The Maximalist Transformation of the Female Immigrant Identity in Bharati

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Maximalist Transformation of the Female Immigrant Identity in Bharati Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2010 The am ximalist transformation of the female immigrant identity in Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine and The oldeH r of the World Lauren D. Hazenson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the Rhetoric and Composition Commons Recommended Citation Hazenson, Lauren D., "The am ximalist transformation of the female immigrant identity in Bharati Mukherjee's Jasmine and The Holder of the World" (2010). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 11304. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/11304 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 00000000 The maximalist transformation of the female immigrant identity in Bharati Mukherjee’s Jasmine and The Holder of the World By Lauren Hazenson A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Major: English (Literature) Program of Study Committee: Diane Price Herndl, Major Professor Constance J. Post Eugenio Matibag Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2010 Copyright © Lauren Hazenson, 2010. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 JASMINE 8 THE HOLDER OF THE WORLD 30 CONCLUSION 53 FURTHER DIRECTIONS OF STUDY 56 WORKS CITED 57 1 Mukherjee begins her 1988 New York Times article “Immigrant Writing: Give Us Your Maximalists” by declaring to American readers, “I am one of you now,” heralding her new identity as an American citizen and American author (Mukherjee 1). Her article encompasses much of the argument regarding immigration that provides the framework for two novels she wrote after this article, Jasmine and The Holder of the World. These books mark the beginning of maximalism's presence in Mukherjee's writing, where she began to work against the minimalism, which she pinpoints as the reason that “'American fiction' has become synonymous with the mainstream, big-advance, well-promoted novel or story collection, and that that American fiction - clever, mannered, brittle - has lost the power to transform the world's imagination” (“Immigrant Writing”). The minimalism that Mukherjee writes against opts for simplistic sentence constructions and character descriptions that leave most of the story's content in what is not said. This writing focuses mostly on lacking, either in its content or its subject matter, which is primarily concerned with social criticism. Conversely, maximalism defines itself similarly to Mukherjee's description of Mughal paintings. Mukherjee has explained that her novels seek to emulate the Mughal painting by giving multiple characters equal significance and putting multiple narratives together so that they are inextricably connected to one another (Chen and Goudie 78). Similarly, maximalism places secondary characters and details of equal importance to main characters. Like Picasso's cubism, maximalism attempts to meld all angles into one image that attempts to be more reflective of its subject than more two dimensional views of cultural ancestry, especially that of American literature. Maximalism also provides enough overlapping elements to create a hybrid space, a “borderland” for immigrants and those labeled as Other. In this hybrid space immigrants 2 move beyond the unwashed Ellis Island stereotype to experience more freedom to pick and choose which elements of culture to retain or adopt. Mukherjee's “New America” (as opposed to one comprised of mostly European immigrants) is portrayed in Jasmine and The Holder of the World by female characters that embody many ideals Mukherjee ascribes to recent and mainly nonwhite immigrants : [America is] a world, by definition, of doubles. Characters in this world have the density of 19th-century presences; like creations out of Balzac or Dickens, they pass before me leaving real footprints. They have all shed past lives and languages, and have traveled half the world in every direction to come here and begin again. They're bursting with stories, too many to begin telling. They've lived through centuries of history in a single lifetime--village-born, colonized, traditionally raised, educated. What they've assimilated in 30 years has taken the West 10 times that number of years to create. Time travel is a reality - I've seen it in my own life. Bionic Men and Women are living among us. (2) Mukherjee’s “Bionic Men and Women” in this quotation present a parallel concept to Haraway’s “Manifesto for Cyborgs.” Most literary critics who have written about Jasmine or The Holder of the World examined these works as an exploration of the American immigrant as a hybrid, usually citing Bhabha when doing so. Mukherjee, in this New York Times article, certainly encourages the concept of immigrant as hybrid by characterizing “New America” as existing in constant reinvention and the tangling of timelines. 3 This reinvention and entanglement of time and place are prominent in Mukherjee's books, especially in Jasmine and The Holder of the World, both in their plot and characters as well as the works she chooses to interweave thematically in her own text. Mukherjee creates a maximalist text by fusing her narratives with canonical works such as The Scarlet Letter , Jane Eyre, and Pygmalion as well as the Ramayana and other sources of Hindu mythology. What is analyzed as a rewriting or deconstruction of canonical texts is only part of the process. The texts are broken down and then introduced as a new incarnation, one that adapts itself to the “New America” of maximalist writing. A significant example of textual reincarnation is that of Hindu goddess Sita. Sita, Ram's wife in the Ramayana, has been upheld for generations in India as an ideal wife, though left-wing Hindus increasingly challenge this view of Sita, claiming it portrays a misogynist expectation for women. If we ignore the significance this text has in The Holder of the World and implicitly in Jasmine , we lose a tie between Indian and Western culture that would directly apply to the female characters in Mukherjee's fiction. Mukherjee uses the Ramayana and other Indian cultural artifacts in an American context to emphasize a tie between the two countries, and the Indian texts therefore have equal significance to the canonical Anglo-American works that are more widely studied in relation to these books. Both novels have significant portions of the plot in India and America, with Jasmine depicting more time in America and The Holder of the World focusing more on colonial India. When the novels straddle both worlds, they highlight the immigrant woman’s ideological liminality. In Jasmine the plot follows the titular character in the process of becoming an empowered individual more than it does her process of becoming 4 an American. It is noteworthy that Jasmine's process of “becoming” does not have a foreseeable end, even on the last page of the novel. The Holder of the World also centers on becoming American, but the storyline explores the early formation of the country's ideology through the transformation of a Puritan woman in colonial South India during the 17th century. The storylines of both books are as “tangled” as the identities of their main characters, which complicates any attempt to categorize the characters of the book or the plot into cultural archetypes. Part of the “tangling” results from the narrative, which is often told from the present looking into the past, but not in chronological order. Multiple characters are blended with narrative elements from canonical works and Hindu mythology. Finally, primary characters in both books change their names frequently and in the process embody different incarnations of themselves, much like Hindu deities depicted in the Bhagvad Gita. This “tangling” has several functions. First, it provides enough starts and stops to different storylines that although the narrative reaches a conclusion it seems inherently incomplete, which leads to greater focus on the “becoming” process than a particular arrival at the end. This lack of a definitive limitation to the storyline frustrates categorization of both the author and the characters into stereotypes. It also provides enough overlapping elements to create a hybrid space, a “borderland” for immigrants and those labeled as Other. In this hybrid space immigrants move beyond the unwashed Ellis Island stereotype to experience more freedom to pick and choose which elements of culture to retain or adopt. Mukherjee works to make a space for South Asian writers and 5 “maximalist” texts within the American literary canon by interweaving reinterpretations of canonical texts. Jasmine and The Holder of the World are compared in this thesis in part because they were written during a shift in Bharati Mukherjee’s thinking about immigration from India to the West, which works as a foundation for her concept of “maximalism.” Her previous books, Darkness and Wife , contain criticism of Canadian multiculturalism and express little hope for Canadian acceptance of South Asian immigrants. Though Mukherjee cemented her reputation as a more exilic writer like Rushdie or Naipaul because of these early works, it was after her immigration to the United States that she began identifying herself as an immigrant writer. In her interviews Mukherjee recognizes that she puts more stock in Indian immigrant women than their male counterparts. She explains women undergo a more “psychological transformation” whereas men aim to make money and return to India. Jasmine is the clearest example of an Indian woman undergoing this psychological transformation, but the white American-born main characters in The Holder of the World expand the “maximalism” she attributes to “New America” and plant it in “Old America” and the Puritan immigrant foundations of the nation.
Recommended publications
  • BHARATI MUKHERJEE, Two Ways to Belong in America
    -r"~~!!!; . TWO WAYS TO BELONG IN AMERICA 273 system, and has become nationally recognized for her contribu­ tions in the fields of pre-school education and parent-teacher BHARATI MUKHERJEE relationships. After 36 years as a legal immigrant in this country, she clings passionately to her Indian citizenship and hopes to go home to India when she retires. Two Ways to Belong In Iowa City in 1963, I married a fellow student, an American 5 of Canadian parentage. Because of the accident of his North in America Dakota birth, I bypassed labor-certification requirements and the race-related "quota" system that favored the applicant's country Born in 1940 and raised in Calcutta, India, Bharati Mukherjee immi­ of origin over his or her merit. I was prepared for (and even wel­ grated to the United States in 1961 and earned an M.F.A. and a Ph.D. in comed) the emotional strain that came with marrying outside my literature. Mukherjee is the author of several novels, including Tiger's ethnic community. In 33 years of marriage, we have lived in every Daughter (1972) and Jasmine (1989), and short story col/ections, such part of North America. By choosing a husband who was not my as The Middleman and Other Stories (1988). She teaches literature father's selection, I was opting for fluidity, self-invention, blue and fiction writing at the University of California, Berkeley. jeans, and T-shirts, and renouncing 3,000 years (at least) of caste­ "Two Ways to Belong in America" first appeared in the New York observant, "pure culture" marriage in the Mukherjee family.
    [Show full text]
  • Migration Is Incarnation-Immigrant Experiences in Bharati Mukherjee's
    IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) e-ISSN : 2279-0837, p-ISSN : 2279-0845 PP 40-43 www.iosrjournals.org Migration is Incarnation-Immigrant Experiences in Bharati Mukherjee’s novels Dr. M. Subbiah M.A M. Phil., Ph.D., Principal/Prof of English, Arignar Anna College (Arts &Science), Krishnagiri Abstract: Immigrant experiences are a composite one made up of journeys and border crossings. Migration leads to separation. Separation means of rebirth in a country marked by new culture and new adjustments in an alien land. Immigrant psyche shows the interaction of traditional culture within the culture of an adopted alien land and bring about a transformation in the inherited tradition and culture of the immigrant. Almost all her novels depict an immigrant looking back to her mother country with pain and nostalgia but an immigrant who shares the common grievances of those who are impelled by an insistent urge to give voice to the aspirations of these new settlers. In the novels The Tiger’s Daughters, Desirable Daughters, Wife, Jasmine The Holder of the World we confront characters that despite suffering they are not ready look back. Their sensibility gets altered under the stress of circumstances at the same time they are changing the situation around them by fighting. Key words: change,culture, immigrant, journey, voice, I. Introduction Immigrant experiences are a composite one made up of journeys and border crossings. Migration leads to separation. Separation means of rebirth in a country marked by new culture and new adjustments in an alien land. Immigrant psyche shows the interaction of traditional culture within the culture of an adopted alien land and bring about a transformation in the inherited tradition and culture of the immigrant.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of Self in the Works of Bharati Mukherjee
    International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume V, Issue V, May 2018 | ISSN 2321–2705 Transformation of Self in the Works of Bharati Mukherjee Swati Srivastava Associate Professor, Department of Applied Science and Humanities, Ambalika Institute of Management and Technology, Lucknow, India Abstract: - Bharati Mukherjee has established herself as a from all parts of the world having divergent ethnic, religious powerful member of the American Literary Scene. Her works and cultural preoccupations, her work based on the theme, frequently redefine the process of immigration as a translation which is centered in their struggles to outgrow inherited and as a new opportunity for the individuals. In this paper such values. The authenticity beauty of much of her fiction lies in a view has been articulated in her novels as The Tiger’s being, well versed by the personal experiences. Daughter, Wife and Jasmine. Mukherjee’s novels tell of boundary crossings and international networks reveal a number The author lives her life with distinctly different of the effects of transnational are on people and their fates. experiences she has been throughout life. Because of this While America remains the location for the construction of reason, she has been describing as a writer who has lived identity in Mukherjee’s writing it becomes a re-imagined global through several phrases of life. As first, she lives as a colonial, space, not the unified nation state which it has pretended to be. then national subject in India. After that, she led a Keywords: Heroines of Bharati Mukherjee, Transformation of life of exile as post colonial Indian in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • RE – INVENTING ONESELF IS the MAIN THEME in BHARATI MUKHERJEE’S NOVEL MISS NEW INDIA – a DISCUSSION Dr R
    RE – INVENTING ONESELF IS THE MAIN THEME IN BHARATI MUKHERJEE’S NOVEL MISS NEW INDIA – A DISCUSSION Dr R. Sumathi2 , Mrs. V. Murugalakshmi1, Mrs. B. Ajantha3 1M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Ph.D., Head & Assistant Professor of English, 2M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed., Assistant Professor of English, 3M.A., M.Phil., MBA., SET., Assistant Professor of English, Sri SRNM College, Sattur (India) ABSTRACT Bharati Mukherjee (1940) has been a dominant writer of Indian origin settled in Canada and then in the United States of America. Mukherjee, in her writings, paid importance to the condition of the Indian woman immigrants. Her stories are about psychological transformation, especially among women immigrant. Miss New India is a novel full of contrasts as India itself; the contrast between the old and the new, between dedication to family and dedication to self, between the comfort of what’s familiar and the pull of modernization. The protagonist Anjali, who prepared to call herself by the more modern Angie, was torn between a life described by traditional rituals and a life of independence in the gleaming metropolis of Bangalore. Angie begins to realize that to survive, she has to forget ideals that she once held dear. In order to, “make it”, Angie will need to re-invent herself in ways she never dreamed of. This theme of re-inventing oneself is a main theme in this novel. Keywords: Immigrants, Reinventing, Rediscovering, Modernization Bharati Mukherjee (1940) has been a dominant writer of Indian origin settled in Canada and then in the United States of America. Her works deal with Indians coming to terms with America and its melting – pot culture, including her Canadian experience with an ongoing quest from expatriation to immigration.
    [Show full text]
  • Clark Blaise)
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Projects & Workshops Special Collections 1991 Biocritical Essay (Clark Blaise) Ross, Catherince Sheldrick University of Calgary Press The Clark Blaise papers : first accession and second accession. (Canadian archival inventory series, no. 9). - Calgary : University of Calgary Press, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/43976 Essay Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca http://www.ucalgary.ca/lib-old/SpecColl/blaisbioc.htm Special Collections Clark Blaise Biocritical Essay by Catherine Sheldrick Ross ©1991 Reproduced with permission Clark Blaise is a master of a form on the border of autobiography and fiction--what he calls "'personal' fiction".1 When you read the first six published books, what is striking is the extent to which they all seem to be part of one larger, ongoing work. Ranging in form from short stories and novellas to novels and a travel memoir, these works create a unified Blaisian world. At the centre of each fiction is a perceiving self, engaged in remembering, inventing, imagining, and presenting the conditions of his own existence. Blaise's own life supplies many of the raw materials of place and incident, but remembered situations are transformed and reshaped anew from one story to the next.2 Typically the stories are told in the first person by a male narrator who looks back on significant events of his life, trying to make sense of things. This narrator is always an outsider, partly because his Canadian parents are never quite assimilated into American life. However, the most significant fact about the parents is their difference from each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Bharati Mukherjee: an Interview Original Site
    1 Bharati Mukherjee: an interview SPAN Journal of the South Pacific Original Site: Association for Commonwealth http://wwwtds.murdoch.edu.au:80/~cntinuum/lit Literature and Language Studies serv/SPAN/34/Vignisson.html Number 34-35 (1993) with Runar Vignisson Runar Vignisson I was wondering if we could just start by your telling Diasporas us a little bit about yourself, however you want to start. Edited by Vijay Mishra Bharati Mukherjee I was born in Calcutta, in the Eastern part of India, in 1940 into a wealthy traditional family. When I was growing up I lived in an extended family so that there were 40, 45 people living in the house at the same time. There was absolutely no sense of privacy, every room felt crowded. In fact in the traditional Bengali Hindu family of my kind to want privacy was to be selfish. That was why I was so entranced by the idea of Iceland having little population and lots of space. RV Yes, its very hard, coming from Iceland, to imagine that situation because, you know, there are two people per square kilometre in Iceland. So that's very interesting. BM So in a sense what I did was, in order to make privacy for myself, make a little emotional, physical space for myself, I had to read. I had to drop inside books as a way of escaping crowds. As a result I became a very bookish child, I read and read and read all day. And I learnt to read and write and go into first grade school, in fact, when I was three years old.
    [Show full text]
  • She Said, He Said: the Romance of Food in Our Marriage Author(S): Bharati Mukherjee and Clark Blaise Source: World Literature Today, Vol
    Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma She Said, He Said: The Romance of Food in Our Marriage Author(s): Bharati Mukherjee and Clark Blaise Source: World Literature Today, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 2009), pp. 24-29 Published by: Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20621467 Accessed: 01-02-2017 22:43 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to World Literature Today This content downloaded from 70.115.150.147 on Wed, 01 Feb 2017 22:43:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 4 This content downloaded from 70.115.150.147 on Wed, 01 Feb 2017 22:43:09 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 3 food She Said, He Said The Romance of Food in Our Marriage Bharati Mukherjee & Clark Blaise Though the authors have lived in many cities on three continents, they still equate feeding and eating with love. The kitchen is Bharati's "room of one's own," which was transformed after making instant coffee for Clark on the second day of their marriage into a place both for writing and for a "spicy impulsiveness" drawn from the world's cuisines.
    [Show full text]
  • Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research Journal the Criterion: an International Journal in English ISSN: 0976-8165
    About Us: http://www.the-criterion.com/about/ Archive: http://www.the-criterion.com/archive/ Contact Us: http://www.the-criterion.com/contact/ Editorial Board: http://www.the-criterion.com/editorial-board/ Submission: http://www.the-criterion.com/submission/ FAQ: http://www.the-criterion.com/fa/ ISSN 2278-9529 Galaxy: International Multidisciplinary Research Journal www.galaxyimrj.com www.the-criterion.com The Criterion: An International Journal In English ISSN: 0976-8165 Bharati Mukherjee’s The Holder of the World: An Odyssey of Postcolonialism and Cultural Sensibility Anita Goswami Research Scholar, Dept. of English, H.N.B.Garhwal Central University, Srinagar Abstract: It is acknowledged that Bharati Mukherjee is an eminent diasporic writer of the third generation. She talks about the troubles of South Asian Women immigrants’ .In her novels female protagonists are the sufferer of identity crisis and they struggle on the ground of foreign land, east to west. In her novel The Holder of the World we see that Hannah Easton, female protagonist of the novel, she begins her journey from west to east but she not only searches her identity but also explores the various layers of multiculturalism. This novel is woven with threads of migration, immigration, historical evidence and transformation. The Holder of the World was published in 1993, deals with the story of a puritan woman named as Hannah Easton of seventeenth century. Later on she is known as ‘Salem Bibi’ an immigrant from America, who comes to India, absorbs herself in the Indian culture. Later on she becomes the mistress of Indian King Raja Singh Jadav.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diversity in Bharati Mukherjee's Wife
    www.ijcrt.org © 2018 IJCRT | Volume 6, Issue 1 March 2018 | ISSN: 2320-2882 Cultural diversity in Bharati Mukherjee’s Wife A.Thirumani Aarthilaxmi, M.Phil English, Nadar Saraswathi College of Arts and Science, Theni. Abstract: One of the key features of twentieth century is the large-scale migration across the globe. Two world wars, emergence of decolonized countries, and the dominance of information technology have redefined concepts such as identity, belonging and home. Diasporic literature, especially Indian Diasporic literature is the result of colonization and decolonization, the period in Indian history in which a large number of Indian people migrated to other countries either through colonization or by their need for work. Diaspora dream figures are found prominently in all the novels of Bharati Mukherjee concentrates many moods of expatriation such as nostalgia, frustration, uncertainty and despondency This study examines how these socio-political experiences are translated into the context of American identity. The protagonist of Bharati Mukherjee`s “wife” feels homeless and alienated in the foreign land. She also experience the cultural shock in the new land. Bharati Mukherjee is one of the most prominent Indian women writers in English who is honored as the ‘Grande dame’ of diasporic Indian English literature. She has been termed as an Asian- American writer, Indo- American writer, Indian Diaspora writer, writer of immigrant fiction and non-fiction, and American writer of mainstream today. As Clark Blaise puts it - “Bharati has become one of America’s best known novelists and short-story writers” (Blaise and Mukherjee, “Prologue” to Days and Nights, vi).
    [Show full text]
  • The Predicament of Illegality: Undocumented Aliens in Contemporary American Immigration Fiction
    The Predicament of Illegality: Undocumented Aliens in Contemporary American Immigration Fiction Kairos G. Llobrera Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Kairos G. Llobrera All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Predicament of Illegality: Undocumented Aliens in Contemporary American Immigration Fiction Kairos G. Llobrera This dissertation examines representations of undocumented aliens and explores the issue of illegality in contemporary American immigration fiction. It takes as a fundamental premise that in immigration, status matters. The importance of immigration status in the “real world” is evident not only in ongoing national debates but also in the daily experiences of immigrants, whose inclusion in or exclusion from America’s social, economic and political spheres is largely dependent on their status as documented or undocumented persons. This dissertation proposes that status likewise matters in literary representations of immigration. As this project demonstrates, immigration narratives often rely on conventional structures, themes and tropes that privilege the legal immigrant subject. Indeed, the legality of protagonists is often taken for granted in many novels about immigration. Thus, by foregrounding fundamental questions concerning legal status in the study of immigration literature, this dissertation aims to show the ways in which status informs, influences and directly shapes immigration novels. While
    [Show full text]
  • Prologue 1. from Robert Faurison, a Lifelong Holocaust Denier From
    Notes Prologue 1. From Robert Faurison, a lifelong Holocaust denier from France, to David Duke, the American white supremacist politician and former Ku Klux Klan leader, who contended that no gas chambers or exter- mination camps were actually built during the war on the grounds that killing Jews by that method would have been cost-prohibitive and much too bothersome. “The number of victims at the Auschwitz concentration camp could be about 2,007. The railroad to the camp did not have enough capacity to transfer large numbers of Jews,” said another speaker. The conference included an exhibition of various photos, posters, and other materials meant to contradict the accepted version of events, that the Nazis murdered millions of Jews and other “undesirables” in death camps during the war. Some familiar pho- tos of corpses at the camps bore new captions in Persian arguing that they were victims of typhus, not the German state. This dis- cussion of the Holocaust denial conference is based on “Iran Hosts Holocaust Deniers,” Associated Press, December 12, 2006; Nazila Fathi, “Holocaust Deniers and Skeptics Gather in Iran,” New York Times , December 11, 2006; “Rogues and Fools,” Editorial, New York Times , December 15, 2006; Tammy Bruce, “This Weekend: Iran’s Holocaust Denial Conference.” Blog. : <http://tammybruce. com/2006/12/this_weekend_irans_holocaust_d_html>; “Hatred on Parade,” Editorial, Daily Camera , December 14, 2006. 2. Minow 123. For an extended discussion of various manifestations of justice ensuing from trials, truth commissions, and reparations, see Minow 123–33. 3. In 1995 Queen Elizabeth II became the first British monarch ever to make an official apology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Immigrant Woman in Bharati Mukherjee's
    Vol. 5(8), pp. 199-205, October, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/IJEL2014.0528 Article Number: FBE26F947312 International Journal of English and Literature ISSN 2141-2626 Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/IJEL Full Length Research Paper The exuberance of immigration: The immigrant woman in Bharati Mukherjee’s Debadrita Chakraborty Macquarie University, Sydney Australia, Kolkata, India. Received 24 November, 2013; Accepted 21 August, 2014 South Asian women and in this context Indian women have always suffered subjugation and rejection in a chauvinistic society restricting them to a life of domesticity. However, by migrating to a foreign country as spouses and participating in the labour market to get education and to live for their children, women migrants experienced social and emotional emancipation and financial independence for the first time. This paper aims to explore the concepts of assimilation and the melting pot theory through the experience of empowerment and liberation from conventional strictures that the Indian woman undergoes through the character of Jasmine in Mukherjee’s novel. The research further examines Mukherjee’s theory of the homeland that constantly exists in a dialogic and supplementary relationship with the new homeland, thereby opening up new ways of thinking about national-cultural formations. By situating her protagonist in a new American culture with her allegiance to her new home thereby rejecting the hyphenated status of an Indian-American, Mukherjee through the character Jasmine rejects Bill Ashcroft’s theory that diaspora disrupts the theory of national unity. Key words: Immigration, transition, journey, assimilation, melting-pot, conventional, society.
    [Show full text]