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Study of Earth's Gravity Tide and Ocean Loading
CHINESE JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICS Vol.49, No.3, 2006, pp: 657∼670 STUDY OF EARTH’S GRAVITY TIDE AND OCEAN LOADING CHARACTERISTICS IN HONGKONG AREA SUN He-Ping1 HSU House1 CHEN Wu2 CHEN Xiao-Dong1 ZHOU Jiang-Cun1 LIU Ming1 GAO Shan2 1 Key Laboratory of Dynamical Geodesy, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China 2 Department of Land Surveying and Geoinformatics, Hong-Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Knowloon, Hong Kong Abstract The tidal gravity observation achievements obtained in Hongkong area are introduced, the first complete tidal gravity experimental model in this area is obtained. The ocean loading characteristics are studied systematically by using global and local ocean models as well as tidal gauge data, the suitability of global ocean models is also studied. The numerical results show that the ocean models in diurnal band are more stable than those in semidiurnal band, and the correction of the change in tidal height plays a significant role in determining accurately the phase lag of the tidal gravity. The gravity observation residuals and station background noise level are also investigated. The study fills the empty of the tidal gravity observation in Crustal Movement Observation Network of China and can provide the effective reference and service to ground surface and space geodesy. Key words Hongkong area, Tidal gravity, Experimental model, Ocean loading 1 INTRODUCTION The Earth’s gravity is a science studying the temporal and spatial distribution of the gravity field and its physical mechanism. Generally, its achievements can be used in many important domains such as space science, geophysics, geodesy, oceanography, and so on. -
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS Teaching Module for Grades 6-12
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS Teaching Module for Grades 6-12 Dear Educator, We are pleased to present you with the first in a series of teaching and learning modules developed by the DEEPEND (Deep-Pelagic Nekton Dynamics) consortium and their consultants. DEEPEND is a research network focusing primarily on the pelagic zone of the Gulf of Mexico, therefore the majority of the lessons will be based around this topic. Whenever possible, the lessons will focus specifically on events of the Gulf of Mexico or work from the DEEPEND scientists. All modules in this series aim to engage students in grades 6 through 12 in STEM disciplines, while promoting student learning of the marine environment. We hope these lessons enable teachers to address student misconceptions and apprehensions regarding the unique organisms and properties of marine ecosystems. We intend for these modules to be a guide for teaching. Teachers are welcome to use the lessons in any order they wish, use just portions of lessons, and may modify the lessons as they wish. Furthermore, educators may share these lessons with other school districts and teachers; however, please do not receive monetary gain for lessons in any of the modules. Moreover, please provide credit to photographers and authors whenever possible. This first module focuses on the marine environment in general including biological, chemical, and physical properties of the water column. We have provided a variety of activities and extensions within this module such that lessons can easily be adapted for various grade and proficiency levels. Given that education reform strives to incorporate authentic science experiences, many of these lessons encourage exploration and experimentation to encourage students to think and act like a scientist. -
Caverns Measureless to Man: Interdisciplinary Planetary Science & Technology Analog Research Underwater Laser Scanner Survey (Quintana Roo, Mexico)
Caverns Measureless to Man: Interdisciplinary Planetary Science & Technology Analog Research Underwater Laser Scanner Survey (Quintana Roo, Mexico) by Stephen Alexander Daire A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the USC Graduate School University of Southern California In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science (Geographic Information Science and Technology) May 2019 Copyright © 2019 by Stephen Daire “History is just a 25,000-year dash from the trees to the starship; and while it’s going on its wild and woolly but it’s only like that, and then you’re in the starship.” – Terence McKenna. Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xii List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xiii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter 1 Planetary Sciences, Cave Survey, & Human Evolution................................................. 1 1.1. Topic & Area of Interest: Exploration & Survey ....................................................................12 -
Lake Ecology
Fundamentals of Limnology Oxygen, Temperature and Lake Stratification Prereqs: Students should have reviewed the importance of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Aquatic Systems Students should have reviewed the video tape on the calibration and use of a YSI oxygen meter. Students should have a basic knowledge of pH and how to use a pH meter. Safety: This module includes field work in boats on Raystown Lake. On average, there is a death due to drowning on Raystown Lake every two years due to careless boating activities. You will very strongly decrease the risk of accident when you obey the following rules: 1. All participants in this field exercise will wear Coast Guard certified PFDs. (No exceptions for teachers or staff). 2. There is no "horseplay" allowed on boats. This includes throwing objects, splashing others, rocking boats, erratic operation of boats or unnecessary navigational detours. 3. Obey all boating regulations, especially, no wake zone markers 4. No swimming from boats 5. Keep all hands and sampling equipment inside of boats while the boats are moving. 6. Whenever possible, hold sampling equipment inside of the boats rather than over the water. We have no desire to donate sampling gear to the bottom of the lake. 7. The program director has final say as to what is and is not appropriate safety behavior. Failure to comply with the safety guidelines and the program director's requests will result in expulsion from the program and loss of Field Station privileges. I. Introduction to Aquatic Environments Water covers 75% of the Earth's surface. We divide that water into three types based on the salinity, the concentration of dissolved salts in the water. -
D5.3 Interaction Between Currents, Wave, Structure and Subsoil
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 D5.3 Interaction between currents, wave, structure and subsoil Christensen, Erik Damgaard; Sumer, B. Mutlu; Schouten, Jan-Joost; Kirca, Özgür; Petersen, Ole; Jensen, Bjarne; Carstensen, Stefan; Baykal, Cüneyt; Tralli, Aldo; Chen, Hao Total number of authors: 19 Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Christensen, E. D., Sumer, B. M., Schouten, J-J., Kirca, Ö., Petersen, O., Jensen, B., Carstensen, S., Baykal, C., Tralli, A., Chen, H., Tomaselli, P. D., Petersen, T. U., Fredsøe, J., Raaijmakers, T. C., Kortenhaus, A., Hjelmager Jensen, J., Saremi, S., Bolding, K., & Burchard, H. (2015). D5.3 Interaction between currents, wave, structure and subsoil. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your -
The Effects of Haloclines on the Vertical Distribution and Migration of Zooplankton
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 278 (2002) 111–134 www.elsevier.com/locate/jembe The effects of haloclines on the vertical distribution and migration of zooplankton Laurence A. Lougee *, Stephen M. Bollens1, Sean R. Avent 2 Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies and the Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 3150 Paradise Drive, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA Received 28 April 2000; received in revised form 29 May 2002; accepted 18 July 2002 Abstract While the influence of horizontal salinity gradients on the distribution and abundance of planktonic organisms in estuaries is relatively well known, the effects of vertical salinity gradients (haloclines) are less well understood. Because biological, chemical, and physical conditions can vary between different salinity strata, an understanding of the behavioral response of zooplankton to haloclines is crucial to understanding the population biology and ecology of these organisms. We studied four San Francisco Bay copepods, Acartia (Acartiura) spp., Acartia (Acanthacartia) spp., Oithona davisae, and Tortanus dextrilobatus, and one species of larval fish (Clupea pallasi), in an attempt to understand how and why zooplankton respond to haloclines. Controlled laboratory experiments involved placing several individuals of each species in two 2-m-high tanks, one containing a halocline (magnitude varied between 1.4 and 10.0 psu) and the other without a halocline, and recording the location of each organism once every hour for 2–4 days using an automated video microscopy system. Results indicated that most zooplankton changed their vertical distribution and/or migration in response to haloclines. For the smaller taxa (Acartiura spp., Acanthacartia spp., and O. -
Downloaded 10/03/21 08:00 PM UTC
MAY 2005 P I N K E L 645 Near-Inertial Wave Propagation in the Western Arctic ROBERT PINKEL Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California (Manuscript received 11 April 2003, in final form 8 October 2004) ABSTRACT From October 1997 through October 1998, the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) ice camp drifted across the western Arctic Ocean, from the central Canada Basin over the Northwind Ridge and across the Chukchi Cap. During much of this period, the velocity and shear fields in the upper ocean were monitored by Doppler sonar. Near-inertial internal waves are found to be the dominant contributors to the superinertial motion field. Typical rms velocities are 1–2 cm sϪ1. In this work, the velocity and shear variances associated with upward- and downward-propagating wave groups are quantified. Patterns are detected in these variances that correlate with underlying seafloor depth. These are explored with the objective of assessing the role that these extremely low-energy near-inertial waves play in the larger-scale evolution of the Canada Basin. The specific focus is the energy flux delivered to the slopes and shelves of the basin, available for driving mixing at the ocean boundaries. The energy and shear variances associated with downward-propagating waves are relatively uniform over the entire SHEBA drift, independent of the season and depth of the underlying topography. Variances associated with upward-propagating waves follow a (depth)Ϫ1/2 dependence. Over the deep slopes, vertical wavenumber spectra of upward-propagating waves are blue-shifted relative to their downward counterparts, perhaps a result of reflection from a sloping seafloor. -
Distribution of Convective Lower Halocline Water in the Eastern
Kikuchi et al.: cLHW Distribution Distribution of Convective Lower Halocline Water In the Eastern Arctic Ocean Takashi Kikuchi, Kiyoshi Hatakeyama, Japan Marine Science and Technology Center 2-15, Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, 237-0061, JAPAN and James H. Morison PSC/APL, University of Washington Seattle, WA 98105-6698, U.S.A. Submitted to JGR-Oceans on Nov.21 2003 Revised on May 31, 2004 1 Kikuchi et al.: cLHW Distribution Abstract We investigate the distribution of convectively formed Lower Halocline water (cLHW) in the eastern Arctic Ocean using observational and climatological data. The cLHW can be defined as the water mass in the cold halocline layer formed by winter convection. The presence of cLHW is indicated by temperatures close to the freezing point and a sharp bend in the Θ-S curve near the salinity of cLHW. Results from ice drifting buoy observations in 2002 show differences in water mass characteristics in the upper ocean among the Amundsen Basin, over the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge, and in the Nansen Basin. In 2000-2002 cLHW was present over the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge and the Nansen Basin, but was largely absent from the Amundsen Basin. Using climatological data, we find that cLHW was confined to the Nansen Basin prior to 1990. In the early 1990s, cLHW still covered only the Nansen Basin, but extended to the northern side of the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge in the mid 1990s and covered the whole of the Amundsen Basin by the late 1990s. In the early 2000s, the area of cLHW moved back to its present boundary on the northern side of the Arctic Mid Ocean Ridge. -
Title on the Observations of the Earth Tide by Means Of
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository On the Observations of the Earth Tide by Means of Title Extensometers in Horizontal Components Author(s) OZAWA, Izuo Bulletins - Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Citation University (1961), 46: 1-15 Issue Date 1961-03-27 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/123706 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University DISASTER PREVENTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE BULLETIN NO. 46 MARCH, 1961 ON THE OBSERVATIONS OF THE EARTH TIDE BY MEANS OF EXTENSOMETERS IN HORIZONTAL COMPONENTS BY IZUO OZAWA KYOTO UNIVERSITY, KYOTO, JAPAN 1 DISASTER PREVENTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE KYOTO UNIVERSITY BULLETINS Bulletin No. 46 March, 1961 On the Observations of the Earth Tide by Means of Extensometers in Horizontal Components By Izuo OZAWA 2 On the Observations of the Earth Tide by Means of Extensometers in Horizontal Components By Izuo OZAWA Geophysical Institute, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University Abstract The author has performed the observations of tidal strains of the earth's surface in some or several directions by means of extensometers at Osakayama observatory Kishu mine, Suhara observatory and Matsushiro observatory, and he has calculated the tide-constituents (M2, 01, etc.) of the observed strains by means of harmonic analysis. According to the results, the phase lags of M2-constituents except one in Suhara are nearly zero, whose upper and lower limits are 43' and —29°, respectively. That is the coefficients of cos 2t-terms of the strains are posi- tive value in all the azimuths, and the ones of their sin 2t-terms are much smaller than the ones of their cos 2t-terms, where t is an hour angle of hypothetical heavenly body at the observatory. -
Earth Tide Effects on Geodetic Observations
EARTH TIDE EFFECTS ON GEODETIC OBSERVATIONS by K. BRETREGER A thesis submitted as a part requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, to the University of New South Wales. January 1978 School of Surveying Kensington, Sydney. This is to certify that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. K. Bretreger ( i i i) ABSTRACT The Earth tide formulation is developed in the view of investigating ocean loading effects. The nature of the ocean tide load leads to a proposalfor a combination of quadratures methods and harmonic representation being used in the representation of the loading potential. This concept is developed and extended by the use of truncation functions as a means of representing the stress and deformation potentials, and the radial displacement in the case of both gravity and tilt observations. Tidal gravity measurements were recorded in Australia and Papua New Guinea between 1974 and 1977, and analysed at the International Centre for Earth Tides, Bruxelles. The observations were analysed for the effect of ocean loading on tidal gravity with a •dew to nodelling these effects as a function of space and time. It was found that present global ocean tide models cannot completely account for the observed Earth tide residuals in Australia. Results for a number of models are shown, using truncation function methods and the Longman-Farrell approach. Ocean tide loading effects were computed using a simplified model of the crustal response as an alternative to representation by the set of load deformation coefficients h~, k~. It is shown that a ten parameter representation of the crustal response is adequate for representing the deformation of the Earth tide by ocean loading at any site in Australia with a resolution of ±2 µgal provided extrapolation is not performed over distances greater than 10 3 km. -
Fishes Associated with Oil and Gas Platforms in Louisiana's River-Influenced Nearshore Waters
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2016 Fishes Associated with Oil and Gas Platforms in Louisiana's River-Influenced Nearshore Waters Ryan Thomas Munnelly Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons Recommended Citation Munnelly, Ryan Thomas, "Fishes Associated with Oil and Gas Platforms in Louisiana's River-Influenced Nearshore Waters" (2016). LSU Master's Theses. 1070. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1070 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FISHES ASSOCIATED WITH OIL AND GAS PLATFORMS IN LOUISIANA’S RIVER- INFLUENCED NEARSHORE WATERS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences by Ryan Thomas Munnelly B.S., University of North Carolina Wilmington, 2011 May 2016 The Blind Men and the Elephant It was six men of Indostan To learning much inclined, Who went to see the Elephant The Fourth reached out an eager hand, (Though all of them -
The Earth Tide Effects on Petroleum Reservoirs
THE EARTH TIDE EFFECTS ON PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS Preliminary Study A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF ENGINEER by Patricia C. Axditty May 197T" Approved for the Department: t-^ 7 Approved for the University Committee on Graduate Studies: Dean of Graduate Studies ii To my husband iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author is indebted to Professor Amos N. Nur and Professor H. J. Ramey, Jr., who suggested the research and provided help and advice throughout the project. The field data used in this work were made available by personnel of many different oil companies. The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. G. F. Kingelin from Gult Research and Development Company, Dr. C. C. Mattax and D. A. Pierce from Exxon, Dr. S. C. Swift from Cities Service Company, George B. Miller of Occidental Research Corporation, and many others who contributed to this study. Computer time was provided by Stanford University. This work was supported partly by the Stanford LBL Contract #167-3500 for the Department of Petroleum Engineering, and by the Stanford Rock Physics Project //2-BCZ-903 for the Department of Geophysics. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT 1 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. SOME BACKGROUND ON THE STRESS-STRAIN THEORY AND THE EARTH TIDE MECHANISM 4 2.1 Stress-Strain Theory 4 2.2 General Information on Tides 14 3. THE EFFECTS OF EARTH TIDES ON OPEN WELL-AQUIFER SYSTEMS: STATE OF THE ART 22 3.1 Static Solution 24 3.2 Dynamic Solution 27 4.