1.59 4.00 2.50 8.09 3 Azadirachta indica 4.37 6.00 4.59 14.95 4 Bambusa arundinacea 3.17 6.00 3.34 12.51 5 Borassus flabellifer 2.78 4.00 4.38 11.16 6 Casuarina equisetifolia 27.78 10.00 17.52 55.30 7 Dalbergia sissoo 3.97 6.00 4.17 14.14 8 Delonix regia 2.38 4.00 3.75 10.13 9 Eucalyptus globulus 9.13 8.00 7.19 24.32 10 Ficus benghalensis 5.95 10.00 3.75 19.71 11 Ficus microcape 4.76 8.00 3.75 16.52 12 Grewia hirsuta 5.95 6.00 6.26 18.21 13 Peltophorum pterocarpum 10.32 6.00 10.84 27.16 14 Plumeria alba 2.78 2.00 8.76 13.54 15 Polyalthia longifolia 5.95 6.00 6.26 18.21

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Rel Rel Rel S. No. Scientific Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 16 Pongamia pinnata 2.78 6.00 2.92 11.70 17 Cocos nucifera 4.76 4.00 7.51 16.27 Figure 4-41 Graph Showing IVI Values of the dominant floral species within Coromandel

As per the above graph and given in Table 4-27, it is very clear that Casuarina and Peltophorum are predominant within the Coromandel boundary and this may be due to more plantation works.

Biodiversity Indices

Dominance D 0.080 Shannon H 2.694 Simpson 1-D 0.920 Evenness e^H/S 0.870 Margalef 2.805 A/F value 0.128 The Shannon indices value is 2.694 indicates good diversity and population of individuals more and Dominance of the species is 80% and Evenness is upto 87%. Distribution pattern of species was identified as contiguous/clumped distribution as the value of A/F ratio is 0.128 which is more than 0.050 as per Curtis and Cottam (1956). Contiguous distribution is most common in where plantation works taken up.

4.11.2.3. Fauna within Coromandel Unit

Within the Coromandel there are several roosting spots for Bats. Certain fruit bats are observed on the Eucalyptus trees. Palm squirrels are commonly seen near coconut and other ornamental tree species. There are no indirect evidences of any other higher mammals within

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the boundary of Coromandel plant unit. Few reptilian species such as garden lizards, skinks and frogs and toads are common throughout the plantation area and near open spaces of guesthouse campus. From the secondary source (local people working in the plant) it is also revealed that presence of Rat snakes, Cobras and other common green vine snakes exists here.

Avifaunal diversity: Common bird species such as Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, White headed babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows are sighted here.

Scheduled species: Based on the primary survey as well as literature collected and from local villagers, it is revealed that there is no Schedule –I species present within the boundary of Coromandel.

Ecology of Core Zone Habitat: The core zone habitat from Coromandel boundary to 5 sq. km. Yarada is the main forested area and the rest of this zone comprises industries such as Visakhapatnam Steel industry, HPCL, BHEL apart from Airport and Marripalem Railway station. It is very clear that more manmade ecosystem and one RF in this zone.

Vegetation Structure:

Trees: The most common tree species occurring are Pongamia pinnata, Polyalthia longifolia, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia purpurea, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus globulus, Bauhinia purpurea, Plumeria alba, Ficus benghalensis, Azadirachta indica, Phoenix sylvestris, Alstonia scholaris, Acacia auriculiformis, Pithecellobium dulce, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Ficus microcape, Grewia hirsuta, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Anacardium occidentale and Bambusa arundinacea.

Shrubs: The most common shrubs are Lantana camera, Hyptis suaveolens, Cassia auriculata, Calotropis procera, Prosopis juliflora, Acacia leucocephala, Catunaregam spinosa, Caesalpinia bonducella, Canthium parviflorum, Carissa carandas, Capparis sepiaria, Celastrus paniculata.

Herbs: The most common herbs are Tridax procumbens, Cassia occidentalis, Crotan bonplantianum, Datura metel, Eclipta alba, Boerhavia diffusa, Tephrocia purpuria, Achyranthes aspera. Cassia tora, Abutilon indicum Ipomoea macrantha

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Climbers: The commonly seen climbers are Capparis horrida Abrus precatorius, Hemidesmus indicus, Clitoria ternatea, Cuscuta reflexa, Desmodium triflorum, Pergularia daemia, Desrris scandans, Hemidesmus indicus, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Ipomoea nil, Ipomoea macrantha, Mucuna pruriens, Evolvulous alsinoides, Gloriosa superba.

Grasses: The common grass species are Chloris barbata, Cyperus castaneus, and Cynodon dactylon Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Digitaria ciliaris, Eragrostis tenella, Fimbristylis cymosa, Ilaloipsis binata and Imperata cylindrica.

Quantification of vegetation in the Core zone is given in Table 4.28

Table 4-28 Quantification of vegetation in the Core zone

Rel Rel S.No. Scientific Name Rel Density IVI Frequency Abundance 1 Alstonia scholaris 1.34 4.29 1.84 7.47 2 Anacardium occidentale 1.79 2.86 3.68 8.33 3 Azadirachta indica 5.80 8.57 3.99 18.36 4 Borassus flabellifer 9.82 5.71 10.13 25.66 5 Caesalpinia pulcherrima 8.04 5.71 8.29 22.04 6 Casuarina equisetifolia 4.91 4.29 6.75 15.95 7 Dalbergia sissoo 6.70 10.00 3.95 20.64 8 Delonix regia 4.02 5.71 4.14 13.88 9 Eucalyptus globulus 2.23 5.71 2.30 10.25 10 Thespesia populnea 7.59 7.14 6.26 20.99 11 Ficus microcape 5.36 5.71 5.52 16.60 12 Grewia hirsuta 8.04 7.14 6.63 21.81 13 Peltophorum pterocarpum 4.46 4.29 6.14 14.89 14 Bauhinia purpurea 14.29 5.71 14.73 34.73 15 Polyalthia longifolia 2.23 2.86 4.60 9.69 16 Pongamia pinnata 7.14 7.14 5.89 20.18 17 Acacia leucophloea 6.25 7.14 5.16 18.55 Figure 4-42 Graph showing IVI Values of the dominant species within Core Zone (Coromandel Boundary to5 Sq.m)

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As per the above IVI graph for the core zone, it is very clear that Bauhinia purpurea and Borassus flabellifer are predominant.

Biodiversity Indices

Dominance D 0.067 Shannon H 2.756 Simpson 1-D 0.933 Evenness e^H/S 0.926 Margalef 2.804 A/F value 0.062 The Shannon indices value is 2.756 indicates good diversity and population of individuals more and Dominance of the species is 67% and Evenness is up to 93%. Distribution pattern of species was identified as contiguous/clumped distribution as the value of A/F ratio is 0.62 which is more than 0.050 as per Curtis and Cottam (1956). Contiguous distribution is most common in where plantation works taken up.

4.11.2.4. Fauna within Core Zone

Within the core zone there common mongoose, Squirrels are sighted apart from few reptilian species. From the secondary source (local people working in the plant) it is also revealed that presence of jackals and snakes exists here.

Avifaunal diversity: Common bird species such as Herons, Paddy egrets, Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, White headed babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows are sighted here.

Scheduled species: Based on the primary survey as well as literature collected and from local villagers, it is revealed that there is no Schedule –I species present within the core zone.

Buffer Zone Habitat: The buffer zone habitat comprises of RFs, coastal ecosystem, waste land, scrub and rural zone with agricultural land and few settlements. Vegetation is predominant near RFs and road side. Plantation works taken up by VUDA (Visakhapatnam Urban Development Authority) and Social forestry division are confined to road side and near the parks. Some places are far away from the Visakhapatnam city inhabited with natural forest plantations, wetlands ecosystems. In this zone very common and less conservation priority animals, birds and other floral species exists. Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary is adjoining to the buffer zone near Simhachalam. The present study need not to focus on the impacts of proposed expansion project on Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary ecosystem.

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There are no biosphere reserves or national parks or other protected areas within a distance from 5 to 10 Km from the proposed Coromandel International capacity expansion area (buffer zone). More than 50% of the terrestrial habitat of the buffer zone is under village habitats. The dominant vegetation as given Table 4-29 includes Borassus, Coconut, banana, jack, sapota, mango trees. Teak is the most common cultivated timber plant. Apart from the above several avenue trees such as Tamarind, Neem, Siris, Rain tree, Gulmohar etc were very common.

Acacia auriculiformis,Thespesia populnea,,Alstonia scholaris, Anacardium occidentale Azadirachta indica, Bambusa arundinacea, Bauhinia purpurea, Borassus flabellifer, Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Casuarina equisetifolia, Gymnosporia spinosa, Dalbergia sissoo, Delonix regia, Eucalyptus globulus, Acacia pennata, Cassia siamea, Erythroxylon monogynum, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phoenix sylvestris, Gmelina arborea, Plumeria alba, Polyalthia longifolia, Pongamia pinnata, Limonia acidissima, Semecarpus anacardium, Ailanthus excelsa, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Tecoma stans are most common trees are found in the buffer area. Annual or seasonal crops are grown in small and isolated places. Paddy is mainly grown during the rainy season. It occupies nearly half of the croplands of the buffer zone. Vegetables are common but limited to very small size plots. Floristically the study area is fairly not very rich. The total recorded flora (from primary as well as secondary data) from the study area was 298 species as given in Table 4-30. The species recorded in the core and buffer zones are given in Annexure 20.

In the forested ecosystem lot of variation occur in the Simhachalam RF, Gollapalem RF and Yarada RFs in particular to vegetation structure. In survey reveals that there are specific patches for certain species and mass plantations like Casuarina, Cashew, Bamboo, Sissoo, coconut, mango etc. There are good number of plantations on the road side like Sissoo, Ficus, Polyalthia longifolia, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Samania saman, Delonix regia, Plumaria alba, Cassia fistula, Tectona grandis, Terminalia bellirica, and Acacia auriculiformis.

The unique field observation in this study area is the presence of certain very common species such as Borassus, Pandanus, Coconut and Phoenix dominant throughout the region. A good number of Butterfly and Dragon fly species are recorded in the wasteland and agricultural habitats. The larval and nectar host plants are very common here. The specific observations were also made for the micro habitats. Borassus flabellifer, Ceiba pentandra, Cocos nucifera, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa, Mangifera indica,

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Prosopis juliflora, Tamarindus indica found near the village premises. The common ornamental plants and pet animals found throughout the region and listing was not done where as there is no relation of this data with present study.

4.11.2.5. Fauna in Buffer Zone

Mammals: A list of mammals either spotted during the survey or reported from the study area is given in Annexure 21. A perusal of the list indicates the absence of any REET species or species included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 and the amendments there of. Certain trees like Ficus racemosa and other large trees were identified as main nesting and roosting spot for the aves and fruit bats.

Aves: The fauna reported in the study area are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by mammals and reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area during primary survey, with higher diversity are Common crow, Lapwings, bee eaters, baya birds, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. During site visit higher frequency of birds recorded in the buffer zone. Near coast line, common marine birds are sighted which are given in the list. This is mainly due to availability of nesting habitat, discarded foods from rituals ceremony and fruits bearing trees. A list of birds either spotted or reported from the study area is presented in Annexure 22.

Herpetofauna: Reptiles and Amphibians included turtles, snakes, and lizards like geckos, skinks and agamids. Among the reptiles, no REET category has been reported from the region. There are no Crocodiles in the region. There are no significant places sighted for nesting ground for any of the sea turtles. A list of herpetofauna either reported or recorded from the buffer area up to a radius of 10 sq Km are given in Annexure 23.

Invertebrates: Good number of butterfly and Dragonfly species observed here. None of them are comes under conservation list.

Table 4-29 Quantification of Vegetation in the Buffer Zone Rel Rel Rel S.No. Botanical Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 1 Acacia auriculiformis 2.10 3.76 1.87 7.73 2 Thespesia populnea 5.61 4.69 3.98 14.28 3 Alstonia scholaris 2.57 2.35 3.65 8.57 4 Anacardium occidentale 4.91 2.82 5.81 13.53 5 Azadirachta indica 3.97 3.76 3.53 11.25 6 Bambusa arundinacea 1.17 2.35 1.66 5.17

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Rel Rel Rel S.No. Botanical Name IVI Density Frequency Abundance 7 Bauhinia purpurea 4.91 3.76 4.36 13.02 8 Borassus flabellifer 3.04 3.29 3.08 9.41 9 Caesalpinia pulcherrima 2.10 2.35 2.99 7.44 10 Casuarina equisetifolia 3.27 1.41 7.74 12.42 11 Gymnosporia spinosa 2.57 2.82 3.04 8.43 12 Dalbergia sissoo 3.50 4.23 2.77 10.50 13 Delonix regia 3.74 2.82 4.42 10.98 14 Eucalyptus globulus 4.21 3.29 4.27 11.76 15 Acacia pennata 2.10 1.88 3.73 7.71 16 Cassia siamea 3.04 2.82 3.59 9.45 17 Erythroxylon monogynum 3.97 4.23 3.13 11.33 18 Peltophorum pterocarpum 6.07 4.69 4.31 15.08 19 Phoenix sylvestris 2.57 2.82 3.04 8.43 20 Gmelina arborea 2.34 2.82 2.77 7.92 21 Plumeria alba 4.67 5.16 3.02 12.85 22 Polyalthia longifolia 3.74 4.69 2.65 11.09 23 Pongamia pinnata 1.64 2.35 2.32 6.31 24 Limonia acidissima 3.50 4.23 2.77 10.50 25 Semecarpus anacardium 3.50 5.16 2.26 10.93 26 Ailanthus excelsa 2.57 3.76 2.28 8.61 27 Holarrhena antidysenterica 3.97 3.29 4.03 11.29 28 Tecoma stans 4.21 4.69 2.99 11.89 29 Tectona grandis 4.44 3.76 3.94 12.14

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As per the above IVI graph for the buffer zone, species diversity and distribution is almost equal due to presence of RFs.

Biodiversity Indices: Dominance D 0.037 Shannon H 3.364 Simpson 1-D 0.963 Evenness e^H/S 0.997 Margalef 4.918 A/F value 0.045 The Shannon indices value is 3.364 indicates good diversity and population of individuals more and Dominance of the species is 37% and Evenness is upto 98%. Distribution pattern of species was identified as random distribution as A/F ratio is between 0.025 to 0.050. Random distribution is most common in where RFs are present.

Fauna in buffer zone: Within the buffer zone there common mongoose, Squirrels are sighted apart from few reptilian species. From the secondary source (local people working in the plant) it is also revealed that presence of jackals and snakes exists here.

Avifaunal diversity of buffer zone: Common bird species such as Herons, Paddy egrets, Green bee eaters, Indian rollers, Parakeets, White headed babblers, Weaver birds, Mynas, Black drangos, Crows, Sparrows are sighted here.

Scheduled species of buffer zone: Based on the primary survey as well as literature collected and from local villagers, it is revealed that there are no Schedule –I species present within the core zone.

Figure 4-43 Habitat wise distribution of Flora

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4.11.2.6. Floral distribution in Core and Buffer zones

Table 4-30 Status wise (Local status) floral distribution in the study area Habit Common Sparse Rare Total Trees 69 32 13 114 Shrubs 22 16 7 45 Herbs 39 21 7 67 Climbers 15 6 12 33 Grass 17 3 2 22 Hydrophytes 9 4 4 17 Total 171 82 45 298

Ecosystem wise Floral Distribution

Habitat No. of Species Terrestrial 240 Aquatic 17 Agriculture 22 Plantations 19 Total 298

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4.11.3. Identification of local Protected Species

As per Botanical Survey of India records and available published literature pertaining to the study area and current detailed study of project site, no threatened, endangered and rare plant species were observed from the study area. The topomap indicating the absence of National park, Sanctuary, Elephant/Tiger Reserve, Migratory routes/ Wildlife corridor with in 10 km radius indicates that this region is not ecologically very significant. As per the Indian Wildlife Protection Act (1972), those animals, which have been enlisted in the schedules of the Act, have been presented below. The schedules are based on the species namely, rare, endangered, threatened, vulnerable etc. According to threat of extinction Schedule-I contains those species which need topmost priority, while II, III, IV and V have lesser degree of threat. Most of the avi-fauna has been listed in Schedule–IV. As per the list of avi-faunal species, these are mostly local migrant species only. Photograph showing the various species is given in Figure 4.44 and Photographs showing various floral species in the study area is given in Figure 4.45.

Threatened and Endangered Animal Species Herpestes javanicus Common Indian Mongoose Part II of Schedule II LC Semnopithecus entellus Deccan Hanuman Langur Part-II of Sch-II LC Chameleo zylanicus Chameleon Sch- II LC Ptyas mucosa Indian Rat Snake Sch- II LC Xenochrophis piscator Checkered Keel back Sch- II LC Varanus bengalensis Indian Monitoring Lizard Sch- II LC Vipera ruselli Russell’s viper Sch- II LC Naja naja Indian Cobra Sch- II LC Ophiophagus hannah King cobra Sch- II LC

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Figure 4-44 Photographs Showing various Species

Acridotheres tristis Common Mormon

Pieris rapae Plain tiger

Green bee eater Dendrocitta vagabunda

Plain Orange Tip Common crow

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Indian Pioneer Indian Roller Figure 4-45 Photographs showing various Floral Species in the Study Area

Azadirachta indica Ficus benghalensis

Grewia hirsuta Casuarina equisetifolia

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Terminalia catappa Ficus hispida

Thespesia populnea Tectona grandis

Tarenna asiatica Anacardium occidentale

Caesalpinia pulcherrima Grewia tiliifolia

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Dodonaea viscosa Carissa spinarum

Barleria prionitis Carissa carandas

Cressa cretica Dactyloctenium aegyptium 4.12. Socioeconomic Environment 4.12.1. Regional Socioeconomic Profile

Visakhapatnam district is an Administrative district in Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Visakhapatnam is the district headquarters. District lies between 17϶ - 15' and 18϶-32' Northern latitude and 18϶ - 54' and 83϶ - 30' in Eastern longitude. It is bounded on the North partly by Orissa State and by Vizianagaram District, on the South by East Godavari

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District, on the West by Orissa State and on the East by Bay of Bengal. The district has four revenue divisions, namely Anakapalli, Paderu, Narsipatnam and Visakhapatnam, each headed by a sub collector. These revenue divisions are divided into 43 Mandals in the district. This district consists of 3265 villages and 15 towns including, 1 Municipal Corporation, 2 Municipalities and 12 census towns. Visakhapatnam city is the only municipal corporation and the 3 municipalities in the district are Anakapalle, Bheemunipatnam and Narsipatnam.

Based on Census 2011 data, the District has a population of 42, 90,589, of which 47.45% was urbanized. The average population density of the District is about 384 inhabitants per square kilometer, as against the then Andhra Pradesh State population density of around 308.

The average household size is 4. The District has a sex ratio of 1006 females for 1000 males. The children sex ratio was found to be about 961. Vulnerable population such as SC and ST were found to be about 7.67% and 14.4% respectively. The District has a literacy rate of about 66.91% and the state's average was 67.02%.

Agriculture plays a vital role in the District’s economy with 47.68% of the total workers involved in agriculture activity. Rice is a staple food of the people and Paddy is therefore the principal food crop of the district followed by Ragi, Bajra and Jowar and Cash Crops such as Sugarcane, Groundnut, Sesamum Niger and Chillies are important. The rate of crop intensity in this area is 123.9%. Among the total land area cultivated about 33.07% of the land only irrigated. The major sources of irrigation in the district are through canals, Tanks, Bore wells, etc.

Industrial Development is conspicuous in Visakhapatnam urban agglomeration with the large scale industries like Hindustan Shipyard, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation, Coromandel International, Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels, L.G.Polymers Ltd., Hindustan Zinc Plant ( currently not in operation) and the recent giant Visakhapatnam Steel Plant and a host of other ancillary Industries. The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant is the biggest with an authorized share capital of Rs.7466 crores with a licensed capacity of 2.8 Million Tonnes of saleable steel 3.0 Million Tonnes of Pig Iron and 8.32 lakhs Tonnes of By product. About 25,000 persons expected to be employed. The project has provided employment to 16300 persons. On the country side the agro based industries like Sugar Factories, Jute Mills and Rice Mills are there besides brick and tile units. The District has 1063 registered factories under factories Act functioning with a working force of about 77203 persons during 2006-2007.

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Fishing is another important economic activity of the fishermen population living in about 59 fishery villages and hamlets on coastline stretching to a length of 132 KMs. covering 11 coastal Mandals. About 13,000 fishermen families depends for their livelihood from marine, Inland and brakish water fishing besides catching fish living around Thandava and Raiwada reservoirs. Although considered to be an industrial city, Vizag has a rich and vibrant culture and heritage.

In terms of facilities, the District has 3382 primary schools, 797 middle schools, 706 High School & Higher Secondary schools and 115 colleges. Government health facilities such as 11 Allopathic Hospitals, 37 Ayurvedic Hospitals, 3 Community Health Centre, 76 primary health centres, 37 Dispensaries, 11 Primary Health Sub-Centres are available in the district.

4.12.2. Socioeconomic Profile of Study Area

4.12.2.1. Demographic Profile

The population in the study area is studied using the 2011 census. The total households in the study area are 3, 42,870 with a total population of 13, 51,269. The sex ratio in the study area was 975 females for 1000 Males. The children population was about 1, 25,997. The children sex ratio was 943 which is very less when compared with the general population sex ratio. The ratio of urban and rural population in the study area is 100:0 respectively. The project site is within the Visakhapatnam City. Vulnerable population generally indicates the population of Scheduled Caste (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). Largest Scheduled Castes found in the district are Mala, Madiga, Adi Andhra, etc and largest Scheduled Tribes are Kondareddis, Koya, Kammara, etc. The SC population in study area seems to be 8.9% to the total population. The ST population is very less when compared with SC population. The percentage of ST population is 1.2%. Ward Wise Demographic details are presented in Annexure 24.

4.12.2.2. Workers Group Distribution

The total working population in the study area is 4,74,639. The percentage of working population is about 35.1% as against the district’s level of 44.04%. 86% of the working population is main workers and this shows the improved life style of the people as they are employed for more than 6 months in a year. In the study area only about 2.9% of the total working population is engaged in agricultural activity. The agricultural workers are sub- grouped into Cultivators and Agricultural Labours. In which were cultivators and 63.3% were

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Agricultural Labours. Household Industry relates to production, processing, servicing, repairing or making and selling of goods. Other workers are all workers who have been engaged in some economic activity like employed in industries, fishing activity, wagers, construction workers, etc., but are not cultivators or agricultural labourers or Household Industry. The percentage of Household and Other workers group were 2.8% and 94.4% respectively. The rate of other workers group was higher in the study area due to the location of the project site in mid of industrial area and Visakhapatnam City. Ward Wise Workers Group Distribution details are presented in Annexure 25.

4.12.2.3. Per-capita Income and Population below Poverty Line

Per-capita income of the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation at 2004-05 constant prices was about 50,580 and for the State (urban) it was around 33,350. With respect to population below poverty line was about 6.35% (Ref-8).

4.12.2.4. Health Indicators

The District health indicators based on DLHS - 4 are as follows. of the households are having access to safe drinking water facility and only are accessed to sanitation facilities. Institutional Birth Rate in the district was about 80.3%, with respect to state the rate was 88.5%. The rate of children between 12 to 23 months availing full immunization was 65% whereas the state’s rate was 60.9%. The mean age at marriage for girls is 20.1 and for boys its 25 years. 15.4% of the men and 5.4% of women in the district use tobacco and 38.6% and 3.5% of men and women consumed alcohol

4.12.2.5. Education Indicators

In the study area about 82.8% of the total populations are literates, which is more than the national literacy rate of 64.8% and state’s literacy rate of 67.02%. In the district 69.4% of the children (aged 7plus) are literate (Ref-9). The Ward wise literacy pattern is shown in the Annexure 26.

4.12.3. Historical Important Places in the study Area

The following Table 4.31 are the list of Historical important place listed by Archaeological Survey of India around the study area. None of the places listed are within 10km of the

8 - India Smart City Profile - smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/CitiesProfile/AndraPradesh_Vishakhapatnam.pdf dtd.16-08-2016 9 District Level Household Survey (DLHS -4) Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 190

project site.

Table 4-31 Historical Important Places in the study area S. No. Name of the Monument / Site Location District Ancient Buddhist Mounds locally known Kotturu(near 1 Vishakhapatnam as 'Dhana Dibbalu Gokivada forest) Buddhist rock-cut stupas, Dagabas and caves and the ruins of a structural Chaitya 2 with its outbuilding and other Ancient Sankaram Vishakhapatnam remains on two adjoining hills known as Bojjanna Konda.

4.12.4. Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study area compared to State Indicators

Table 4-32 Summary Socioeconomic Indicators of the Study Area S. No. Particulars Study Area State Visakhapatnam 1 Study Area – Districts / State Andhra Pradesh District Number of Villages/Towns in the Study 2 58 GVMC Wards - Area 3 Total Households 3,42,870 2,10,22,588 4 Total Population 13,51,269 8,45,80,777 5 Sex Ratio 975 993 6 Children Population (<6 Years Old) 1,25,997 91,42,802 7 Children Sex Ratio 943 939 8 Urban Rural Ratio 100:0 33:67 9 SC Population 8.9% 16.4% 10 ST Population 1.2% 6.99% 11 Total Working Population 35.1% 46.6% 12 Main Workers 86% 83.80% 13 Marginal Workers 14% 16.19% 14 People Involved in Agriculture 2.9% 59.50% 15 Agriculture - Cultivators 36.7% 27.67% 16 Household Industries 2.8% 3.65% 17 Other Workers 94.4% 36.84% 18 BPL Households 6.35%(Urban) 21.1% 19 Institutional Birth Rate 80.3% 88.5 20 Childhood Immunization 65% 60.9 21 Drinking Water Facilities 95.7% 9 22 Sanitation Facilities 57.4% 30.86% 23 Literates 82.8% 67.02%

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5. Assessment of Environmental Impacts 5.1. General The chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts due to the proposed project during construction and operational phases. Unlike Greenfield projects, the proposed project will be developed within the existing facility and no additional land will be acquired for the proposed project. The environmental impacts can be categorized as primary and secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed action.

5.2. Impacts during Construction Phase Unlike Greenfield projects, the proposed project will be limited to minor construction activities such as earth work, foundations and flooring etc. Most of the construction works will be of structural steel work such as erection and welding. Construction related environmental impacts will be limited to plant site which are reversible in nature. An outline of the various construction phase impacts and mitigation plans are depicted in this subjection.

5.2.1. Impact on Land Use Scenario

The total land area of the existing plant is 436 acres. The construction activities of new project will not necessitate any land acquisition. Hence, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) aspects are not applicable. There are no natural streams passing through the existing plant. The proposed project layout and construction activities will be designed to ensure that existing storm water drains are undisturbed. The proposed project will not disturb any greenbelt and plantation area in the existing facility and hence the ecological and biological environment at the existing facility will not be altered. Due to prior industrialization in the Visakhapatnam Port Trust area and harbour region, the rural neighbourhood of the existing facility has been upgraded into urban environment in the past decade and continued urbanization could be envisaged, however the proposed project activities will not have any major impact on the urbanization due to the fact that the overall production capacity of the plant will remain the same. Therefore the possible induced growth due to the proposed project will be less significant in the area.

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5.2.2. Impact on Soil and Ground Water Quality during Construction Phase

The land identified for the proposed expansion project is a plain land within the existing facility and hence cutting of trees and demolition of structures are not envisaged. Small quantities of top soil to the tune of 2000 m3 will be generated during the construction phase during the foundation works. This soil will be utilized for filling the low lying areas in the plantation area and other parts of the vacant area.

Since the power required for the construction activities will be sourced from the existing facility, no onsite temporary DG sets are proposed to be deployed during the construction phase. Similarly storage of diesel and fuels near the constructions sites is not envisaged. Therefore the possibility of soil and ground water contamination during construction phase is not envisaged.

The spent paints and used paint cans etc if any will be collected and stored in the existing dedicated hazardous waste storage and area for further disposal to authorized recyclers.

It has been estimated that about 50 m3/day of water would be required for civil construction activities during the construction phase. The existing toilet facilities of plant will be made available for the construction workers. Hence no temporary toilets and sewage treatment systems near the construction activities will be required. The water required for the construction activities will be sourced from existing facility and ground water extraction will not be adopted.

5.2.3. Impact on Air Quality

The sources of emission during the construction period will be of exhaust emissions from the construction trucks and diesel operated construction machinery. In addition, there could be a possibility of generation of fugitive dust emissions due to movement of construction vehicles on the internal roads. As indicated earlier, the removal and excavation of soil from the construction site is limited and hence about 100 to 200 truck trips in a span of 5 months are expected. The management of Coromandel International Limited has proposed to adopt water sprinkling on the roads and inside the plant for avoiding any generation of fugitive emissions. Since the excavated top soil will be utilized within the existing facility, the possibility of air quality impacts outside the plant facility will be insignificant. Compliance with vehicular emission standards will be made a mandatory requirement for all contractors working at site

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during the construction phase. Deployment of onsite DG sets is not envisaged during the construction phase and hence diesel engine emissions are not envisaged.

5.2.4. Impact on Noise Levels

The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic, construction machinery. As indicated in earlier subsection, the number of vehicles expected to ply on the internal roads will be limited to 15 to 20 trucks per day. Hence, the possible additional impacts due to construction phase will be insignificant. The existing green cover all around the periphery of the existing plant, will further attenuate noise emissions from the construction activities. Deployment of high noise generating equipment such as drilling, concrete cutting and demolition are not envisaged.

5.2.5. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology

Cutting of trees and plants is not envisaged in the existing facility during the construction phase. Coromandel International Limited, Visakhapatnam has developed green cover in an area of 145 Acres in the existing facility, which is fully developed and has been supporting a diversified eco-system.

5.2.6. Socio-Economic Aspects

Since the proposed project will be developed in the existing premises, rehabilitation and resettlement aspects are not applicable under Land Act. The proposed project will generate direct employment of 100 people and indirect employment of 175 people resulting into overall employment potential of 275 people.

5.3. Impacts during Operational Phase

5.3.1. Overview

As indicated in section 3 of this report, the proposed project is associated with the following air quality management aspects during the operational phase of the facility:

x Increase in SO2 emissions from SAP

x Controlled PM, SO2 and NOx emissions from proposed FBC boiler x Fugitive dust emissions due to storage and handling of coal x Noise emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler pumps and fans

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x Marginal increase in fresh water consumption and also sea water (once through cooling system) x Since the proposed project adopts recycling of treated wastewater, no further increase in discharge of treated wastewater beyond the existing consented/permitted quantities is envisaged. x However marginal increase in sea water (cooling water) discharge quantity into the existing industrial drain leading to sea is envisaged due to increase in once through cooling demand in the plant. However discharge temperature will be maintained ±5 Degrees Celsius from the ambient temperature. x Marginal increase in gypsum generation from the PAP plant due to production of additional PA in the system is envisaged. x Small quantities of fly ash from the proposed 40 TPH imported coal fired boiler is envisaged

The above project aspects were studied to assess the possible impacts on the valued ecosystem such as air, water, soil, ecology and community.

5.3.2. Impact on Air Quality- Point Source Emissions

The criteria pollutants of concern for the project are Particulate Matter (PM) emissions,

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) from the proposed 40 TPH coal fired boiler. Other emission sources in the process units are marginal increase in SO2 emissions from the SAP 1 and SAP 2 units, acid fumes from and SiF4 emissions from the proposed PAP unit. Apart from the above emission sources, controlled emissions from the proposed rock phosphate crushing unit are also envisaged.

5.3.2.1.Particulate Matter Emissions

The particulate matter emissions due to the proposed up-gradation project are envisaged from the coal fired boiler. Based on the preliminary information provided in the project report, it has been estimated that about 168 TPD of imported coal will be used in proposed coal fired boiler to generate the required steam. High efficiency Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) will be installed to maintain the particulate matter emissions below 50 mg/Nm3 as against the stipulated standards of 100 mg/Nm3 for boilers. Hence the controlled particulate matter emissions from the stack connected to the proposed coal fired boiler having a flue gas quantity of about 67,000 Nm3/hr will be in the order of 0.93 g/sec (3.4 Kg/hr).

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Small quantity of dust emissions will be released from the rock phosphate storage, handling and grinding area. It has been proposed to store the rock phosphate in a closed shed and necessary de-dusting system will be installed at all transfer points for the control of dust emissions. Bag filter will be installed in the rock grinding section and particulate matter will be maintained below 50 mg/Nm3. Considering the air volumes for bag filter in rock grinding section as 15000 Nm3/hr, the estimated PM emissions will be insignificant (~0.75Kg/hr). The dust thus collected from the bag filter will be reused in the process. Since these emissions are non-buoyant type, deposition of controlled dust levels will occur within 50 to 100m from the sources (within the plant area) and hence the relative contribution to the overall background ambient air quality levels due to these emissions will be far below any measurable quantities.

Gypsum generated from the phosphoric acid plant is transported through a closed conveyer and stored at the Gypsum storage yard. Since the gypsum contains very high level of moisture to the tune of 15 to 20% w/w, the possibility of fugitive dust emissions due to handling of Gypsum is not envisaged. However the dried gypsum form the gypsum storage pond may be subjected to wind erosion that can lead to marginal increase of dust emissions. The management of Coromandel is ensuring that all the gypsum carrying trucks are covered with tarpaulins to avoid windborne dust emissions. The measured ambient air quality at the plant site during the study period and also the long term air quality of the plant records reconfirm that the ambient concentrations of particulate matter are well within the NAAQs. This aspect clearly indicates that the impacts due to handling of gypsum at the existing facility are less significant. However as per the specific condition of the TOR issued by MoEF & CC, Coromandel proposes to provide a suitably designed wind barrier system at the gypsum unloading area along with the southern and western side of the existing gypsum storage facility, as the annual windrose diagram indicates that the winds are predominantly blowing from South West to North-East direction.

5.3.2.2.Sulphur Dioxide Emission and its Control

SO2 Emissions from SAP plant and its control: Due to the capacity augmentation as per the existing consent norms, it is envisaged that about 365 Kg/day of additional SO2 emissions will be generated from the existing SAP 1 and SAP 2 together, which is 22% rise from the current SAP plant emissions. It has been proposed to upgrade the existing scrubbers in the respective SAP units to accommodate increased SO2 emissions and also gas volumes. The average concentration of the SO2 at the inlet of the SAP-1 and SAP-2 scrubbers will be in the

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order of 650 mg/Nm3 and 330 mg/Nm3 as against the scrubber outlet level of 350 mg/Nm3 and 150 mg/Nm3 respectively, thereby achieving more than 50% reduction across the scrubber system. The caustic consumption in the existing scrubbers will increase from current level of 700 Kg/day to 900 Kg/day during the post project scenario. Based on the revamps, the additional load of SO2 will be confined mostly to the plant area. Also as per the indicative data of AAQM’s, the levels are maintained within the NAAQS.

SO2 Emissions from Proposed Coal Fired Boiler: The additional steam requirement will be met by proposed coal fired boiler whereas the exiting LSHS boilers will be kept in standby mode. Published international data on the coal quality indicated that Sulfur content in the Indonesian coal was reported to be in the range of 0.1% to 0.7% w/w. It can be noted that the peak uncontrolled SO2 emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler will be in the order of 2370 Kg/day. It is proposed to add limestone in the FBC boiler along with coal to control the

SO2 emissions by about 50% absorption, to a level of 1188 Kg/day.

Proposed dry lime addition based coal fired boiler: Ground lime stone will be blended with coal in the ration of 2 to 3 Ca/S ratio to capture the sulfur dioxide emissions. In this lime stone blending process, Sulphur dioxide will be converted into calcium sulphite (CaSO3) and calcium sulphate (CaSO4), and the same along with the fly ash will be collected in the electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The ESP will be designed for a maximum gas flows and particulate matter emission load from the boiler.

The limestone preparation system grinds and dries raw limestone and pneumatically transports it to the limestone storage silo. The limestone grinding system consists of rod mills with accessories. The mills will be sized for grinding limestone at a maximum feed size of 1 inch to a product size of -200 mesh meeting the FBC boiler desired product distribution curve, with a residual moisture content of 1% maximum. Raw limestone from limestone conveyors feeds through a double flap valve into each impactor/dryer mill. The limestone discharges from the mill shell peripheral discharge openings through one of the trickle valve airlocks to an elevating belt conveyor. Most of the ground limestone goes to two vibrating screens where it is sized. The oversized material from the screens goes back to the mill. A portion of the ground limestone is carried to the dust collector. The major portion of the product comes from the undersize of the screens while a small fraction comes from the dust collector. These two product streams are collected and sent to the storage silo as product for feeding to the FBC boiler. The limestone preparation building is an enclosed structure with

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Limestone along with the coal will be fed to the FBC boiler for further combustion. The entire operation is controlled through a PLC system for achieving effective blending ratios as per the requirements of the desulfurization needs.

Figure 5-1 Typical Illustrtaion of FBC Boiler with Coal and limestone addition System

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Although the minimum stack height required for the proposed boiler as per the CPCB

guidelines will be in the order of 45 m (based on controlled SO2 emissions), Coromandel has proposed to install 56m height stack based on the recommendations of the design consultants to facilitate required draft.

Due to installation of proposed FBC boiler and keeping the existing two LSHS fired boilers

on stand-by mode, the SO2 emissions from steam generating units will be reduced from the current levels of about 3400 Kg/day to as low as 1188 Kg/day during the post project scenario.

Hence the overall SO2 emissions from the plant will be reduced from the current consented value of about 5000 Kg/day to 3150 Kg/day during the post project scenario.

The summary of the total SO2 emissions in the pre and post project scenario is presented in Table 5.1.

Table 5-1 Sulphur-di-Oxide Emissions Post Project S. No. Particulars Units Current Scenario Proposed 1. SAP 1 Kg/day 1400 1700 2. SAP 2 Kg/day 195 260 3. LSHS Boiler 1 Kg/day 1327 Standby 4. LSHS Boiler 2 Kg/day 2054 Standby 5. Coal Fired boiler Kg/day Nil 2377 (uncontrolled) 1188

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Post Project S. No. Particulars Units Current Scenario Proposed (@ 50% controlled due to addition of limestone) Total 4976 3148

5.3.2.3.Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions from proposed FBC Boiler

Combustion units generate nitrogen compounds (nitrogen oxides NOx) and of these

compounds the most important are nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

Generally NOx emissions consist of 95% NO and 5% of NO2. NO and NO2 emissions have

similar environmental effects because in the atmosphere most of the NO will oxidize to NO2 in a relatively short time. Important factors that affect formation of NOx emissions in

fluidized bed combustion are quality of fuel, furnace temperature and air factor. The NOX emissions are envisaged from coal fired boiler. As per the AP42 emission factors published by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), about 2.2 kg of uncontrolled

NOX emissions would be generated per T of coal fired in the FBC boiler when compared with that of 3.5 Kg/T of coal in pulverized coal fired boilers. Based on this information, it can be

estimated that about 4.38 g/s (15.7 Kg/hr) of NOX emissions would be released from the proposed coal fired FBC boiler when operated at full load.

5.3.2.4.Prediction of Ground Level Concentrations of Criteria Pollutants

Although the overall SO2 emissions from the facility will be reduced from the consented levels, an attempt was made to predict the likely impacts (predicted ground level concentrations) of Particulate matter, SO2 and NOx from the proposed SAP upgrades and new coal fired boiler. The inputs for the air quality dispersion modelling are summarized in Table 5.2. Prediction of impacts on air environment has been carried out by employing mathematical model based on a steady state Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model designed for multiple point sources for short term. In the present case, AERMOMD dispersion model, designed for multiple point sources for short term and developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] has been used for simulations from point sources. The model simulations deal with dispersion of three major pollutants viz., Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) and Particulate Matter (PM) emitted from the stacks.

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Coromandel has proposed to install a fluorine removal system in the proposed PAP plant.

The envisaged SiF4 emissions from the proposed PAP scrubber will be in the order of 0.3

Kg/hr. Since SiF4 is highly unstable compound and also being a dense gas, dispersion of SiF4 emissions from the PAP scrubber stack will be deposited within 10 to 50m from the scrubber stack. Hence the impacts on the neighboring environment will be insignificant. Therefore no

further air quality modeling was undertaken for the controlled SiF4 emissions.

Table 5-2 Air Quality Modelling Inputs Proposed Coal Fired Emission source Units SAP1 SAP2 Boiler Quantity of Coal utilised MTPD - - 168 Sulphur content in the Coal % - - 0.7 SO2 emissions as per Existing EC/Consent Kg/day 1400 195 -

1188 SO emissions - Post Project (Controlled by 50% 2 Kg/day 1700 260 Scenario absorption by addition of lime stone) Increment in SO2 emissions g/s 3.47 0.75 13.76 Increment in NOX emissions g/s - - 4.38 Increment in Particulate Matter g/s - - 0.93 emissions Stack Height m 63 50 56 Stack tip Diameter m 2.0 1.5 3.5 Flue gas temperature C 65 63 130 Existing Stack Flue Gas Quantity Nm3/hr 95000 25000 - Post Project Stack Flue Gas Nm3/hr 115357 33333 67200 Quantity Existing Stack Flue Gas velocity m/s 10.6 4.8 - Post Project Stack Flue Gas m/s 12.9 6.5 2.4 velocity

5.3.2.5.Prediction of Air Quality Impacts - Particulate Matter (PM)

The peak predicted 24 hrs GLC of particulate matter is in the order of 1.77 µg/m3 and such concentrations may occur at a distance of 100 m from the plant boundary. The concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly within 1km from the plant boundary and diminished to insignificant raise. The envisaged resulting concentrations during post project in the downwind settlements will be in the range of 62.45µg/m3 to 89.10µg/m3. Thus the envisaged pollutant concentrations are below the prescribed NAAQ standards which are presented in

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Table 5.3. The isopleths illustrating the dispersion phenomenon of particulate matter is shown in Figure 5.2.

Table 5-3 Estimated Resultant GLC’s of Particulate Matter Aerial Particulate Matter (PM) (µg/m3) Direction with Distance Average Code Station respective to Post project from Stack GLCs Baseline the plant site concentration (in km) concentration AAQ1 Mulagada West 0.71 0.45 62 62.45 AAQ2 Sriharipuram South 1 0.26 65 65.26 AAQ3 Gnanapuram Northeast 6.3 0.10 89 89.10 AAQ4 Plant site - - 1.33 63 64.33 AAQ5 Gajuwaka Southwest 4.2 0.02 82 82.02 AAQ6 Gantyada Southwest 3.3 0.15 71 71.15 AAQ7 Marripalem East 4.8 0.10 72 72.10 AAQ8 Malkapuram Southeast 2.4 0.08 66 66.08

5.3.2.6.Prediction of Air Quality Impacts – Sulfur Dioxide

The peak predicted 24 hrs GLC of sulphur dioxide will be in the order of 28.2 µg/m3 and such concentrations may occur within the plant boundary. The concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resulting concentrations during post project in the downwind villages will be in the range of 12.4 µg/m3 to 42.9 µg/m3. Thus the envisaged pollutant concentrations are below the prescribed NAAQ standards which are presented in Table 5.4. The isopleths illustrating the dispersion phenomenon of particulate matter is shown in Figure 5.3.

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Table 5-4 Estimated Resultant GLC’s Sulphur Dioxide Aerial Sulphur dioxide (SO ) (µg/m3) Direction with 2 Distance Average Code Station respective to the Post project from Stack GLCs Baseline plant site concentration (in km) concentration AAQ1 Mulagada West 0.71 8.0 10.7 18.7 AAQ2 Sriharipuram South 1 6.6 12.1 18.7 AAQ3 Gnanapuram Northeast 6.3 1.1 11.3 12.4 AAQ4 Plant site - - 28.2 14.7 42.9 AAQ5 Gajuwaka Southwest 4.2 0.43 12.4 12.83 AAQ6 Gantyada Southwest 3.3 2.9 12.1 15 AAQ7 Marripalem East 4.8 1.8 10.7 12.5 AAQ8 Malkapuram Southeast 2.4 1.7 12.2 13.9 5.3.2.7.Prediction of Air Quality Impacts – Oxides of Nitrogen

The peak predicted 24 hrs GLC of oxides of Nitrogen will be in the order of 8.3 µg/m3 and such concentrations may occur within the plant boundary. The concentrations were found to get diluted rapidly. The envisaged resulting concentrations during post project in the downwind villages will be in the range of 11.77µg/m3 to 19.11µg/m3. Thus the envisaged pollutant concentrations are below the prescribed NAAQ standards which are presented in Table 5.5. The isopleths illustrating the dispersion phenomenon of particulate matter is shown in Figure 5.4.

Table 5-5 Estimated Resultant GLC’s of Oxides of Nitrogen Aerial Oxides of Nitrogen (NO ) (µg/m3) Direction with X Distance Average Code Station respective to Post project from Stack GLCs Baseline the plant site concentration (in km) concentration AAQ1 Mulagada West 0.71 1.60 14.9 16.50 AAQ2 Sriharipuram South 1 0.83 17.1 17.93 AAQ3 Gnanapuram Northeast 6.3 0.44 22.9 23.34 AAQ4 Plant site - - 8.06 21.5 29.56 AAQ5 Gajuwaka Southwest 4.2 0.13 19.4 19.53 AAQ6 Gantyada Southwest 3.3 0.82 18.8 19.62 AAQ7 Marripalem East 4.8 0.44 17.6 18.04 AAQ8 Malkapuram Southeast 2.4 0.38 17.9 18.28

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Figure 5-2 Predicted 24-Hrs Avg. GLC’s of Particulate Matter within 10 km Radius of the Study Area

5 Km

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Figure 5-3 Predicted 24 hrs Avg. GLC’s of SO2 within 10 km radius of the Study area

5 Km

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Figure 5-4 Predicted 24-Hrs GLC’s Avg. of NOX within 10 km Radius of the Study Area

5 Km Radius

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5.3.2.8.Summary of the Air Quality Modeling Results

Based on the findings of the detailed air quality modeling exercise, it has been inferred that the resultant cumulative concentration at around 10 Kms radius distance from proposed project will comply with the NAAQ Standards. Since there are no ecologically sensitive locations present around the proposed Project site, environmental risks due to release of emissions from the proposed process units will be insignificant. The summary of the predicted GLC’s is predicted in Table 5.6.

Table 5-6 Summary of the predicted GLCs Envisaged Peak Peak Average Baseline Peak Predicted Parameter Resultant concentration concentration (µg/m3) GLCs (µg/m3) (µg/m3) PM10 89 1.72 90.72 SO2 14.7 28.2 42.9 NOX 22.9 8.06 30.96

5.3.3. Fugitive Emissions

Fugitive emissions are defined as irregular and nonpoint source emissions that would be generated either from process operations or bulk material handling facilities. In the proposed project, the fugitive emissions may be released due to handling of imported coal at the coal stock-yard. It has been proposed to store the coal in a covered sheds with ventilation system with dust collectors. In addition, water sprinklers will be installed in the coal yard to control the fugitive dust emissions. Thus the air quality impacts due to handling of coal at the facility will be insignificant.

Figure 5-5 Typical Design of Coal Storage Shed

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For illustration Purpose only

5.3.4. Vehicular Traffic and associated Impacts

The traffic involved in the fertilizer plant is mainly due the transportation of raw materials, products and gypsum. During the post project scenario criteria increase in truck traffic will increase due to receipt of coal and also disposal of fly ash and additional gypsum generated from the facility. The total number of transport trucks/vehicles associated after implementing the proposed project is about 896 per day as against the current traffic of 742 per day. The existing and proposed inventory details and the traffic are presented in Table 5.6. The existing connecting roads and internal roads in the plant are assessed based on the carrying capacity and presented in the Table 5.7 and it is found to be well within the service design traffic volume.

Table 5-7 Existing and Proposed Traffic Details Inventory Units Existing Proposed Total SA to be received by Truck TPD 1200 1700 Total SA to be received by Pipeline TPD Nil Nil Total SA Trucks @12T capacity per day 100 142 Total PA to be received by Truck TPD 300 Nil Total PA to be received by Pipeline TPD Nil Nil Total PA Trucks @12T capacity per day 25 Nil Total Gypsum disposal TPD 3500 5000 Total Gypsum trucks @12T capacity per day 292 417 Total Finished Product Transport TPD 3900 3900 Total Trucks @12T capacity per day 325 325

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Total Coal to be received TPD Nil 170 Total Trucks @20T capacity per day Nil 9 Fly Ash disposal TPD Nil 20 Total Tractors @5T capacity per day Nil 4 Total Vehicles per day 742 896 Table 5-8 Carrying capacity of the Connecting Road Particulars Existing Proposed Number of Trucks 742 892 PCU Conversion factor for trucks 3.1 3.1 Number of Tractors - 4 PCU Conversion factor for Tractors 1.55 1.55 Total Number of PCU’s 2300 2770 Design Volume of Four Lane Road as 2900 2900 per IRC 64:1990 Figure 5-6 Layout Showing the Existing Roads Used for Material Transport by the Existing Facility

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5.3.5. Noise Emissions and Compliance Status

The major noise emitting sources at the proposed project site are boiler fans and rock phosphate grinding unit. Boiler fans are maintained in a good condition and proper acoustics are provided to comply with the standards prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Enclosures will be provided to attenuate noise emissions from the source. A noise level reduction can be expected due to the enclosure provided for rock phosphate grinding unit. Considering the reduction of 10 dB (A) - 20 dB (A) the overall noise levels around the unit will be less than the permissible limit of 85 dB (A).

Table 5-9 Envisaged Equipment Noise Levels (Sound Pressure Levels) Outside the Room Parameter 1m from the Source dB(A) dB(A) Coal Fired Boiler fan 85 85 Rock Phosphate 95 75 Grinding Unit

According to the environmental regulations, industrial facilities should adopt sound noise abatement and control program to meet the following criteria. Sound pressure levels at the property boundary should be less than 75 dB (A) during daytime hours and 70 dB (A) during night time hours. Noise levels near the work-zone areas should comply with a maximum permissible level of 85 dB (A). As a part of this EIA study, a noise propagation modeling was undertaken to establish the abated noise levels at the facility boundary. Noise propagation from proposed coal fired boiler and gypsum grinding unit have been modeled based on the international outdoor noise propagation standards.

x ISO 9613-1:1996 Acoustics- attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors- Part 1: Calculation of the absorption of sound by the atmosphere x ISO 9613-2:1996 Acoustics- attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors- Part 2: General method of calculation

Noise propagation software model, Noise Sim Version 2.1 has been used for estimating the sound pressure levels due to cumulative dispersion of noise emissions from the designated sources.

Predicted sound pressure levels in around the proposed plant due to operation of the facility are presented in Figure 5.1. It can be inferred from the modeled data that the increment in sound pressure levels at the facility boundary will be below 40 dB (A), which is well within

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the stipulated threshold noise level of 75 dB (A) for industrial areas. Noise levels outside the facility boundary will be further attenuated due to the proposed green belt all along the plant boundary. Based on this noise modelling analysis, it has been concluded that the additional noise emissions from the proposed project is insignificant and well within the standards prescribed by the CPCB.

Figure 5-7 Predicted Noise Levels

5.3.6. Fresh Water Demand

The consumption of fresh water in the fertilizer plant is in sulphuric acid plant, phosphoric acid plant, complex fertilizer unit, and other utility areas including domestic purpose. Total water consumption in the existing facility was reported to be 8,700 m3/day as against the permitted water allocation quantity of 9092 m3/day. Fresh water required for the facility is being sourced from Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC). The total fresh water demand during the post project scenario will be increased to a peak level of 12,400 m3/day. Coromandel has approached GVMC for additional water allocation to the tune of 3300 m3/day and copy of the request letter is presented in Annexure 27. As indicated in the previous sections, Coromandel has already adopted best management and engineering practices such as recycling of treated wastewater and adopting once sea water through cooling system etc to achieve specific water consumption of 3 m3/MT of product against the industry benchmark level of 4 m3/MT.

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Two separate scenarios were studied for depicting the peak fresh water consumption and also peak wastewater generation. Peak fresh water consumption is envisaged when the facility is operated at full capacity and when all process units (SAP, PAP and granulation units). Under such scenario, fresh water demand will increase from the current level of 8,700 m3/day to 12,000 m3/day. Peak wastewater generation is envisaged when the individual process units are operated at partial loads. This is primarily due to limited opportunities to recycle the treated wastewater in the main plant operations during partial load conditions. Water balance in facility for the existing facility for the normal operations and partial load operations are presented in Table 5.10, whereas Table 5.11 represents the water balance for the post project scenarios. Summary of the water balance for pre and post project scenario is presented in Table 5.12.

It can be inferred from the water balance data that the peak treated wastewater discharge into the industrial drain will be maintained within the existing scenario of 1800 m3/day as against the permitted levels of 7,890 m3/day. Since there will not be any increase in treated wastewater discharge into the industrial drain will remain unchanged from the existing scenario, the overall environmental impacts due to proposed project will be insignificant.

Table 5-10 Detailed Water Balance - Existing Facility (m3/day) Municipal Raw Recycled water Lost through Waste water Treated wastewater Process unit water make-up use Product, gypsum generated for final disposal to or evaporation etc. industrial drain Partial Partial Partial Partial Partial Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal load load load load load PAP –process and 3849 1000 600 4281 312 1120 scrubbers PAP –Cooling 840 324 564 600 396 SAP – process 412 412 432 432 100 100 1528 and scrubbers SAP- cooling 1920 1920 1612 1612 308 308 Complex Plant 350 350 470 470 Process & Scrubbers Boiler make-up 600 576 144 144 72 72 and DM plant etc Floor wash and equipment wash Dust suppression 72 72 72 72 in the raw material handling areas Fire fighting, 50 50 50 50 leaks etc. Domestic 250 250 200 200 50 50 Gardening 400 400 50 50 450 450 Total 8671 4958 1046 122 8275 3430 1442 1650 396 1528

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Table 5-11 Detailed Water Balance – Post Project Scenario (m3/day) Lost through Treated wastewater Municipal Raw Recycled water Waste water Process unit Product, gypsum for final disposal to water make-up use generated or evaporation etc. industrial drain Partial Partial Partial Partial Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Partial load load load load load PAP –process 5285 2751 857 257 5713 1954 446 1246 and scrubbers PAP –Cooling 1956 1956 931 756 1487 1912 1400 800 SAP – process 505 505 577 577 120 120 558 1533 and scrubbers SAP- cooling 2373 2373 1993 1993 380 380 Complex Plant 350 350 470 470 Process & Scrubbers Boiler make-up 744 816 240 240 175 72 and DM plant etc Floor wash and equipment wash Dust suppression 175 72 175 72 in the raw material handling areas Fire fighting, 50 50 50 50 leaks etc. Domestic 250 250 50 50 200 200 Gardening 400 400 200 200 600 600 Total 11913 9451 2163 1285 11355 7918 2721 2818 558 1533 Table 5-12 Summary of Water Balance (m3/day) Existing Post Project Particulars Normal Abnormal Normal Abnormal Fresh water 8671 4958 11913 9451 Waste water generated 1392 1600 2521 2618 Waste water recycled without 672 72 1532 829 treatment Waste water sent to ETP 720 1528 989 1789 Waste water recycle to process 324 0 431 256 after treatment in ETP Waste water discharged after 396 1528 558 1533 treatment in ETP

5.3.7. Effluent Treatment Plant and Impacts from Disposal of Treated wastewater

The fertilizer complex is having a full-fledged Effluent Treatment Plant of capacity 75 m3/hr (1800 m3/day) comprising neutralization system, equalization tank, clariflocculators, reactors, buffer tank and filter press. The total effluent generation during the post up-gradation project scenario will be reduced due to adoption of clean process technologies. Hence the existing ETP will be adequate to meet the future needs. Inline with the existing permitted practices, small quantities of treated wastewater after complying with discharge standards will be discharged into the industrial drain. The facility is consented to discharge about 7890 m3/day

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of treated wastewater into the industrial drain, whereas the facility will be limiting the discharge into drain to less 1800 m3/day during the post project scenario. Since the existing industrial drain of saline water source, which is intended for various industrial discharges in the region, the possibility of impacts on the marine environment due to disposal of treated wastewater will be less significant. Currently Domestic Effluent is disposed through Septic Tank & Soak Pit arrangement. To avoid the current disposal practice of the sewage generated from the unit, it will be treated in a dedicated sewage treatment plant which is under construction. The treated water will be used for green belt and gardening purposes.

The sea water requirement for the cooling purpose in sulphuric acid plant, phosphoric acid plant and turbo generator is once through type. The current total sea water requirement is about 63,000m3/day. The additional cooling water required for the proposed up-gradation is about 21,600 m3/day, which will be sourced from the existing sea water intake channel at the plant site. The sea water requirement in the individual units for cooling application for the post project scenario is presented in Table 5.13. The discharge temperature of the return sea water from the plant into the industrial drain will be maintained less than 3 Degree C from the background sea water temperature, which is below the stipulated levels of 5 Degree C. Since no hazardous and toxic chemicals will be added to the sea water cooling system, impacts on the marine eco-system are not envisaged.

Table 5-13 Once Through Cooling Water (Sea water) Requirement Cooling Water consumption (m3/day) S.No. Area Current Scenario Post Project Scenario 1. Sulphuric Acid Plant 15600 25200 2. Phosporic Acid Plant 10800 21600 3. Turbo Generator 33600 33600 4. Losses 3000 4200 Total 63000 84600 5.3.8. Impact on the Land Environment

The possible environmental impacts on the soil and ground water from the proposed operations will be due to handling and storage of coal, fly ash generated from the proposed coal fired boiler and additional gypsum generation from the facility.

5.3.9. Impacts due to Handling and Storage of Coal

Coal will be stored in an isolated fully covered shed. A garland storm water drain will be constructed for the coal storage area. The water runoff collected from the coal yard (due to

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sprinkling of water for dust suppression) will be collected in a central collection basin and will be recycled for dust suppression applications.

5.3.10. Impacts due to Handling and Disposal of Fly ash

Based on the envisaged coal consumption of 168 TPD with 12% ash content, in the proposed coal fired boiler, the ash generated will be in the order of 20 TPD. Additional 5 MT of ash will be generated due to utilization of lime stone for SO2 capture in the combustion chamber. Hence the total ash generation from the proposed boiler will be in the order of 25 TPD. It is proposed to adopt dry fly ash handling facility by installing pneumatic conveying system with fly ash silos. The entire ESP area and ash handling area will be paved with concrete and the fly ash spills, if any will be collected through vacuum cleaning methods. The ash handling will be isolated from the storm water drains to avoid any contamination of storm- water runoff. A garland storm water drain will be constructed for the entire fly ash storage areas. Hence the possibility of environmental impacts due to contamination of soil and ground water due to handling of ash is not envisaged.

Figure 5-8 Typical illustration of Covered Storage Yard

Figure 5-9 Typical View of Proposed Drainage System for Covered Coal Yard

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5.3.11. Impacts due to handling and storage of Gypsum

Rock phosphate contains 48 to 50% CaO. CaO in the rock phosphate reacts with Sulphuric acid to produce phospho gypsum ( CaSO4.2H2O) and phosphoric acid. For every one ton of

P2O5 production, five tons of gypsum will be produced. It is estimated that about 5000 TPD of Gypsum will be generated the facility during the post project. Similar to the existing facility, the gypsum will be disposed to cement plants. The facility has signed expression of interest with various cement manufacture to dispose about 5000 TPD of gypsum. Copies of the expression of interest are presented in Annexure 13. In order to store the unutilized (disposed) gypsum during the lean cement manufacturing period, about five acres of land will be developed in addition to the existing five acres lined gypsum pad. Layout map showing the existing and proposed gypsum storage facilities is presented in Figure 5.10.

The proposed storage yard will be constructed as per the CPB guidelines. A single composite liner comprising of a HDPE geo-membrane minimum thickness of 1.5 mm over a compacted clay or compacted amended soil layer of thickness 60 cm or mixture of native soil with bentonite and having a coefficient of permeability of 1x10E-7 cm per second (1x10E-9 m/sec) or less. Further, a layer of mechanically compacted phosphogypsum at least 30 cm thick, placed above the drainage, with a maximum coefficient of permeability of 1×10E-4 cm per second (1x10E-6 m/sec) serving as the second part of the required composite liner system.

The ground water quality of the study area indicated that the possible impact due to storage of gypsum on the regional ground water scenario is insignificant. pH being the most critical parameters to assess the impacts due to any leaching of residues from the gypsum pond, the pH levels in all the bore well water samples in the nearby areas was found to be near neutral and comparable with values that of the 10Km radius.

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Figure 5-10 Plant Layout Showing the Existing and Proposed Lined Gypsum Storage Areas and Drainage Collection Systems

5.3.12. Impacts on Ecological and Biological Environment

A detailed ecological study was undertaken by NABET accredited functional area expert and the ecological and biological scenario at the existing facility and in the study area was mapped to assess any impacts of the existing operations and also possible impacts due to expansion operations.

Based on the long term ambient air quality data in the region it was observed that the SO2, NOx, Ammonia in the vicinity of the plant were found to be in the order of 11 to 21 µg/m3, 17 to 28 µg/m3 and 50 to 100 µg/m3 respectively, which are complying with the NAAQs. As per the USEPA, noticeable impacts on sensitive flora can be reported only at elevated 3 3 10 concentrations of NOx greater than 2000 Pg/m and 500 Pg/m of SO2 (USEPA) . The predicted ground level concentrations for the post project scenario indicated that the overall concentration of the concerned pollutants will be well within the NAAQs. Therefore the

10 USEPA, 2008 Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Oxides of Nitrogen Health Criteria

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overall impacts on the ecological and biological environment due to release of additional SO2 and NOx emissions from the facility will be insignificant.

Inline with the existing operations, the once through cooling water (sea water) from the plant will be discharged at less than 3 Degree C from the background levels as against the stipulated level of 5 Degree C. Literature survey revealed that studies of the impact the discharge of post-cooling waters has on zooplankton taxonomic diversity, spatial distribution, abundance, biomass, and production have been conducted for many years (Patalas 1970, Hillbricht-Ilkowska and Zdanowski 1978, Tunowski 1988). Experiments conducted by Goss and Bunting (2003) revealed that zooplankton can tolerate temperature increase up to 10º C from the ambient without altering swimming capability.

The man-made common industrial drain is primarily developed for industrial discharges during 1960s. Hence the possibility of marine eco-system such as fish breeding grounds and other sensitive areas will be absent. No evidence of such ecologically sensitive zones was observed all along the industrial drain.

The existing facility has developed greenbelt and plantation in an area of 145 Acres. The ecological studies indicated that the Shannon Index (Woody flora) was reported to be in the order of 3.2 on the scale of 5, which represents a good biodiversity. Hence the overall impacts due to various environmental management initiatives adopted by Coromandel have resulted in positive impacts on the biodiversity in the area.

5.3.13. Socioeconomic Impact

The proposed project will be developed within the existing facility. Hence no additional land will be acquired under this project. Displacement of people or public facilities such as roads is not envisaged. Being an existing facility, no natural streams are passing through the facility and the existing storm water drains in the plant will not be altered or disturbed. However additional storm water drains will be constructed all along the proposed boiler house area and PAP area. Any development activity will have certain level of induced growth in the region. In the case of the current project, the upgrades are a minor component of the existing facility and will not enhance the production capacity of the main plants. The neighborhood of the existing facility is a fully developed and rapidly growing urban area due to industrial activities in the region and also new initiatives by the Greater Visakhapatnam Municipal

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Corporation. Hence the possible changes in the socioeconomic pattern due to proposed project will be less significant when compared with rapid urbanization.

The summary of the socio-economic impacts of the existing and proposed project are presented hereunder:

x The proposed project will not be having any significant direct impact on the demographic structure of the people as the project does not displace any human settlement.

x Air Quality Modeling shows that the resultant post project ground level concentrations (including the baseline levels) will be within the NAAQs and hence the possible health impacts due to exposure to air pollution from the facility will be less significant. The 3 predicted peak post project concentrations of SO2 will not be more than 50µg/m.

Hence the possibility of release of additional SO2 emissions from the plant will not have any significant impacts on the health of the neighbouring community. The predicted peak post project concentrations of NOx will not be more than 31µg/m3. Hence the possibility of release of additional NOx emissions from the proposed operations will not have any significant impacts on the health of the neighbouring community

x The project generates additional employment opportunities both during construction work and during the operation stages.

5.4. Summary of the Environmental Impacts and Impact Matrix Based on the detailed environmental impact evaluation, it is concluded that by adopting various environmental risk mitigation measures and by meeting the applicable environmental regulations and standards, the overall impacts on the valued eco-system will be reversible and less significant. Summary of environmental impact matrix is presented in Table 5.14.

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Table 5-14 Summary Environmental Impact Matrix Geographic Magnitude of Receptors of Type of Impact EMP Extent of impact Impact Aspects the impact (+ve or –ve Reversible adopted by (Plant site/Local/ (Insignificant/Low zone +ve or –ve Irreversible) the facility Regional) /Medium) Within 1km Plant and its Air Quality radius of the immediate (-ve), Reversible impacts Low Yes Impacts projects. vicinity Existing Surface water Not Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable EMP is bodies applicable adequate Existing Not Ground water Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable EMP is applicable adequate Fully Land use Not Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable developed change applicable area Ecological Within 1km Plant and its and radius of the immediate (-ve), Reversible impacts Low Yes biological projects. vicinity Socio- Local and Fully economic migratory Regional (+ve) High developed aspects people area

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6. Analysis of Alternatives

6.1. Introduction Alternatives analysis was undertaken during the screening and pre-feasibility of the study phase of the project. The possible outcome of various alternatives such as “no project scenario”, alternative technologies and alternative sites etc were discussed in this subsection of this report.

6.2. No Project Scenario As per the Annual report 2014-15, published by Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF)11, the overall demand for the NPK fertilizers was increased by 50% over the Kharif 2013. Out of the total NPK demand of 49.6 Lakh MT, 36.81 Lakh MT is met through indigenous production in India and the balance quantities were imported. This aspect clearly indicates that there is a need to enhance the NPK fertilizer production in the country. “No project scenario” of the project will not yield any economic benefit to the region and also exchequer to the state due to reduced production operations on the account of availability of adequate phosphoric acid for the plant to operate at full loads. The demand for NPK fertilizers in India is constantly growing due to increase in demand for food grains, cereal and other products.

6.3. Alternative Sites Since the proposed SAP upgrades and new PAP unit will help to optimally utilize the granulation plants, the proposed upgrades shall be undertaken within the existing facility. Constructing such facility at an alternative site will lead to loss of energy and also need for additional land. Since the existing facility is already located in the industrial area, alternatives sites are not a sustainable option for the project.

6.4. Alternative Technologies Similar to the existing operations, the proposed phosphoric acid plant will be designed and operated based on dry gypsum generation process. This will help to avoid any generation of leachate form the gypsum handling and storage facilities and this will enhance the opportunities for recycling of gypsum in cement manufacturing facilities. It has been proposed to adopt FBC boiler technology which is an environmental friendly boiler that will

11 http://fert.nic.in/sites/default/files/Annual_Report_2014-2015_English.pdf Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 221

minimize the release of SO2 & NOx emissions by about two folds when compared with that of conventional pulverized boilers. An innovative dry lime stone addition process will be adopted in the boiler to control SO2 emissions. Hence, the proposed process technologies under the upgrade scheme are more environmental friendly operations.

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7. Environmental Monitoring Program

7.1. Preamble The purpose of environmental monitoring is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) by periodically monitoring the important environmental parameters within the impact area, so that any adverse effects are detected and timely action can be taken.

Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge of baseline conditions, the monitoring program will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the project, to enable taking up suitable mitigation steps in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can be determined only by efficient monitoring.

7.2. Objective of Environmental Monitoring The basic objective of Environment Monitoring Program is:

x To ensure implementation of mitigation measures during project implementation x To provide feedback to the decision makers about the effectiveness of their actions x To determine the project’s actual environmental impacts so that modifications can be made to mitigate the impacts x To identify the need for enforcement action before irreversible environmental damage occurs x To provide scientific information about the response of an ecosystem to a given set of human activities and mitigation measures

7.3. Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure Monitoring shall ensure that commitments are being met. This may take the form of direct measurement and recording quantitative information, such as concentrations of discharge, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.

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7.4. Environmental Monitoring Program Being a well established facility, the existing facility has implemented a robust environmental monitoring program and the same will be implemented after the proposed expansion project. Summary of the existing and proposed environmental monitoring programs are presented in Table 7.1.

Table 7-1 Environmental Monitoring Program Additional monitoring program S.No Aspect Existing monitoring program suggested 1 Environmental The existing facility is accredited for ISO The existing systems will be management 14001 environmental management systems continued. Recommendations of systems and OSHA 18001 occupational health and risk assessment studies for the safety systems. Periodical reviews by the proposed coal fired boiler, coal Environment and safety committees and the storage area and proposed PAP plant head is being undertaken for continual unit will be included in the improvement. existing environmental manuals. 2 Online emission Online emission monitoring systems for Online emission monitoring monitoring measuring SO2 are installed in SAP 1 SAP 2 system for the proposed coal fired systems stacks and PAP. boiler stack will be installed as per CPCB guide lines Online emission monitoring systems were installed on existing tail gas scrubbers of the main plant. Ammonia, Particulate matter and fluorine are being monitored. 3 Emission Emission tests are being undertaken by Similar practices will be monitoring by MoEF/NABL accredited laboratory on undertaken during the post project external laboratory monthly basis on the granulation plants, scenario in consultation with PAP, SAP and boiler stacks. APPCB. 4 Continuous Three continuous ambient air quality The existing systems will be Ambient air monitoring stations were installed as per the continued. quality monitoring CPCB guidelines and relevant parameters such as PM10, SO2, NOx, NH4, Fluoride, CO are being monitored on continuous basis. 5 Ambient air Ambient air quality is monitored at three Similar practices will be quality monitoring locations outside the facility by an MoEF & undertaken during the post project by external lab CC/NABL accredited testing agency as per scenario in consultation with the CPCB guidelines. Monitoring is APPCB. undertaken twice a week and the monthly reports are submitted to APPCB. 6 Treated Online wastewater flow meters are installed The existing systems will be wastewater on the following areas: inlet to the ETP, continued. quantity treated wastewater recycled in the plant and monitoring treated unutilized excess wastewater discharged into industrial drain. 7 Continuous On line pH indicator is installed to the final As per the specific ToR by MoEF, monitoring of discharge channel connected to drain. Also online wastewater quality treated wastewater pH indications are available at ETP inlet and monitoring systems for Fluoride quality outlet. and Phosphates will be installed and corrected to CPCB and APPCB website.

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Additional monitoring program S.No Aspect Existing monitoring program suggested 8 Treated Treated wastewater quality samples are Existing practices will be wastewater quality analysed by Coromandel in house laboratory continued. monitoring by on daily basis. external lab An MoEF/NABL accredited lab is also undertaking sampling and analysis of treated wastewater on monthly basis for the parameters such as pH, TSS, BOD, COD, Nitrates, Total Ammonia, Phosphates. 9 Sea water –return Online pH and temperature sensor are Existing practices will be cooling water installed on the return cooling water continued. discharge into the industrial drain and the same is being monitored 10 Ground water Three Piezometric wells were installed at the Additional 5 Piezometric wells quality monitoring gypsum storage yard and parameters such as will be installed near the gypsum Ph and heavy metals are being monitored by yard as per the specific TOR MoEF / NABL accredited laboratory on issued by MoEF for the project. monthly basis 11 Noise recording Noise levels at work zones are being Existing practices will be monitored on monthly basis as a part of the continued. occupational health surveillance program by Coromandel in-house team. 12 Solid waste Hazardous wastes such as used oil, LSHS Similar practices will be generation and sludge, spent catalyst are being recorded as undertaken during the post project disposal per the Hazardous Waste Authorization scenario in consultation with issued by APPCB. Records of the gypsum APPCB. generated and disposed to cement plants are also maintained at the site.

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8. Additional Studies

This chapter describes the Public Hearing aspects, safety management systems, disaster management plan and Occupational Health.

8.1. Public Hearing Aspects

8.1.1. Public Hearing Event

This subjection of the EIA report presents the details of the public hearing, summary of the clarifications sought by the public on the proposed project and wherever required, additional the management plans proposed by Coromandel International Limited.

As per the EIA Notification, the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board (APPCB) gave the Notification regarding public hearing, 30 days in advance. The advertisement to this effect was published in local newspaper Eenadu and The New Indian Express on 07-11-2016 (Figure 8.1) Suggestions/ views/ comments and objections of the public were invited from the date of the notification by Regional Officer, Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Visakhapatnam. All persons including bonafide residents, Environmental Groups and others residing in the study area were requested to participate in the public hearing and to make oral/written suggestions to Environmental Engineer, Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, Visakhapatnam. The copies of the Executive Summary were also made available at all public offices as listed in the EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendments. Public hearing for the proposed project was conducted on 08-12-2016 at 11AM at Coromandel Recreation Centre Ground located adjacent to the existing Coromandel International Limited plant, Sriharipuram. Public hearing meeting was chaired by Sri. Sri Pravin Kumar, IAS, District Collector, Visakhapatnam. The meeting was conducted by Sri R. Lakshminarayana, Environmental Engineer, Regional Office, APPCB, Visakhapatnam. The District Collector welcomed the gathering and requested the public to give their opinion, one by one after the presentation by the project proponent. Mr. A. Ramachandra Rao, Senior Vice-President, Coromandel International Limited, explained overview of Coromandel operations and need for the project. He informed that,

i. After independence, the country has faced severe food grains production and in order to overcome the shortage Government of India has initiated “Green Revolution” to increase the production of food grains thus making the country self-sufficient. ii. As a part of the green revolution the setting up of chemical fertilizer plants in

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different parts of the country was initiated and Visakhapatnam was rightly chosen to locate such plant by obtaining the supplies of Naphtha from adjacent petroleum refinery. iii. The existing plant started production of chemical fertilizers in the year 1967 and catering the needs of the farmers since 50 years iv. Coromandel International Limited continued to supply more than 70% of the fertilizer needs of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana States v. The 28:28:0 complex fertilizers produced in this plant is a unique product not produced anywhere in the world vi. The brand name “GROMOR” is giving higher yield per acre and won the hearts of the farmers vii. The industry has established call centre on 24 hrs basis to advice farmers on the proper application of the fertilizers viii. Coromandel International, Visakhapatnam unit is the first industrial unit in India to implement PSMS( Process Safety Management System) ix. In the manufacturing of complex fertilizer, phosphoric acid is the primary raw material. At present, the industry is producing 700 MTPD of phosphoric acid and additional quantity of 300 MTPD is being imported from other countries. In the expansion project, the industry has proposed to produce the raw material indigenously by enhancing the existing production capacity of Phosphoric acid from 700 MTPD to 1000 MTPD adopting latest technology thereby avoiding the imports.

Mr.K.V Rao, Senior General Manager- Project, Coromandel International, informed that due to non- availability of required quantity of phosphoric acid, the existing complex fertilizer plant is being operated at lower capacity than the consented capacity of 3900 MTPD of complex fertilizer and he explained the salient features of the projects.

The EIA consultant, Mr. V.S. Bhaskar, Sr. General Manager, M/s. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services supported by the EIA Coordinator has explained the outcome of the EIA study and the environmental management plan.

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written representations were received by APPCB out of which 85 nos are welcoming the expansion and 7 nos are against the proposal.

The EIA report has been updated based on the public suggestions, by incorporating comments of public and replies on the same. The Public hearing proceedings are given in Annexure 29. The Public Hearing Notification and Photographs are given in Figures 8.1 and 8.2.

Figure 7-1 Public Notice

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District Collector and Executive Engineer, District Collector Addressing the Forum APPCB Addressing the PH

View of the People Attended the Public Hearing

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Senior Vice President- Projects, Senior General Manager- Projects, Coromandel Internation Ltd explained the Coromandel Internation Ltd explained overview of Coromandel Operations to the the overview of the project to the public public

EIA Consultant explained the outcome of the People Expressed Views during the Public EIA study Hearing Session

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People Expressed Views during the Public Hearing Session

8.1.2. Overview of the Public Hearing Aspects

People from various sectors such as working group, workers, farmers, senior citizens, doctors, representatives of the political parties, representatives of local bodies, non-working women, representatives of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs), environmental professionals, Technical Experts and other people in the area and region have attended the public hearing.

The oral representations from the public hearing attendees have sought clarifications from the district administration on the measures to combat the increasing pollution in the area and also health related issues in the Visakhapatnam region with a specific reference to the industrial pockets of the region. It was also expressed that stringent pollution norms shall be imposed

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The participants and the local people of the public hearing have sought clarifications on the following aspects: (1) environmental protection measures proposed to be adopted, the possible impacts on the neighbouring areas (2) employment to the local people, (3) Benefits to the local people through corporate social responsibility programs.

8.1.2.1.Environmental Protection Measures Proposed to be Adopted and the Possible Impacts on the Neighbouring Areas

Some of the people have expressed their apprehension that the pollution levels in the Visakhapatnam region are steadily increasing due to rapid urbanization and also industrialization. A detailed discussion on the baseline air, ground water and soil quality scenario in the study area was discussed in section 4 of this EIA report. According to the MoEF circular Dated the 17th September, 2013 MoEF&CC has lifted the moratorium on setting of the projects in the Visakhapatnam area due to the observations that the overall CEPI index was reduced below 80 when compared with that of the status in CEPI index in 2011. Based on the MoEF&CC circular dated April 26th 2016, the CEPI index for Visakhapatnam area was reported to be about 70, which was further lower than that of the 2013 scenario. It can be inferred from this information that CPCB and APPCB have been taking up various measures to curtail the increase of pollution levels in the region. The exiting Coromandel facility at Sriharipuram is involved the manufacture of complex fertilizers. The criteria pollutants of interest are dust emissions from rock phosphate handling area, SO2 and NOx emissions from burning of LSHS oil in the boiler and Ammonia emission from main plant tail gas scrubber. Based on the long term stack emission data and also the APPCB emission test reports confirmed that these emissions far below the stipulated emission standards. It can be inferred from the long term air quality data (continuous air quality monitoring data at the plant site), the one season measurements during the EIA study period (April – July 2016) and also the regional air quality monitoring data of APPCB and CPCB confirms that

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the background air quality parameter such as PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx were found within the NAAQS standards. The long term air quality trends for summer, winter season data at the plant site was presented in Table 8.1. It can be inferred from this information that the overall air quality levels in the area well within the NAAQs.

Table 8.1 Background Pollutant Concentrations (µg/m3) at the Coromandel Plant Area Winter Season (2015-16) Summer Season (2016) CPCB Data for Long term plant data Long term plant data Visakhapatnam NAAQs Parameter 12 (Dec, Jan, Feb) (March, April, May) industrial area (ref) Max Avg Min Max Avg Min Y 2016 Standard PM10 79 70.2 61 76 60.32 44 85.6 100 PM2.5 47 39.7 32 46 31.63 21 42.5 60 SO2 26.7 20.3 15.7 28.7 19.6 7.8 21.6 80 NOx 32.4 26.7 24.4 32.7 22.97 12.3 32.1 80 Ozone ------40.2 180 NH3 30 9 6 14 9 6 12.9 400

Due to utilization of the high calorific, low Sulfur and low ash content coals, the overall SO2 emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler will be almost 1.5 times lower than that of the boilers fired with any other solid fuels having lower calorific value and high sulphur. In addition to the existing pollution control systems and environmental management program of the existing facility, the management of Coromandel has proposed to invest additionally about Rs.2642 Lakhs towards various pollution control and environmental management programs under the proposed project. Based on the findings of the detailed air quality modelling exercise and the summary of predicted GLCs due to the Proposed Project (Table 5.6, Chapter 5), it has been inferred that the resultant cumulative concentration at around 10 Kms radius distance from proposed project will comply with the NAAQ Standards.

According to a 30 years cohort group and epidemiological studies undertaken by USEPA13

confirmed that there is no definite relationship between SO2 at ambient concentration levels (less than 500 ppb. USEPA also states that some evidence regarding respiratory symptoms and/or respiratory allergies among children provided limited support for a possible

relationship between long-term SO2 exposure and the development of asthma. USEPA further

12 http://www.cpcb.gov.in/CAAQM/frmUserAvgReportCriteria.aspx 13 U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). (2008b). Integrated science assessment for sulfur oxides: Health criteria [EPA Report]. (EPA/600/R-08/047F). Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 233

states that there is more uncertainty regarding relationships between SO2 exposure and health effects outside of the respiratory system. SO2 itself is unlikely to enter the bloodstream.

According to a 30 years cohort group and epidemiological studies undertaken by USEPA14,

NOx concentration generally correlates with concentrations of other traffic-related pollutants in urban areas. With respect to exposure, these observations make it hard to distinguish NOx from other pollutants when considering the health impacts potentially attributable to each.

Associations between NOx and asthma development are independent of factors such as socioeconomic status and exposure to smoking. There is more uncertainty about relationships of NOx exposure with health effects outside of the respiratory system. NOx itself is unlikely to enter the bloodstream, and reactions caused by ambient-relevant concentrations of NOx in the airways do not clearly affect concentrations of reaction products, such as nitrite, in the blood. No specific NOx averaging time, duration, or age of exposure is more strongly associated with asthma attacks or asthma development. It is not clear whether there is an exposure concentration below which effects do not occur.

Another long term USEPA15 studies confirmed that respiratory symptoms (including cough, wheezing, and other asthma-related symptoms) were reported in two cross-sectional studies of industrial worker populations exposed to ammonia at levels greater than or equal to approximately 18 mg/m3, whereas the long term exposure to ambient ammonia levels less than 400 µg/m3 could not show any strong correlation between asthma incidents and population exposed to such concentrations.

Based on the above on the above discussions, it can be inferred that the possible health impacts due to release of controlled and residual emissions of particulate matter, SO2 and NOx from the existing facility and proposed project of Coromandel International Limited, Sriharipuram plant will be insignificant.

8.1.2.2.Employment to Local People

Employment and livelihood are the primary concerns of any society. The government of Andhra Pradesh is actively sustainable industrial development in the state with a specific

14 United States Environment Protection Agency, Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen – Health Criteria, EPA/600/R-15/068, January 2016 15 Toxicological Review of Ammonia Noncancer Inhalation [CASRN 7664-41-7], EPA/635/R-16/163Fa, Integrated Risk Information System National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 234

EIA Study for Proposed Enhancement of Phosphoric Acid Production from 700 Project No:PJ-ENVIR- MTPD to 1000 MTPD P2O5 and Other th 2016425-764, 18 January Auxiliary Facilities within the Existing 2017 Chapter 8: Additional Fertilizer Complex of Coromandel (A Murugappa Group Company) Studies International Limited, Visakhapatnam reference to Visakhapatnam district due to availability of port facilities and effective road and rail network that can connect the remaining parts of the Country. The existing facility has been proving direct and indirect employment since the inception of plant in 1967. The facility is providing direct employment to approximately 1500 people and indirect employment to many more people through direct vendors and contractor jobs who are residing within 5km from plant. Preference has been given to the local people in all possible ways especially for unskilled and semi-skilled areas. All the vendors and contractors are encouraged to employ local people in unskilled and semi-skilled areas. Since chemical process industries would require highly qualified and experienced resources to effectively and safely operate the plant and hence preference will be given to the qualified and experienced local people for engineering and plant operational aspects. Coromandel is providing opportunities to young engineering graduates for undergoing plant level training as a part of the apprentice program.

8.1.2.3.Benefits to the Local People through Corporate Social Responsibility Programs

The management of Coromandel has been adopting various CSR activities and spent about Rs. 313 Lakhs over a period of last 6 years on various community development and disaster relief programs. Based on the detailed socio-economic assessment study in the study area (based on 2011 census), it was observed that more than 94% of the people are falling under main, marginal and other worker categories when compared with the state level of 37%. This aspect indicates that most of the people in the study area (within 5Km radius) are having employment opportunities within the region. The people falling under Below Poverty Line (BPL) are below 6.5% as against the state level of 21% as per 2011 Census. Due to various industrial activities, defence installations, port activities and increased urbanization in the region, the opportunities for the livelihood has enhanced several folds.

Based on a preliminary socioeconomic study, a need based CSR plan was developed and presented in section 10 of this EIA report. About Rs. 100 Lakhs is budgeted towards CSR programs for next 5 to 10 years. The following programs will be included in the CSR program based on the requests from the local people during the public hearing session:

1. Providing financial assistance to the Govt. hospital located in the Sriharipuram. 2. Extending healthcare facilities to surrounding population at the existing Coromandel Health Centre located at Sriharipuram. More than 20,000 people are already availing the services of the Coromandel Health Centre.

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3. Promoting the educational facilities to children in the local areas 4. Installing RO plants to cater to the smaller and isolated communities within the 5Km radius of the plant. 5. Actively participating in SWATCH Bharat programs conducted by district administration in the neighbouring areas, 6. Actively participating in the state afforestation and tree plantation program The District Collector, Visakhapatnam directed Coromandel to submit point wise clarification to the issues raised by the public during the meeting. Coromandel International submitted the consolidated response on resolution of the points raised by all speakers during public hearing and the considered response vide letter no. Proj/ PAPEXP/12-16-1 dated; 9th December 2016 and copy of the letter is enclosed as Annexure 29A and the consolidated response is given in Table 8.2. The point wise clarification raised by the public is enclosed in Annexure 29B.

Table 8.2 Coromandel’s Consolidated Response on the Points raised by all speakers during Public Hearing S.No. Main Points Raised Industry’s Response 1 Employment is not being provided to the Coromandel operates a fertilizer plant which local people and disclosure of employment is highly complex both technically and to be provided in the proposed expansion physically and it requires a high level of skills project. and qualifications. Employment in Coromandel is on merit basis as per recruitment policies. Skilled and unskilled workmen are employed through awarded contracts. Employment of contract workers is as per the prevailing statutory requirements and continued compliance in this regard will be ensured by Coromandel. We are at present employing around 1500 people daily. Out of these 90% are employed from Visakhapatnam and surrounding villages. The estimated employment generation post project is around 275 direct & indirect put together. In respect of unskilled employment, preference will be given to local persons. 2 CSR funds are to be implemented in M/S. Coromandel is committed to the welfare industry affected area and medical facilities of the residents of surrounding areas. The provided by the industry to the nearby medical centre was established in this area to residents as a part of CSR activity. attend to the common diseases based on the survey conducted by Andhra University and

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S.No. Main Points Raised Industry’s Response other agencies. It caters to the local community on subsidized rates. Medical camps including eye camps are also conducted regularly for the local people. Coromandel is also extending CSR support in consultation with local leaders on regular basis for the following: i. Girl Child Education ii. Computer literacy improvement iii. Chemistry knowledge enhancement. iv. Sports events for youth v. Women employment & empowerment vi. Skill development for youth vii. Plantation initiatives all around the villages. viii. Clean drinking water through RO installations ix. Upliftment of GVMC hospital by providing medical auxiliaries. x. Infrastructure development in local villages In case the Government constructs the hospital through consortium of industries to meet the needs of the local residents, Coromandel will extend all possible support financially and materially. Coromandel is actively working with GVMC in conversion of municipal solid waste into organic manure. The infrastructure requirement for the existing GVMC hospital, Sriharipuram if arises in future will be taken up suitably by Coromandel. Coromandel has spent Rs. 3.13 Crores towards CRS in the last 6 years Coromandel will continue to carry out CSR activities for the surrounding villages as per Company’s Act in the forthcoming years also. 3 The present quality of the surrounding M/S Coromandel adopted latest technology environment around the plant has not only in Process Improvement, but also in deteriorated and what are the measures the control of pollution. The commitment to a industry is going to adopt in future for better cleaner environment can be best demonstrated environment. by the fact that our top 30 officials and their families stay in the township which is situated just next to the plant. The industry is committed to continue the same in future also. The withdrawal of ban order in respect of

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S.No. Main Points Raised Industry’s Response setting up of new or expansion of existing industries amply shows that the improvement in the environment and measures taken by the existing industries to control pollution and all environment parameters in and around (bowl area) are maintained well within the norms stipulated by CPCB / APPCB. Coromandel has invested Rs. 29 Cr towards environmental improvements in the last 5 years which includes modern ETP plant, plantation on gypsum, online stack monitoring, AAQM etc. The estimated cost of various environmental management programs in the proposed project is Rs. 26.42 Cr which is around 12% of proposed project cost.

The Chairman of the public hearing informed that the opinions, suggestions, objections raised in the meeting are recorded and the minutes of public hearing proceedings will be send to MoEF&CC for taking necessary action and concluded the proceeding of the public hearing meeting.

8.2. Pollution Prevention The management of Coromandel has already adopted various energy conservation measures in the facility and the specific energy consumption per MT of the NPK fertilizer manufactured is maintained less than 90 kWH/MT as against the industry bench mark of 100 kWH/MT. This has helped to reduce the electrical energy to the tune of 10 million units per

year, which is equivalent to offsetting of about 17,600 tons of CO2 (greenhouse gas) per annum. Coromandel has been recovering about 80 TPH of steam by harnessing the waste heat generated from SAP plants. As a part of the upgrade program, additional 21 TPH of steam will be recovered from the SAP plants. The corresponding additional energy savings has been estimated as 40 T/day of fuel oil equivalent. This will help to additionally offset

about 0.4 Lakh TPA of CO2 per annum.

8.3. Safety Management Coromandel is accredited for OSHAS 18001 and has been implementing the occupational health and safety measures across all functions in the existing facility. The possible

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occupational safety and health hazards associated with operation of proposed facility are presented in below

x Possible hazards due to handling and storage of sulphuric acid are exposure to release of fumes during the accidental releases. x Possible hazards due to handling and storage of phosphoric acid are exposure to release of fumes during the accidental releases. x Handling and storage of coal would result in exposure to dust emissions and fire hazards x The possible hazards associated with steam boiler operations are explosion of drum and pipeline and exposure to steam and metal fragments. The management of Coromandel has adopted sound safety measures in the existing facility and the following risk mitigation measures are implemented in handling and storage of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid in the existing facility. Similar practices will be adopted during the upgrade scheme.

The following measures are adopted for storage tanks: Double drain valves for acid storage tanks, level gauges on storage tanks, static bonding of pipeline flanges, dykes to retain 110% of tank volume, all pipeline and tanks painted as per IS colour code, caution note and Material identification and capacity displayed on all storage tanks. Moisture absorbent (Silica gel) provision will be made on sulphuric storage tanks.

Operations and maintenance of the plant is being in accordance with the well- established safe practices. Some of the guidelines adopted by Coromandel are as follows: periodic testing of hoses for leakages and continuity, annual testing of all safety relief valves, planned preventive maintenance of different equipment for their safety and reliable operations, inspection of the storage tanks as per prefixed inspection schedule for thickness measurement, joint and weld efficiency etc, comprehensive colour code scheme to identify different medium pipes, strict compliance of safety work permit system, proper maintenance of earth pits, strict compliance of security procedures.

Although coal fires are infrequent, there is a possibility of coal fires at the coal stock yards during the summer conditions due to burning of volatile compounds. Coal stock yard fires can be avoided by providing proper stacking design to prevent air movement inside the coal lumps, minimising the duration of coal storage at the site and water sprinkling operations to

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maintain adequate moisture. Recommended measures to prevent minimise, and control fire hazards at captive co-generation power plants include:

x Use of automated combustion and safety controls x Proper maintenance of boiler safety controls x Implementation of start-up and shutdown procedures to minimise the risk of suspending hot coal particles (e.g., in the crusher) during start-up x Regular cleaning of the facility to prevent accumulation of coal dust (e.g., on floors, ledges, beams, and equipment) x Removal of hot spots from the coal stockpile (caused by spontaneous combustion) and spread until cooled, avoid loading of hot coal into the pulverised fuel system x Use of automated systems such as temperature gauges or carbon monoxide sensors to survey solid fuel storage areas to detect fires caused by self-ignition and to identify risk points x For planned outages, operators should take every precaution to ensure that all idle bunkers and silos are completely empty and also verify by visual checks. Bunkers and silos should be thoroughly cleaned by washing down their interior walls and any interior structural members but not their horizontal surfaces. Idle bunkers and silos that contain coal/lignite should be monitored frequently for signs of spontaneous combustion by using CO monitors, infrared scanning, or temperature scanning. x Fire fighting systems and fire hydrant systems shall be installed at all hazard prone areas such as coal stock yards, bunkers and silos as per the applicable fire safety standards.

8.4. Occupational Health Centre at Coromandel The existing OHC is manned by a qualified full time Medical Officer and a contracted Medical officer supported with eight para medical staff. A detailed occupational health facility in the existing Coromandel international limited plant is given in chapter 2 of the report.

The following are facilities and services are available as a part of corporate occupational healthcare program.

A dedicated Occupational Health Centre (OHC) headed by a qualified doctor First aid facilities was made available across the facility

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OHC facilities were equipped with the following: (they didn’t mention let check it) Stools, height appropriate to counter, adjustable with backs Examination tables Medication cabinet, with locks, Instrument trays, Refrigerator Sphygmomanometer, Electrocardiograph, Vision screening apparatus, Spirometer, audiometer, nebulizer, multipara monitors, suction apparatus, continuous positive airway pressure apparatus Crutches, walkers, oxygen supply systems, Vaccines Patients and staff education aids Well equipped laboratory The following medical tests were undertaken at the facility: Pre - employment medical check-up at the time of employment Periodical medical check-up will be been done for all employees twice in a year Urine tests: Cells (exfoliate cytology) - bladder cancer, Level of toxin e.g. mercury, Level of metabolite e.g. TCA (tricarboxylic acid), Protein (especially kidney damage), Bile (jaundice), Sugar (diabetes) - relevant to shift work, public service vehicle (PSV) driving Blood tests- Full blood count and haemoglobin - work in the tropics, Serum (deep frozen) - baseline antibody levels in pathogen exposure, Liver function tests - alcohol, hepatotoxic chemicals, Renal function tests - kidney toxins. ECG - was conducted once in 6 months for those above 40 years. Food handlers test - was conducted once in a year (typhoid & stool tests). Eye testing by Ophthalmologist - was conducted Once in a year (every 6 months for >40 yrs). Water testing - quarterly for fitness for human consumption. Vision - Acuity tests e.g. lorry drivers, pilots etc, Colour blindness tests e.g. civil aviation, railways, microscopy. X-rays - Chest x-rays are useful for conditions such as infection, Pneumoconiosis chest x-rays was conducted once in 3 years. Audiometry - The lowest intensity of hearing was conducted once in a year.

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Spirometric - diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other conditions that affect breathing were conducted once in a year.

8.4.1. OHC facilities extended to local people under CSR

x Anemia screening camps in surrounding school children with follow-up at regular intervals x Diabetes / hypertension / Kidney screening camps. x OHC laboratory facilities extended to local community through the Coromandel Medical Center. x Eye screening camps and providing free spectacles (outsourced) – this year 325 spectacled provided to community people. x Awareness programs on communicable and chronic diseases. x Mega-multi specialty camps in association with corporate hospitals and government hospitals.

8.5. Disaster Management Plan Proposed expansion will not involve any hazardous or flammable materials. Management of Coromandel has approved Disaster management plan and the same will be followed for the proposed expansion project.

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9. Project Benefits

The proposed project will provide a constant raw material and intermediates to the main plant operations in order to optimal utilization of the consented and permitted production. This will further help to enhance the availability of additional NPK fertilizers in the market.

Due to increased phosphoric acid generation at the existing facility, the risks due to transportation of phosphoric acid on the roads will be reduced.

Due to utilization of low sulphur imported coals and adoption of limestone based sulphur

capture system, the overall SO2 emissions per ton of steam generated in the facility will be reduced from the current scenario. This will help to offset at least 20 to 25% of SO2 emissions from the existing facility.

While the existing facility is contributing significant direct and indirect employment, the proposed facilities will provide additional employment opportunities to the people.

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10. Environmental Management Plan

10.1. Introduction The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is required for formulation, implementation and monitoring of environmental protection measures that has to be adopted during the construction and operation phase of any project. It helps to ensure sustainable development in the area of the proposed project site by taking necessary mitigation measures to avoid the deterioration of quality of environment of the surrounding area of the project site. The EMP indicates the details as to how various measures have been or are proposed to be taken.

The objectives of this chapter include: x Identification of the project specific activities with a potential to cause adverse impacts on the environment. x Investigation of the significant adverse impacts from the respective activity. x Specific mitigation measures adopted and proposed to ensure the protection of environment. x Implementation of environmental, safety measures and monitoring of effectiveness of built-in safeguards. Unlike Greenfield projects, the current project is a debottlenecking and upgrade program planned within the existing facility. Since the capacities of the main plant will remain unchanged and no additional NPK fertilizer production is envisaged beyond the consented and permitted levels of 3900 TPD, the environmental management plans and environmental monitoring programs that are being implemented and sustained will be adequate for the proposed project. However various pollution control systems will be either added or upgraded in the existing SAP 1& SAP 2 units and proposed new PAP unit coal fired boiler.

Detailed discussion on various environmental aspects associated residual environmental impacts and risk mitigation measures were already discussed in the section 5 of this report.

10.2. Environment Stewardship adopted by Coromandel in the Existing Facility Along with thrust on profitability, Coromandel has been maintaining a perfect balance with people as well as the environment. Coromandel gives top most priority to Safety, Health and Environment (SHE) performance and standards across all our plants. Coromandel regularly assesses and works towards making sure that all our plants achieve best standards in terms of

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Safety and Environment performance.

The management of Coromandel has been adhering to the emissions and discharge standards in the existing facility. Environmental compliance status report issued by MoEF Regional office is enclosed in the Annexure 8. Online emission monitoring systems were installed on all process stacks and the data has been uploaded on the APPCB and CPCB websites. Similarly three continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed as per the APPCB directions and the criteria pollutants of concern are being monitored. In addition to the online sampling systems, Coromandel has been engaging MoEF/NABL accredited environmental testing agency for undertaking emissions and ambient air quality monitoring on periodical basis. The emission and ambient air quality data indicates that the all prescribed parameters are well within the stipulated standards and criteria.

A dedicated environment team headed by Asst. General Manager-Health, safety and environment is supported by a team of three engineers to implement various HSE related programs in the facility. A dedicated CSR team is implementing various community development and CSR activities in the region. The team leaders of environment and CSR teams are directly reporting to the facility occupier (factory manager). A comprehensive emergency management plan and disaster management plans are being implemented as per the applicable regulations and guidelines.

About 80 TPH of steam from the waste heat generated is recovered from the existing SAP plants, which has helped to avoid burning of fossil fuel (LSHS or Diesel) to the tune of 150

T/day in the existing utility boilers. This has resulted in avoidance of about 2000 TPA of SO2

and 1.6 lac TPA of CO2.

A dedicated wastewater treatment facility is in operation in the existing facility. Large quantities of treated wastewater are being recycled in the existing facility as a part of the corporate environment management initiatives. Due to implementation of various water conservation measures and treated wastewater recycling programs, the specific water consumption in the existing facility is maintained at 3 m3/T of the NPK fertilizer produced as against the industry benchmark of 4 m3/T, as per the published literature (ref)16.

Coromandel undertook a project on Reclamation (Greening) of Phospho Gypsum, offering an

16 Water Conservation in Indian Fertilizer Industry, 2005 IFA Technical Committee Meeting, 11 to 13 April 2005, Alexandria, Egypt Cholamandalam MS Risk Services, Chennai 245

environmental solution to a critical aspect of fertiliser plants within the country and world over. This project has attracted the nation's attention by winning 3 innovation awards so far. The joint team (Coromandel & TERI) successfully reclaimed the gypsum pond areas and completed plantation of about 18,000 units in an area of 18 acres. This project is going to set a benchmark for all phosphoric acid plants within the country as well as across the world for improving environment.

Coromandel has developed a massive plantation and greenbelt activities in the existing facility. About 145 acres of land was converted into green cover. Since Coromandel is undertaking such a plantation program since the inception of the unit in 1960s, these trees are fully grown and supported a good biodiversity in the middle of a rapidly growing urban environment in the neighbourhood. Based on the baseline studies it is noted that the biodiversity of faunal species at the plant greenbelt area was reported increase from the background area.

The management of Coromandel has constructed 7 storm water harvesting pits for the collection and reuse of the storm water for the main plant make-up applications. Locations of storm water recharge pits in the existing plant are shown in Figure 10.1. Garland drains are constructed for the entire existing gypsum storage area and the collected runoff, if any is collected in a dedicated sump for further reuse in the main plant area.

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Figure 10-1 Plant Layout Showing the Location of the Storm water Recharge Pits

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10.3. Environmental Management Plan during Construction Phase The environmental management plan during the construction period aims to develop procedures and practices that are to be implemented across the site to manage, remedy and mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts. Unlike Greenfield projects, the proposed project will be limited to minor modifications in the existing facility and demolition of structures and large excavations and earth filling activities are not envisaged, except for construction of new units such as PAP unit and extending of existing rock phosphate storage, coal fired boiler unit and other associated facilities within the plant premises. The overall construction activities will extend for a period of 18 months after obtaining necessary permits and clearances. Most of the construction activities will be retrofitting and steel structural work and hence the environmental impacts will be limited to plant site.

To ensure the least environmental impacts, a site specific construction environmental management manual shall be developed and implemented during the construction period. The nominated contractors and construction groups will be responsible for the implementation of construction environmental management program. Coromandel shall deploy an environmental management team that will continue to monitor and ensure that construction activities are carried out in safe and environmentally friendly manner at the project site.

Construction Phase Environmental Management Plan will include the following aspects:

x Construction Phase Dust Control Management x Noise Management x Water Quality Management x Solid & Hazardous Waste Management x Ecological Aspects x Socio- economic aspects

10.3.1. Construction Phase Dust Management

The soils at the proposed project site are majorly loamy in type; thus significant dust is envisaged during the construction activities. However the following remediation measures are proposed to control the soil dust generated.

x Any stock pile of aggregate or spoil should be covered and water shall be applied

x Water shall be sprayed during the handling of excavated and fill material where dust

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is likely to be generated

x Water sprinkling on roads to reduce the dust emission due to the construction activity and vehicular movement.

x Proper maintenance of vehicles and construction equipment shall be ensured

10.3.2. Noise Management Plan – Construction Phase

Although the proposed project sites within the existing plant are located far away from nearby residential areas (more than 1.0 Km) and also due to existence of a wide greenbelt, the possible impacts due noise emissions from the construction activities will be less significant.

The following remediation measures are suggested.

x High noise generating construction equipment, if used, shall not be operated during the night times to minimize any discomfort to the nearby residents.

x Earmuffs shall be provided to the construction workers and their use by workers shall be enforced.

x In the event construction noise levels at the facility boundary exceed the industrial limit of 70 dBA, temporary noise barriers would be installed to minimize the overall noise related impacts on the neighbouring areas due to construction activities.

10.3.3. Water Quality Management Plan – Construction Phase

The mitigation measures recommended to minimize the impacts on water quality are as follows

x Construction work-force will be sourced from the local areas and hence onsite construction workers camps are not envisaged. The existing toilets, rest rooms and drinking water facilities will be made available to all contract workers during the construction phase. Considering about 100 workers at the site during the peak construction period, the additional water demand for sanitation will be in the order of 5 m3/day and the additional sewage generated from the construction phase will be treated in the sewage treatment plant.

x The ground water table in the area is at a level of 2 to 3m during the post monsoon period; hence care shall be taken while undertaking the excavation and foundation activities. Effective construction methods shall be adopted to avoid excess dewatering

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of the ground water during the construction phase. The excavated dewatered water, if any shall be collected and reused for dust suppression activities.

x Onsite construction vehicle maintenance and washing activities are not envisaged at site. Hence discharges from construction vehicle maintenance activities are not envisaged.

10.3.4. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management – Construction Phase

Solid waste such as metal scrap and packaging waste will be disposed to recycling vendors during the construction phase.

The hazardous materials that may be used during the construction phase may include petrol, diesel, welding gas and paints. Construction sites handle small quantities of lube oils and diesel for running the machine powered construction equipment. In order to avoid soil contamination due to accidental spills, it has been recommended to provide spill absorbing material at the construction site and the contaminated soil should be excavated, stored and disposed of to hazardous waste disposal sites according to the guidelines specified.

10.3.5. Ecological Aspects – Construction Phase

The Proposed project involves the construction activities within the existing facility and cutting and removing of trees or plants etc are not envisaged. Hence the existing biodiversity at the plant greenbelt area will be not be disturbed.

10.4. Environmental Management Plan during Operation Phase In line with the discussions presented in section 5, this subsection presents the summary of various additional environmental management plans proposed to be implemented under the upgrade scheme.

10.4.1. Air Quality Management Plan

The following air quality management plan will be adopted during the operational phase of the project

10.4.1.1. SAP Plant Emissions

The existing scrubbers in the SAP 1 and SAP 2 will be upgraded to meet the additional SO2 emissions and gas volumes. The basic retrofits include enhancing the alkali scrubber circulation system, upgradation of absorbers with suitable modifications, waste heat boiler

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10.4.1.2. Dust Emissions Control at Rock Phosphate Grinding Facility

Similar to the existing rock phosphate handling operations, the proposed rock phosphate storage area will be provided with a suitable ventilation and dust control system. Similarly the dust generated from the proposed rock phosphate grinding unit will be collected in a dedicated bag filter with an air handling capacity of 15,000 m3/hr. The concentration of the particulate matter emissions from the proposed bag filters will be maintained at 50 mg/Nm3. The vents from these bag filters will be placed suitably.

10.4.1.3. Emissions from Proposed Coal Fired Boiler

Due to utilization of the high calorific and low ash content coals, coal consumption will be reduced which in turn results in reduction of overall SO2 emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler. These estimated SO2 emissions will be almost 1.5 times lower than that of the boilers fired with Indian coal having lower calorific value. It is proposed to adopt dry limestone addition method for capturing at least 50% of the total SO2 emissions within the combustion chamber of the proposed FBC boiler. The uncontrolled emissions from the boiler when operated with 100% imported coal will be in the order of 2370 Kg/day, which will be further reduced to 1188 Kg/day through dry lime addition process. About 3 Kg limestone

(80% quality) would be required for remove every kilogram of SO2 emissions in the combustion chamber. This means about 3000 Kg/day of limestone would be required for the control emissions to the desired levels. Typical SO2 concentration in the stack will be in the order of 700 mg/Nm3 as against the conventional coal fired boiler stacks of 1500 mg/Nm3.

Considering 168 TPD of coal with 12% ash, the estimated uncontrolled particulate emissions (fly ash) from the boiler will be in the order of 750 Kg/hr with a dust load of 11 grams/Nm3 on the electrostatic precipitator. The proposal electrostatic precipitator (ESP) will be designed to meet an outlet particulate matter concentration less than 50 mg/Nm3 as per the applicable standards. Unlike Indian coal, imported coals will experience higher volatile matter and moisture content which will help to enhance the conductivity of fly ash particles that will further help in achieving higher dust removal efficiencies in the ESP.

A continuous online stack monitoring unit will be installed at the proposed coal fired boiler

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stack to measure Particulate matter, SO2 and NOx.

10.4.2. Noise Management Plan

The following noise control management plan will be adopted in line with the existing measures:

x The proposed back-pressure steam turbine will be placed within a closed room with noise reduction number of 30 dBA across the room walls, thereby achieving a noise level of 70 dBA outside the room.

x The selection of pumps and Induced (ID) Fans will be such that the noise levels at 1m distance will be less than 85 dBA

x Inline with the existing noise control management plan, ear plugs will be provided to workmen working near high noise generating sources (inside turbine generator room and ID fans)

x The predicted noise level data reconfirms that the overall impacts on the neighbouring areas will be insignificant. The existing greenbelt and plantation on the south and western side of the plant area further helps to attenuate the noise levels from the plant.

x A robust preventive maintenance program is being undertaken and vibration and noise monitoring of all the major noise generating equipment is being carried out by Coromandel in the existing facility. Similar practices will be adopted during the post project scenario.

10.4.3. Water and Wastewater Management

Similar to the existing facility, ground water will not be used for the proposed project. Raw water requirement will be totally met with the supply from existing source of water ie from GVMC. Water flow meters are installed at the main intake point and also individual process units (PAP, SAP, cooling towers etc).

The additional fresh water required for the upgrade scheme to the tune of 3300 m3/day will be sourced from the GVMC and necessary permits for the supply of additional water for the plant will be obtained from Greater Vishakhapatnam Municipal Corporation (GVMC) in addition to the existing water allocation of 9092 m3/day, is enclosed as Annexure-27. As far as possible, low-flush toilets and urinals will be installed to minimize the domestic water consumption in the plant.

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Due to recycling of maximum quantities treated wastewater in the main plant, there will not be any additional wastewater generation from the facility during the post project scenario. In line with the existing operations, the total treated wastewater will be limited to less 1800 m3/day.

The additional sea water will be sourced from existing sea water intake channel. Sea water discharge into common industrial drain will be 80,400 m3/day post project

10.4.4. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Ash generated from the proposed boiler will be stored in dedicated silos and the same will be disposed to local brick manufacturing units and cement plants. The total gypsum generation form the facility during the post project scenario will be about 5000 TPD. Coromandel has signed necessary expression of interests from cement plants for the disposal of fly ash and gypsum.

10.4.5. Storm Water Management

Considering the average precipitation in the area 950 mm/year as per the IMD long term records, the estimated storm water runoff from the entire facility will be in the order 13 Lakh cubic meters per year. Since the ground water table at the site is very shallow (2 to 3m) during the post monsoon, the possibility of storm water recharge at the facility may not be very successful. However the management of Coromandel has already developed 7 recharge pits to harvest the storm water collected from the rooftops in the plant.

10.5. Budgetary Cost Estimates for Environmental Management The estimated cost of the various items under environmental management programs will be in the order of Rs. 2642 Lakhs. The recurring expenditure for the post project will be about Rs 1.0 crore per annum Break-up of the budget for the proposed expansion environmental management programmes are presented in Table 10.1

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Table 10-1 Proposed Budget for Environmental Management Plan Items Rs. Lakhs ESP and stack for the proposed boiler 300 Limestone preparation and addition system (boiler unit) 350 Covered coal yard with water sprinklers 320 Scrubbers Modification in SAP 1 and SAP 2 units 150 New scrubbers in PAP 310 Bag filters at rock phosphate handling & grinding areas 58 New Fluorine recovery unit in PAP 432 Dust enclosures at gypsum pad 40 Single liner system for the proposed gypsum pad 500 Upgrading the garland drains for the gypsum storage pad 60 Installation of additional 5 test wells as per TOR 2 Online monitoring systems for the boiler and PAP units 120 Total ( in Rs. Lakhs) 2642 10.6. Proposed CSR Programs As it was elucidated in section 1.3 of this EIA report, Coromandel has been undertaking various CSR programs at plant and corporate levels across all their operations in India. The management of Coromandel has constituted a CSR committee and the company Board of directors is constantly monitoring various activities. Based on the local and regional needs, Coromandel is focusing on the key CSR activities in the areas of education, environment and health and disaster relief support. The management of Coromandel has spent about Rs. 3.13 Cr. On various CSR activities in the region during the past 6 years and summary of the same is presented in Table 10.2. The annual CSR report of Coromandel is enclosed as Annexure 30.

Table 10-2 Expenditure Incurred for CSR during Years 2011-2016 (Rs in Lakhs) S.No Heading 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 Total 1 Disaster Relief ------0.3 100.0 100.3 2 Education 0.6 0.8 1.1 1.0 5.0 4.7 13.2 3 Environment -- -- 106.0 ------106.0 4 Health -- -- 1.2 0.1 48.0 24.1 73.4 5 Infrastructure -- -- 3.7 0.1 4.5 6.5 14.7 6 Social Welfare 0.7 0.5 0.7 1.9 -- 2.5 6.3 Total 1.3 1.3 112.7 3.3 157.5 37.7 313.9

As a continued support for the CSR activities, the management of Coromandel has proposed to spend about Rs. 10 Lakhs per year for various CSR activities in the study area with a focused approach on education, health, regional plantation and disaster relief.

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11. CONCLUSION

Based on the information stated in the project report and also an independent assessment on the baseline environmental status and also prediction of impacts the following conclusions are made by the EIA consulting organization and study team.

x Due to utilization of the high calorific, low Sulfur and low ash content coals, the

overall SO2 emissions from the proposed coal fired boiler will be almost 1.5 times lower than that of the boilers fired with any other solid fuels having lower calorific value and high sulphur x In addition to the existing pollution control systems and environmental management program of the existing facility, the management of Coromandel has proposed to invest additionally about Rs.2642 Lakhs towards various pollution control and environmental management programs under the proposed project x The management of Coromandel has spent about Rs. 3.13Cr. on various CSR activities in the region during the past 6 years. As a continued support for the CSR activities, the management of Coromandel has proposed to spend about Rs. 10 Lakhs per year for various CSR activities in the study area with a focused approach on education, health, regional plantation and disaster relief x The proposed project will generate direct employment of 100 people and indirect employment of 175 people resulting into overall employment potential of 275 people. x The project will given an impetus to induced industrial growth in region. x The proposed project is structured to be in line with the requirements of MoEF & CC/CPCB.

Thus, it can be concluded that with the judicious and proper implementation of the pollution control and mitigation measures, the proposed project can proceed without any significant negative impact on the environment.

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12. DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

12.1. Introduction The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Management Plan (EMP) report has been prepared by carrying out various scientific studies. The studies have been carried out by Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited, Chennai, India.

The profiles of the Consultant is given below

12.2. Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Limited – EIA Consultant Cholamandalam MS Risk Services Ltd (CMSRSL) is a joint venture between the Murugappa group, India and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Group, Japan. CMSRSL is an ISO 9001:2008 certified company. CMSRSL offers safety and environmental consulting services across Indian, Middle East and East Asian countries. CMSRL consists of six consulting domains such as environmental engineering and management, process safety, fire safety, electrical safety, construction safety and logistics risk assessment. CMSRS is a NABET accredited EIA consulting organization for undertaking EIA studies in the following sectors: paper and pulp, thermal power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical complex, chemical fertilizers, synthetic organic chemical industries, ports and harbours and area development projects. CMSRSL has offered environmental and safety related consulting services for more than 5000 clients during last decade

12.2.1. Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study

Table 12-1 Details of Experts/Consultants Engaged for this EIA Study S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study 1 Mr B. P. Raju EIA Coordinator – Chemical Fertilizers (Sector No.16) 2 Mr V S Bhaskar Functional Area Expert(FAE) - Meteorology, Air Quality Modelling and Prediction Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Water Pollution Prevention, Control & Prediction of Impacts Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Noise / Vibration Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Risk & Hazards Management 3 Mr. D. Ravishankar Associate EIA Coordinator Functional Area Expert (FAE) - Air Pollution Prevention, Monitoring and Control Functional Area Expert FAE –Solid & Hazardous Waste Management

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S.No. Name Role in the EIA Study 4 Mr. Rajendra Prasad J Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Land Use 5 Dr. T. P. Natesan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Hydrology, Ground Water & Water Conservation 6 Dr. Mangalam Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics Balasubramaniam 7 Mr. C S Karthick Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Socio-Economics Mr. Sivarama Krishna Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity 8 Dr.Balakrishnan Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Ecology and Biodiversity 9 Ms Sathya S Functional Area Expert (FAE) – Solid and Hazardous waste

Other Technical Team Members

Technical Team members S. No. 1 Mr. Pudi Rama Satya Kamesh – AFAE in AP & AQ 2 Mr. B. Mahendra

External Labs/Agencies involved in EIA Study

Base line Environmental data - Ambient air M/s. Team Labs & Consultants, Hyderabad Quality, Water, Soil and Noise sampling & analysis.

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