DOCSLIB.ORG

Injury Prevention

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Injury Prevention 6 INJURY PREVENTION Carolyn J. Fowler Injury is the most underrecognized public health problem Injury can be prevented or controlled at three levels. facing the nation today. Overall, injuries (unintentional in- Primary prevention involves preventing the event, such as juries, homicides, and suicides combined) account for 7% of the car crash, that has the potential to cause injury. Second- all deaths in the United States each year1,2 and were respon- ary prevention involves preventing an injury or minimizing sible for 167,184 deaths in 2004.1 Between ages 1 and its severity during that crash. Tertiary prevention is optimi- 45 years, unintentional injury alone (without the contribu- zation of outcome through medical treatment and rehabili- tion of homicide and suicide) is the leading cause of death2,3 tation. Trauma nurses will be most familiar with tertiary and the fi fth leading cause of death across all ages in the prevention and to a lesser extent with secondary prevention. United States (Table 6-1).4 Among adolescents and young Development of emergency medical services and systems adults (ages 15 to 24 years), three of every four deaths in and expert trauma management has improved—and will 2003 were injury related.1,5 Injury (unintentional injury, continue to improve—the outcomes of injured patients. homicide, and suicide combined) is the leading cause of However, these advances will never be enough to reduce the premature death for young people and thus is the leading toll of injury-related death signifi cantly. Why? The majority cause of years of potential life lost before the age of 75 years.6 of deaths from traumatic injury occur early. It is estimated The societal cost of injury is enormous. Health care charges that, because of the severity of the injuries, half of all trauma for the treatment of injury represent only a portion of the deaths cannot be prevented with even the best medical total fi nancial burden. Other costs include those associated management.10 For those who survive their injuries, the with loss of income, productivity, and property. Social costs sequelae may be profound and, in some cases, increase that are harder to measure but include pain, suffering, reduced individual’s chance of reinjury.10 Achieving a signifi cant quality of life, lost human potential, and disrupted families. reduction in trauma-related mortality and morbidity there- For the year 2000 alone, the estimated total lifetime cost fore must include attention to primary prevention. Indeed, resulting from injury in the United States was estimated at the American Trauma Society website carries the message $406 billion.7 that when prevention succeeds, trauma is conquered.11 Injury is perceived to be a condition that affects young At some time, all trauma nurses will ask, “Could this have people disproportionately, yet trauma continues to be a been prevented?” Why then has injury prevention received so major health problem throughout life. Despite the obvious little attention in trauma training programs and trauma ser- importance of injury as a cause of premature death, the vices? Trauma, it seems, is so endemic in our society that we highest injury-related death rates are experienced by the fail to realize the enormity of its fi nancial and social costs elderly—a sector of the population that is expected to in- or our potential as a society to reduce its toll. In 1988, crease from 12.4% (in 2000) to 20.4% by the year 2040.8 Dr. William Foege, former director of the Centers for Disease Similarly, our oldest citizens (those older than 75 years) Control and Prevention, called injury “the principal public experience death rates nearly three times those of the gen- health problem in America today.”12 One year later, Surgeon eral population; this group is expected to increase from 5% General C. Everett Koop testifi ed that “if some infectious to 9% of the population in the next three decades.8 Nonfatal disease came along that affected children [in the proportion injuries in the elderly are also a major concern. For many that injuries do], there would be a huge public outcry and we older adults, a hip fracture may begin a downward spiral would be told to spare no expense to fi nd a cure and to be of immobility-related morbidity, an end to independent liv- quick about it.”13 Much progress has been achieved in the ing in the community, and shortened life span. Indeed, half ensuing years, but the commitment of the public, and of the of all elders who are hospitalized for a hip fracture are un- health care profession, to injury prevention is still woefully able to return home or live independently after the injury.9 inadequate—a symptom of society’s “general tendency to Unless we are able to reduce death and injury rates among underinvest in programs designed to prevent social prob- people older than 65 years, it is estimated that by the year lems.”14 Why? Three answers come to mind: (1) injury is 2030 this group will sustain more than one third of all in- underrecognized and, as such, grossly underfunded and jury-related deaths and hospitalizations. The social impact understudied relative to other health problems of similar of this cannot be overstated. magnitude; (2) injury prevention is relatively young as a fi eld 67 TRAUMA NURSING: FROM RESUSCITATION THROUGH REHABILITATION, 4TH EDITION by Karen A. McQuillan, Mary Beth Flynn Makic & Eileen Whalen Copyright © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Ch06_067-090-X3772.indd 67 5/27/08 6:09:54 PM 68 PART I General Concepts in Trauma Nursing TABLE 6-1 The Ten Leading Causes of Death—United States, 2004 Age Groups (years) Rank <1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-24 1 Congenital anomalies Unintentional injury Unintentional injury Unintentional injury Unintentional 5,622 1,641 1,126 1,540 injury 15,449 2 Short gestation Congenital anomalies Malignant neoplasms Malignant neoplasms Homicide 4,642 569 526 493 5,085 3 Sudden infant death Malignant neoplasms Congenital anomalies Suicide Suicide syndrome 399 205 283 4,316 2,246 4 Maternal pregnancy Homicide Homicide Homicide Malignant complications 377 122 207 neoplasms 1,715 1,709 5 Unintentional injury Heart disease Heart disease Congenital anomalies Heart disease 1,052 187 83 184 1,038 6 Placenta cord Infl uenza and Chronic low respiratory Heart disease Congenital membranes pneumonia disease 162 anomalies 1,042 119 46 483 7 Respiratory distress Septicemia Benign neoplasms Chronic low Cerebrovascular 875 84 41 respiratory disease 211 74 8 Bacterial sepsis Perinatal period Septicemia Infl uenza and pneumonia HIV 827 61 38 49 191 9 Neonatal hemorrhage Benign neoplasms Cerebrovascular Benign neoplasms Infl uenza and 616 53 34 43 pneumonia 185 10 Circulatory system Chronic low respiratory Infl uenza and Cerebrovascular Chronic low respi- disease disease pneumonia 43 ratory disease 593 48 33 179 Produced by Offi ce of Statistics and Programming, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed February 2007. Trauma-related diagnoses in bold italic. HIV, Human immunodefi ciency virus. of scientifi c inquiry and professional practice; and (3) training AN OVERVIEW OF INJURY PREVENTION in injury prevention methods is lacking. Trauma nurses know all too well how a few seconds can Although traumatic injury has been a problem throughout alter the course of a healthy young person’s life forever. the ages, injury prevention is a relatively new fi eld of scientifi c They have witnessed the effects of alcohol and other sub- inquiry. Historically, injuries (often called accidents) have stance abuse and access to lethal weapons as risk factors for been viewed as the result of human error, fate, or bad luck. injury; they recognize predictable trauma case histories; Injury prevention efforts refl ected and inadvertently sup- they know that certain days, times, and weather conditions ported this belief by encouraging people to adopt safe and are associated with increased caseload. Fortunately, many responsible behaviors or by blaming the victims for the have also witnessed the protective effects of interventions events that led to their injuries or deaths. Most attempts at such as seatbelts, helmets, and improved vehicle design. injury prevention focused on training individuals to be more Clearly, trauma nurses possess the awareness and many of careful, a preoccupation with what Leon Robertson called the attributes needed by injury preventionists and can make “[a] basic cultural theme … that suffi cient education will valuable contributions to injury prevention. The goal of this resolve almost any problem.”16 The concept that injury, like chapter, therefore, is to enable the trauma nurse to think disease, is the product of the interaction of a human host and about injury in a critical and systematic way. Traumatic an agent within the environment, and can therefore be exam- injury is approached as a health problem to be solved. A ined by epidemiologic methods, fi rst appeared in the public public health problem-solving paradigm15 and two related health literature in 1949,17 more than a century after epide- conceptual frameworks for problem diagnosis and decision miologists knew that explaining the development of epidem- making are introduced. ics as the consequence of individual behaviors was inaccurate TRAUMA NURSING: FROM RESUSCITATION THROUGH REHABILITATION, 4TH EDITION by Karen A. McQuillan, Mary Beth Flynn Makic & Eileen Whalen Copyright © 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • J. Michael Mcginnis, Md, Ma, Mpp
    J. MICHAEL MCGINNIS, MD, MA, MPP National Academy of Medicine, the National Academies, 500 Fifth Street NW, Washington DC 20001, (202) 334-3963, [email protected] Highlights: Michael McGinnis is a physician and epidemiologist who lives and works in Washington DC. Through his writing, government service, and work in philanthropy, he has been a long-time contributor to national and international field leadership in health, health care, and health policy. He currently serves at the National Academy of Medicine (NAM), where he is the Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer, Senior Scholar, and Executive Director of the NAM’s Leadership Consortium for public and private collaboration on behalf of a continuously learning health system. Previously, he served as founding Director, respectively, of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s (RWJF) Health Group, the World Health Organization’s Office for Health Reconstruction in Bosnia, the federal Office of Research Integrity (interim), and the federal Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. In a tenure unusual for political and policy posts, he held continuous appointment through the Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton Administrations at the Department of Health and Human Services, with policy responsibilities for disease prevention and health promotion (1977-1995). Programs and policies conceived and launched at his initiative include the Healthy People process establishing national health goals and objectives (1979-present), the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (1984-present), the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (with USDA, 1980- present), the multi-level Public Health Functions Steering Group and the Ten Essential Services of Public Health (1994-present), the RWJF Active Living family of programs (2000-present), the RWJF Young Epidemiology Scholars Program (2001-2012), the RWJF Health and Society Scholars Program (2002-2017), and the current Learning Health System initiative of the NAM.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SURGEON GENERAL and the BULLY PULPIT Michael Stobbe a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Carol
    THE SURGEON GENERAL AND THE BULLY PULPIT Michael Stobbe A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health in the Department of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Ned Brooks Jonathan Oberlander Tom Ricketts Karl Stark Bryan Weiner ABSTRACT MIKE STOBBE: The Surgeon General and the Bully Pulpit (Under the direction of Ned Brooks) This project looks at the role of the U.S. Surgeon General in influencing public opinion and public health policy. I examined historical changes in the administrative powers of the Surgeon General, to explain what factors affect how a Surgeon General utilizes the office’s “bully pulpit,” and assess changes in the political environment and in who oversees the Surgeon General that may affect the Surgeon General’s future ability to influence public opinion and health. This research involved collecting and analyzing the opinions of journalists and key informants such as current and former government health officials. I also studied public documents, transcripts of earlier interviews and other materials. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1 Background/Overview .........................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • THE SURGEON GENERAL and the BULLY PULPIT Michael Stobbe a Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the University of North Carol
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Carolina Digital Repository THE SURGEON GENERAL AND THE BULLY PULPIT Michael Stobbe A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Public Health in the Department of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health Chapel Hill 2008 Approved by: Ned Brooks Jonathan Oberlander Tom Ricketts Karl Stark Bryan Weiner ABSTRACT MIKE STOBBE: The Surgeon General and the Bully Pulpit (Under the direction of Ned Brooks) This project looks at the role of the U.S. Surgeon General in influencing public opinion and public health policy. I examined historical changes in the administrative powers of the Surgeon General, to explain what factors affect how a Surgeon General utilizes the office’s “bully pulpit,” and assess changes in the political environment and in who oversees the Surgeon General that may affect the Surgeon General’s future ability to influence public opinion and health. This research involved collecting and analyzing the opinions of journalists and key informants such as current and former government health officials. I also studied public documents, transcripts of earlier interviews and other materials. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Agreement in Presenting This Thesis Or Dissertation As A
    Distribution Agreement In presenting this thesis or dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree from Emory University, I hereby grant to Emory University and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive, make accessible, and display my thesis or dissertation in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known, including display on the world wide web. I understand that I may select some access restrictions as part of the online submission of this thesis or dissertation. I retain all ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis or dissertation. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis or dissertation. Signature: _____________________________ ______________ Anita L. Renahan-White Date Faith and the Public's Health By Anita L. Renahan-White Master of Divinity Candler School of Theology ___________________________________________ [Thesis Advisor's signature] Dr. John Blevins Committee Chair ___________________________________________ [Member's signature] Dr. Steven J. Kraftchick Director of General and Advanced Studies ___________________________________________ [Member's signature] Dr. Emmanuel Lartey Committee Member Faith and the Public's Health By Anita L. Renahan-White MPH Emory University 1993 Thesis Committee Chair: John Blevins, ThD An abstract of A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Candler School of Theology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Divinity 2012 Abstract Faith and the Public's Health By Anita L. Renahan-White In the following thesis "Faith and the Public's Health," I detail findings from research and interviews I conducted from March 2011 through February 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • The Peace Corps' Contributions to the Global Smallpox Eradication Program
    The Peace Corps’ Contributions to the Global Smallpox Eradication Program About the Office of Strategic Information, Research, and Planning (OSIRP) It is the mission of OSIRP to advance evidence-based management at the Peace Corps by guiding agency strategic planning; monitoring and evaluating agency-level performance and programs; conducting research to generate new insights in the fields of international development, cultural exchange, and Volunteer service; enhancing the stewardship and governance of agency data; and helping to shape agency engagement on high-level, governmentwide initiatives. Front Cover: Peace Corps Volunteers Robert Steinglass and Doug Arbuckle administering the smallpox vaccine in Mille, Ethiopia, in 1974. Photo: Steinglass, personal collection. ii Dedication This report is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Donald Ainslie “D. A.” Henderson (September 7, 1928—August 19, 2016), a seminal figure in the field of smallpox eradication. The Peace Corps is deeply appreciative of having had the opportunity to correspond with Dr. Henderson about the contributions of Peace Corps Volunteers and returned Volunteers within the context of the global eradication program. His charismatic leadership, tireless energy, and unflagging devotion to this program inspired countless public health workers around the world, including many of the returned Peace Corps Volunteers interviewed for this report. iii Acknowledgments In 1806, approximately 10 years after Dr. Edward Jenner conducted the first documented experiment with smallpox vaccination, laying the foundations of modern medicine, President Thomas Jefferson wrote to the English physician and scientist. Jefferson acknowledged the importance of this discovery, extending “a portion of the tribute of gratitude due to you from the whole human family.
    [Show full text]
  • Seamus Heaney Exhibit Is Tribute to Friend of Emory Emory Photo Video
    Welcome to spring semester SPECIAL ISSUE Online all the time at news.emory.edu JANUARY 21, 2014 ATHLETICS BEARDEN EXHIBIT Oxford’s organic farm 2 Eagle teams ‘Black Odyssey’ return strong draws scholars, Spring break alternatives 5 for 2014. faculty and local Calendar highlights 6-7 Page 3 celebrities. Page 12 Founders Week 11 University Course expands 11 Seamus Heaney exhibit is tribute to friend of Emory Emory Photo Video Nobel Prize-winning poet Seamus Heaney had a long relationship with Emory, having presented the inaugural Richard Ellmann Lectures. By MAUREEN MCGAVIN beginning at 6 p.m. with W. Ronald Schuchard, Emory profes- were part of an old bench from Carysfort College in Dublin, sor emeritus of English, as toastmaster. where Heaney taught in the 1970s. “Seamus Heaney: The Music of What Happens,” opening Geraldine Higgins, director of Emory’s Irish studies pro- There will also be a custom-built media space where people Saturday, Feb. 22, will be Emory’s first major exhibition cel- gram, curated the exhibition, choosing the title from a line can listen to recordings of Heaney and other distinguished writ- ebrating the life of the late Irish poet and Nobel Prize winner. in the Heaney poem “Song:” “The finest music of all is the ers, artists and well-known figures, including Irish actor Liam Heaney had a special connection to Emory beginning music of what happens.” Neeson and novelist Sir Salman Rushdie, reading his poems. with his first reading in March 1981. He delivered the inau- The exhibition will showcase Heaney’s poems and drafts A large kite will be at the center of the exhibition, suspended gural Richard Ellmann Lectures in Modern Literature in showing his handwritten revisions, rare publications, and over the spiral staircase in the gallery that descends to the lower 1988, donated his lecture notes to Emory’s Manuscript, artists’ books containing his poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    'RANDOM MURDER BY TECHNOLOGY': THE ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND BIOMEDICAL EXPERTS IN THE ANTI-NUCLEAR MOVEMENT, 1969 - 1992 LISA A. RUMIEL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY YORK UNIVERSITY, TORONTO, ONTARIO AUGUST 2009 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-54104-3 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-54104-3 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) in Sub-Saharan Africa
    Case 7 Controlling Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) in Sub-Saharan Africa Geographic area: Sub-Saharan Africa Health condition: In west African countries in 974, nearly 2 million of the area’s 20 million inhabit- ants were infected with onchocerciasis, and approximately 200,000 were blind. Global importance of the health condition: Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, afflicts approximately 42 mil- lion people worldwide, with well over 99 percent of its victims in sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 600,000 people are blind, and an additional .5 million Africans are visually impaired due to onchocerciasis. Intervention or program: The Onchocerciasis Control Program (OCP) was launched in 974 in west African countries. Weekly aerial spraying with environmentally safe insecticides helped control the dis- ease vector—blackflies that bred in fast-moving waterways, thereby halting transmission of the disease. In 995, a second program, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC), was established to control the disease in 9 central, east, and southern African countries. Through a broad international partnership and the participation of 5,000 remote, rural communities, APOC and OCP distributed a drug donated by Merck & Co., Inc., Mectizan (ivermectin), to more than 45 million people in sub-Saharan Africa in 2005. The drug prevents and alleviates the symptoms of the disease with one annual dose. Cost-effectiveness: OCP operated with an annual cost of less than $ per protected person. Commit- ments from 27 donors during the 28-year project totaled $600 million. The annual return on investment was calculated to be about 20 percent, primarily attributable to increased agricultural output; about $3.7 billion will be generated from improved labor and agricultural productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Disease Strategy Debated
    MONDAY, MARCH 20, 2006 To Conquer, or Control? Disease Strategy Debated By DONALD G. McNEIL Jr and CELIA W. DUGGER Other Likely Candidates for Eradication There is a heroic allure to ridding the planet of a horrible disease forever. DISEASE EST. CASES TRANSMISSION BREAKING THE CYCLE Louis Pasteur is famous as the inventor of the vaccine. Jonas Salk is synonymous Guinea worm 12,000 Worm larvae in water Filter or treat pond water. with the one he created to combat polio. fleas swallowed by Dig deep wells so they do In the medical community, doctors like humans. Worms can not get contaminated. Donald A. Henderson and William Foege grow three feet long. are honored as the conquerors of smallpox. Lymphatic 120 million Mosquitoes carry juvenile Deworming pills kill Though the dream of eradication filariasis (1996) worms. Adult worm nests juvenile worms, but victims continues to animate scientists, doctors swell legs and scrotums, must be treated annually and public health officials, the history crippling victims. for 6 years. is at best rocky. In the past century, erad- ication efforts failed against hookworm, yellow fever and malaria. Today the struggling drive against polio has raised new questions about whether eradication of any disease is achievable, and, if so, whether the cost in terms of effort and dollars would be worth it, given all the A woman with other diseases that need attention. lymphatic filariasis The latest push began in 1993, when in Haiti. the International Task Force for Disease Eric S. Lesser for The New York Times Eradication, a panel of experts, was convened in Atlanta by the Centers for Measles 30 million Virus spread by Vaccine delivered Disease Control and Prevention, Emory annual cases; coughing, sneezing by injection.
    [Show full text]
  • Worldwide Smallpox Eradication, 1957–67
    Med. Hist. (2020), vol. 64(1), pp. 71–93. c The Authors 2019. Published by Cambridge University Press 2019 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. doi:10.1017/mdh.2019.77 Re-assessing the Foundations: Worldwide Smallpox Eradication, 1957–67 SANJOY BHATTACHARYA 1* and CARLOS EDUARDO D’AVILA PEREIRA CAMPANI 2 1Centre for Global Health Histories, Department of History, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK 2Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK Abstract: An expansive, worldwide smallpox eradication programme (SEP) was announced by the World Health Assembly in 1958, leading this decision-making body to instruct the World Health Organization Headquarters in Geneva to work with WHO regional offices to engage and draw in national governments to ensure success. Tabled by the Soviet Union’s representative and passed by a majority vote by member states, the announcement was subject to intense diplomatic negotiations. This led to the formation, expansion and reshaping of an ambitious and complex campaign that cut across continents and countries. This article examines these inter-twining international, regional and national processes, and challenges long-standing historiographical assumptions about the fight against smallpox only gathering strength from the mid-1960s onwards, after the start of a US-supported programme in western Africa. The evidence presented here suggests a far more complex picture. It shows that although the SEP’s structures grew slowly between 1958 and 1967, a worldwide eradication programme resulted from international negotiations made possible through gains during this period.
    [Show full text]
  • SPRING 2014 Issue 5.01 Consequentialist Epidemiology Big Push Initiatives in Global Health Nyc's New Health Commissioner
    consequentialist epidemiology big push initiatives in global health nyc’s new health commissioner issue 5.01 FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY SPRING 2014 MAILMAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH – COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY Sandro Galea, MD, DrPH Gelman Professor and Chair Department of Epidemiology EDITOR Barbara Aaron Administrative Director EDITOR / WRITER Elaine Meyer Associate Director of Communications CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Rachel Kitchenoff Tim Paul ASSOCIATE DESIGNER Kristen Byers Web Developer / Graphic Designer DESIGNER Jon Kalish ON THE COVER: A graphic reduction of John Snow’s mapping of the 1854 London cholera outbreak. The map has been reduced to the representation of deaths—marked by rectangular bars set perpendicular to streets. The bars are colored red for emphasis. Featured in Bringing ‘consequentialism’ back to epidemiology on page 10. CONTENTS 3 Publication highlights FEATURES 8 Bringing ‘consequentialism’ back to epidemiology 14 Big push initiatives in global health 21 How cities affect urban health 25 Epidemiology role models: Trainees draw lessons from NYC’s new health commissioner 29 Symposium report: Explanation and prediction in population health 30 In the news 32 Faculty publications DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 1 chair’s message Colleagues, 2x2 has a new look. Our spring 2014 issue has been redesigned to accommodate more in-depth articles about epidemiology, and to draw on and better synchronize with our online presence on the2x2project.org This move reflects our growing focus on communicating our findings to better inform and influence the epidemiologic conversation. Our ultimate goal is to translate our science into policy and action that improves population health. We see communicating the science of epidemiology with the broadest possible audience as a step in that direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing International Health: the Communicable Disease Center, Field Epidemiologists and the Politics of Foreign Assistance (1948-1972)
    1 Constructing International Health: The Communicable Disease Center, Field Epidemiologists and the Politics of Foreign Assistance (1948-1972) Etienne Gosselin Department of History, Faculty of Arts McGill University, Montreal December, 2011 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in History ©Etienne Gosselin, 2011 2 Abstract Following World War II, new institutions were created to manage international health issues and assist developing nations in addressing their public health problems. Bilateral aid agencies and multilateral organizations designed, promoted, financed and implemented various programs to alleviate the burden of disease in the Third World, but also pursued political goals. In this dissertation, I analyze the development of international health activities of the Communicable Disease Center (CDC) from 1948 to 1972, from the first overseas assignment of a CDC officer until the end of major global public health campaigns at the beginning of the 1970s. My focus is on the role and motivations of CDC leaders and field epidemiologists who aimed and worked to transform the public health agency from a marginal international player into an important actor in the institutional constellation. In extending activities from the U.S. to the international arena, the CDC, as a national health agency, faced legal and political obstacles which limited its access to foreign localities where international health programs were being implemented. I argue that if expertise in field epidemiology existed in Atlanta and CDC leaders expressed a desire to see their agency take a more prominent role, the deployment of CDC personnel overseas remained problematic.
    [Show full text]