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The Geology· . of New York City and Vicinity

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The Geology· . of New York City and Vicinity THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OP NATURAL HISTORY THE GEOLOGY· . OF NEW YORK CITY AND VICINITY MANHATTAN SCHIST By CHESTER A. REEDS OUIDE LEAFLET SERIES No. 56 --\ ~:n ...... - , ~ r r ·" .:t "1s·; ;~°t'..f'! I '!':: ~f::, , l' '\ on,on1~01101so- --0 - "'"\.~'4;-\t~"-- , ·. .. .,, Ws,·· ,t' JscAUIN ·srAfUrc MITTS ') ' '· / ,gt~ . ,f~ , \l 9\.~"(""\) !l•-- ,:, · I fJ.., ,,-"'"\ 'd / , _,,. , I , ,., ,. ·• - ---· . -' , - , ,".J'• \; - - - 1' ,"- ,v,•v,CHIANS • -•1 /..-;,;... 1 ; ".~ --- .,,,,:,5 0 ,,•• , ~\\~ ( ,,tf:, ,\'\, ,_~,_.tNTAL Pt•TFOR!'I \ \00 1•'"' " , , - " ___c.. ..... ~.t.~ ,"I .. .····- ;.,· ...,- .,"-'-~~-- , -: ,' ;· .. ·.\)~;~/ ~../' ~ ~'-, ,,.,.... "'.~·•9 - I I / ~-t!l'f. , ., , ,.. <t-~ (.; ,.i3' ,-' ••, ••~·· ',' / i .;., ,,-- c...: ·?.\) 1 ~')"!''" /S-,1 1./ .$'~ ,,.,J-;'/ l/ v<i 't--'\1>{\~\'- ~ ,u,:;., I <} ! f Jiq_~r I\ PHYSIOGAAPHl 1 OIV ISI ONS o( th• NORTH CENTRAL ATLANTIC STATES by C A RECOS i. '" part .lt,,, N M f [ NNENAN) I Tht oppro-.,,inote!y 1!;0;,:~;~1109',:~::td I that opp,ors O'I th, insert moo 1s a rep• rtsrntot,cn "" m,n toturt of the areo COlifrld 111 lht lorgt I0lffl9f 11'10ptd t,91,m~ THE ESSENTIAL RELIEF FEATURES OF NEW YORK CIT..Y ANO NORTHERN NEW JERSEY Modif ied from A. K. Lobeck by Chester A . Reeds WM E BELAN SKE . •<I D I AGRAl\Il\IATIC RELIEF l\IAP OF NEW YORK CITY AND ADJOI N I NG AREAS GEOLOGY OF NEW YORK CITY AND ITS VICINITY By CHESTER A. REEDS Associate Curator of Invertebrate Palreontology The American Museum of Natural History Guide Leaflet No. 56 New York, March, 1925 Geology of New York City and Its Vicinity BY CHE TER ~ . REED Associate Curator of Invertebrate Palreontology HE relief feature of the ew Three well cl fin lement of thi. York i ty di tri t consist of plain appear: T everal di +inctly differ nt typ , (a) It innerlowlancl partly drowned "\\hich have been elev lop l by natural in Long I land ound, Lower ew force on rock of unequal hardne . York and andy Hook bay , ex­ ome of the rock are uncon olidated tend outhwe tward along the main and and mud and ar of compara­ railway line through New Brun wick, tively r cent date; other are tratified Tr nton, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and with alt rnating hard and oft bed , ,va hington; which have be n tilted r lightly (b) It fall line feature appear on folded and are older; till others of th the Delaware at Trenton, on the am orio·in but far older have been o chuylkill at Philadelphia, on the much altered and deformed during Potomac at the Great Fall above certain g ologic period that they have ,va hington, D . C., and on th Jame~ become Cl'.) talline and entir ly changed River at Richmond : in appearance, that i , metamorpho ed. ( c) Its cu ta form the foundation of Volcanic rock thick and homogeneou Long I land, the Atlantic Highland ·, in character have al o been injected and t he ragged front making up the into the area at different time , ome hilly belt of outhern ew J r ey. v rv early, other later , but none very 3. The Newark Lowland i a plain recently. These and ome of t he crys­ developed on inclin cl weak trata con- tallin one form the mo t re i tn,nt i ting of red an 1 tone an l hale of rido·e . The di tribution of the rock i Tria ic age. The intru ive heet of in the form of belt with a prevailing re istant volcanic rock form the promi­ northeaf-t- outhwe t dir ction. nent re idual ridg known a the Pali- The e ntial relief feature and ade 1 ,vatchung, Hook, u h tunk phy iographic province of the area are and Sourlancl mountain , and Long and hown in a graphic manner on the Rocky hill.. relief map, frontispiece. They may be 4. The w England pland i ummarized a follows : repre ented in the district by the l\!Ian­ 1. The continental helf, which rep­ hattan and Reading prongs. Thi up­ re ent th ubmerged margin of the land con i t of di ected and di - continent, extend ea twarcl from the ordered cry talline rock . The Man­ N w Jer y hor for about 100 mil to hattan prong xtend down the ea t the 100 fathom line. Beyond that bank of the Hudson e tuary from the point the ea floor drop rapidly to the Hio·hland to and including ,'.Ianhattan great and extensive oceanic depth. of Island . The north central portion of 2000- 4600 fathom . taten I land i an outlier. The Rend­ 2. The oa tal Plain i that portion ino· prong extend a highland from of the former ubmergecl continental the gorge of the Hud on soutlnn'st­ helf which has be n rai, ed above the ward aero ew York and N" cw J er. cy . ea without apparent deformation. to Reading, Penn ylvania . 3 4 GUIDE LEAFLET ,,. ,,. ,,. ,,. ,,. ' ' ' ,,. ,,. ' ' ,,. ' ' ' ' ' / ' ' I Y~K(RS \ ' \ \ 'ketch map of New York ity and vicinity, howing position of the t rminal moraine and dir ction of t he ice movement (indicated by the arrow ) during the la tor Wi con in ofaciation. After rnited 'tate ,eoloo-ical urvey 5. The broad valley to the west GLA IATIO : The north rn portion occupied by the ·yv allkill and Paulins of the New York ity di trict ha been Kill i a part of the great Appalachian traver ed at lea t four tim by great Valley, which extend from Birming­ heets of ice which moved down from ham, Alabama, to Lake Champlain. the Labrador center. The e continen­ It is one of the prominent subdivisions tal glaci r modified the drainage and of the ewer Appalachian phy io­ the urface of the land over which they graphic pr vince. pa sed. The terminal morain which 6. The narrow Kittatinny Moun­ repre ents the outhernmo t xtent of tain ridge clipping w tward, represent the la t ice field appear a a con picu­ th northea tern exten, ion of the belt ou ridge con i. ting of knob and of newer and folded Appalachian of kettle hol on Long I Ian l, taten c ntral Penn ylvania. I land, and r w Jer ey. It continue 7. The Alleghany Plat au app ar w twarcl aero the United tate we t of th Delawar River. Farther to th Pacific Ocean near attle, north in ew York tate the 'at kill \Va hington. Mountain. repre rnt a ubdivi ion of The ctrift bowlder and un orted rock thi plateau. debri in the t rminal rnorain and GEOLOGY OF iVEvr YORK CITY AND IT V I CI N ITY ;) The "rocking tone," New York Zoological Park, an ice-tran ported bowlder re ting on a glaciated urfoce northward give a. clue a to the direc­ tary on gm and containing numerou tion of ice movement. Larg bowlders marine fo il were cleri vecl from the of cry talline rock from Jamaica and xposure m ea t central ew York Holli Long I land, indicate that they tate. were plucked out of the bed rock in the Each of the four continental 0 -lacier vicinity of Y onk r , Mt. Vernon and of the Plei tocene epoch con i ted of ice other place in ,Ve tchester County, thou ands offeet thick. They not only Xe"· York. Glacial-borne pebble plucked out huge bowlcler the ize of a containing fo il and oolite have been house and tran ported them long di - found at Broadway and 191st treet. tanc , but they al o cow·ed off the The fo il r pre ent minute fragment oil-cover in many place and left bare of bryozoa and coral , of Devonian age, rock urfaces, roches moutonnees 1 little which are imilar to tho e found at de ert in fact1 on which no plants other pre ent in the Cat killMountainregion. than lichen can grow. A o-ood example The oolite , which are mall, concentric of a glaciated urface with an ice­ phere cemented together, re emble transported bowlder re. ting upon it i ~ fi h roe. They, too, came from up- tate the "rockino- tone n in the Ne"' York New York. On taten I land, Long Zoological Park, Bronx, figured above. I land, and hort Hill , Jew Jer ey: Rock h lcl firmly in the base of the many large drift bowlder of e limen- ice erved not only a abra ive. but al o 6 GUIDE LEAFLET Exposure of glacial till , containino- and, o-rav 1, a nd bowlcler , in contact with erpentine rock, at 'a. tie Point, Hol okC'n. After rnitecl tate Geoloo-ic·al 'urvey, Pa, aic Folio, ~o. 157 a etching tool . De p parallel groove bowlcl r from the Pali a cle foun l in in cry talline rock appear at variou Yonker and :New York ity indicate place on River icl Drive, particularly t hat the ice moved outhea terly on the outh .-icle of the Drive wher it diagonally aero th Pali acle and the leave t he Hurt on River at about 200th Hue! on River a hown on the tr et. The. e glacial trire runnino­ diagram, p. 2. northwe. t-. outhea. t o-ive the direction A tr am leaving th front of the of i e movement. l\Iany diaba e glaci r oftentime contain cl a laro-e GEOLOG}' OF .\ Elr rORK IT}' AXD IT, rI LYIT}' I STO~M Kl WC ro -, ection drawing of the ediment in the Hud on River at torm King ~fountain, where i located t h a-reat iphon of the Xe"· York ity aquC'duct.
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