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Endangered rock art: Forty years of cultural heritage management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula Noelene Cole1 and Alice Buhrich2
Abstract Aboriginal land, and are sparsely populated (Figure 2); the only This paper reviews a changing scenario of cultural heritage town is Laura (population 80), the venue for the biennial Laura management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula, Dance Festival. The publicising of the Quinkan rock art post- currently experiencing unprecedented pressures from tourism 1960 brought increased tourist interest in the region, which, as and mining. From 1971 State and Federal governments noted by Peter Ucko (1983:35), raised the possibilities ‘both of acted to address concerns over protecting Quinkan rock damage to the painted shelters and of a source of revenue’. With art from modern impacts such as tourism: Gresley Holding W.S. (Wally) O’Grady of the Cape York Conservation Council (locally known as Crocodile Station) received statutory (CYCC), Cairns airline pilot and rock art researcher Percy Trezise recognition as a declared ‘Aboriginal site’, the Quinkan began to lobby governments on the dangers of uncontrolled Reserves were created, and ‘Quinkan Country’ was listed public visitation to rock art sites around Laura. Over the next few on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate. In the decades the State and Commonwealth governments took a series 1990s the Quinkan Reserves were transferred to Aboriginal of actions to address rock art protection (see Table 1 and below). Land Trusts, and the local Aboriginal corporation received Although tourism to Laura has steadily increased through intermittent government grants to help manage tourism. In time, in global terms it has been comparatively small-scale, 2004 the State government opened an interpretive centre in owing to factors including the region’s remoteness, the Laura as a tourism initiative without providing for a visitor management system. Today, virtually the entire Quinkan region is affected by applications for minerals and coal exploration. The outstanding heritage values of the Quinkan region are threatened by this potential mining development, coupled with expanding tourism, and traditional owners are struggling to manage their cultural heritage. It is not clear how current heritage legislation, environmental codes and the status of ‘Gresley Pastoral Holding-Crocodile Station’ as a Declared Landscape Area (DLA002) will be applied to protect the area into the future.
Introduction In the early 1870s the Palmer River gold rush brought colonial settlement and infrastructure to southeast Cape York Peninsula (CYP) in far north Queensland (Qld). The rush was short- Figure 1 The Laura region indicating properties named in the text (note that DLA002 contains 1–3; the former RNE area contains 1–4 and lived, however, and by the 1880s most of the miners had additional lands on 5–8). deserted the region (Bolton 1972). A few small gold mining centres opened further north (de Keyser and Lucas 1968), but pastoralism overtook mining as the main industry (Cole 2004) and, for the time being, most of the non-Indigenous population abandoned CYP. The 1960s saw a new wave of economic activity with the construction of the Peninsula Developmental Road and the establishment of major mines at Cape Flattery and Weipa. Another milestone was the discovery by road workers of Aboriginal rock art sites in an area that came to be known as the Quinkan region, or ‘Quinkan Country’ (see Flood 1983a; Rosenfeld 1981; Trezise 1969). The Quinkan region comprises the uplands, gorges and valleys of the Laura-Normanby-North Kennedy Rivers system on the southern rim of the Laura Sandstone Basin in the southeast Cape (Figure 1). These lands are mainly held as pastoral leaseholds or
1 Department of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns Qld 4870, Australia
66 Number 75, December 2012 Aborigines HistoricPlacesTrust Although the Although ARPA strong 1967had provisions for site Art Art Council,Advisory Australian Council for the andDick Arts) Act’. Aborigines’ The and Torres Strait Islanders’ Affairs Act 1965 of 1983). Trezise (1973, 1980; also see ABC 1975)noted thisasthe Preservation Act1967 (hereafter Preservation ‘ARPA 1967’), administered by 2011; Gundjeihmi 2012; Ministère Corporation Aboriginal Commencing with the Commencing with the Sale of Opium Opium the Saleof Act Developmental Road to bitumen mining andarenewed surge of first system of first systemIndigenous heritage protection of was developed Officers,police usually officers) with the power to manage the Management ofQuinkanRock Artfrom 1 of Quinkan rock art.of heritage cultural This paper reviews de la Culture de et la Communication 2011; Mulvaney 2011; economic the Peninsula development, of the upgrading with extreme thetropical monsoonal conditions climate andthe of continued investing thesystem of Protectors local (akaDistrict cultural heritage. cultural Murdoch 2011; Roe 2010; Rossi and Webb 2007; Sefton 1995), Roughsey (Chairman of the Aboriginal Board). of (Chairman Roughsey Arts meeting The Places Trust in1970called (AHPT), inLaura ameeting following the reason theproposed behind HistoricAborigines of formation removals to missions andreserves, some local Aboriginal in its development, to provide and it neglected for their decision- interest unwaged oncattlestations(Cole local 2004). capacity Others under thisethos. It commenced theAboriginal Relics with management intheQuinkanregion from 1970to thepresent, making with regard tomaking with (Anderson heritage their own 1981; Trigger moved Laura, to Cooktown of camps on the fringes and other face of possible threats. possible face of the 1970s to1990s and explores Australia’s thepotential of present regimes heritage settlements, where lived thelocal they under thesurveillance of repressive of a series to protection control designed acts the and oversaw archaeological research andrecording Aboriginal of appointed Inspectors andHonorary Wardens to police the Act, protection (Ward 1983), were people Aboriginal notconsulted proved aconstraint to development (CYPLUS 2002); however, people werepeople able to stay on their homelands by working inan police (Cole al. et 2002). to protect theregion’s values inthe heritage outstanding cultural there iscausefor concern regard to with thefuture protection through (e.g. miningandincreased public visitation Bednarik the Peninsula another appears wave to on be thecrest of of anall-weather road to Cairns.lack of factors These have also to the wider public,to the wider were people Aboriginal still under the ‘living frontier thenineteenth century warandforced of the impacts Indigenouslives (Frankland people 1994). of Yet, inspite of the Department of and IslandAboriginal of the Department Affairs (DAIA), which lives andAboriginal affairs people. of Qld The government’s by leadersAboriginal Margaret Valadian the Aboriginal (Chair of
Government’s it ispossibletotrack proposedminingactivitiesacross the state. As informationispublishedandupdated regularlyonlineviatheQld In 1960, the Quinkan rocksites when known became first art 1 . the threatsknown to caused heritage cultural of In view Interactive ResourceandTenure Maps(DNRM2012), Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of Aboriginals Protection and Restriction 1897, theQldgovernment introduced Number 75,December 2012 • • • • • • • ‘tortuous process’, the Qld government usedthe donated funds The DeclaredAboriginalSiteandthe Quinkan Reserves Appeal wassuccessful funds, inraising it ‘ran into problems 1974:7; Trost 1979). the QuinkanAlthough National Park 1973–1974 funded the purchase of landandthedevelopment1973–1974 funded thepurchase of (Rosenfeld al. et 1981), aproject facilitated by Jim Archer, the Justice Department Qld government. of the escarpment and plateau country of Crocodile of Cattle and plateau the escarpment country of cultural heritage (ARPA heritage cultural 1967s.13). Visitor access to rock art persons inorderexpedient to to of control protect theentry weredeclarations applied to areas where itwasconsidered on Gresley Holding (or Crocodile known) Station as it is locally al.et 1972). study The recommended that: (Trezise Quinkanrock management issues associated with art of Figures 1and3). process The involved resuming two blocks of tourist infrastructure at Laura (Ucko atLaura infrastructure tourist of 1983)and, asdescribed with officialdom’,with by authorised notbeen asithad the Qld In 1972theQldgovernment land declared 97,500hectares of Reserves Trust (QRT), theDirector of composed initially of Relics under the ARPA 1967, to managedby be theQuinkan R210 uncovered theexcavation. during never eventuated but, Ucko inwhat asa (1983:36)described from 1973, an RangerAboriginal inLaura. stationed first The from Gresley Holding them asReserves andgazetting (R209, Station (i.e. Gresley Holding) for a national (Anon. park Subsequently, from theCommonwealth grants government in appeal to raise money to 200,000acres toappeal money purchase raise theleaseof archaeological researcharchaeological under intheQuinkanregion these sites around was regulated Laura by Honorary Wardens and, as an ‘Aboriginal site’ under the ARPA 1967(Figure 3). Such and a minimum age of 13,000years for rockand aminimum age of engravings provisions was the excavation Early Man Shelter of in 1974 the DAIA theCYCC of andtheChairman (Sutcliffe 1980). led toled the Australian Council for the commissioningArts astudy the late Pleistocene antiquity of regional the late Pleistocene occupationAboriginal of antiquity then Ranger inLaura.Aboriginal based research The established to establish theQuinkanReserves (HOR1978:3; Trost 1979; below, the were 1972 model elements adopted of by the 2 3 19/10/1973 NAAA3956. Split RockremainedaspartofGresley Holdinguntil1990when Schubert totheCommonwealthInquiry intotheNationalEstate a thirdQuinkanReserve,R544,which includestheLauraDance Festival Groundsand SplitRockarea,wasgazetted. A case be preparedA casebe to have area thegeneral declared A Ranger appointed be asa Warden under the ARPA 1967; Quinkan All ‘galleries’ declared be as ‘sites’ under the ARPA 1967; Visitor developed be atSplitRock infrastructure Gallery; Tourist developed be facilities atLaura. The to established AHPT be administer development and Guided offered be visits other to sites; alimited number of In 1974 the AHPT and the CYCC launched apublic a National Park; business activity associated with associated with business activity ‘the galleries’; 3 ) for the Preservation andProtection Aboriginal of 2 (Trost 1979:20). national park The Noelene ColeandAliceBuhrich and, 67
Articles Endangered rock art: Forty years of cultural heritage management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula
The government acknowledged the contribution of W.S. Register of the National Estate O’Grady in seeking the establishment and protection of the In 1978 a Commonwealth House of Representatives (HOR) Quinkan Reserves (Sutcliffe n.d.), but Ucko (1983:36) argued Standing Committee on Environment and Conservation that the local Aboriginal people at Laura were ‘ignored’ in conducted an inquiry into ‘The Preservation of the Quinkan the process. Perhaps in response to this criticism, the QRT Galleries’ (HOR 1978). Evidence was heard from the AHPT, the formed an Aboriginal advisory panel at Laura (DAIA 1983a). Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies (AIAS) and the Australian The AHPT, with Trezise as Public Officer, focused on the Heritage Commission (AHC), with written advice provided by national park proposal, though its activities appear to have the Qld government and the Australian Parks and Wildlife Service. ceased following the establishment of the Quinkan Reserves. The report noted that the AHC described this ‘as one of the largest and most exciting bodies of prehistoric art in the world’, deemed
Year Action 1970 Meeting at Laura to form the AHPT. 1971 Rock Art of South-East Cape York Peninsula published by Percy Trezise. 1971 Commonwealth-funded study recommends tourist management and infrastructure at Laura. 1972 Gresley Holding (Crocodile Station) declared an ‘Aboriginal site’ under the ARPA 1987; public entry controlled by the DAIA. 1973 Aboriginal Ranger stationed at Laura. 1973–1974 Tourist infrastructure developed at Laura (Commonwealth-funded); Quinkan National Park appeal launched by AHPT and Cape York Conservation Council. 1975 Conservation report on Laura rock paintings by geologist R. Henderson (1975). 1977 Two parcels of land from the declared Aboriginal site, Gresley Holding, gazetted as the Quinkan Reserves to be managed by the QRT. 1978 House of Representatives Inquiry (1978; HORSCEC 1979) recommends management plan. 1979–1980 DAIA constructs interpretive signs, parking area and walking tracks; produces interpretive brochures (Cole and Horsfall 2002; Horsfall 1999). 1980 ‘Quinkan Country’ (Quinkan Reserves and additional lands on neighbouring properties) inscribed on the RNE. 1981–1983 QRT erects gates to restrict public entry to East Quinkan Reserve; DAIA appoints Aboriginal advisory group at Laura, manages cultural tourism to Giant Horse, Split Rock and Gugu Yalanji sites (DAIA 1983a, 1983b). 1984 QRT commissions environmental study (Morgan 1984); as a result, four Aboriginal people at Laura trained in sites management. 1985 Inaugural Laura Dance Festival hosted by QRT and Department of Community Services; visitors encouraged to visit rock art sites opened to the public. 1987 The declared Aboriginal site (Quinkan Reserves and Gresley Holding) becomes a Designated Landscape Area (DLA) under the CRA 1987; public access continues to be regulated. 1990 Split Rock and Dance Festival Grounds area gazetted as Reserve (R544); Split Rock boardwalk constructed by QRT, funded by AIATSIS (Brown 1990, 1996). 1991 East Quinkan Reserve and West Quinkan Reserve transferred to Aboriginal Land Trusts under the ALA 1991. 1991 Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation of Laura (AAC) gains interim responsibility for managing Quinkan Reserves on behalf of the Land Trusts. 1992 Sullivan (1992) identifies visitor management as highest priority, recommends co-ordinated funding approach; Rowland and Franklin (1992) prioritise Aboriginal involvement and management planning. 1990s to AAC operates guided tours and performs sites protection and visitor management tasks assisted by early 2000s government agencies (e.g. Finn 1992; Horsfall and Steffensen 1998); publishes interpretive books (AAC 1996; George et al. 1995); initiates conservation research at Split Rock (Watchman 1998) which results in upgrading of a section of the Peninsula Developmental Road by Main Roads Department. 2002 Queensland Heritage Trails Network review (Cole and Horsfall 2002) notes failure to implement major recommendations of Sullivan (1992), recommends integration of proposed QHTN interpretive centre at Laura (QRCC) with a cultural heritage management system. 2003 Gresley Pastoral Holding-Crocodile Station DLA002 listed on the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Register under the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003. 2004 QHTN opens QRCC without a dedicated cultural heritage management system. 2004 RNE replaced by National Heritage List; Quinkan Country loses statutory listing but is included on Australian Heritage Database. 2007 EPM (application for minerals exploration) granted over DLA002. 2010 Laura Ranger unit formed by South Cape York Catchments, receives intermittent funding to record rock art. 2012 World Heritage nomination for Cape York Peninsula in community consultation phase. 2012 EPMs (applications for minerals exploration) and EPCs (applications for coal exploration) cover the Quinkan region including DLA002; application to renew the EPM granted over DLA002.
Table 1 Key actions in the management of Quinkan rock art (note that all acronyms used in the table are explained in the body of the text).
68 Number 75, December 2012 • • 1975. this Although Act (s.9.2ands.30)only provided protection Queensland Estate)Act1987 Cultural Record(LandscapesQueenslandand (Landscapes Queensland and Queensland Estate) and Queensland Queensland (Landscapes Act 1987 (after theDAIA1983b);notethatareaisnowDLA002. Figure 3TheDeclaredAboriginalSiteincludingtheQuinkanReserves (Morgan 1984; alsoMorgan see al. et 1995). (hereafter ‘CRA at on archaeological 1987’)focused heritage CRA 1987wassuccessively administered by theDepartment view of the fragility of theenvironment of andtheincreasing tourist thefragility of view Holding andtheQuinkanReserves aDLA. became Estate GrantProgram. In theHORreport, thewake theQRT of commissioned anenvironmental theQuinkanReserves study of on theRNEprovided access to fundingthrough theNational deemed necessary or for desirable deemed necessary persons into thearea‘entry of Landscape Designated Areas of declaration (DLAs) where it was Environmentof andHeritage (DEH), andtheEnvironmental andEthnic Community Services Affairs,of theDepartment In 1980 ‘Quinkan Country’, 230,000 ha containing an area of worthy of worthyWorld of Heritage nomination (HORSCEC1979:2). In National heritage Estate (RNE), significant nationally alistof Protection Agency (EPA). CRA The 1987provided for the Like itspredecessor, the ARPA 1967, theCultural Record numbers, HORSCEC(1979)recommended that: for places or owned managed by the Commonwealth, inclusion properties (Figureproperties 1) places compiled under theAustralian Commission Heritage Act the QuinkanReserves landson andadditional neighbouring the expense of Indigenous cultural values (NNTT 2009). Indigenous values (NNTT cultural The the expense of this basis the declared siteAboriginal constituted by Gresley 4 be preventedbe or regulated’ (CRA 1987s.17(1)(a)ands.25)—on Trezise 1971). Of course,theQuinkanrockartcorpus extendsbeyondthisarea (Cole 1998;David1991;Flood1986; FloodandHorsfall1987; Morwood andL’Oste-Brown 1995;Rosenfeld1981;Roughsey1971; A comprehensive management developed planbe asa The MinisterThe for Aboriginal Affairs request the AIAS to locate prerequisite to Commonwealth funding; and, the traditional owners.the traditional 4 , the on theRegister wasinscribed of Number 75,December 2012
The AboriginalLandAct1991(Qld) The Post-2000ManagementHistoryofQuinkan 1993; Oui1993). management their conservation Most of 1995a, 1995b) which confirmed as theQuinkan one of region (Figure 6), Sandy Creek, Magnificent and Yam Camp rockshelters Training Program andemployed through theCommunity The QHTN’sThe mission was to provide Qld communities with Trails Network (QHTN), a capitalworks project funded 2002 theQldgovernment announced thedevelopment of 2003; Horsfall 1993, 1999). Under theAboriginal Land Act 1991(hereafter the ‘ALA 1991’) various cultural heritage management heritage andlandcare cultural tasks(AACvarious DEH andtheEPA contributed to management theconservation Development Employment Projects program, undertook of Laura (AAC) Laura managing of the interim gained responsibility of expressly for thispurpose. Ang-Gnarra Corporation Aboriginal enhanced based on tourism opportunities core cultural changes andceased itsformer functions. many of Since then, efforts by supporting byefforts supporting AAC fundingapplications, co-ordinating significance (AAC cultural of degree 1996). Officers from the were GiantHorseefforts on focused thesites andMushroom of of siteswithin thelast10,000 occupied first years. of These ancient occurred from ca15,000to 30,000years ago, group afurther with In the early 2000s the AAC underwent major structural Rock Art research, including themajor project (Morwood andHobbs Rock (Figures 4–6), which were open to guided tours, andon rock art (Colerock and art Watchman 2005; Cole al. et 1995). research showed Mushroom that occupationAboriginal of Rock under theCommonwealth Government’s Federation Fund. its active role in site protection and visitor management. In priority, thehighest management visitor asanissue of identifying infrastructure projects insite andassisting protectioninfrastructure and management by report Kate Sullivan asabasis for supporting monitoring activities, particularly during times of high visitation visitation high of times during monitoring activities, particularly funding applications. Sullivan’s included (1992)report an interpretive theQldHeritage of centre aspart inLaura managementand implement heritage planningunder cultural and recommended thatasites manager appointed be to develop theDEH, with association commissioned heritage acultural and Horsfall 2002), and the QRT was dissolved. The AAC, in and the Wulburjurbur LandTrusts, respectively) established such Dance astheLaura Festival (e.g. Brown 1997; Franklin principles including:principles the direction of the AAC.the direction of theLandTrusts of the QuinkanReserves on behalf (Cole totransferred two Land TrustsAboriginal (the Agayrra-Timara the EastQuinkanReserve andthe West QuinkanReserve were the Laura the Laura toAboriginal community maintain has struggled tours. The AAC chose not to sites open theremarkable group of the SplitRock walking circuit, which wasopen to independent the occupation sequence matched by along temporal sequence of land-use patterns extended across theentire Quinkanregion, with archaeological regions in the most important Australia. This known as known ‘the Quinkans’ to to high owing tourism their very AAC Rangers, through theTAFE trained Community Ranger AAC inarchaeological advisors ascultural Rangers participated Noelene ColeandAliceBuhrich 69
Articles Endangered rock art: Forty years of cultural heritage management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula
Figure 4 Giant Horse rockshelter showing 6 m long painting of a horse Figure 5 Unique Quinkan rock art including Quinkan Timara painting (photograph by Noelene Cole). at Giant Horse rockshelter (photograph by Noelene Cole).
or for clearances for actions with potential to adversely affect heritage has been replaced by gazetted Duty of Care Guidelines (ACHA 2003 s.28), and the obligation of deciding how best to protect heritage values from harm is placed on the proponents of activities, such as miners, rather than on a government agency (NNTT 2009). The cultural heritage duty of care requires that ‘a person who carries out an activity must take all reasonable and practicable measures to ensure the activity does not harm cultural heritage’ (ACHA 2003 s.23(1)). By following the Duty of Care Guidelines (DOCG) a proponent of activities is ensured compliance under the Act (ACHA 2003 s.24). Section 24 of the ACHA 2003 specifies conditions which allow for lawful harm to cultural heritage: if the Figure 6 Mushroom Rock showing section of painted walls and ceiling person owns the cultural heritage, or is acting under an agreed (photograph by Noelene Cole). management plan that applies to cultural heritage, or is acting under a native title agreement or another agreement with an Aboriginal • Conservation of heritage assets delivering economic benefit party. Agreement making, such as the development of cultural to local communities; and, heritage management plans with Indigenous groups, is stressed as a • Best practice solutions to conservation, interpretation and key means of meeting the duty of care (ACHA 2003 Part 7). presentation of heritage, and adherence to environmentally The ACHA 2003 (s.23(2)) and the DOCG (s.12) suggest sustainable design principles (Cook n.d.). reasonable measures to ensure Aboriginal cultural heritage is not harmed by development activities, including consulting In association with the proposed interpretive centre at Laura, Arts with Aboriginal parties, carrying out cultural heritage studies Queensland and the Cook Shire Council commissioned a review and surveys, and conducting searches of the Aboriginal Cultural of the Sullivan (1992) report. The review (Cole and Horsfall Heritage Register and the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Database. 2002) noted that major recommendations of Sullivan’s (1992) The nature of the activity and past use of the area, and the type of study had not been implemented due to a lack of systematic Aboriginal cultural heritage affected, are relevant considerations government funding, and recommended that the proposed in meeting the duty of care. The DOCG (s.4) classify activities centre be integrated with an appropriate management system. according to their likely impacts, with those activities which Consultative planning for the review included recommending involve continuing activity, or no ground disturbance, such as strategies for managing visitor impacts at sites already open to using existing roads and tracks and conducting GPS surveys tourism (Cole and Horsfall 2002). Although the QHTN planning or photography, classed as Category 1 and unlikely to harm process allocated some funds for short-term conservation works, Aboriginal cultural heritage. Activities within Categories 2–4 for reasons relating to future act conditions of the Native Title include those which involve no additional ground disturbance. Act it was deemed that works could only be undertaken on An activity outside Categories 1–4 is classed as Category 5, in existing infrastructure, in this case at the Split Rock car park which ‘there is generally a high risk that it could harm Aboriginal and boardwalk. cultural heritage. Such activities ‘should not proceed without cultural heritage assessment’ (DOCG s.5.14). The DOCG (s.6.3 The Aboriginal Heritage Act 2003 (Qld) and 6.4) note the key role of an Aboriginal party for an area in In a major shift from its predecessors, the still current Aboriginal assessing cultural heritage significance—a process which can Cultural Heritage Act 2003 (hereafter the ‘ACHA 2003’) include a cultural heritage survey or study, should consider views recognises Aboriginal people as the ‘primary guardians, keepers of the relevant party, and may include seeking the assistance and knowledge holders of Aboriginal cultural heritage’ (ACHA of appropriately qualified persons, such as anthropologists, 2003 s.6b). The CRA 1987 system of applications for permits archaeologists and historians (DOCG s.8).
70 Number 75, December 2012 ‘a newspaper circulating intherelevant generally part’, apublic A NewNationalHeritage Regime 1999 (hereafter the ‘EPBC Act 1999’)andthe Australian Heritage Aboriginal cultural heritage bodies whose function isto function whose identify bodies heritage cultural Aboriginal heritage, cultural Aboriginal including records archaeological of 1969, 1971, 1973, 1993). 1995b; Rosenfeld al. et 1981; Rowland and Franklin 1992; Trezise 1987; Georgeal. et 1987; 1995; Morwood Lilley andHobbs 1995a, (ACHA 2003s.9). Council Act2003. National The Heritage List replaced the RNE as The The ACHA 2003 (s.36–37) provides of for the registration Torres Islanders Strait andMulticultural Affairs (DATSIMA; it 2002; David 1991; 1983a, Flood 1983b, 1986; and Horsfall Flood Cultural Heritage Databaseandthe CulturalAboriginal Heritage Crocodile Station’. DATSIMA (2012)provides alinkfor each Unit, andAboriginal of the Department now within based DLA to anonline mapwhich indicates boundaries, relevant contemporary history,contemporary any for thearea’ of party Aboriginal of the proposed studyof area and place (ACHA in 2003 s.57e,f), caves, springs. waterholes andnatural features, These including occupation sites, scatters, andartefact grooves quarries grinding was formerly administered by the Department of Environmentwas formerly administered of by theDepartment In wasestablished under regime 2004anew national heritage research lodged under legislation. previous Register The holds relevant representativeAboriginal government body andthelocal Register administered by the Cultural Heritage Co-ordination regulated access to DLAs nolonger applies. Register, including DLA002, the ‘Gresley Pastoral Holding– information relatinginformation studies, to heritage cultural cultural intended to provide for location acentral about information intent and description of theproposed study (ACHAintent of anddescription 2003s.61). in theQuinkanregion (e.g. AAC 1996; Cole 1998, 2002; Cole al. et no identified Aboriginal parties no identifiedor heritage parties cultural Aboriginal Aboriginal notice which is directed the to andadvises parties Aboriginal many rock sites with art, hundreds have of recorded widely been for example ceremonial places, scarred trees, burials, rock art, significance of thearea,significance of which may derive from either ‘Aboriginal study or survey, astheserecords may notaddress theparticular should not rely solelyactivities on the Registersponsors of or and other information. However, (s.8.3), asnoted intheDOCG and Resource Management [DERM]). Databaseis The and contact sites features, andlandscape such asrock outcrops, whichsignificance be could endangeredactivities, 5 by Category persons who, anative intheabsence claim, title of have particular for anarea mayparties include nativeor parties Aboriginal title heritage managementheritage plans, bodies heritage cultural Aboriginal tradition’ and/or with itsassociations ‘the history, including the Databaseto to decide whether undertake heritage acultural to study conducting heritage inareas acultural where there are the area.the of for or all part Aboriginal parties With regard lot numbers andplans. Under the ACHA 2003, Government- the knowledge or responsibilities under tradition.Aboriginal bodies, asuch astudy are sponsors of required to the notify The The ACHA 2003s.35(7)states thatrelevant Aboriginal The The ACHA 2003 (Part 5s.38–47) establishes an Aboriginal The DOCG (s.6.1) list features of likely cultural (s.6.1)listfeatures high of DOCG The Under the ACHA 2003 (s.162) nine DLAs are listed on the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ActEnvironment Conservation Protection and Biodiversity Number 75,December 2012 Current Initiatives (DSEWPC 2012a). It isunlikely thatmany inCYP living people The operation of theunithasrelied government on short-term of operation The 2002; HOR1978; HORSCEC1979; Morgan 1984; Rowland and visitor experiencesvisitor andnegative cross-cultural attitudes (Australia Managing Tourism of Commonwealth QuinkanCountry.of recognition of statutory challenging (Choichallenging andSirakaya 2006; Fourmile 1995). Poorly owners, commercial operators is conservation andheritage (Buhrich 2001). policy conservation However, mediating can alsopromote cross-cultural understandings andinfluence theworld,of to iscontributing community development and et al.et 1972). Franklin 1992; Sullivan 1992; Trezise 1975; and Roughsey Trezise decades (e.g. Buhrich 2001; Cole andHorsfall 2002; Cole al. et From Quinkan rock the tourismstart, the management art of consulting with local communitiesconsulting local with and groupsAboriginal with employ young Indigenous site inrock people recording. art and Rangers fundingto unittoobtained aLaura form train ICOMOS 1999). Core for tourism include heritage priorities with governmentwith agencies. heritage for need The systematic In 2010South Cape York Catchments, acommunity-based regional economies (Cole 2000, 2003). Well-managed tourism government fundingto assistthe communityAboriginal to Rangers have successful been inrecording multiple sites rock art from DERMandtheCommonwealthgrants DSEWPC. The regard to apossible World Cape Heritage nomination of York in 2007, thenew national system providing with for atransition inclusion of the Quinkan region wouldinclusion substantially enhance of managed cultural tourism canthreaten tourism cultural managed asite’s physical condition manage cultural heritage in the face of government, intheface heritage of manage cultural commercial management needs. management activities. unitis aiming to The secure government resourcenatural management agency inCooktown, based for the CulturalAboriginal Heritage Database, andenjoy ahigh for ‘planning for country’ (DERM2011:14), such short- for values and cultural its natural (DERM 2011). Obviously, funding to operate basis. on apermanent are aware thesesubstantial changes to theCommonwealth of archivea non-statutory the within Australian Heritage Database appropriate registers heritage where necessary. RNEisnow The systema statutory to recognise and protect outstanding places of and integrity, reduce significanceandlead itscultural to reduced and public expectations of the Quinkan region as a high profile theQuinkanregionasahigh of and public expectations such anomination. theprocessAlthough includes funding to involved be and infrastructure inbroader heritage cultural period to allow the various jurisdictions to to places transfer jurisdictions allow toperiod the various projects developed by theQRT andlater by the AAC inassociation heritage systemheritage implications, andtheir local inthiscasetheloss toheritage thenation(DSEWPC 2012b). RNEwasfrozen The has been supported through piecemeal funding of short-term short-term through piecemeal supported has been fundingof tourist destination has been a consistent hasbeen destination tourist recommendation for level of community support,level of but lack theresources, training term are arrangements inadequate to fulfil conservation between the interests of visitors,between theinterests of Indigenous people, other land The CommonwealthThe andQldgovernments are currently Rock art tourism is a global phenomenon isaglobal Rock tourism and, art inmany parts Noelene ColeandAliceBuhrich 71
Articles Endangered rock art: Forty years of cultural heritage management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula
respecting cultural sensitivities and requirements (AHC 2001, Potential Threats Associated with Mining 2002; Australia ICOMOS 1999), understanding visitor needs, Small amounts of gold occur in the Laura sandstone area (de and educating the visiting public on cultural and environmental Keyser and Lucas 1968; Geoscience Australia 2012), though to issues (Ali 2009:2; Benton 2011; Buhrich 2002; Deacon 2006:383; date mining for this has been minimal. However, the record gold Gale and Jacobs 1987:227; Jacobs and Gale 1994). price attained in 2011 (USA Gold 2012) has revived interest Due to the erratic nature of funding it was extremely difficult in minerals exploration across CYP. Exploration Permits for for AAC personnel to develop and implement coherent, long-term Minerals (EPM) applications now exist over much of the policies on managing tourism or to evaluate the strategies used. Quinkan rock art region, including the catchments and streams However, for some years the AAC maintained visitor books which, of the Little Laura, Mossman, Laura, St George, Kennedy, Little as in other rock art areas (Brown 2003; Franklin 2011; Godwin Kennedy, North Kennedy and upper Endeavour Rivers, as shown 2001; Gunn 2001), have provided useful data for management in Figure 7. An EPM application—granted in 2007—with a purposes. For example, visitor feedback was obtained at Split significant overlap with DLA002 exists; an application to renew Rock via analysis of visitor comments and tourist interviews this permit was lodged in 2012. (see Buhrich 2001, 2002; Franklin 2003; Roberts 2000). The In 2011 The Australian reported online that ‘coal mining Buhrich (2001) analysis identified various positive responses to companies have swooped on Cape York, lodging a raft of new site presentation and infrastructure. Negative responses included applications to explore for a rare, highly valuable coal’ under the objections to the honesty box method of collecting entrance fees, headline ‘Cape York coal rush on’ (Elks 2011). The Laura Basin which apparently were rarely paid. As in Franklin’s (2003) study comprises one of Qld’s coal measures (DEEDI 2010; see also at Split Rock, Buhrich (2001) also identified negative responses CYPLUS 2002), and currently there is a well-advanced proposal to ambiguous or erroneous interpretive information on the for an underground coal mine (Wongai) near Bathurst Bay. The antiquity of the rock art. While the visitor book can be a useful proposed mine requires an Environmental Impact Study and a and inexpensive management tool, it has not been in place at permit under the Great Barrier Marine Park Act 1975. Exploration Split Rock since 2001. For maximum effectiveness visitor books Permits for Coal (EPCs) have been lodged over most of the Laura require maintenance, storage and analysis, as was implemented Basin and virtually all the Quinkan region. As shown in Figure 8, by AAC Rangers with assistance from the EPA. some EPC applications cover, or border, DLA002. The Quinkan and Regional Cultural Centre (QRCC) offers In mineral development projects, the exploration phase is an guided tours by local Aboriginal people who are employed on a information gathering exercise to ascertain the potential value, casual basis, providing a valuable service to the visiting public. Their location and viability of deposits within an exploration lease website advertises ‘world famous Aboriginal rock art galleries such (Hogan et al. 2002:18–20). This first stage includes non-intrusive as Split Rock, Mushroom Rock and Giant Horse Gallery and most methods, such as desktop research and remote sensing via air spectacularly THE QUINKAN GALLERIES [sic]’ (QRCC 2012). survey. In the second exploration stage, targets are identified The Centre operates as a rock art tourist hub unsupported by a for detailed geological sampling, which is usually conducted cultural heritage management system of the kind recommended using vehicle-mounted rotary air blast drill rigs (Environment in strategic planning by the QHTN. In 2002 it was estimated that Australia 2002:5–6). Only 1% of mineral exploration projects 8000 to 10,000 local, interstate and overseas guests visited Split reach the final stage of detailed geological mapping, which Rock annually (Buhrich 2002; Cole and Horsfall 2002). From involves intensive drilling programs using multiple heavy 2012, with the substantially improved road access to Laura, it is mobile drill rigs and costeans (trenches) (Environment Australia predicted that tourist numbers will increase. Consequently, it 2002:6). Although few exploration leases develop into viable would be most unfortunate if there were commercial pressures on mines, the second and final exploration phases involve entry the Laura community to open additional sites to the public, even of mining personnel into the area and the establishment of though long-visited ‘tourist’ sites lack an appropriate management ‘more substantial’ base camps to conduct Category 5 activities system. Basic conservation management issues include: (Environment Australia 2002:6). As impacts at this final stage may be considerable, careful management is required. • Infrastructure maintenance and site presentation; The Code of Environmental Compliance for Minerals • The need for systematic monitoring of visitation and site Development (hereafter the ‘CEC’) establishes standard conditions at sites opened to tourism; conditions for carrying out exploration and mineral • A review of fee collecting methods at the popular Split Rock development projects (DERM 2001). Condition 13 of the CEC sites; and, states that the holder of an environmental authority must • The opening of ‘new’ sites to tour groups in the absence of not carry out activities in Category A or B Environmentally management planning. Sensitive Areas, and that activities involving machinery must not be carried out within 500 m of any area classed as Category The Cape York Peninsula and Torres Strait Tourism Development B, which includes DLAs (DERM 2001 Appendix A). Condition Action Plan 2008–2011 noted that ‘[m]anagement of the impact 14 of the CEC restricts activities involving machinery for of tourism is seen as a high priority that requires investment in 100 m around an historic, archaeological or ethnographic site. infrastructure and human resources’, as is ‘[e]nsuring that the While these conditions apply to standard exploration licenses, integrity of Cape York and Torres Strait culture and traditions applications can be made for a non-standard license, for are preserved and protected’ (Tourism Queensland 2012:7). example to work within 500 m of a Category B site. Standard Unfortunately, there is little evidence that governments have applied exploration licenses are self-assessable, while non-standard these goals with regard to tourism based on Quinkan rock art. applications trigger a higher level of assessment. In standard
72 Number 75, December 2012 An Army walked expedition which twice theHell’s Gate track Degree ofProtection (west of the Laura River) theLaura and rock(west reported defacement of art of (George Musgrave andTommy George pers. comm. 2001). The DOCG are standard the baseline DOCG The for heritage cultural Trezise 1973; Watchman 1994, 1998), place atthe ashasastory exploration permitsformineralsotherthancoal(August2012). yet each proponent’s compliance theCECisself-monitored. with cultural and archaeological sites and values of the highest order, thehighest sites andarchaeological cultural andvalues of example, the Split Rock sites, which are located adjacent to the were destroyed rubbish dump theLaura by theexpansion of granted. Within DLA002, asinthegreater Quinkan region, are Kennedy Rivers system. theCECshould Condition 14of removal of historic remainsremoval by users: of track road crossing River on theLaura (Cole unpub. data). At the Peninsula Developmental Road, have already impacted been to heritage. Quinkancultural risks pose roads andtracks For noted, been with DLA002 asignificant overlap has anEPMwith nearby, Reserve, attheOld places andbirth burials Aboriginal maintain 100mbuffers around such places. m buffer from Bsites, Category andto identify any historic, which includesthethreeQuinkanReserves)withapplicationsfor access to theDLA, there to isampleevidence indicate that their leases, sites within archaeological andethnographic and protection in the form of government-regulatedprotection of intheform public access. As cultural of and integrity density thehigh protection of inview protection theNormanby-Laura- across theundeveloped landsof heritage intheselands,heritage DLAs have although losttheir special licenses itistheapplicant’s responsibility to identify the500 latter site sections of the engravedlatter pavement site of sections were destroyed by explosives road works during inthe1960s(Cole 2011), and by Horsfall (see road dust and graffiti andSteffensen 1998; by theregion’s remoteness, andregulated terrain rugged Figure 7MapshowingDLA002(GresleyHolding-CrocodileStation, All roundAll theplace picked been had clean. going First time up While to public visitation Quinkan lands has been contained The Gate was still good, but unfortunately north of theGate Gate good,The in wasstill of but north unfortunately a place where [sic]art, there thishad some been aboriginal had to theGate andmatch tins itwasone long stretch boxes of and find any of thissotheplacefind any didnothave of thesameatmosphere. fallen downfallen andleft their loads. But the second we time didn’t broken horse shoes, andbits andpieces where horses must have been defacedbeen (Peever 1977:2). provide provide Number 75,December 2012 ACHA O’Faircheallaigh 2003(see 2008). As newspapers are not Trezise 1969, traditional, 1973, of 1993)indicates matrix arich The dangers of unmanaged tourism in the Quinkan rock art region region intheQuinkanrock tourism unmanaged art dangersThe of 2002, 2004, 2011; Cole al. et 2002; Morwood 1995; Rigsby 2003; on cultural negotiating thecomplexities2009). of of In view Conclusions Quinkan Reserves or in the operations of tourism—in thisregard, tourism—in Quinkan Reserves of or intheoperations complex model of land-people relationships, land-people complex of model itisnotclear how, body, heritage cultural are andwho unresourced, to pro- be a registered nativeof application title or a registered Aboriginal of various kinds, quarry sites, kinds, various marks, places, quarry grinding story of owners mayconsulting traditional complex be with (Edelman on piecemeal fundingresulted measures, inafocuson short-term were recognised 40years ago, resulting by inactions governments readily available inCYP, such may people newspaper notsee region are rockshelters art, there with are alsohearths, campsites, rather thanon thesteady,rather coherent aprogram implementation of in practice, the EPMsACHA proponents trigger of 2003 will notifications, consultations, research and field surveys to identify natural features of cultural significance andmany cultural features historicnatural sites of studies.notices heritage andcultural relating to miningactivities exploration permitsforcoal(August2012) cultural heritage places, heritage cultural and assessall andvalues associations in which coverand EPCs (some of large areas) to conduct effective and remains. andhistorical research Ethnographic (e.g. Cole active in attending and responsibilities to under the their rights as in parts of Quinkanlands, and of identifying theprocessas inparts of and consultants’ have reports repeatedly recommended such system wasinoperation, co-operation between on based practical pathways, stone arrangements, trees, scarred culturally artefacts planning to manage the impacts of the tourism industry. thetourism planning to of manage theimpacts historic and contemporary associations.historic andcontemporary In thecontext this of issues,heritage who are difficult people for itcanbe notmembers their tenements. the AAC andgovernment agencies. heritage However, thereliance the AAC took over. management Throughout the1990saviable the situation improved the when Aboriginal Land Trusts and local Aboriginal little had people say the in the management of to protect heritage. Quinkan cultural However, the1990s, until based onbased longer term, systematic planning. government of A series which includesthethreeQuinkanReserves)withapplicationsfor Figure 8MapshowingDLA002(GresleyHolding-CrocodileStation, Although the best known Quinkan cultural sites Quinkancultural known inthe thebest Although In areas which are notyet covered by native applications, title Noelene ColeandAliceBuhrich 73
Articles Endangered rock art: Forty years of cultural heritage management in the Quinkan region, Cape York Peninsula
The Quinkan region is well-established, widely known and References advertised as a key tourist destination of CYP, as demonstrated AAC—see Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation by the government investment in building the QRCC. However, ABC—see Australian Broadcasting Commission in failing to deliver a cultural heritage management system AHC—see Australian Heritage Commission to support the tourism objectives of the QRCC, the QHTN Ali, S. 2009 Indigenous Cultural Tourism at the Grampians. Benchmarking Visitor disregarded its core conservation principles and objectives. This Satisfaction at Brambuk-the National Parks and Cultural Centre. Gold Coast: project has therefore delivered possible risks to world class rock CRC for Sustainable Tourism. art sites and much valued cultural heritage, and minimal benefits Anderson, C. 1981 Queensland. In N. Peterson (ed.), Aboriginal Land Rights: A to the local Indigenous community. It is out-of-step with Handbook, pp.53–114. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. recognised Australian best-practice standards of cultural heritage Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation 1993 Annual General Report. Laura: Ang- management (AHC 2001, 2002; Australia ICOMOS 1999). Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation. In recent years some of the early statutory measures that Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation 1996 Quinkan Rock Art. Laura: Ang-Gnarra were established have unravelled or changed, potentially Aboriginal Corporation. leaving Quinkan cultural heritage more vulnerable to impacts Anon. 1974 Quinkan National Park Appeal: Help save Quinkan Country. New Dawn from mining and other land development activities. Other 1974(April):7. significant rock art regions of the state (e.g. Lawn Hill Gorge, Australia ICOMOS 1999 The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Carnarvon Gorge, the Flinders Islands) are National Parks Places of Cultural Significance 1999. Canberra: Australia ICOMOS Inc. which, as high profile Category A Environmentally Significant Australian Broadcasting Commission 1975 ‘The contract’. Typescript of text areas (DERM 2001), enjoy widespread public recognition of of television interview with Dick Roughsey and Percy Trezise held by the their values and the need to protect them. The Quinkan region Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, Canberra. is a cultural landscape which is unequalled in Qld with regard Australian Heritage Commission 2001 Successful Tourism at Heritage Places: A to its national and international recognition, the extent and Guide for Tourism Operators, Heritage Managers and Communities. Canberra: number of rock art sites, and the antiquity, technical diversity, Australian Heritage Commission. aesthetic qualities and unique style of the art. Apart from the Australian Heritage Commission 2002 Ask First: A Guide to Respecting Indigenous standard protection provided by the ACHA 2003, the sole Heritage Places and Values. Canberra: Australian Heritage Commission. remaining statutory protection which recognises these unique Bednarik, R. 2011 The Dampier campaign. Rock Art Research 28(1):27–34. and outstanding cultural heritage attributes is the special status Benton, G. 2011 Visitor perceptions of cultural resource management at three of DLA002. However, as a self-assessable mineral exploration National Park service sites. Visitor Studies 14(1):84–99. tenement has been approved and other applications lodged Bolton, G. 1972 A Thousand Miles Away: A History of North Queensland to 1920. within DLA002 and its buffer, it is not clear what protection Canberra: Australian National University Press. this status will provide. Brown, R. 1990 Stepping in at Split Rock (Laura, Queensland): The Construction of In effect, the management history of the Quinkan region a Visitor Platform and Recommendations on Dust Removal, Site Conservation presents a case study in the application of Australian cultural and Interpretation at an Aboriginal Art Site. Unpublished report prepared for heritage law. It is hoped that the current heritage regime will the Quinkan Reserves Trust and the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and support the traditional owners to respond to unprecedented Torres Strait Islander Studies. pressures on their cultural heritage before it is too late. Brown, R. 1996 A conservation approach to the construction of a viewing platform at Split Rock, Laura, Cape York Peninsula. In G. Ward and L. Ward (eds), Acknowledgments Management of Rock Art Imagery, pp.97–102. Occasional AURA Publication We thank referees for their constructive comments, and Nicky 9. Melbourne: Australian Rock Art Research Association. Horsfall for her input. Use of data from Interactive Resource Brown. R 1997 Aboriginal Rock Art Imagery in the Laura Region: A Photographic and Tenure Maps is authorised by the Department of Natural Condition Assessment. Unpublished report prepared for the Ang-Gnarra Resources and Mines (DNRM). Data from the Commonwealth of Aboriginal Corporation. Australia (Geoscience Australia) 2012 used in Figures 7 and 8 are Brown, R. 2003 Visitor books: A tool for planning and evaluating visitor released under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia management at rock art sites. Rock Art Research 20(1):41–47. License. DNRM and Geoscience Australia are not responsible Buhrich, A 2001 Monitoring Visitor Behaviour at the Remote Art Site of Split Rock, for misuse of the data. We acknowledge Quantum Geographic Laura. Unpublished BA(Hons) Thesis, University of New England, Armidale. Information System (2012) Open Source Geospatial Foundation Buhrich, A. 2002 The use of visitor books as management tools at rock art sites Project for use of mapping software. Meg Travers assisted in map in Australia. In S. Ulm, C. Westcott, J. Reid, A. Ross, I. Lilley, J. Prangnell and design. We thank staff at the AIATSIS library for their assistance L. Kirkwood (eds), Barriers, Borders, Boundaries: Proceedings of the 2001 in this research. Australian Archaeological Association Annual Conference, pp.121–128. Tempus 7. Brisbane: Anthropology Museum, The University of Queensland. Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy 2002 Cape York Peninsula Mining Strategy to the Year 2010. Brisbane: Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy. Choi, H.S. and E. Sirakaya 2006 Sustainability indicators for managing community tourism. Tourism Management 27:1274–1289. Cole, N. 1998 Eel and Boomerang: An Archaeological Study of Stylistic Order and Variability in Aboriginal Rock Art of the Laura Sandstone Province, Cape York Peninsula. Unpublished PhD Thesis, School of Anthropology and Archaeology, James Cook University, Townsville.
74 Number 75, December 2012 de Keyser, F. and K.G. Lucas the Hodgkinson of 1968Geology and Laura Basins, Cole, N.A., A. Watchman and M. Morwood. 1995Chronology Quinkan rock of art. Cole, N. and N. Horsfall 2002 Review and Update Conservation Management: Rock Cole, N. and A. Watchman 2005 AMS dating of Aboriginal rock the in Laura art Cole, N. 2011Rock paintings are stories: Rock and ethnography art the in Laura Cole, N. 2004 Battle Camp to Boralga: studyA local colonial of war on Cape York Cole, N., G. Musgrave and L. George 2002Community archaeology at Laura, Cape Cole, N. 2003Managing rock tourism: art view.A global Unpublished paper CYPLUS—see Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy Cook, P. n.d. Alliances, Linkages and Challenges: The Queensland Heritage Cole, N. 2002 Archaeology the East Quinkan of Reserve. Unpublished report Cole, N. 2000 Approaches and Methods Documenting and of Managing Rock Art Department of Employment,Department of Economic Development and Innovation 2010 Department of Aboriginal and Islander Advancement 1983bThe Quinkan art and Department of Aboriginal and Islander Advancement 1983aAboriginal DEEDI—see Department Employment, of Economic Development and Innovation Deacon, J. 2006Rock conservation art and tourism. Archaeological of Journal David, B. 1991 Preliminary Archaeological Investigations on Jackass Station, DATSIMA—see Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and DAIA—see Department of Aboriginal and Islander Advancement Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and Multicultural Affairs Aboriginal Art in S.E. Cape York Peninsula, Australia, pp.147–160. Tempus 3. Australian Archaeological Association AnnualConference Art of the Laura of Sub-RegionArt Queensland. of Unpublished report prepared Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. 4–5 October 2003, Hamilton, Victoria. York Peninsula. In S. Ulm, C. Westcott, J. Reid, A. Ross, I. Lilley, J. Prangnell Method and Theory Islanders’ AdvancementNews qld.gov.au/assets/coal-pdf/qld_coal_map_10.pdf >. North Queensland Trails Network. Retrieved 6 August 2012from Environment Australia2002 Elks, S. 2011Cape York coalrush on. The Australian 18 August 2011. Retrieved Geoscience Australia2012 George, T., G. Musgrave and Ang-Gnarra Aboriginal Corporation Country 1995Our Edelman, D. 2009Broader native titlesettlements and the the meaning term of Gale, F. and J.M. Jacobs 1987Tourists and the National Estate. 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