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Silence of the Wild Boar

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Silence of the Wild Boar Silence of the Wild Boar Sergei Khomenko Disease Ecology and Wildlife Specialist 39th General Session of the EuFMD, Rome, Italy 28 April, 2011 Historical range of Sus scrofa FMD in wild boar: 1. Caucasus 1902 1908 1911 2 1917 5 1919 1925 1 2. Kazakh- 1927 stan 1931 3 1941 4 3. Kyrgyz- 1953 stan 4. Israel 1987- 1999 2007 5. Europe 1920s? 2011 Marek & Hutÿra, 1931; Sludskiy, 1956; Danilkin, 2002 Photo: Keith Sumption How European Wild Boar celebrate Pascua in Italy LR / SR / PIGS 90 Heads (%) 80 Holdings (%) 70 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 0 LR SR Pigs DATA: Bulgarian NVS, 2011 Population & n holdings Livestock Heads Holdings LR 6299 226 Livestock Sheep 30289 694 Goat 5986 982 composition Pigs 3909 367 Total 46,483 2,269 January, 2011 Free-range East Balkan pigs (!) - FMD Low livestock density in affected areas DATA: Bulgarian NVS, 2011 ??? Molecular phylogenetics indicates likely persistence in wildlife (?) 30/12/2010 TCS tree based on 7087 nt BUL/1/2010 02/2011 (most L-fragment ) Wild boar 8 nt changes 12LPN1 Kosti 4 nt changes 02/2011 14 nt changes 12LPN3 Rezovo 6 nt changes BUL/11/2011 TUR/926/2010 Kirovo Bursa 4 nt changes 19/03/2011 26/07/2010 31 31 ntnt changes changes 13 nt changes 28/03/2011 BUL/26/2011 Granichar 28/03/2011 BUL/20/2011 BUL/30/2011 11 nt changes Golyamo Fakia Bukovo 01/04/2011 Putative common ancestor of Bulgarian wild board and first phase of the outbreaks Putative common ancestor of the second phase of the Bulgarian outbreaks CREDITS : FAO-WRL for FMD, Pirbright/Lindholm laboratory Denmark/Bulgarian NRL Abound wild ungulates n=11,000 (max density = 4 heads/km2) DATA: Bulgarian NVS, 2011 5059 (2.1) 3931 (1.5) No hunting management 5-7,000 wild boar A few deer 1657 (0.7) EuFMD Research group/FAO EMPRES Wildlife Unit Joint Meeting (Berlin, 11-12 April) • review FMD surveillance in domestic and wildlife species in the two countries; • identify gaps in knowledge and priorities for surveillance; • review findings from FMD experimental studies in wild boar; • identify the likelihood of persistence of FMD in wildlife based on modelling results. FMD outbreaks and WB sero-surveillance results in BG and TR in Feb-March, 2011 BULGARIA 5,000 wild boars 19 Wild boar sera ALL: NEG 5-7,000 wild boars 5 out of 11 Wild boar sera NSP +, Type O TURKEY Surveillance in wildlife • not representative, controversial result, does not cover all species; • to be continued in Thrace in both countries: – (a) Summer: emergency randomized sampling at the forest/farmland interface – trapping & hunting; – (b) Winter: ecologically stratified sampling strategy to find out disease status of wildlife population. Outcomes of TRTR--IRIR FMD data analysis workshop, Ankara Interpolated N outbreaks v forest 1. 14 million FMD susceptible livestock; 2. Estimated 60-80.000 wild boars; 3. Approx. 1800 FMD outbreaks (2009-10). - Tentative WB sampling locations • Winter hunting season Pilot project in 2011-2012, hunting TR Anatolia clubs/grounds based; • Longitudinal sero-survey, ~400 samples from shot wild boars; • Include lymph node collection for virus isolation; • Protocols and professional sample collectors; • Preparations and development of project proposal underway. Unknowns of FMD epidemiology in Wild Boar and other wildlife • Transmission parameters (duration of infection, long-shedders; (maternal) antibody protection, role of habitat fragmentation - connectivity etc); • Environmental persistence, including potential role of abortion and contamination of environment, scavenging etc; • Clinical course of FMD, effect on behavior and epidemiological implications; • Most of the above is similarly relevant to deer species. Experimental • Clinical signs on the 4 DPI (domestic 2 DPI) – infection e.g. incubation 4 days; • Most severe and evident lesions – 7 DPI; • Less clinically affected, apparently did not loose mobility, no lameness; • Viraemia: 1 DPI through at least 9 DPI; • NSP antibodies detected 7-8 DPI. CREDITS : A. Breithaupt, K. Depner, B. Haas, M. Beer ( FLI – Federal Research Institute for Animal Health Institute of Diagnostic Virology) Modeling FMD epidemic in Wild Boar • May last 1.5-2 yr nearly irrespective of transmission rates & infectious period; • WB transient host only, re- introductions needed; • Population size (+spatial extent of population, fragmentation) most important; Major challenge for FMD modeling: multispecies host environment 3 wildlife + including livestock + owners’ behavior) CREDITS: Stephanie Kramer-Schadt, Martin Lange, Hans-Hermann Thulke (Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ, Leipzig, EcoEpi Group) Which forest beast is the most important for FMD? % of wild animals compared to domestic WB numbers, distribution and population dynamics database for the whole of Northern Eurasia Update and refine WB population data for disease spread modeling, rapid risk assessment Spread of TADs across international borders suspected to involve wildlife 2007 - ASF 2004-2011 - FMD 2011 - FMD Georgia-Russian China-Mongolia- Turkey-Bulgaria Federation Russian Federation Sus scrofa + Sus scrofa Procapra gutturosa Thanks to many people helping to break the silence of the Wild Boar.
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