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A Psychometric Assessment of Wechsler Short Fonns and the Shipley Lnstitute of Living

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A Psychometric Assessment of Wechsler Short Fonns and the Shipley Lnstitute of Living A Psychometric Assessment of Wechsler Short Fonns and the Shipley lnstitute of Living Scale in the Estimation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-UI IQ Scores With An Aging Sample by Ian Clara A thesis submitted to the University of Manitoba in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts De partment of Psychology University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba (c) September, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale ($1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Weilington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 ûttawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence aliowing the exclusive pennettaat a la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of tius thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thése ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othewise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. TBE UNIVERSITY OF MAiWïOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ***** COPYRIGHT PERMISSION PAGE A Psychometric Assessrnent of Wechsler Short Forms and the Shipley Insdtute of Living Scale in the Estimation of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scde-III IQ Scores with an Agiag Sample Im Clara A Thesis/Practicum submitted to the Faculty of Craduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fuifihuent of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts iAN CLARA O 2000 Permission has been granted to the Libnry of The University of Manitoba to [end or seU copies of this thesis/practicum, to the National Libnry of Cinada to micronlm tbis thesisJpracticum and to lend or seil copies of the film, and to Dissertrtions Abstracts International to publish an abstract of tbis thcsidpricticum. The author resewes other publication rights, and neither this thesidpracti~ll~llaor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author's written permission. WAIS-III Short Forms ii Acknowledgments 1 would like to thank rny advisor, Dr. Cam-Loi Huynh, for his generous help and input on this study. 1 would also like to thank my Cornmittee members, Dr. E. Schludermann and Dr. B. D'Entremont for their insights and comments. I would also like to thank my family, for believing in me and for giving me the chance to pursue my interest in Psychology. Thanks go out to Rene "Mulder" Luna, whose phone messages relieved many tiring days of work. A special th& goes out to the participants at al1 of the personal care homes and hospitals, without whose help 1 could not have completed this study . WAIS-III Short Foms iii Abstract Short forms of extensive assessment batteries are desired by clinicians in order to reduce testing time, as well as to reduce the fatigue and fnistration that examinees may encounter during a long testing session. Four short-toms commonly associated with the WAiS-R and two conversion formulae commonly used witfi the Shipley institute of Living Scale (SILS) were evaluated on their accuracy in estimating full-scale WAiS-III IQ scores on various criteria with a sample of elderly participants. All of the estimation procedures produced mean estirnates of Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) that were comparable to the hll-form FSIQ. and al1 evidenced highly significant correlations with FSIQ. Consistent with previous literature, qualitative classification rates were not very high, cornpromishg the utility of al1 of the short forms to some degree. When considering non- psychometric factors (e.g., testing time, ease of administration and scoring) and psychometric factors (e.g, reliability, validity), a 4-subtest short form by Silverstein (1982) emerged as the most psychometrically valid, and also as the most clinically usehl short form. A 4- subtest short form by Ward et al. (1987) was comparable, but evidenced poor validity. The SU,while providing accurate mean estimates, was not as highly correlated with FSIQ. produced many estimation and classification emors, and was found to be dificult by many participants. Al1 of the Wechsler-based short forms could mimic the futl-fom in mapping cognition over the elderly lifespan, but the SlLS deviated to a large degree. Trend analysis of the data did not find the thear decrease in cognition that is commonly found in cross-sectional studies with the elderky (Botwinick, 1977). Future research in short forms for the WAIS-iIi need to be carried out, especially with regards to improving WAIS-III Short Forms iv classification accuracy. Specific questions regarding the WAIS-iII and the elderly also need to be addressed (e.g., item difficulty). WAIS-III Short Fonns v Table of Contents . Acknowledgments 11 Abstract iii Table of Contents v List of Tables ix List of Figures xi INTRODUCTION 1 Literature Review 3 A History of the Wechsler Batteries of Intelligence Methodological Concems with Cognitive Testing That Led to Short Fom Development Short Forms For The Wechsler Batteries Specific Short Foms of the Wechsler Batteries Cornparisons and Criticisms of Some of the Short Fons Based on Subtests Short Forms in the Elderly General Criticisms of Short Forms General Advantages of Short Forms The Shipley hstitute of Living Scale (SES) Cognitive Patterns In The Elderly PRESENT STUDY Research Objectives WAIS-iXi Short Forms vi Hypotheses 49 METHODOLOGY 54 Participants 54 Research Protocol 5 5 Statistical Protocol 58 RESULTS 63 Descriptive Statistics of IQ Scores, Administration Times of Forms, and Psychometric Properties of Forms FulLForm and Full-Scale IQ WAIS-R-Based Short-Form Estimates of WAIS-III IQ Linear-Equated Short Form Estimates of WAIS-il IQ SILS Conversion Estimates of WAIS-UI IQ Statistical Inferences Comparison of Short-Form IQ Estimates with Full-Form IQ -- Hypothesis 1 Comparison of Short-Form IQ Estimates with Full-Fom IQ -- Hypothesis 2 Cornparison of Short-Fonn IQ Estimates with Full-Fom IQ - Hypothesis 3 Comparison of Short-Form IQ Estimates with Full-Form IQ - Hypothesis 3a. WAIS-III Short Fonns vii Cornparison of Linear-Equated Short-Fom Full-Scale IQ With WAIS-R-Based- Conversion Full-Scaie IQ - Hypotheses 4 and 5 General Cognitive Trends in the WAiS-III Age Trends in Cognition -- Hypothesis 6 VIQ - PIQ Differences for Full-Fom and QSubtest Short Fonns - Hypothesis 7 DISCUSSION The Flynn Effect Education as a Covariate Sumrnation and Recommendations References Appendix A (Description of the Subtests of the Wechsler-Bellevue (W-B),the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Adult intelligence Scale - Revised) Appendix B (Description of the new subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale -Version iII) Appendix C (Copy of the Shipley htitute of Living Scale) Appendix D (Introductory Letter to Centres and Hospitals) Appendix E (Copy of the Mini-Mental State Examination) Appendix F (Instructions for Administration of the Mini-Mental State Examination) 6.. WAiS-[II Short Forms viii Appendix G (htroductory Letter to Participants) 142 Appendix H (Consent Fonn) 143 Appendix 1 (Debiefmg Fonn) 144 Appendix I (Feedback Letter for the Participants) 145 Appendix K (Feedback From for Administrators and Institutions) 146 WAIS-III Short Forms ix List of Tables Table 1 Means and Standard Deviations, and Administration Times for Full-Form WAIS-III IQ and Wechsler-Based Short Fom IQ Estimates 63 Table 2 Means, Standard Deviations, and Classification Percentages of Linear-Equated Short Forms for Estimating WAIS-Lü Full-Fonn IQ Table 3 Means, Standard Deviations, Administration Times, and Classification Rates for Shipley IQ Estimates Table 4 Repeated Measures ANCOVA for Wechsler-Sased Short Forms With the WAIS-R Conversion Tables Table 5 Repeated Measures ANCOVA for the Linear-Equated Wechsler-Based WAIS-III IQ Estimates with Education Level as Covariate 70 Table 6 Repeated Measures ANCOVA for SUS-Conversion IQ Estimates with Education Level as Covariate 7 1 Table 7 Classification Accuracy and Misclassification of the WAIS-R- Based IQ Estimation Procedures 72 Table 8 Frequency Table of Absolute Differences Between Full-Form Full-Scale IQ and SiLS Conversion Full-Scale IQ Estimates 71 WAiS-iü Short Foms x Table 9 T-Tests of the Difference Berneen the Linear-Equated Full-Scale IQ Estirnates and the WAIS-R Conversion Full-Scale IQ Estimates 77 Table 10 Frequency Distribution of Absolute Differences of Linear- Equated Full-Scale IQ Estimates from the Full-Form Full-Scale IQ 78 Table 1 1 SampIe Sizes, Means, and Standard Deviations of Full-Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Performance IQ, Linear-Equated Full-Scale IQ Estimates, and SILS-Conversion FultScale IQ Estimates for Each Age Group 79 Table 12 Verbal and Performance IQ Differences with the Full-Form IQ and Short- Fom Wechsler Scales 92 Table 13 Frequency Counts of Absolute VIQ-PIQ Differences for Full- Form and Four-Subtest Short Fom Estimates 93 Tabie 14 Frequency Distribution of A bsolute Differences of 4-Subtest Linear-Equated Verbal and Performance IQ Estimates fiom the Full-Form Verbal and Performance IQ WNS-In Short Fonns xi List of Figures Plot of Full-Scale Wechsler IQ for each age group. 8 1 Plot of Verbal Wechsler IQ for each age group. 82 Plot of Performance Wechsler 1Q for each age group. 83 Plot of linear-equated IQ estimates for Silverstein's (1 982) 2-subtest short-form for each age group. 85 Plot of linear-equated IQ estimates for Silverstein's (1982) 4-subtest short-form for each age group.
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