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Index accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), 50 physiological aspects, of decline of sprint exercise, 119 adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 57 training aspects, in master athletes, 119–120 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 49, 119 canoe polo, 124–126 aerobic and anaerobic energy contributions, 51 canoe sailing, 5, 131–132 aerobic power, 73 dragon boat, 128 American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 41 freestyle canoeing, 124 anaerobic threshold, 74 high‐performance sport, elements of, 62–63 anterior femoral head‐neck junction, 103 history, 1 anterior shoulder dislocation, 102 marathon, 123–124 anti‐doping, 96 medical problems aromatherapy, 85 anti‐doping, 96 cardiac disease, 92 bike riding, 73 endocrine disease, 92–93 biofeedback training, 69 environmental factors, 91–92 biomechanical performances of paddles, 76 for female paddlers, 95 boat movement and causes, 21 neurological diseases, 92 body‐weight‐only exercises, 120 preparticipation screening, 95–96 British Canoe Union, 106 respiratory diseases, 93 British Royal Canoe Club, 132 SD (sudden death), 92 sympathetic nervous activity and adaptation, 94–95 Canadian Canoe Association, 6 ocean racing, 128–132 Canadian Olympic Committee, 6 Olympic sport, 6–11 canoe(ing) open‐air sport, 97 athletes, exercise performance orthopaedic injuries decline in performance, with age, 117 ankle and foot, 104 endurance vs. sprinting performanceCOPYRIGHTED decline, clinical MATERIAL biomechanics, 98–100 117–118 general characteristics, 97–98 lifestyle aspects of decline, in endurance, 120 knee, 104 medical risks, 120–121 pelvis, 103–104 physiological aspects, of decline in endurance prevention and therapy, 104–105 exercise, 118–119 trunk muscles, 101 Canoeing, First Edition. Edited by Don McKenzie and Bo Berglund. © 2019 International Olympic Committee. Published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 133 0004241257.INDD 133 12/6/2018 3:36:38 PM 134 Index canoe(ing) (cont’d ) canoeists’ spine disorders, 101 trunk spine, 101 canoe/kayak athlete upper limb (forearm, wrist, and hand), 104 body composition upper limb (shoulder), 101–102 carbohydrate (CHO) intake, 41–42 physiology of peak oxygen consumption (VO2), 41 aerobic capacity, 54 rapid weight loss, 41–42 areas for future research, 60 sport‐specific body composition, 40 bioenergetic contributions, 47–50 calcium, 42–43 circulation, 55–56 energy metabolism and measurements, 41 efficiency, 59–60 iron deficiency, in female paddlers, 43 lactate threshold and critical power, 58–59 male paddler, 45–46 maximal cardiac output, 55 menstrual cycle, on performance, 43–44 primary muscles and fiber characteristics, 56–58 menstrual dysfunction, 43 pulmonary ventilation, 55 postpartum, 45 world best performance times, 47 pregnant athlete, 44 psychological resilience and sport‐specific relative energy deficiency, 42 psychological skills vitamin D, 42–43 bio‐and neurofeedback training, 68–69 canoe polo, 124–127 debriefing, 66, 67 canoe sailing, 131, 132 developing ability to focus and concentration, canoe slalom 64–65 biomechanics developing self‐awareness, 64 equipment setup, 37–38 long‐ and short‐term goals, 67–68 fluid mechanics, 35–36 managing arousal levels, 65–66 paddle forces, 36–37 managing negative distractions, 66–67 racing strategies, 37 team culture, crew boats, 68 boat trajectories, 38 visualization, 68 equipment training (slalom) Lettmann Perfekt, 35 aerobic and anaerobic capacity, 84 major events, 34 basics of training, 81 canoe sprint competitive situation and contingency, biomechanics 82–83 equipment setup, 33–34 intensities, 84 fluid mechanics, 18–21 META training, 80–81 foot forces, 28 nonduality, of body and mind, 82 paddle stroke, 28 optometry, 85 paddling forces, 25–28 performance, inevitable success, 82 performance‐related factors, 28–33 specificity, canoe/kayak slalom, 80 propelling efficiency, 24–25 strength, 85 propulsion mechanisms, 21–24 technique, 83–84 equipment weekly training, 90 boat, 12–17 yearly plan, 85–90 flat blade, 17 training (sprint) historical changes and performance times, 12 aerobic and anaerobic capacity, 73–74 major events, 13 gym program, 79–80 paddles, 17–18 intensities, 74–75 sprint racing, 12 planning process, 71–72 wing‐style blade, 17 strength training, 75, 77–78 canot du maître, 2 technique, 76 cardiac disease, 92 types of, 72–73 cardiovascular (CV), 121 weekly training program, 77–79 symptoms, 95 yearly plan, 77 carpal tunnel syndrome, 102 wildwater racing, 126–128 cartilage damage, 103 women in, 4, 9, 10, 40, 122–123 catecholamines, 94 0004241257.INDD 134 12/6/2018 3:36:38 PM Index 135 cholesterol (CHO), 40 high‐energy phosphates, 50 Chourraut, Maialen, 36 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 92 competitive canoeing, 5 hypothermia, 91 computational flow dynamics (CFD) modeling, 14 immunoglobulin‐A (IgA), 95 contemporary racing impulse, 76 canoe single (C1), 17 individual lactate threshold, 74 kayak single (K1), 17 inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), 93 coronary heart disease (CHD), 121 International Canoe Federation (ICF), 5, 6, 12, 47, 96, 106, 116 debriefing, 66, 67 Internationalia Reprasentantskapet for Kanotidrott De Quervain tenosynovitis, 102 (IRK), 5–6 Diba, Vasile, 14 International Masters Games Association, 116 dragon boat, 128, 129 International Olympic Committee (IOC), 6, 108 dugout canoes, 1 International Paralympic Committee (IPC), 107 inverted bow, 14 early hip arthritis, 103 ischial bursitis, 103 echocardiography (ECG), 92 ischiofemoral impingement, 103 electrodermal activity (EDA), 69 electroencephalography (EEG), 69 kayak(ing), 1 see also canoe(ing) electromyography (EMG), 56, 69 level 1 (KL1), 114 endocrine disease, 92–93 level 2 (KL2), 114 entrainment, 55 level 3 (KL3), 114 exercise economy, 119 medical problems exercise‐induced asthma (EIA), 93 anti‐doping, 96 nonpharmacological measures, 93 cardiac disease, 92 pharmacological treatment, 93–94 endocrine disease, 92–93 URI (upper respiratory infection), 93 environmental factors, 91–92 exercise‐induced syncope, 92 for female paddlers, 95 neurological diseases, 92 Federation Internationale de Canoe (FIC), 7 preparticipation screening, 95–96 Female Athlete Triad, 42 respiratory diseases, 93 femoro acetabular impingement (FAI), SD (sudden death), 92 103, 104 sympathetic nervous activity and adaptation, fetal heart rate (FHR), 44 94–95 Fick principle, 57 speed, 73 Fick’s law of diffusion, 57 kinesiotherapy, 85 foot forces, 28 framed boats, 1 labral tears, 103 Fredriksson, Gert, 13 lactate threshold, 119 freestyle canoeing, 124 and critical power, 58–59 frequency, 76 legs, trunk, and arms (LTA), 111 functional trunk test (FTT), 113 long‐acting beta2‐agonists (LABAs), 94 low energy availability (LEA), 42 glenoid labral tear, 102 glycemic control, 92, 93 MacLeod, John, 35 glycolysis, 49 male paddler, 45–46 gradual rehabilitation, 101 manual muscle test (MMT), 113 maternal heart rate (MHR), 44 Handi‐Kayak, 106 maximal aerobic power health considerations, 62 of kayakers and canoeists, 50 heart rate (HR), 69 methodological aspects, 50–54 hemodynamics, 60 maximal glycolytic rate, 50 hemoglobin (Hb), 43 maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), 74 0004241257.INDD 135 12/6/2018 3:36:38 PM 136 Index maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max), kayakers and history, 106–109 canoeists, 52–54 principle, 106–108 McKeever, Ed, 24 worldwide growth, 110–111 Merriam‐Webster dictionary, 66 paroxysmal atrial tachycardia (PAT), 92 META* training, 82 peaked decks, 12 mitochondrial capacity, 57 peak paddling performance, 47 mixed impingement, 103 peak power, 76 mixed venous CO2 pressure (PCO2), 55 performance‐related factors, canoe sprint m. pectoralis major, rupture, 103 blade slip, 32 change in velocity, 32 National Anti‐Doping Organization, 96 kayaking “deterministic” model, 28 navigation skills, 83 paddle angle (sagittal plane/side view), 32 Nelo Cinco, 16 propulsive (horizontal) impulse, 32 neurofeedback training, 69 stroke length, 33 neurological diseases, 92 stroke time, 29 peripheral body temperature, 69 ocean racing, 128–132 phosphocreatine (PCr), 49, 119 O2 extraction, 58 pincer form, 103 Olympic Games program, 71 Plastex K1 and C1, 17 onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), 74 pregnant athlete, 44 orthopaedic injuries preparticipation screening, 95–96 clinical biomechanics, 98–100 prepatellar bursitis, 104 canoeing, 98 propelling efficiency, 24–25 Hungarian national team data, 99–100 psychological resilience and sport‐specific psychological incidence of injuries, 100 skills injury rates, 100 bio‐and neurofeedback training, 68–69 kayaking, 98 debriefing, 66, 67 performance, 99 developing ability to focus and concentration, 64–65 ratios of injuries, 100 developing self‐awareness, 64 general characteristics, 97–98 long‐ and short‐term goals, 67–68 lower limb managing arousal levels, 65–66 ankle and foot, 104 managing negative distractions, 66–67 knee, 104 team culture, crew boats, 68 pelvis, 103–104 visualization, 68 prevention and therapy, 104–105 Pure Paddling Performance, 96 trunk muscles, 101 trunk spine, 101 range of motion (ROM), 112 upper limb reed rafts, 1 forearm, wrist, and hand, 104 refractory period, 93 shoulder, 101–102 relative energy deficiency in sport (RED‐S), 42 osteopathy, 85 respiratory diseases, 93 resting metabolic rate (RMR), 41 paddle‐driven craft, 2 Rideau Canoe Club, 4 paddle grip width (PGW), 33 rotator cuff injury, 101 paddling ergometer, 72 paddling forces, 25–28 sailing canoes, 5 paracanoe shoulder dislocation, 101 assessment tests, parakayak athletes shoulder subluxation, 101 able‐bodied vs. parakayak athletes, 115 six‐person outrigger canoe (OC6), 131 on‐water